# document

id: a53845bb87bfe14ba4a85c1065cc35e3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26296
content:
"The task of gaining an improved understanding of WEFN processes \r\nacross disciplines such as the natural sciences, economics, the social \r\nsciences and politics has been further exacerbated by climate change, \r\npopulation growth and resource depletion. In light of the system of \r\ninterlinkages involved, the WEFN concept essentially also covers land \r\n(Ringler et al. 2013) and climate (Brouwer et al. 2018; Susnik et al. \r\n2018), and can be further assessed in light of the relevant economic, \r\necological, social and SDG aspects (Fan et al. 2019a). The nexus \r\napproach was introduced in the early 2010s, when it was argued \r\nthat advantages could be gained by adopting a  nexus approach \r\nwith regard to cross-sectoral and human-nature dependencies and \r\nby taking externalities into account (Hoffmann 2011). Hence, within \r\nthe nexus, obvious trade-offs exist with competing interests, such as \r\nwater availability versus food production."


id: 58b8b3bc601954fe970679647e7f3b95
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12850
content:
"Climate change is projected to impact on the distribution, magnitude \r\nand variability of global water resources. A  yearly increase in \r\nprecipitation of 7% globally is expected by 2100 in a high-emissions \r\nscenario (RCP8.5), although with significant inter-model, inter\u0002regional and inter-temporal differences (Giorgi et al. 2019). Similarly, \r\nextreme events related to the water balance, such as droughts and \r\nextreme precipitation, are projected to shift in the future (RCP4.5) \r\ntowards 2100: for example, the number of consecutive dry days is \r\nprojected to increase in the Mediterranean region, southern Africa, \r\nAustralia and the Amazon (Chen et al. 2014). In impact terms, an \r\nincrease of 20-30% in global water use is expected by 2050 due to \r\nthe industrial and domestic demand for water. Already 4 billion people "


id: 608131d7cff14be6bfbbb668d41e22ab
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14285
content:
"alone, is seen across all scenarios (van Vliet et al. 2016a) (Chapter 6). \r\nAlongside the global increase in hydropower potential, the global \r\nmean water-discharge cooling capacity, which also relates to \r\nwater temperatures, experiences a decrease of 4.5% to 15% across \r\nthe scenarios. In very general and global terms, when combined, \r\nthese changes support the shift towards sources of renewable \r\nenergy, including hydropower, in the energy mix. When it comes to \r\nensuring stability in the management of the electricity grid, hydro\u0002climatological extremes have the potential to pose vast difficulties \r\nin certain regions and/or seasons depending on the nature of the \r\nenergy mix (Van Vliet et al. 2016c). Van Vliet et al. (2016b) showed \r\nsignificant reductions in both thermoelectric and hydropower \r\nelectricity capacities, exemplified by the 2003 European drought, \r\nwhich resulted in reductions of 4.7% and 6.6%, respectively."


id: 496ddab557a5d28d6b27486830723cf5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10142
content:
"Globally, climate change has been shown to cause increases of 4%, 8% \r\nand 10% in the share of population being exposed to water scarcities \r\nunder the 1.5degC, 2degC and 3degC scenarios for global warming respectively \r\n(RCP8.5) (Koutroulis et al. 2019). At the same time, climate change is \r\nprojected to cause a general increase in extreme events and climate \r\nvariability, placing a substantial burden on society and the economy \r\n(Hall et al. 2014). Other than the human influence on the global hydro\u0002climate, human activities have been shown to surpass even the impact \r\nof climate change in low to moderate emission scenarios of the water \r\nbalance (Haddeland et al. 2014). Similar conclusions have been found \r\nby (Destouni et al. 2013; Koutroulis et al. 2019)."


id: d2be10626a9f53d85c571dddab999ada
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34425
content:
"The energy sector is vulnerable to production losses caused mainly \r\nby heatwaves and droughts, whereas coastal and fluvial floods are \r\nalso responsible for a  large relative share of the energy sector's \r\nvulnerability, as assessed by (Forzieri et al. 2018) for Europe in 2100. \r\nIn total, heatwaves and droughts will be responsible for 94% of the \r\ndamage costs to the European energy system compared to 40% \r\ntoday. Similarly, (Craig et al. 2018) show that, despite potentially \r\nminor spatio-temporally aggregated differences for various energy\u0002system components, such as demand, thermoelectric power, wind, \r\nand so on, the aggregated impact of climate change across these \r\ncomponents will cause a  significant impact on the energy system, \r\nas currently exemplified by the USA. In terms of investments and \r\nmanagement, it is important to unravel these cross-component \r\nrelations in light of the projected nature of the future climate."


id: b780cf13ae316bd0374a53cb5b8398bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29492
content:
"An obvious consequence of the impact of climate change on future \r\nhydro-climatic patterns is the fact that the energy system is projected \r\nto experience vast impacts through climate change (Fricko et al. \r\n2016; Van Vliet et al. 2016a; van Vliet et al. 2016b) (Chapter 6). In \r\nthe short run, where fossil fuel sources make up a significant share of \r\nthe global energy grid, climate impacts related to water availability \r\nand water temperatures will affect thermoelectric power generation, \r\nwhich relies mainly on water cooling (Larsen and Drews 2019; \r\nPan et al. 2018); water is also used for pollution and dust control, \r\ncleaning, and so on (Larsen et al. 2019). Currently, 98% of electricity \r\ngeneration relies on thermoelectric power (81%) and hydropower \r\n(17%) (van Vliet et al. 2016a)."


id: 75af96dc9c5fa9f7670c136863a499c9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
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content:
"Of these thermoelectric sources, the vast majority employ substantial \r\namounts of water for cooling purposes, although there is a  trend \r\ncurrently towards implementing more hybrid or drier forms of cooling \r\n(Larsen et al. 2019)."


id: c31cfaf60123f0645764e09d4b25b969
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
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vector_id: 31599
content:
"Furthermore, policy instruments in power-system management, \r\nhere exemplified by hydropower in a  climate-change scenario, \r\nhave been shown to enhance energy production during droughts \r\n(Gjorgiev and Sansavini 2018). The significant influence of variation \r\nin the planning of renewable energy for the 21st century has also \r\nbeen highlighted by (Bloomfield et al. 2016). At the same time, the \r\nintegration of renewables must account for lower thermoelectric \r\nefficiencies and capacities due to increases in temperature "


id: 2984a3d760286fa12f78b10a028bddd0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
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vector_id: 4523
content:
"For the 2080s compared to 1971-2000, an increase of 2.4% to 6.3% \r\nin the global gross hydropower potential, from the hydrological side "


id: b7729f9fd85692cdd936e54db66dd031
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29489
content:
"(van Vliet et al. 2016a), power-plant closures during extreme weather \r\nevents due to a lack of cooling capacity (Forzieri et al. 2018), and further \r\nefficiency reductions and penalties following the implementation of \r\nCCS technologies in the effort to reach the GHG mitigation targets \r\n(Byers et al. 2015). However, more recent studies find more promising \r\namounts of water being used for energy conversion (IEAGHG 2020; \r\nMagneschi et al. 2017)."


id: a52420853c0ad6b8b04126171758bffa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26283
content:
"The relations between the influence of hydro-climatic variability, \r\nsocio-economic conditions and patterns of water scarcity have been \r\naddressed by (Veldkamp et al. 2015). A key finding of this study was \r\nthe ability of the hydro-climate and the socio-economy to interact, \r\nenforcing or attenuating each other, though with the former acting \r\nas the key immediate driver, and the influence of the latter emerging \r\nafter six to ten years."


id: a879bef9110c48075848e785c7a59cb1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26847
content:
"The trade-offs between competing demands have been investigated \r\non a  continental scale in the US Great Plains, highlighting the \r\ninfluence of irrigation in mitigating reductions in crop yields (Zhang \r\net al. 2018). Despite crop-yield reductions of 50% in dry years \r\ncompared to wet years, a  key conclusion was that the irrigation \r\nshould be counterbalanced against general water and energy \r\nsavings within the context of trade-offs. In East Asia, the WEFN has \r\nbeen quantified, highlighting obvious trade-offs between economic \r\ngrowth, environmental issues and food security (White et al. 2018). \r\nThis same study also highlights the concept of a  virtual WEFN \r\nthat includes water embodied within products that are traded and \r\nshipped. (Liu et al. 2019) find an urgent need for proper assessment \r\nmethods, including of trade within the WEFN, due to the significant \r\nresource allocations."


id: 989907d042f276e9aebf1155daff3084
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
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vector_id: 24063
content:
"Therefore, looking ahead, future fields of WEFN research should \r\nprovide greater insights into all these aspects. Holistic frameworks \r\nhave been put forward to facilitate methods of WEFN management \r\nby focusing on, for example, the geographical complexities with \r\nregard to transboundary challenges within hydrological catchments "


id: 5f457a02a41ca8c2010fa18c205e0422
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14071
content:
"(de Strasser et al. 2016), aligning policy incentives (Rasul 2016) and \r\nmaking synergies and trade-offs in relation to WEFN SDG targets (Fader \r\net al. 2018), and so on. The roles of all levels of government in optimal \r\nWEFN management are also highlighted in (Kurian 2017), especially \r\nwith regard to shaping the behaviour of individuals. Furthermore, \r\n(Kurian 2017) highlights the challenges involved in science and policy \r\ncommunicating with one another and in the provision of optimal \r\ninstruments and guidelines. Engaging non-experts and end-users in \r\nscientific processes is seen as essential to capturing previous failures \r\nand successes, and to ensure that understanding the challenges is \r\nupdated to help shape the research questions."


id: c34fe9a8a5cfb55910bd47698f3edd59
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"trade-offs between mitigation options and the SDGs, with a specific \r\nfocus on asking whether economic growth and employment creation \r\ncan work jointly with climate actions and other SDGs in least \r\ndeveloped and developing countries. Examples of synergies and \r\ntrade-offs are provided based on the conclusions of Chapter  9 on \r\nthe building sector and Chapter  11 on industry. The potential for \r\ngreening industry is discussed in relation to eco-industrial parks, with \r\nexamples from Ethiopia, China, South Africa and Ghana."


id: 2e7b47d98bcc34fae7e99210aca63555
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5459
content:
"Chapter  11 concludes that achieving net zero emissions from the \r\nindustrial sector are possible. This will require the provision of \r\nelectricity free from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including \r\nfrom other energy carriers, increased electrification, low-carbon \r\nfeedstocks, and a combination of energy efficiency, reduced demand \r\nfor materials, a  more circular economy, electrification and carbon \r\ncapture, use and storage (CCUS)."


id: 9236f2671c3954aa65d14cbd6e548cdd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
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vector_id: 22944
content:
"Coordination of water use across different sectors and deltas is \r\nan important factor in sustainable water management. Examples \r\nof instruments and policies that support this from India and Sub\u0002Saharan Africa in relation to the groundwater crisis are given below. \r\nIndia is the world's largest user of groundwater for irrigation, which \r\ncovers more than half of the country's total irrigated agricultural area, \r\nis responsible for 70% of food production and supports more than \r\n50% of the population (700 million people) (Chapter 7). However, \r\nexcessive extraction of groundwater is depleting aquifers across the \r\ncountry, and falls in the water table have become pervasive. Improved \r\nwater-use efficiency in irrigated agriculture is being considered, both \r\nglobally and in India, as a way of meeting future food requirements \r\nwith increasingly scarce water resources (Fishman et al. 2015)."


id: 7945cc1a385673a76c28b1d3aaf7127c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The potential co-benefits of mitigation options in industry has \r\nbeen mapped out in Chapter  11 in relation to five categories of \r\nmitigation options: material efficiency and reductions in the demand \r\nfor materials, the circular economy and industrial waste, carbon \r\ncapture and storage, energy efficiency, and electrification and fuel \r\nswitching (Figure  11.15). In particular, the first two categories of \r\noptions are assessed as having several co-benefits for the SDGs, \r\nincluding SDGs 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 11, 12, and 15. Some studies also point \r\nout the potential trade-offs in respect of employment and the costs \r\nof cleaner production. The other options primarily impact on climate \r\nactions, decent work and employment, and industry as such."


id: 17862e0f5959dce7a3056fdda96f3663
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
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"The entirety of Sub-Saharan Africa has an undeveloped potential \r\nfor groundwater exploitation, despite the general perception \r\nof a  global groundwater crisis, this being due to the absence of \r\nservices to support groundwater development (Cobbing 2020). It is \r\nestimated that most Sub-Saharan countries in Africa utilise less than \r\n5% of their national sustainable yields (Cobbing and Hiller 2019). \r\nThe initial tool for driving sustainable groundwater exploitation is \r\na change in the narrative of a lack of resources in order to stimulate \r\nincreased agricultural production and increased fulfilment of the \r\nSDGs (Cobbing 2020). Quantitative measures of actual groundwater \r\nvulnerability based on multiple indicators have been calculated \r\nby, for example, (van Rooyen et al. 2020), showing that 20.4% of \r\nSouth Africa's current water resources are highly vulnerable and are \r\nprojected to worsen fifty years into the future."


id: 378af4a9ab7b23399544ec068cd442a3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
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vector_id: 6986
content:
"(Okereke et al. 2019) offer important generic conclusions on green \r\nindustrialisation and the transition based on a  study of socio\u0002technical transition in Ethiopia. The importance of drivers for \r\nchanges in terms of clear policy goals and government support \r\nfor  green growth and climate policies, as well as support from \r\na  strong culture of innovation, is emphasised. The study also \r\nidentifies key barriers in relation to stakeholder interactions, \r\nthe availability of resources and the ongoing tensions between \r\nambitions for high economic growth and climate change. Green \r\ninnovation in industry critically depends on regulations. (Gramkow \r\nand Anger-Kraavi 2018) have assessed the role of fiscal policies in \r\ngreening Brazilian industry based on an econometric analysis of \r\n24 manufacturing sectors. They conclude that instruments like low\u0002cost finance for innovation and support to sustainable practices \r\neffectively promote green innovation."


id: c1ce486cda39b23ad1d7e47eb2ca6e74
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
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content:
"Despite the positive perspectives regarding Sub-Saharan groundwater \r\nresources, the 2015-2017 water crisis in South Africa, including in \r\nCape Town, clearly predicts vulnerability to climate variability (Carvalho \r\nResende et al. 2019), which is predicted to increase. Serving as \r\ninspiration for the future mitigation of water depletion, (Olivier and Xu \r\n2019) suggest certain governance tools to improve the diversification \r\nof water sources and the management of existing supplies."


id: 487e7a24d63a0736f182eb898f3091
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9967
content:
"(Luken 2019) have assessed the drivers, barriers and enablers for green \r\nindustry in Sub-Saharan Africa, concluding that major barriers exist \r\nrelated to material and input costs, as well as product requirements \r\nin foreign markets, and that as a result there are trade-offs between \r\neconomic and environmental performance. Studies of ten countries \r\nare reviewed, and although they suffer from limited information, they \r\nconclude similarly that further progress is being hindered by poor \r\naccess to finance and weak government regulation. (Greenberg and \r\nRogerson 2014). They similarly conclude that the greening of industry \r\nin South Africa is lagging behind due to economic barriers and weak \r\ngovernance, despite its high priority in government planning and \r\namong international partners."


id: b8738ba065a5f9a2212b1c61041c7c50
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29661
content:
"Industrial transformation is a core component in achieving sustainable \r\ndevelopment. Across all industrial sectors, the development and \r\ndeployment of innovative technologies, business models and policy \r\napproaches at scale will be essential in accelerating progress both \r\nwith meeting the economic and social development goals and with \r\nachieving low emissions. In this section, we assess the synergies and "


id: 94478dad42c349343be20ac1df260d62
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23294
content:
"has played a  positive role in avoiding migration and pressure on \r\nforest resources, there is a lack of coordination between government \r\nand industry initiatives."


id: 321e521b0c668741dc9b1554a093d144
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6076
content:
"Ghana has launched a 'One District One Factory' (1D1F) initiative, \r\naimed at establishing at least one factory or enterprise in each of \r\nGhana's 216 districts as a means of creating economic growth poles \r\nto accelerate the development of these areas and create jobs for \r\nthe country's increasingly youthful population. The policy aims to \r\ntransform the structure of the economy from one dependent on the \r\nproduction and export of raw materials to a value-added industrialised \r\neconomy driven primarily by the private sector (Yaw 2018). As has \r\nbeen pointed out by (Mensah et al. 2021), in its initial design the \r\nprogramme did not take environmental quality into consideration. \r\nAlthough it was successful in creating economic growth, exports \r\nand employment, the environmental impacts have been negative. \r\nIt has therefore been recommended that environmental regulations \r\nbe imposed on foreign investments. Similar conclusions have been \r\ndrawn by (Solarin et al. 2017)."


id: f42028bf8b70ca9308c06a689a489307
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
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vector_id: 40322
content:
"It can be concluded that most of the mitigation options in industry \r\nconsidered in this section could have synergies with the SDGs, but \r\nalso that some of the renewable-energy options could indicate some \r\ntrade-offs in relation to land use, with implications for food- and \r\nwater security and costs. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could \r\nplay an enabling role in the provision of reliable, sustainable and \r\nmodern energy and could support decarbonisation, but it can also be \r\ncostly (IEAGHG 2020; Mikunda et al. 2021). The provision of water for \r\nCCS can include both synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs due to \r\nrecent progress in water-management technologies (Giannaris et al. \r\n2020; IEAGHG 2020; Mikunda et al. 2021)."


id: a8fd8f938dfecbc52d4e28cee7dca603
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Chapter 11 concludes that eco-industrial parks, in which businesses \r\ncooperate with each other in order to avoid environmental pressure \r\nand support sustainable development, have delivered several benefits \r\nin relation to overall reductions in both virgin materials and final \r\nwastes, implying significant reductions in industrial GHG emissions. \r\nDue to these advantages, eco-industrial parks have been actively \r\npromoted, especially in East Asian countries such as China, Japan \r\nand in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), where national indicators \r\nand governance exist (Geng et al. 2019; Geng and Hengxin 2009)."


id: 7417487b7ffcfd95fece23efa9753af0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
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content:
"With 80% of the global population expected to be urban by 2050, \r\ncities will shape development paths for the foreseeable future \r\n(United Nations 2018). The challenge for many policymakers is to \r\nconstruct development paths that make cities clean, prosperous and \r\nliveable while mitigating climate change and building resilience to \r\nheatwaves, flooding and other climate risks. The IPCC SR1.5 report \r\nsees achieving these objectives as feasible: cities could potentially \r\nrealise significant climate and sustainable-development benefits \r\nfrom shifting development paths (Wiktorowicz et al. 2018). This \r\nsection assesses the synergies and trade-offs between meeting the \r\nSDGs and climate change mitigation, as well as providing a general \r\noverview of mitigation options in cities and of enabling factors, \r\nincluding city networks and plans for jointly addressing the SDGs \r\nand climate change mitigation."


id: 43d2ca1a42890c5d4578c56e3c2202a8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
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"(Zeng et al. 2020) have assessed the role of eco-industrial parks in \r\nChina's green transformation for 33 development zones in relation \r\nto contributions to GDP, industrial value added, exports, water \r\nand energy consumption, CO2 levels and sulphur emissions. They \r\nconcluded that industrial parks have played a very important role in \r\nChina's industrialisation, and that this structure has supported the \r\ndecoupling of economic growth and energy and water consumption \r\nfrom the environmental impacts. However, improved environmental \r\nperformance would require better access to finance and a  higher \r\npriority by management."


id: d678762caf23e0f6c45c0e76757a420f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Chapter 8 concludes that urban areas potentially offer several joint \r\nbenefits between mitigation and the SDGs, and that since AR5, \r\nevidence of the co-benefits of urban mitigation continues to grow. \r\nIn developing countries, a co-benefits approach that frames climate \r\nobjectives alongside other development benefits arise increasingly \r\nbeing seen as an important concept justifying and driving climate \r\nchange actions in developing countries (Sethi and Puppum De Oliveria \r\n2018; Seto et al. 2016)."


id: 2b0b20be7c8bd53fc1a12c0079035ba4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:25
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4808
content:
"Eco-industrial parks have been promoted in Ethiopia by the \r\ngovernment and UNIDO, based on the expectation that they could \r\nhelp to boost the economy (UNIDO 2018). One of the success \r\nstories is an industrial park in Hawassa, a  nation-level textile and \r\ngarment industrial park with a 'zero emissions commitment' based \r\non renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies. However, \r\nthe concept of the industrial park, including feasible policies and \r\ninstitutional arrangements, is new to Ethiopia's regulatory processes, \r\nand this has created problems for management, knowledge and \r\ngovernance, hindering their fast implementation."


id: 11ce88991860ad93ef5bff11c0de5a4f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 326
content:
"Evidence of the co-benefits of urban mitigation measures on human \r\nhealth has increased significantly since the IPCC AR5, especially \r\nthrough the use of health-impact assessments in cities like Geneva, \r\nwhere energy savings and cleaner energy-supply structures based on \r\nmeasures for urban planning, heating and transport have reduced \r\nCO2, NOx and PM10 emissions and increased the opportunities for \r\nphysical activity for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases \r\n(Diallo et al. 2016)."


id: e2cddb9898d9bb93d282db4af18d607e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 37197
content:
"A number of business associations have developed strategies for \r\nsustainable development and climate change, including corporate \r\nsocial responsibility (CSR). International initiatives have included \r\nthe promotion of CSR initiatives by international investors in low\u0002income countries to support a broad range of development priorities, \r\nincluding social working conditions, eliminating child labour and \r\nclimate change (Lamb et al. 2017). (Leventon et al. 2015) evaluated \r\nthe role of mining industries in Zambia in supporting climate\u0002compatible development and concluded that, although the industry "


id: 7dc5d6171769c2d4994f0dc2d2c3293d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19303
content:
"There is increasing evidence that climate-mitigation measures can \r\nlower health risks that are related to energy poverty, especially in \r\nvulnerable groups, such as the elderly (Monforti-Ferrario et al. 2019). \r\nMoreover, the use of urban forestry and green infrastructure as \r\nboth a  climate mitigation and an adaptation measure can reduce \r\nheat stress (Kim and Coseo 2019; Privitera and La Rosa 2017) "


id: 3a24c7b4377d9479036ba32d5ac795b2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7437
content:
"fail to highlight the synergies and trade-offs between climate and \r\nsustainable development or rebrand GHG-intensive practices as \r\n'sustainable' in relevant plans (Tozer 2018)."


id: cbd46f8566a9c35feb7f7a0b404f420
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33183
content:
"while removing air pollutants to improve air quality (Scholz et al. \r\n2018; De la Sota et al. 2019) and enhancing well-being, including \r\ncontributions to local development and possible reductions of \r\ninequalities (Lwasa et al. 2015). Other studies evidence the potential \r\nto reduce premature mortality by up to 7000 in 53 towns and cities, \r\nto create 93,000 net new jobs and lower global climate costs, as well \r\nas reduce personal energy costs based on road maps for renewable\u0002energy transformations (Jacobson et al. 2018)."


id: cdafbd69f029d2256656b0c160835137
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33516
content:
"With regard to city networks, Section  8.5 concludes that the \r\nimportance of urban-scale policies for sustainability has increasingly \r\nbeen recognised by international organisations and national and \r\nregional governments. For example, in 2015, more than 150 national \r\nleaders adopted the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, \r\nincluding stand-alone SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) \r\n(UN 2015 p. 14). The following year, 170 countries agreed to the UN \r\nNew Urban Agenda (NUA), a central part of which is recognising the \r\nimportance of national urban policies (NUPs) as a key to achieving \r\nnational economic, social and environmental goals (United Nations \r\n2015a 2017). Similarly, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk \r\nReduction identifies the need to focus on unplanned and rapid \r\nurbanisation to reduce exposure and vulnerability to the risks of \r\ndisasters (United Nations 2015b)."


id: 7536a7057b91cc148bd3f948c2c22fc2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17858
content:
"Infrastructural investments will also have wide-ranging implications \r\nfor sustainable, low-carbon urban development, namely transport \r\nand mobility. To some extent, decision-making frameworks such as \r\nAvoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) could help make these patterns low carbon \r\nand sustainable (Dalkmann and Brannigan 2007; Wittneben et al. \r\n2009). Mixed land-use planning and compact cities can not only help \r\navoid emissions or shift travellers into cleaner modes (Cervero 2009), \r\nthey can also improve air quality, reduce commuting times, enhance \r\nenergy security and improve connectivity (Zusman et al. 2011; Pathak \r\nand Shukla 2016)."


id: 83eefdda6be1c9504348fd7d98ae8a71
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20362
content:
"In addition to the mostly domestic enablers listed previously, some \r\ncities have also benefited from working with international networks. \r\nThe Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (Covenant of \r\nMayors 2019), the World Mayors Council on Climate Change, ECLEI, \r\nC40, and UNDRR (C40 Cities 2019; ECLEI 2019; UNDRR 2019) have \r\nprovided targeted support, disseminated information and tools, and \r\nsponsored campaigns (Race to Zero) to motivate cities to embrace \r\nclimate and sustainability objectives. Despite this support, it should \r\nbe stressed that most cities are in the early stages of climate \r\nplanning (Eisenack and Reckien 2013; Reckien et al. 2018; Climate\u0002ADAPT 2019). Furthermore, in some cases city policymakers may "


id: 319fbde9f6bcc4b81008c12170601935
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5977
content:
"The section will consider the links between mitigation and adaptation \r\noptions in the context of sustainable development and the associated \r\nsynergies and trade-offs. Cross-cutting conclusions will be drawn \r\nbased on Chapter  3 and the sectoral chapters of AR6 WGIII and "


id: 599d4ea595caf906580c998da6b13fae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13004
content:
"Grubler et al. (2018) show that stringent climate-mitigation pathways \r\nwithout reliance on BECCS can be achieved through efficiency \r\nimprovements and reduced energy service and consumption levels \r\nin high-income countries."


id: 40f7033088f5de77202fe2f427df8164
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8613
content:
"Chapter 18 of AR6 WGII. The focus will be on the following sectors: \r\nagriculture, food and land use; water-energy-food; industry and the \r\ncircular economy; and urban areas."


id: 56f99590b8380c726b0399fee129d9f4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12550
content:
"IPCC AR6 WGII, concludes that coherent and integrated policy \r\nplanning is needed in order to support integrated climate change \r\nadaptation and mitigation policies, and that this is a key component \r\nof climate-resilient development pathways. Section  4.5.2 assesses \r\ndevelopment pathways and the specific links between mitigation \r\nand adaptation, concluding that there can be co-benefits, and trade\u0002offs, where mitigation implies maladaptation. However, adaptation \r\ncan also be a prerequisite for mitigation. It is therefore concluded \r\nthat making development pathways more sustainable can build the \r\ncapacity for both mitigation and adaptation."


id: 91eb973751386b51a30ba21c145efda1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22891
content:
"Agriculture, food and land use is the sector where most climate \r\npolicy options can simultaneously generate impacts on mitigation, \r\nadaptation and the SDGs (Locatelli et al. 2015; Kongsager et al. \r\n2016). Bryan et al. (2013) identified a range of synergies and trade\u0002offs across adaptation, mitigation and the SDGs in Kenya, given \r\nthe diversity of its climatic and ecological conditions. Improved \r\nmanagement of soil fertility and improved livestock-feeding \r\npractices could provide benefits to both climate change mitigation \r\nand adaptation, as well as increase income generation from farming. \r\nHowever, other improvements to agricultural management in Kenya, \r\nfor example, soil water conservation, could only provide benefits \r\nacross all three domains in some specific sub-regions."


id: 28d2f6e98ed8207b5d9e503354bff8a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4396
content:
"Conservation agriculture can yield mitigation co-benefits through \r\nimproved fertiliser use or the efficient use of machinery and fossil \r\nfuels (Harvey et al. 2014; Pradhan et al. 2018; Cui et al. 2019). \r\nClimate-smart agriculture (CSA) ties mitigation to adaptation \r\nthrough its three pillars of increased productivity, mitigation and \r\nadaptation (Lipper et al. 2014), although managing trade-offs among \r\nthe three pillars requires care (Kongsager et al. 2016; Thornton and \r\nComberti 2017; Soussana et al. 2019). Sustainable intensification \r\nalso complements CSA (Campbell et al. 2014). Enhanced sustainable \r\nadaption can lead to effective emission-reduction benefits, such \r\nas climate-smart agricultural technologies (Nefzaoui et al. 2012; \r\nPoudel 2014) and ecosystem-based adaptation. (Berry, P et al. \r\n2015; Geneletti and Zardo 2016; Warmenbol and Smith 2018) have \r\nshown how increases in livelihoods can contribute to climate change \r\nmitigation in Europe."


id: efd46976b90401217d2ab9429af72fb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39582
content:
"Agroforestry can sustain or increase food production in some systems \r\nand increase farmers' resilience to climate change (Jones et al. 2013). \r\nSome sustainable agricultural practices have trade-offs, and their \r\nimplementation can have negative effects on adaptation or other \r\necosystem services. Agricultural practices can aid both mitigation \r\nand adaptation on the ground, but yields may be lower, so there may \r\nbe a trade-off between resilience to climate change and efficiency. \r\nInterconnections within the global agricultural system may also \r\nlead to deforestation elsewhere (Erb et al. 2016). Implementation of \r\nsustainable agriculture can increase or decrease yields, depending on \r\ncontext (Pretty et al. 2006) (Chapter 4)."


id: 6f8e6c26b2d35ec52db45c0ec11009a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16890
content:
"Land-based mitigation and adaptation will not only help reduce \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the AFOLU sector, but also help \r\naugment the sector's role as a carbon sink by increasing forest and \r\ntree cover through afforestation and agroforestry activities, and other \r\neco-system-based approaches. Some of these options, however, can \r\nalso have negative impacts on GHG emissions in the form of indirect \r\nimpacts on land use (Cordova 2019) (for a more detailed discussion, \r\nsee Chapter 7). If managed and regulated appropriately, the land use, \r\nland-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector could play a key role \r\nin mitigation and be a key sector for emissions reductions beyond \r\n2025 instead of contributing substantially to emissions reductions "


id: 7fddadcd8ed8dd87a09345e3e36488f4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19636
content:
"Options to reduce agricultural demand (e.g., dietary change, reducing \r\nfood waste) can have co-benefits for adaptation through reductions \r\nin the demand for land and water (Smith et al. 2019b). For example, "


id: 2b98632830c68c5781aff080c29b61af
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4926
content:
"beyond 2025 (Cordova et al. 2019; Keramidas et al. 2018). However, \r\nthe large-scale deployment of intensive bioenergy plantations, \r\nincluding monocultures, replacing natural forests and subsistence \r\nfarmlands are likely to have negative impacts on biodiversity and can \r\nthreaten food and water security, as well as local livelihoods, partly \r\nby intensifying social conflicts, partly by reducing resilience (Diaz \r\net al. 2019). Expansion on to abandoned or unused croplands and \r\npastures nonetheless presents significant global potential, and will \r\navoid the sustainability risks of expanding agriculture into natural \r\nvegetation (Naess et al. 2021)."


id: de90bf84599f25b5374039dba2754a42
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36421
content:
"Based on a literature review, (Berry, P et al. 2015) identified water\u0002saving and irrigation techniques in agriculture as attractive adaptation \r\noptions that have positive synergies with mitigation in increasing soil \r\ncarbon, reducing energy consumption and reducing CH4 emissions \r\nfrom intermittent rice-paddy irrigation. These measures could, \r\nhowever, reduce water flows in rivers and adversely affect wetlands \r\nand biodiversity. The study also concluded that afforestation could \r\nreduce peak water flows and increase carbon sequestration, but \r\ntrade-offs could emerge in relation to the increased demand for water."


id: a4fb835abd17a3fb56dafe69baedc149
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26249
content:
"The local integration of planning and policy implementation practices \r\nwas also examined by (Newell et al. 2018) in a study of 11 Canadian \r\ncommunities. It was concluded that, in order to put plans into \r\npractice, a  deeper understanding needs to be established of the \r\npotential synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development \r\nand climate change mitigation and adaptation. A model was applied \r\nto the evaluation of key impacts, including energy innovation, \r\ntransportation, the greening of cities and city life. The impact \r\nassessment came to the conclusion that multiple benefits, costs \r\nand conflicting areas could be involved, and that bringing a broad \r\nrange of stakeholders into policy implementation was therefore to \r\nbe recommended."


id: c3613bb7f943a3e743f458b3a0380072
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31645
content:
"Fast-growing tree monocultures or biofuel crops may enhance \r\ncarbon stocks but reduce downstream water availability and the \r\navailability of agricultural land (Harvey et al. 2014). Similarly, in some \r\ndry environments, agroforestry can increase competition with crops \r\nand pastureland, decreasing productivity and reducing the yields of \r\ncatchment water (Schrobback et al. 2011) (Chapter 7)."


id: 38a500a0108914dbedad868f41fb77a7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7170
content:
"Hydropower dams are among the low-cost mitigation options, provided \r\nthe cost of constructing the plant is taken into account, but they could \r\nhave serious trade-offs in relation to key sustainable-development \r\naspects, since in respect of water and land availability dams can have \r\nnegative effects on ecosystems and livelihoods, thereby implying \r\nincreased vulnerabilities. Section  17.3.3.2 on the water-energy\u0002food nexus includes examples of trade-offs between the benefits of \r\nproducing electricity from hydropower dams and the trade-offs with \r\necosystem services and using land for agriculture and livelihoods."


id: bc44d7a9063ce1ad81daabec8b1a2b12
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30368
content:
"There are several links between mitigation and adaptation options \r\nin the building sector, as pointed out in Chapter  9. Adaptation \r\ncan increase energy consumption and associated GHG emissions \r\n(Kalvelage et al. 2013; Campagnolo and Davide 2019), for example, \r\nin relation to the demand for energy to meet indoor thermal comfort \r\nrequirements in a future warmer climate (de Wilde and Coley 2012; \r\nLi and Yao 2012; Clarke et al. 2018). Mitigation alternatives using \r\npassive approaches may increase resilience to the impacts of climate \r\nchange on thermal comfort and could reduce cooling needs (Wan \r\net al. 2012; Andric et al. 2019). However, climate change may reduce \r\ntheir effectiveness (Urge-Vorsatz et al. 2014)."


id: 58450c7fb44fb2bfd78d5cc441e1de79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12786
content:
"There are several potentially strong links between climate change \r\nadaptation in industry and climate change mitigation. Various supply \r\nchains can be affected by climate change, energy supply and water \r\nsupply, and other resources can be disrupted by climate events. \r\nAdaptation measures can influence GHG emissions in their turn \r\nand thus mitigation because of the demand for basic materials, for \r\nexample, as well as by influencing outdoor environments and labour \r\nproductivity (Section 11.17.1.4)."


id: 2227ae52e9272903f3b59d63bba19dfd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3230
content:
"Mitigation and the co-benefits of adaptation in urban areas in \r\nrelation to air quality, health, green jobs and equality issues are \r\ndealt with in Section 8.2, where it is concluded that most mitigation \r\noptions will have positive impacts on adaptation, with the exception \r\nof compact cities, with trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation. \r\nThis is because decreasing urban sprawl can increase the risks of \r\nflooding and heat stress. Detailed mapping between mitigation and \r\nadaptation in urban areas shows that there are many, very close \r\ninteractions between the two policy domains and that coordinated \r\ngovernance across sectors is therefore called for."


id: 678f2f49c9363ed544a61ff8023977ed
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15488
content:
"Implementing adaptation options in industry can also imply \r\nincreasing the demand for packaging materials such as plastics and \r\nfor access to refrigeration. These are among the adaptation options \r\nthat are dependent on temperature and storage possibilities, as well \r\nas being major sources of GHG emissions."


id: bb5bb6f093ebdf79041a553369520dae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30178
content:
"In this section, the potential role of digitalisation as a  facilitator \r\nof a  fast transition to sustainable development and low-emission \r\npathways is assessed based on sectoral examples. The contributions \r\nof digital technology could contribute to efficiency improvements, \r\ncross-sectoral coordination, including new IT services, and \r\ndecreasing resource use, implying several synergies with the SDGs, \r\nas well as trade-offs, for example, in relation to reduced employment, \r\nincreasing energy demand and the increasing demand for services, \r\npossibly increasing GHG emissions."


id: af8f6ce1e8a139d2635235033733d388
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28124
content:
"Despite many links between mitigation and adaptation options, \r\nincluding synergies and trade-offs, Chapter 13 concludes that there \r\nare few frameworks for integrated policy implementation. One review \r\nof climate legislation in Europe found a lack of coordination between \r\nmitigation and adaptation, their implementation varying according \r\nto different national circumstances (Nachmany et al. 2015)."


id: 2a468b0c644c6e653f9000386749ab11
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4659
content:
"In developing and least-developed countries (LDCs), there are many \r\nexamples of climate policies in the NDCs that have been drawn up in \r\nthe context of sustainable development and that cover both mitigation \r\nand adaptation (Beg 2002; Duguma et al. 2014)) (Chapter  13). \r\nHowever, there are many barriers to joint policy implementation. \r\nDespite the emphasis on both mitigation and adaptation policies, \r\nthere is very limited literature on how to design and implement \r\nintegrated policies (Di Gregorio et al. 2017; Shaw et al. 2014). For \r\nexample, the links within the water-energy-food nexus require \r\ncoordination among sectoral institutions and capacity-building in \r\ninnovative frameworks linking science, practice and policy at multiple \r\nlevels (Cook and Chu 2018; Nakano 2017; Shaw et al. 2014)."


id: c6d3f94f6aa23c77500f3d617299d485
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32293
content:
"The COVID-19 pandemic caused radical temporary breaks with \r\npast energy-use trends. How post-pandemic recovery will impact \r\non the longer-term energy transition is unclear. Recovering from \r\nthe pandemic with energy-efficient practices embedded in new \r\npatterns of travel, work, consumption and production reduces \r\nclimate mitigation challenges (Kikstra et al. 2021). The potential of \r\ndigital contact tracing to slow the spread of a virus had been quietly \r\nexplored for over a decade before the COVID-19 pandemic thrust the \r\ntechnology into the spotlight (Cebrian 2021). The COVID-19 crisis is \r\namong the most disruptive events in recent decades and has had \r\nconsequences for consumer behaviour. During the lockdowns in \r\nmost countries, consumers have turned to online shopping for food \r\nproducts, personal hygiene and disinfection (Cruz-Cardenas et al. \r\n2021), making society more digitally literate."


id: cb937f5d032f6a273658d84dc6aea7df
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33145
content:
"Another challenge is the shortage of financial, technical and human \r\nresources for implementing joint adaptation and mitigation policies \r\n(Antwi-Agyei et al. 2018b; Chu 2018; David and Venkatachalam \r\n2019; Kedia 2016; Satterthwaite 2017). Several studies have stressed \r\nthat the lack of finance for integrating policy implementation \r\nbetween sustainable development and climate change mitigation \r\nand adaptation may constitute barriers to the implementation of \r\nadaptation projects to protect least-developed countries (LDCs) with \r\nmany vulnerabilities."


id: cf5f6925d3088508d28805f6b2d098a8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33833
content:
"The cost of new services provided by digitalisation can be high, and \r\nthis could imply barriers for low-income countries in joining new \r\nglobal information-sharing systems and markets. Altogether this \r\nimplies that any assessment of the contribution of digitalisation \r\nto support the SDGs and low-carbon pathways will only be able \r\nto provide very context-specific results. Digital technologies could \r\npotentially disrupt production processes in nearly every sector of \r\nthe economy. However, as an emerging area experiencing the rapid \r\npenetration of many sectors, there could be a window of opportunity \r\nfor integrating sustainable development and low-emission pathways. \r\n(IIASA 2020) concludes that the digital revolution is characterised by \r\nmany innovative technologies, which can create both synergies and \r\ntrade-offs with the SDGs (IIASA 2020)."


id: 4fd7760b2ab5d96bb23c0813b3603d22
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11338
content:
"(Locatelli et al. 2016) come to similar conclusions regarding finance \r\nbased on interviews with multilateral development banks, green \r\nfunds and government organisations in respect of the agricultural \r\nand forestry sectors. International climate finance has been totally \r\ndominated by mitigation projects. Those who were interviewed "


id: b5409314710327f510b6f231380641fd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29126
content:
"Autonomous vehicles will be available and integrated with smart\u0002grid systems in order to facilitate mobility and flexibility in energy \r\nsupply with a high share of renewable energy."


id: 54795c4653159426e36bfbe5f2711edf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12134
content:
"Digital technologies could potentially disrupt production processes \r\nin nearly every sector of the economy. However, as an emerging \r\narea experiencing the rapid penetration of many sectors, there \r\ncould be a  window of opportunity for integrating sustainable \r\ndevelopment and low-emission pathways. TWI2050 (2020) \r\nconcludes that the digital revolution is characterised by many \r\ninnovative technologies, which can create both synergies and \r\ntrade-offs with the SDGs (IIASA 2020)."


id: be23279f45af503f870605d11b700d24
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30720
content:
"Chapter 6 of this report on 'Energy Systems' points out that there are \r\nmany smart-energy options with the potential to support sustainable \r\ndevelopment by facilitating the integration of high shares of \r\nfluctuating renewable energy in electricity systems, potentially \r\nstoring energy in electric vehicle (EV) batteries or fuel cells, and \r\napplying load shifting by varying prices over time. It is concluded that \r\nvery large efficiency gains are expected to emerge from digitalisation \r\nin the energy sector (Figure 6.18)."


id: 3ebba74d7af493fdc09a1cda5b491576
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8226
content:
"WBSD (2019) has assessed the potential of communication \r\ntechnologies (ICT) to contribute to the transition to a  global low\u0002carbon economy in the energy, transportation, building, industry, and \r\nother sectors. The potential is estimated to be around 15% CO2-eq \r\nemissions reductions in 2020 compared with a  business-as-usual \r\nscenario. A range of ICT solutions have been highlighted, including \r\nsmart motors and industrial process-management in industry, traffic\u0002flow management, efficient engines for transport, smart logistics and \r\nsmart-energy systems."


id: 9ebe2aea373da8034c03bd9c5d202dbe
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25148
content:
"Section  9.9.2 in Chapter  9 concludes that the improved energy \r\nefficiency and falling costs in the building sector that could result \r\nfrom digitalisation could have rebound effects in increasing both \r\nenergy consumption and comfort levels. Increasing GHG emissions \r\ncould be the result, but if low-income consumers are given faster \r\naccess to affordable energy, this could agree with the SDGs, making \r\nit desirable to integrate policies targeting mitigation."


id: 302acc12053cbebe0ed02393c2aadc41
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5733
content:
"Section  10.1.2 in Chapter  10 discusses how the sharing economy, \r\nwhich, for example, could be facilitated by ICT platforms, could \r\ninfluence both mitigation and the SDGs. On the one hand, sharing \r\nhas the potential to save transport emissions, especially if EVs are \r\nsupplied with decarbonised grid electricity. However, an increase in \r\ntransport emissions could result from this if increasing demand and \r\nhigher comfort levels are facilitated, for example, by making access \r\nto EVs relatively easy compared with mass transit. Another possible \r\ntrade-off is that the supply of public transport services would be \r\nlimited to the elderly and other user groups."


id: 852f39c68b44d47df6ef151acc8e291e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20572
content:
"Green innovation in agriculture is another emerging area in which \r\ndigitalisation is making huge progress. From the perspective of water \r\nprovision, weather data can be used to predict rain amounts so \r\nthat farmers can better manage the application of farm chemicals \r\nto minimise polluting aquifers and surface-water systems used \r\nfor drinking water. Meanwhile, smart meters, on-site and remote \r\nsensors and satellite data connected to mobile devices allow real\u0002time monitoring of crop-water and optimal irrigation requirements. \r\nOn the supply side, remote tele-control systems and efficient \r\nirrigation technologies enable farmers to control and optimise  the \r\nquantity and timing of water applications, while minimising \r\nthe energy-consumption trade-offs of pressurised irrigation in both \r\nrural and urban agricultural contexts (Germer et al. 2011; Ruiz\u0002Garcia et al. 2009)."


id: a4a050c252da79ca66c71840fb1c781e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26181
content:
"In respect of governance, (Krishnan et al. 2020) point out that the \r\ncreation of synergies between sustainable development and low\u0002emission urbanisation based on digitalisation could face barriers in \r\nthe form of inadequate knowledge of structures and value creation \r\nthrough ecosystems that would need to be addressed by means \r\nof smart digitalising, requiring organisational measures to support \r\ntransformation processes."


id: f0e60884e0441006dc326c86d9f9de6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39748
content:
"Urban areas are one of the main arenas for new digital solutions due \r\nto rapid urbanisation rates and high concentrations of settlements, \r\nbusinesses and supply systems, which offer great potential for large\u0002scale digital systems. The emergence of smart cities has supported the \r\nuptake of smart integrated energy, transportation, water and waste\u0002management systems, while synergies have been created in terms \r\nof more flexible and efficient systems. In its 2018 Policy and Action \r\ndocument, the Japanese Business Federation (Keidanren) launched \r\nSociety 5.0, which includes plans for smart-city development (Carraz \r\nand Yuko 2019; Narvaez Rojas et al. 2021). To achieve smart cities, \r\nSociety 5.0 aimed to facilitate diverse lifestyles and business success, \r\nwhile the quality of life offered by these options will be enhanced. \r\nIt also aims to offer high-standard medical and educational services. "


id: eb77cc05dd55f847e1fc8a8c4b8b8c37
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 38784
content:
"Technology-driven precision agriculture, which combines \r\ngeomorphology, satellite imagery, global positioning and smart \r\nsensors, enables enormous increases in efficiency and productivity. \r\nTaken together, these technologies provide farmers with a decision\u0002support system in real time for the whole farm. Arguably, the world \r\ncould feed the projected rise in population without radical changes \r\nto current agricultural practices if food waste can be minimised or \r\neliminated. Digital technologies will contribute to minimising these \r\nlosses through increased efficiencies in supply chains, better shipping \r\nand transit systems, and improved refrigeration."


id: afcd6ab16a76d76827f9774027020827
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"17.3.3.7 Cross-sectoral Overview of Synergies and Trade-offs \r\nBetween Climate Change Mitigation and the SDGs"


id: fc7a499e0868e75da00b002201fc7399
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41785
content:
"Bioenergy use as a  fuel is assessed as one of the energy-sector \r\nmitigation options with most synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs. \r\nThere could be synergies with SDG 1 (no poverty), with SDG 8 (decent \r\nwork and economic growth) and SDG 9 (industry, innovation and \r\ninfrastructure). This option, however, if combined with CCS, can be \r\nexpensive and can compromise SDG 1 (no poverty) due to the high \r\ncosts involved."


id: 8e188731e393aaf0ebd70756cc04fa2f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22195
content:
"Based on a qualitative assessment in the sectoral Chapters 6, 7, 8, \r\n9, 10, and 11, Figure 17.1 below provides an overview of the most \r\nlikely links between sectoral mitigation options and SDGs in terms \r\nof synergies and trade-offs. The general overview provided in the \r\nfigure is supplemented by specific sector-by-sector comments on \r\nhow the synergies and trade-offs mapped depend on the scale of \r\nimplementation and the overall development context of places \r\nwhere the mitigation options are implemented. For some mitigation \r\noptions these scaling and context-specific issues imply that there \r\ncan be both synergies and trade-offs in relation to specific SDGs. In \r\naddition to the information provided in Figure 17.1, Supplementary \r\nMaterial Table  17.SM.1 includes the detailed background material \r\nprovided by the sectoral chapters in terms of qualitative information \r\nfor each of the synergies and trade-offs mapped."


id: ffd21e3d77564ae8871a4654180ce49a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
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content:
"Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) mitigation options \r\nare very closely linked to the SDGs and offer both synergies and \r\ntrade-offs, which in many cases are highly dependent on the scale \r\nof implementation. All the mitigation options included in Figure 17.1 \r\nare assessed as potentially having synergies with SDG 1 (no poverty), \r\nbut trade-offs could also happen if large areas are used for biocrops \r\nand taken away from other activities, thus causing poverty, as well as \r\nin relation to food costs if healthier diets are made more expensive. \r\nIn relation to SDG 2 (zero hunger), most of the mitigation options \r\nare assessed as being associated with both synergies and trade\u0002offs. Trade-offs are particularly a  risk with large-scale applications \r\nof afforestation projects, bioenergy crops and other land-hungry \r\nactivities, which can crowd out food production."


id: 8a20aa553ffcac07474b7c488b2bbea0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"The assessment of synergies and trade-offs presented in Figure 17.1 \r\ndepends on the underlying literature assessed by the sectoral \r\nchapters. In cases where no information about the links between \r\nspecific mitigation options and SDGs are indicated, this does not \r\nimply that there are no links, but rather that the links have not been \r\nassessed by the literature."


id: e7994cb80e96f91d54f46830c9178c81
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 38054
content:
"Most of the energy-sector options are assessed as having synergies \r\nwith several SDGs, but there could be mixed synergies and trade\u0002offs between SDG 2 (zero hunger) for wind and solar energy, and for \r\nhydropower due to land-use conflicts and fishery damage. Offshore \r\nwind could also have both synergies and trade-offs with SDG 14 (life \r\nbelow water) dependent on scale and implementation site, and it is \r\nemphasised that land-use should be coordinated with biodiversity \r\nconcerns. Both wind and solar energy are assessed as having trade\u0002offs with SDG 12 (responsible production and consumption) due to \r\nsignificant material consumption and disposal needs."


id: cd70c63b04642ab826ae36aae1703596
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
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vector_id: 33477
content:
"options and SDGs such as the economic impacts (synergies and \r\ntrade-offs) associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in \r\nlower energy prices, energy-efficiency investments, the fostering of \r\ninnovation and improvements in labour productivity. Furthermore, \r\nthe distributional costs of some mitigation policies may hinder the \r\nimplementation of these measures. In this case, appropriate access \r\npolicies should be designed to shield poor households efficiently from \r\nthe burden of carbon taxation. Under real-world conditions, improved \r\ncookstoves have shown smaller, and in many cases limited, long-term \r\nhealth and environmental impacts than expected, as the households \r\nuse these stoves irregularly and inappropriately, and fail to maintain \r\nthem, so that their usage declines over time. Specific distributional \r\nissues are highlighted in relation to various cookstove programmes."


id: 7c256cb90f56ffb5122b8d9b1c7e8239
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 19053
content:
"SDG 10 (reduced inequalities) depending on the involvement of \r\nlocal communities in projects. The assessment emphasises that the \r\nsynergies and trade-offs of the mitigation options with the SDGs \r\nin this sector are very context- and scale-dependent, depending \r\non how measures are carried out, for example, in relation to the \r\nenhanced production of renewables needed to replace fossil fuel\u0002based products. If done on a massive scale and not adapted to local \r\ncircumstances, there are adverse implications for food security, \r\nlivelihoods and biodiversity."


id: 83a93f7c757827001a513fb7b39f7b44
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20307
content:
"All the urban mitigation options that have been assessed are \r\nconsidered to have synergies with the SDGs, and in a  few cases \r\nboth synergies and trade-offs are identified. In general, many links \r\nbetween mitigation options in the urban area and the SDGs have \r\nbeen identified in the literature. Urban land use and spatial planning, \r\nfor example, can support SDG 1 (no poverty), and can also reduce \r\nvulnerability to climate change if integrated planning is undertaken, \r\nwhile access to food (SDG 2: zero hunger), and water (SDG 6: clean \r\nwater and sanitation) can also be achieved if supported by integrated \r\nplanning. Electrification, district heating, and green-and-blue \r\ninfrastructure in urban areas are expected to have synergies with all \r\nthe SDGs addressed by the reviewed studies."


id: c0a5b8ae50c264c8005aae60887e8999
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31195
content:
"Mitigation options like waste-prevention minimisation and \r\nmanagement are also assessed as having many synergies with \r\nthe SDGs, but trade-offs could depend on the application of air\u0002pollution control technologies, and on the character of informal \r\nwaste-recycling activities. The impacts of the possible synergies and/\r\nor trade-offs with the SDGs will change according to the specific \r\nurban context. Synergies and/or trade-offs may be more significant in \r\ncertain contexts than others. Regarding the SDGs, urban mitigation \r\ncan support shifting pathways of urbanisation towards sustainability. \r\nThe feasibility of urban mitigation options is also malleable and can \r\nincrease with more enablers. Strengthened institutional capacity \r\nthat also supports the scale and coordination of the mitigation \r\noptions can increase the synergies between urban mitigation \r\noptions and the SDGs."


id: ef4b465a5e36c0629583456024a5ebdc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39470
content:
"Thus, a  number of cross-sectoral conclusions on synergies and \r\ntrade-offs between mitigation options and the SDGs appear from \r\nthe overview provided in Figure 17.1. There are many synergies in \r\nall sectors between mitigation options and the SDGs, and in a few "


id: d80ff26d4e1a5ff592d36bfed15d7bbe
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35313
content:
"cases there are also significant trade-offs that it is very important to \r\naddress, since they can compromise major SDGs including SDG 1 (no \r\npoverty), SDG 2 (zero hunger), and in some cases SDG 14 (life below \r\nwater) and SDG 15 (life on land). In particular, mitigation options \r\nin relation to land use, such as afforestation and reforestation and \r\nbioenergy crops, can in some cases imply trade-offs with access to \r\nfood and local sharing of benefits, but synergies can also exist if \r\nproper land management and cross-sectoral policies take sustainable \r\nland use into account. The impacts and trade-offs for this sector \r\nare highly scale- and context-dependent, so the final outcome of \r\nmitigation policies should be considered in detail."


id: 8011adf5666cd1d4bb830911e3dd855b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19663
content:
"The urban systems and transportation could potentially achieve many \r\nsynergies between mitigation policies and the SDGs, but integrated \r\nplanning and infrastructure management are critical to avoiding \r\ntrade-offs. Similarly, the buildings sector and industry have identified \r\nmany potential synergies between mitigation options and the SDGs, \r\nbut that raises issues related to the costs of new technologies, and \r\nin relation to households and buildings, important equity issues are \r\nemerging in relation to the ability of low-income groups to afford \r\nthe introduction of new technologies. Altogether these cross-sectoral \r\nconclusions call for a need to support policies that aid coordination \r\nbetween different sectoral domains and that include context-specific \r\nassessments of the sharing of benefits and costs related to the \r\nimplementation of mitigation options."


id: 8749c19bea568158ead2ed049624a9c4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20962
content:
"This section provides a deep and broad synthesis of theory (Section 17.2) \r\nand evidence (Section  17.3) in order to identify the conditions that \r\neither enable or inhibit transitions to sustainable low-carbon futures. \r\nFollowing the literature on sustainability transitions (Cross-Chapter \r\nBox 12 in Chapter 16), the section finds that there is rarely any one \r\nsingle factor promoting or preventing such transitions. Rather, marked \r\ndepartures from business as usual typically involve several factors, \r\nincluding technological innovations, shifts in markets, concerted \r\nefforts by scientists and civil-society organisations to raise awareness \r\nof the costs of continued emissions, social movements, policies and \r\ngovernance arrangements, and changes in belief systems and values."


id: b36ed2ce756425e58c0e4d90d28180c0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28808
content:
"All of this comes together in a  co-evolutionary process that has \r\nunfolded globally, internationally and locally over several decades \r\n(Hansen and Nygaard 2014; Rogge et al. 2017; Sorman et al. 2020), \r\nand that may be guided or facilitated by interventions that target \r\nleverage points in the underlying development path (Burch and Di \r\nBella 2021; Leventon et al. 2021). While transitions necessarily follow \r\ncontext-specific trajectories, more general lessons can be drawn by \r\ncomparing the empirical details with both system-level and narrower \r\nexplanations of change."


id: ddec1629cfc78da4a47fcacc7a55614a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36305
content:
"Sections  17.2 and 17.3 show that transitions often face multiple \r\nbarriers, including infrastructure lock-in, behavioural, cultural \r\nand institutional inertia (Markard et al. 2020), trade-offs between \r\ntransitions and other social or political priorities (Chu 2016), cost and \r\na  reliable (and growing) supply of renewable-energy technologies "


id: b9d65e17f9d91b8e9b210a159d4c454c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29909
content:
"Moreover, approaches like the 'Art of Hosting' (Sandfort and Quick \r\n2015) and qualitative research methods such as storytelling and \r\nfirst-person research, as well as second-person inquiries, for example \r\n(Scharmer, C, Kaufer 2015; Trullen and Torbert 2004; Varela 1999), \r\nhave been employed to bridge differences in cultures and sciences, \r\nas well as to forge connections between those working on climate \r\nchange and sustainable development. Likewise, experiential tools, \r\nsimulations and role-playing games have been shown to increase \r\nknowledge of the causes and consequences of climate change, the \r\nsense of urgency around action and the desire to pursue further \r\nlearning (Ahamer 2013; Eisenack and Reckien 2013; Hallinger et al. \r\n2020; Rooney-Varga et al. 2020)."


id: f8abbb59ced874ba1d241a1f39808656
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41114
content:
"of the role of values, attitudes, beliefs and structures that shape \r\nbehaviour, and of the dynamics of social movements and education \r\nat the local community, regional and global levels. Labelling the \r\ncarbon included in products, for example, could help the decision\u0002making process and increase awareness and knowledge. Individual \r\naction suggests aggregated but uncoordinated actions taken \r\nby individuals, whereas collective sustainability actions involve \r\ncoordination, a  process of participation and governance that may \r\nensure more efficient, equitable and effective outcomes. There is \r\nevidence that the behaviour of individuals and households are part \r\nof a more encompassing collective action (Section 5.4.1)."


id: 5900aa4c8bb649d2cb9b29faec64538c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12898
content:
"Indeed, individual actions are necessary but insufficient to deliver \r\ntransformative mitigation, and it is suggested that this be coupled \r\nwith collective actions to accelerate the transition to sustainable \r\ndevelopment (Dugast et al. 2019). Actors with conflicting interests \r\nwill compete to frame mitigation technologies that either 'build or \r\nerode' the legitimacy of the technology, contested framing sites \r\nthat can occur between incumbent and emerging actors or between \r\nactors in new but competing spaces (Rosenbloom et al. 2016). How \r\nnarratives are built around desired development pathways and \r\nspecific emerging technologies, as well as how local values are \r\nintegrated into visions of the future, have relevance for how these \r\nexperiments are managed and enabled to expand (Horcea-Milcu \r\net al. 2020; Lam et al. 2020)."


id: 497796244f7d803aada024f476156b76
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 10149
content:
"A related line of inquiry involves education for sustainable \r\ndevelopment (ESD). This builds on the UNESCO programme, 'ESD for \r\n2030', and involves core values like peace culture, valuing cultural \r\ndiversity and living global citizenship. One of the core insights \r\nfrom research on ESC is lifelong education continuing outside the \r\nclassroom, a  lifelong learning process that involves sustained \r\nactions by all ages and social segments (Hume and Barry 2015) and \r\nachieving collaboration (Munger and Riemer 2012). Some authors \r\nhave pointed to good levels of communication either directly or \r\nthrough the internet as the key to facilitating this learning (Sandfort \r\nand Quick 2015). Others have noted that transformative learning - \r\nthat is, deepening the learning process - is critical because it helps to \r\ninduce both shared awareness and collective actions (Brundiers et al. \r\n2010; Singleton 2015; Wamsler and Brink 2018)."


id: f8ef90f691a31fa678e0560bba85beee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 41158
content:
"It was Theory-U (Scharmer 2018), building on the work of scholars \r\nsuch as Schein, Lewin and Senge) that inspired a so-called 'massive \r\nopen online course' (MOOC) jointly initiated by the Bhutan Happiness \r\nInstitute and German Technical Assistance (GIZ) in 2015, since when \r\nit has been developed further and adapted to transform business, \r\nsociety and self as one example of how social movements can go \r\ntogether with science and education. It brings together people from \r\ndifferent professions, cultures and continents in shared discussions \r\nand practices of sustainability. It also included marginalised \r\ncommunities and is shifting towards more sustainable lifestyles in all \r\nsectors (Nikas et al. 2020), including climate action."


id: 41891ab784278d51a9d6aad7f5618a13
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8720
content:
"A final area of work points to the importance of moving toward the \r\nknowledge production that underpins awareness-raising (Pelling \r\net al. 2015). The accumulation of applied knowledge is leading \r\nincreasingly to the co-design of participatory research with local \r\nstakeholders who are investigating and transforming their own \r\nsituations in line with climate action and sustainable development \r\n(Wiek et al. 2012; Abson et al. 2017; Fazey et al. 2018)."


id: 2bf18dd89a1e5e6b15321f47ea42e682
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4984
content:
"Individuals and organisations, like institutional entrepreneurs, can \r\nfunction to build transformative capacity through collective action \r\n(Brodnik and Brown 2018). The transition from a traditional water\u0002management system to the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) \r\nmodel in Melbourne offers an illustration of how whole systems can \r\nbe changed in an urban system."


id: 131c99858547574049b79ac0f4b5fe20
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 576
content:
"Many of the cases that explore transitions to sustainable development \r\npoint to ingrained habits, values and awareness levels as the most \r\npersistent yet least visible barriers to a  transition. For example, in \r\nthe transport sector, individuals can quickly become accustomed \r\nto personal vehicles, making it difficult for them to transition to \r\nsustainable, low-carbon modes of public transport. Demand for high\u0002carbon transportation may also be locked-in, and habits reinforced, \r\nif low-cost housing (for instance) is not sufficiently served by more \r\nsustainable (i.e., mass transit, safe cycling and walking infrastructure) \r\ntransportation options (Mattioli et al. 2020)."


id: 79f3385fa539c2aa44555bbe817477b1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18656
content:
"This is made all the more challenging because car-manufacturing \r\n'incumbents' utilise information campaigns directed at the public, \r\npursue lobbying and consulting with policymakers, and set technical \r\nstandards that privilege the status quo and prevent the entry of more \r\nsustainable innovations (Smink et al. 2015; Turnheim and Nykvist \r\n2019). Tools such as congestion pricing, however, have been shown \r\nto be effective in motivating the switch from single-occupancy \r\nvehicle use to public transit, thus improving air quality and reducing \r\ntraffic delays in dense city centres (Baghestani et al. 2020)."


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vector_id: 4389
content:
"Complicating the problem further is that even well-intentioned \r\ntop-down programmes initiated by an external actor may in some \r\ncases ultimately hinder transformative change (Breukers et al. 2017). \r\nFor instance, in Delhi, India, attempts to introduce ostensibly more \r\nsustainable bus rapid transit (BRT) systems failed in part due to \r\nan arguably top-down approach that had limited public support. \r\nIt may nonetheless be difficult to win public support (Bachus and \r\nVanswijgenhoven 2018), and even grassroots initiatives may \r\nthemselves be contested and dynamic, making it difficult to \r\ngenerate the collective push to drive a bottom-up transition forward \r\n(Hakansson 2018)."


id: f7b952e8eb4dc107a6236f6242afc77a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"The creation and growth of sustainable energy and clean-tech clusters \r\nenable economic development and transformation on regional scales. \r\nSuch clusters can put pressure on incumbent technologies and rules \r\nto accelerate energy transitions. Successful clusters are nurtured by \r\nmulti-institutional and multi-stakeholder actors building institutional \r\nsupport networks, facilitating collaboration between sectors and \r\nactors, and promoting learning and social change. Notably, regional \r\neconomic clusters generate a buzz, which can have a strong influence \r\non public acceptance, support and enthusiasm for socio-technical \r\ntransitions (McCauley and Stephens 2012)."


id: 22383d7578aa903dfeb1f43d7524a263
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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"However, dominant, top-down approaches and local, grassroots \r\n'alternative' approaches and values do overlap and interact. For \r\nexample, in Manchester, UK, dominant and alternative discourses \r\ninteract with each other to create sustainable transformations \r\nthrough re-scaling (decentralising) energy generation, creating local \r\nengagement with sustainability, supporting green infrastructure \r\nto reduce costs, reclaiming local land, transforming industrial \r\ninfrastructure and creating examples of sustainable living \r\n(Hodson et al. 2017)."


id: bd3465b6b0846bd5f8d8b5284ac7e388
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Embedding local values in higher-level policy frameworks is also \r\nsignificant for forest communities in Nepal and Uganda. Even so, \r\npolicy intermediaries are not confident that these values will be \r\nadvanced due largely to an emphasis on carbon accounting and the \r\ndistribution of benefits (Reckien et al. 2018). In this case, however, \r\nnorm entrepreneurs were able to promote the importance of local \r\nvalues through the formation of grassroots associations, media \r\ncampaigns and international support networks (Reckien et al. 2018)."


id: 36ae39f07bdeefd5464811b799a54da7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"The encouragement of governance and policy reforms that could \r\nfacilitate similar expansions of investment in sustainable firms and \r\nsectors (Clark et al. 2018; Owen et al. 2018) could contribute to the \r\ndynamic feedback that gives a transition lift and injects momentum \r\ninto it. Also, the degrowth movement, with its focus on sustainability \r\nover profitability, has the potential to speed up transformations using \r\nalternative practices such as fostering the exchange of non-monetary \r\ngoods and services if large numbers of stakeholders want to invest in \r\nthese areas (Chiengkul 2017)."


id: d37ed1176e2666a499ad8b8d9c2a495e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Experiments with the transition open up pathways that can lead to \r\nenergy transitions on broader scales. Experiments can build capacity \r\nby developing networks and building bridges between diverse actors, \r\nleveraging capital from government funds, de-risking private- and \r\npublic-sector investment, and acting as hubs for public education \r\nand engagement (Rosenbloom et al. 2018)."


id: 8ec8d1a07eec08653ddf9de14e71fac1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Material barriers and spatial dynamics (Coenen et al. 2012; Hansen \r\nand Coenen 2015) are other critical obstacles to innovation: often, \r\ninfrastructure and built environments change more slowly than \r\npolicies and institutions due to the inherently long lifespans of \r\nfixed assets (Turnheim and Nykvist 2019). The example of transport \r\ninfrastructure in Ontario, Canada, illustrates the need to integrate \r\nclimate change into these infrastructural decisions in the very short \r\nterm to combat the risk of being left with unsustainable planning \r\nfeatures long into the future, especially combustion engines, \r\nsignificant road networks and suburbanisation (Birch 2016)."


id: 7446b32583f32447a57dd9177438e801
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Capable institutions and multi-level governance often support \r\nthe inter-agency coordination and stakeholder coalitions that \r\ndrive sustainable transitions. Such institutions and governance \r\narrangements are frequently required to formulate and implement \r\nthe multi-sectoral policies that spur the adoption and scaling of \r\ninnovative solutions to climate change and other sustainable \r\ndevelopment challenges. For example, such institutional and \r\ngovernance conditions have helped support the industrial policies \r\nthat will be needed to spread renewables through the creation of \r\ndomestic supply chains (Zenghelis 2020) or to pilot CDR methods \r\n(Quarton and Samsatli 2020)."


id: dec2aa267d915ce54b32d579898b9e11
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Market-oriented policies, such as carbon taxes and green finance, \r\ncan promote low-carbon technology and encourage both private \r\nand public investment in enabling transitions. Policies that are \r\ncurrently being tested include loan guarantees for renewable-energy \r\ninvestments in Mali, policy insurance to reduce credit defaults within \r\nthe feed-in tariff regime in Germany, or pledged funding to fully \r\nfinance or partner private firms in order to advance renewable-energy \r\nprojects (Roy et al. 2018a). However, there may be some limitations in \r\nusing carbon pricing alone (rather than in combination with flexible \r\nregulations and incentives) where market failures hinder low-carbon \r\ninvestments (Campiglio 2016; World Bank 2019) and high political \r\ncosts are incurred (Van Der Ploeg 2011)."


id: 82c7fdca5d8f8f1ba426a45c48d6e496
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"However, government agencies with climate and other remits do not \r\nalways work well together: the absence of coordination and consensus\u0002building mechanisms can further deepen inter-agency conflicts that \r\nstall a transition. These challenges appear not only within but also \r\nbetween levels of decision-making. Studies of developing megacities, \r\nfor instance, have found the lack of mechanisms promoting vertical \r\ncross-level integration to be a sizeable constraint on decarbonisation \r\n(Canitez 2019). Differences in perspectives across non-state actors \r\ncan similarly frustrate transitions in areas such as green buildings \r\n(Song et al. 2020)."


id: 967ba1efe2c97a67c9435cf6d9775367
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Here coordination complicates matters: coalition-building may \r\nrequire mutually reinforcing changes to institutions and policies. \r\nFor example, decentralised renewable energy has made progress \r\nin Argentina, but consumer electricity subsidies give agencies and \r\nfirms supporting conventional energy an advantage over those \r\npromoting renewable energy. Similarly, the lack of concrete guidance \r\nin green finance policies can deprive government agencies and other \r\nstakeholders of the information needed to balance ecological and \r\nfinancial goals (Wang and Zhi 2016). Many of these challenges can \r\nbe particularly formidable in developing countries, where agencies \r\nlack sufficient financial and other capacities. A lack of government \r\nfunds to cover ongoing maintenance costs along with resource \r\nshortages in rural locations can pose constraints on sustainable \r\nenergy (Schaube et al. 2018)."


id: a7d7ae4574aa3cdc991fca7e4727731d
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Building inter-agency or multiple stakeholders is frequently \r\nchallenging because of the mutually reinforcing interactions \r\nbetween institutions and ideas. The imperceptible embedding of \r\nlong-standing development paradigms (such as 'grow now, clean up \r\nlater') in agency rules and standard operating procedures can make "


id: d428d38e62a9193ae472dcc90d403ff9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"One possible positive turn in this regard is the acceleration in \r\ninvesting in the environment (impact and ESG) globally: for instance, \r\nthere is evidence that some institutional investors are divesting from \r\ncoal, potentially auguring well for the future (Richardson 2017). "


id: d8fa9f575afe4159f93175d8346cb052
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"(Lee et al. 2019). Thus, a political strategy can help align the interests \r\nand institutions needed to break lock-ins."


id: 62af54bad9634002a7c0e033d7ee104c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 14651
content:
"changes to governance arrangements challenging. This is partly \r\nbecause these rules and procedures can also shape the interests of \r\nkey decision-makers (e.g., the head of an environmental agency). For \r\nsome, this suggests a need to look not just at changing prevailing \r\nideas and interests, but also at broader institutional and governance \r\narrangements (Kern 2011)."


id: 1bf55e34d4f5029d7dd4c27a12c7aacc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"This becomes clear in studies that show that political coalitions can \r\naffect the speed of transitions (Hess 2014). These same studies show \r\nthat incumbent industry coalitions are now competing with 'green' \r\ncoalitions in terms of campaign spending over environmentally \r\nfriendly ballot proposals (Hess 2014). Another way of shifting \r\npolitical-economic incentives is by offering a  realistic exit strategy \r\nfor incumbents, like interventions that provide long-term incentives \r\nfor renewable-energy firms (de Gooyert et al. 2016; Hamman 2019)."


id: 8f1311a8bec1aa6500647c58d46355d9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"However, institutional and governance reforms can be more than \r\na  technical exercise. Political, economic and other power relations \r\ncan lock-in dominant institutional and economic structures, making \r\nthe integration of climate and sustainable development agendas \r\nexceedingly difficult. For example, though there have been recent \r\nreforms, the initial lack of early progress in Australia's energy \r\ntransition is partly attributable to institutions of political economy \r\nbeing oriented to providing steady supplies of affordable fossil fuels \r\n(Warren et al. 2016)."


id: b418f0bcb86482db00aba395b06fdc9b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Overall, the previous subsection suggests that complementary \r\npolicies and institutions that simultaneously integrate across multiple \r\nsectors and scales and also alter political economic structures that \r\nlock in a  carbon-intensive energy system are more likely to move \r\na sustainable transition forward (Burch 2010). Yet, despite a trend in \r\nclimate governance towards greater integration and inclusivity and \r\ncertain other novel governance approaches, traditional approaches \r\nto governance and a tendency to incrementalism remain dominant \r\n(Holscher et al. 2019). Building the governance arrangements and \r\ncapacities that prioritise climate change across all sectors and scales \r\nwhile destabilising entrenched interests and putting pressure on \r\nexisting norms, rules and practices is still needed in many contexts \r\n(Holscher et al. 2019)."


id: 17e5e840b9194da3dd75110350a4ff2e
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content:
"This suggests that it is important to look closely at the pre-existing \r\npolitical economic system as well as the institutional context and \r\ncapacities in assessing the prospects for transitions to sustainability. \r\nFurthermore, this is how existing institutions interact with ideas \r\nthat often strengthen lock-ins. To illustrate, studies have shown that \r\nthe status-quo orientations of leaders (including decision-makers' \r\ndisciplinary backgrounds, world views and perceptions of risk) \r\n(Willis 2018), as well as the organisational culture and management \r\nparadigms within which they operate, affect the speed and ambitions \r\nof climate policies (Rickards et al. 2014)."


id: 17fe8669c8d48c68ad8512c3933eafbd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1422
content:
"At least three themes require further research in the scholarship on \r\nthe governance of transitions: (i) the role of coalitions in supporting \r\nand hindering acceleration; (ii) the role of feedback, through which \r\npolicies may shape actor preferences, which in turn create stronger \r\npolicies; and (iii) the role of broader contexts (political economies, \r\ninstitutions, cultural norms, and technical systems) in creating \r\nconditions for acceleration (Roberts et al. 2018). Importantly, \r\nthese themes may serve as both barriers to and opportunities for \r\ntransitions (ibid.)."


id: fab00bc33bf94ce4dab03fd86f6f481b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Energy justice, although increasingly being emphasised (Pellegrini\u0002Masini et al. 2020), has been under-represented in the literature on \r\nsustainability and in debates on energy transitions, and it remains \r\na  contested term with multiple meanings (Green and Gambhir \r\n2020). Energy justice includes affordability, sustainability, equality \r\n(accessibility for current and future households) and respect (ensuring \r\nthat innovations do not impose further burdens on particular groups) \r\n(Fuso Nerini et al. 2019). Furthermore, it suggests that a just transition \r\nis a shared responsibility among countries that are making more rapid \r\nprogress towards net-negative emissions and those economies that \r\nare focused on pressing development priorities related to improved \r\nhealth, well-being and prosperity (van den Berg et al. 2020)."


id: 220f30b7c67c074ae5d8ad09de2e6c51
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"In many contexts, it is not multiple institutional and policy variables \r\nthat come together to break unsustainable inertias. In South \r\nKorea, where the state was an initiator and enabler of change, the \r\nclean-energy transition took much longer than anticipated due to \r\nprivate-sector resistance. However, when policymakers focused on \r\nincorporating adaptive learning and flexibility into their decision\u0002making, public- and private-sector interests gradually converged and \r\njoined with top-down policymaking to drive the transition forward "


id: cbedfe2e5003fd5adef3db28178811e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"and (iii) envisaging an equitable decarbonised world. Neglecting \r\nissues of justice risks a  backlash against climate action generally, \r\nparticularly from those who stand to lose from such actions \r\n(Patterson et al. 2018), and it will also have implications for the pace, \r\nscale and quality of the transition. Explicit interventions to promote \r\nsustainability transitions that integrate local spaces into the whole \r\ndevelopment process are necessary but not sufficient in creating \r\na just transition (Breukers et al. 2017; Ehnert et al. 2018b)."


id: 6fba20f1985816a256c1d370445c0e6d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"A major shift is required in the decision-making process in the \r\ndirection of taking a  holistic view, developing institutional \r\nmechanisms to coordinate the actions of diverse actors and \r\nstrengthening complementarities and synergies (Nikas et al. \r\n2020; Rasul 2016). Currently, nexus approaches have moved from \r\npurely conceptual arguments to application and implementation. \r\n(Liu et al. 2018) suggest the need for a  systematic procedure and \r\nprovide perspectives on future directions. These include expanding \r\nnexus frameworks that take into account interaction linkages with \r\nthe SDGs, incorporating overlooked drivers and regions, diversifying \r\nnexus toolboxes and making these strategies central to policymaking \r\nand governance in integrating and implementing the SDGs."


id: 48e1e16fed9ce474c24d93d90b0c4ccf
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Renewable energy transitions in rural, impoverished locations can \r\nsimultaneously reinforce and disrupt local power structures and \r\ninequalities. Policy interventions to help the most impoverished \r\nindividuals in a  community gain access to the new energy \r\ninfrastructure are critical in ensuring that existing inequalities are not \r\nreinforced. Individuals who are empowered by energy development \r\nprojects can influence the onward extension of sustainable energy \r\nto other communities (Ahlborg 2017). In Denmark in the 1970s, \r\nfor example, grassroots windmill cooperatives opened a  pathway \r\nto the creation of one of the world's largest wind-energy markets. \r\nThe unique dynamics of grassroots-led changes mean that new \r\ntechnologies and low-carbon initiatives develop strong foundations \r\nby being designed, tested and improved in the early stages with \r\nreference to the socio-political contexts in which they will grow later \r\n(Ornetzeder and Rohracher 2013)."


id: 39aaaee32b60ed6a9343b5e7d0661a59
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"In respect of processes, (Seyfang and Haxeltine 2012) found a lack \r\nof realistic and achievable expectations among both members \r\n(internally) and the wider public (externally), which hampers the \r\nacceleration of transitions. This movement could concentrate \r\nstrategically on developing and promoting short-term steps \r\ntowards shared long-term visions, including clearly identifiable \r\ngoals and end-points. Sustainability science must link research on \r\nproblem structures with a  solutions-oriented approach that seeks \r\nto understand, conceptualise and foster experiments in how socio\u0002technical innovations for sustainability develop, are diffused and are \r\nscaled up (Miller et al. 2014)."


id: 2cede4edfa8e3c733fe569fecc5eacc8
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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content:
"Intersectional theory can shine a light on the hidden costs of resource \r\nextraction, as well as renewable-energy development (see, for instance, \r\n(Chatalova and Balmann 2017), which go beyond environmental or \r\nhealth risks to include the socio-cultural impacts on both communities \r\nadjacent to these sites and those who work in them (Daum 2018). \r\nIndeed, development decisions often do not properly integrate the \r\nburdens and risks placed on marginalised groups, such as indigenous \r\npeoples, while risk assessments tend to reinforce existing power \r\nimbalances by failing to differentiate between how benefits and risks \r\nmight impact on certain groups (Healy et al. 2019; Kojola 2019). In \r\nsome cases, such as the deployment of small-scale solar power in \r\nTanzania by a non-profit organisation, an explicit gender lens on the \r\nimpacts of energy poverty revealed the significant socio-economic \r\nbenefits of improving access to renewable energy (Gray et al. 2019)."


id: 238b69e17cdc15d1cf2c14920c711e95
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3454
content:
"Poor sectoral coordination and institutional fragmentation have \r\ntriggered a  wide range of unsustainable uses of resources and \r\nthreatened the long-term sustainability of food, water and energy \r\nsecurity (Rasul 2016). Greater policy coherence among the three \r\nsectors is critical to moving to a  sustainable and efficient use of \r\nresources (United Nations 2019), given that political ambition, \r\nvalues, the energy mix, infrastructure and innovation capacities \r\ncollectively shape transition outcomes (Neofytou et al. 2020). \r\nCapacity- and coalition-building, particularly among sub-national \r\nand non-state actors (e.g.,  non-governmental organisations) is \r\na particularly important enabler of greater coherence (Bernstein and \r\nHoffmann 2018). The nexus approach, a systems-based methodology \r\nthat focuses attention on the many ways in which natural \r\nresources are deeply interwoven and mutually interdependent, can "


id: 734c6df16423bf9573fdcc6d4f8c448c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 17538
content:
"Decarbonisation may be encouraged by embedding the transition in \r\na  broader socio-economic agenda, focusing on constructing social \r\nlegitimacy to justify the transformation, encouraging municipalities \r\nwith a material interest in the transition and reforming institutions to \r\nsupport the long-term transition goals (Rosenbloom et al. 2019). In \r\njurisdictions where climate and energy policy have been integrated \r\nand harmonised, such as the UK, progress has been made in \r\ntransitioning to sustainable energy (Warren et al. 2016)."


id: 9a18cd404fd962660745ff0b88c7587c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24347
content:
"associated political economy implications. These factors can lock-in \r\ndevelopment pathways and prevent transitions from gathering the \r\nmomentum needed for large-scale transformations of socio-economic \r\nsystems. Another consideration is that transition pathways are likely \r\nto vary across and within countries due to different development \r\nlevels, starting points, differential vulnerabilities, capacities, agencies, \r\ngeographies, power dynamics, political economies, ecosystems and \r\nother contextual factors."


id: b2ea415b414446f34b374a0ce943fcde
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28713
content:
"change, low-carbon energy generation and not least more efficient \r\nresource-planning (UNDRR 2019). Resource-rich developing countries \r\ncan choose an alternative pathway by deciding to monetise carbon \r\ncapital and diversifying away from the high-carbon aspects of risk. \r\nCountries rich in hydrocarbons can diversify their energy mix and \r\nmaximise their renewable-energy potential. For instance, Namibia, \r\na net importer of electricity, is seeking to reduce its current dependence \r\non hydrocarbons by promoting solar energy. The government has \r\nissued permits allowing independent power producers (IPPs) to sell \r\ndirectly to consumers, thus ending the monopoly hitherto enjoyed by \r\nthe state utility company NamPower (Kruger et al. 2019)."


id: 14215a60c46ce60bf7b92e248777fe81
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 756
content:
"Cities are important spaces where the momentum to achieve low\u0002carbon transitions can be built (Burch 2010; Holscher et al. 2019; \r\nShaw et al. 2014), especially where centralised energy structures and \r\nnational governance and politics are posing deep-rooted challenges \r\nto change (Dowling et al. 2018; Meadowcroft 2011). Cities can enter \r\nnetworks and partnerships with other cities and multi-level actors, \r\nspaces that are important for capacity-building and accelerating \r\nchange (Dale et al. 2020; Heikkinen et al. 2019; Westman et al. 2021)."


id: 6279bc4efb638057a2bf6e758d21c2d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14608
content:
"Addressing the uncertainties and complexities associated with \r\nlocally, regionally and nationally sustainable development pathways \r\nrequires creative methods and participatory processes. These may \r\ninclude powerful visualisations that make the implications of climate \r\nchange (and decarbonisation) clear locally (Shaw et al. 2014; Sheppard \r\net al. 2011), other visual aids or 'progress wheels' that effectively \r\ncommunicate the relevant contexts (Glaas et al. 2019), storytelling and \r\nmapping, and both analogue and digital games (Mangnus et al. 2019)."


id: 67e297d5bc37d896cc80937fed600401
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15551
content:
"National and sub-national, sectoral and cross-sectoral, short- and \r\nlong-term transition studies have assessed the links between \r\nsustainable development and mitigation policies and synergies and \r\nthe trade-offs between the different policy domains. Some general \r\nconclusions can be drawn on synergies and trade-offs, despite the \r\nactual impacts of policy implementation depending on scale, context \r\nand the development starting point."


id: d9016be40a13b5c1939cabfa6aef1840
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
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vector_id: 35473
content:
"This chapter has been concerned to assess the opportunities and \r\nchallenges for acceleration in the context of sustainable development. \r\nAs such, many of the claims reviewed involve not only increasing \r\nthe speed of the transition but also ensuring that it is just, equitable \r\nand delivers a  wider range of environmental and social benefits. \r\nA sustainability transition requires removing the underlying drivers \r\nof vulnerability and high emissions (quality and depth) while aligning \r\nthe interests of different communities, regions, sectors, stakeholders \r\nand cultures (scale and breadth)."


id: d72b2a623e2b5ffef1f5486fb4c93ec6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35164
content:
"Interest in a  sustainability transition has grown steadily over the \r\nhistory of the IPCC and of climate and related policy processes. That \r\ninterest hit a high point in 2015 with the Paris Agreement and the UN \r\n2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 SDGs. It has \r\ncontinued to remain high as countries have issued NDCs on climate \r\nchange, VNRs on the SDGs and, in some instances, integrated \r\nclimate  and SDG plans (or similarly themed integrated actions, \r\ne.g., circular economy plans). Interest has also gained momentum as \r\nlocal governments, businesses and other stakeholders have followed \r\nsuit with climate change- or SDG-related plans."


id: 5ae989199ac924a8c5bd9606ebeea88
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13243
content:
"Implementing many of the recent pledges, however, has proved \r\nchallenging. Part of the challenge is a  need to address everything \r\nfrom public policies and prevailing technologies to individual lifestyles \r\nand social norms, to governance arrangements and institutions with "


id: 26f5048a63cc40c5ca8dd69f671af9df
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4014
content:
"and manoeuverability for developing countries to innovate and use \r\nsurplus funds to procure new and clean technologies. A rising debt \r\nburden already hamstrings many. Decisions on how to spend the \r\nremaining carbon budget and who has the right to decide on what \r\nto do with existing fossil fuels reflect the complexity of the transition \r\nand its non-linear character. Given the asymmetrical dimension of \r\nenergy production, distribution and use, it is likely that stranded \r\nassets will have implications for oil-producing countries, especially \r\nfor early producers who perceive that new-found oil and gas will \r\nopen doors to new forms of prosperity."


id: 8489ada2e2eda63d0527ebb50c0d1603
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20463
content:
"While the transitional drivers are not in place in some developing \r\ncountries, that is, technology, infrastructure, knowledge, and finance, \r\namong others, investing in new forms of renewable energy for the \r\nland, energy, or water sectors will see the emergence of a  more \r\ndiversified economy and one less vulnerable to carbon and other \r\nexogenous risks. The transition away from fossil fuels will come \r\nwith hard choices. Still, these choices can enable a  sustainable \r\ndevelopment world and reduce the many asymmetries and injustices \r\ninherent in the current system, not least the gaping energy disparities \r\nthat divide the developed and the developing world."


id: 291c5af7d4b865e1f678d204268e591
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4443
content:
"Equality and justice are central dimensions of transitions in the context \r\nof sustainable development. Viewing climate change through the lens \r\nof justice requires a focus on the protection of vulnerable populations \r\nfrom the impacts of climate change, addressing the unequal distribution \r\nof the costs and consequences of the transitions themselves, including \r\nfor those whose livelihoods are rooted in fossil fuel-based sectors, and \r\ndeveloping more creative and participatory processes for envisioning \r\nan equitable decarbonised world. Neglecting issues of justice will have \r\nimplications for the pace, scale and quality of the transition."


id: a567e4025a7c21606df48faa0dd1f721
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26330
content:
"Stranded hydrocarbon assets, including hydrocarbon resources and the \r\ninfrastructure from which they are produced, and investments made in \r\nexploration and production activities, are likely to become unusable, \r\nlose value or may end up as liabilities before the end of the anticipated \r\neconomic lifetime. This phenomenon is rapidly becoming a global reality \r\nas social norms change and the pressure to reduce emissions mounts. \r\nEnergy and other forms of structural inequities are likely to make the \r\ntransition planning more challenging, especially given stranded assets."


id: 9b5230937660ae45036d3565191e6f3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24575
content:
"Countries dependent on fossil fuel income will need to forego these \r\nrevenues to keep well within the Paris Agreement requirements \r\nand align with the rapidly growing divestment movement. Climate \r\ninjustice, energy poverty and COVID-19 have reduced the space "


id: e26dc9f504bc0bc378375de0e7f82cdb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37133
content:
"Sustainable development offers a comprehensive pathway to achieving ambitious climate change mitigation goals. Sustainable \r\ndevelopment requires the pursuit of synergies and the avoidance of trade-offs between the economic, social and environmental \r\ndimensions of development. It can thus provide pathways that accelerate progress towards ambitious climate change mitigation \r\ngoals. Factoring in equality and distributional effects will be particularly important in the pursuit of sustainable policies and \r\npartnerships, and in accelerating the transition to sustainable development. Using climate change as a key conduit can only work if \r\nsynergies across sectors are exploited and if policy implementation is supported by national and international partnerships."


id: d20c433aa391d7c1c352cae6a4d5be43
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34310
content:
"The speed, quality, depth and scale of the transition will depend on the developmental starting point, that is, on explicit goals as well \r\nas the enabling environment consisting of individual behaviour, mindsets, beliefs and actions, social cohesion, governance, policies, \r\ninstitutions, social and technological innovations, and so on. The integration of both climate change mitigation and adaptation \r\npolicies in sustainable development is also essential in the establishment of fair and robust transformation pathways."


id: 6c68ca7194868bf6f1eee2d4f0662e80
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16366
content:
"Denton, F., K. Halsnaes, K. Akimoto, S. Burch, C. Diaz Morejon, F. Farias, J. Jupesta, A. Shareef, P. Schweizer-Ries, F. Teng, \r\nE. Zusman, 2022: Accelerating the transition in the context of sustainable development Supplementary Material. In IPCC, \r\n2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, \r\nD. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Available \r\nfrom https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/."


id: 59d398e2733a4173bab9fc34c5c101b6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13047
content:
"Renee van Diemen (the Netherlands/United Kingdom), J.B. Robin Matthews (France/United \r\nKingdom), Vincent Moller (Germany), Jan S. Fuglestvedt (Norway), Valerie Masson-Delmotte \r\n(France), Carlos Mendez (Venezuela), Andy Reisinger (New Zealand), Sergey Semenov (the \r\nRussian Federation)"


id: a43d39ca1e02b7d0f7392bf52e9a977a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26086
content:
"Elin Lerum Boasson (Norway), Antonethe Castaneda (Guatemala), Lazarus Chapungu (Zimbabwe), \r\nLilia Caiado Couto (Brazil), Annette Cowie (Australia), Nandini Das (India), El  Hdaji  Mbaye \r\nMadien  Diagne (Senegal), Oliver Geden (Germany), James S. Gerber (the United States of \r\nAmerica), Siyue Guo (China), Shan Hu (China), Kiane de Kleijne (the Netherlands), Michael Konig \r\n(Germany), David Simon Lee (United Kingdom), Andreas Loschel (Germany), Andre F.P. Lucena \r\n(Brazil), Eduardo Miranda Casseres (Brazil), Jacqueline Peel (Australia), Patricia E. Perkins \r\n(Canada), Priyadarshi Shukla (India), Jim Skea (United Kingdom), Brent Sohngen (the United \r\nStates of America), Enock Ssekuubwa (Uganda), Linda Steg (the Netherlands)"


id: a0d4f52e69521f2fab8f37f2e88ad808
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25512
content:
"This glossary defines some specific terms as the Lead Authors intend them to be interpreted in \r\nthe context of this report. Italicised words in definitions indicate that the italicised term is defined \r\nin the Glossary."


id: 83e0e33cbf075b4db5262e78a3bf897e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20349
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex I: Glossary [van Diemen, R., J.B.R. Matthews, V. Moller, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, \r\nC.  Mendez, A. Reisinger, S. Semenov (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. \r\nContribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\r\n[P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, \r\nM. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, \r\nNY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020"


id: 4898b17fb736bc9d0de9a314663783ba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9989
content:
"Adverse side-effect A negative effect that a policy or measure \r\naimed at one objective has on another objective, thereby potentially \r\nreducing the net benefit to society or the environment. See also \r\nCo-benefits, Risk, and Trade-off."


id: 927ceefc51595fa86e9c7c05a60885a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22992
content:
"Acceptability of policy or system change The extent to which \r\na policy or system change is evaluated unfavourably or favourably, \r\nor rejected or supported, by members of the general public (public \r\nacceptability) or politicians or governments (political acceptability). \r\nAcceptability may vary from totally unacceptable/fully rejected to \r\ntotally acceptable/fully supported; individuals may differ in how \r\nacceptable policies or system changes are believed to be."


id: 2d240b69998b0c0cf47b7adadc7cdb42
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5223
content:
"Access to modern energy services Access to clean, reliable \r\nand affordable energy services for cooking, heating, lighting, \r\ncommunications, and productive uses."


id: ae8a89f04c64fb440b50f857bd12a09b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27941
content:
"Adaptation In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual \r\nor expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit \r\nbeneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment \r\nto actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate \r\nadjustment to expected climate and its effects. See also Adaptation \r\noptions, Adaptive capacity, and Maladaptive actions (Maladaptation)."


id: 6eb7c5819cc32771f72777c676046d06
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16744
content:
"The change in climate where adaptation is unable to prevent \r\ndamaging impacts and further risk. Soft limits occur when additional \r\nadaptation may be possible if constraints are able to be overcome. \r\nHard limits occur when no additional adaptation is possible."


id: dd1abcffd25a69a53772c05175147478
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36160
content:
"Adaptation that maintains the essence and integrity of a system or \r\nprocess at a given scale (Park et al. 2012). In some cases, incremental \r\nadaptation can accrue to result in transformational adaptation \r\n(Tabara et al. 2019; Termeer et al. 2017). Incremental adaptations to \r\nchange in climate are understood as extensions of actions and \r\nbehaviours that already reduce the losses or enhance the benefits of \r\nnatural variations in extreme weather/climate events."


id: 90e062fd3f65622a85c1c3ede90f8178
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22696
content:
"[Note: For a  discussion of the term forest and related terms such as \r\nafforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines \r\nfor National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and \r\ninformation provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on \r\nClimate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC 2021a,b).] "


id: a37f7b1aee4484a41180dff21db6e279
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25974
content:
"See also Deforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation \r\nand Forest Degradation (REDD+), Reforestation, Anthropogenic \r\nRemovals, and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 3c9ff302b08ddeb8b9476b1d827b5309
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7855
content:
"Adaptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a  social\u0002ecological system in anticipation of climate change and its impacts."


id: a057f9b040ce61a3172fecb05d63568
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25419
content:
"Agreement In this report, the degree of agreement within the \r\nscientific body of knowledge on a particular finding is assessed based on \r\nmultiple lines of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, \r\nmodels, expert judgement) and expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea \r\net al. 2010). See also Confidence, Likelihood, and Uncertainty."


id: a13a7676aaaa0c476e70f1634a4e7df0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25588
content:
"Adaptation options The array of strategies and measures that \r\nare available and appropriate for addressing adaptation. They \r\ninclude a wide range of actions that can be categorised as structural, \r\ninstitutional, ecological or behavioural."


id: dce12370001bace8ca2a3108b8efdeee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36121
content:
"Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) In the context \r\nof national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories under the  United \r\nNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), \r\nAFOLU is the sum of the GHG inventory sectors Agriculture and \r\nLand Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); see the 2006 \r\nIPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories for details. Given the \r\ndifference in estimating the 'anthropogenic' carbon dioxide (CO2 )\r\nremovals between countries and the global modelling community, the \r\nland-related net GHG emissions from global models included in this \r\nreport are not necessarily directly comparable with LULUCF estimates \r\nin national GHG Inventories. See also Land use, Land-use change and \r\nforestry (LULUCF) and Land-use change (LUC)."


id: 7e25e81351728ec0a9f5f55b009c69d0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19367
content:
"Adaptive capacity The ability of systems, institutions, humans and \r\nother organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of \r\nopportunities, or to respond to consequences (MA 2005)."


id: 2bdd3e2ec9dd87ed42b2847f3e31167b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4968
content:
"Additionality The property of being additional. Mitigation is \r\nadditional if the greenhouse gas emission reductions or removals \r\nwould not have occurred in the absence of the associated policy \r\nintervention or activity. "


id: c2e139465644f941aa60a36896dd8061
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31562
content:
"[Note: Additionality is one of several key criteria used to ensure the \r\nenvironmental integrity of Offsets (in climate change mitigation)]. "


id: a24c647c1b9aca476597afe7e7848288
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25783
content:
"Agroecology The science and practice of applying ecological \r\nconcepts, principles and knowledge (i.e.,  the interactions of, and \r\nexplanations for, the diversity, abundance and activities of organisms) \r\nto the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. "


id: ca18c911e9b8f37cddca5d5e4e6aa395
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32889
content:
"It includes the roles of human beings as a  central organism in \r\nagroecology by way of social and economic processes in farming \r\nsystems. Agroecology examines the roles and interactions among all \r\nrelevant biophysical, technical and socio-economic components of \r\nfarming systems and their surrounding landscapes (IPBES 2019)."


id: 6bf4a18beaef96fd68a6f55323655415
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16293
content:
"atmosphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, \r\nand the exosphere, which is the outer limit of the atmosphere. The \r\ndry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume \r\nmixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with \r\na number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93 % volume mixing ratio), \r\nhelium and radiatively active greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ) (0.04% volume mixing ratio), methane (CH4 ), nitrous \r\noxide (N2O) and ozone (O3 ). In addition, the atmosphere contains the \r\nGHG water vapour (H2O), whose concentrations are highly variable \r\n(0-5% volume mixing ratio) as the sources (evapotranspiration) and \r\nsinks (precipitation) of water vapour show large spatio-temporal \r\nvariations, and atmospheric temperature exerts a strong constraint on \r\nthe amount of water vapour an air parcel can hold. The atmosphere \r\nalso contains clouds and aerosols."


id: 8851e03af3568e2f05edf3fa48f6f4dd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21143
content:
"Air pollution Degradation of air quality with negative effects \r\non human health or the natural or built environment due to \r\nthe  introduction, by natural processes or human activity, into the \r\natmosphere of substances (gases, aerosols) which have a  direct \r\n(primary pollutants) or indirect (secondary pollutants) harmful effect. \r\nSee also Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)."


id: e9e7651c53fc20cc61b77e88f91df9a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38502
content:
"Albedo The proportion of sunlight (solar radiation) reflected by \r\na surface or object, often expressed as a percentage. Clouds, snow \r\nand ice usually have high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range \r\nfrom high to low; vegetation in the dry season and/or in arid zones \r\ncan have high albedo, whereas photosynthetically active vegetation \r\nand the ocean have low albedo. The Earth's planetary albedo changes \r\nmainly through changes in cloudiness and of snow, ice, leaf area and \r\nland cover."


id: 4a20cb1b1f924ed91ee0d66e52994c54
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10282
content:
"Avoid, Shift, Improve (ASI) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions \r\nby avoiding the use of an emissions-producing service entirely, \r\nshifting to the lowest-emission mode of providing the service, and/or \r\nimproving the technologies and systems for providing the service in \r\nways that reduce emissions."


id: f8bac8a7c814e054f6389504b9e14517
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41120
content:
"Baseline/reference See Reference period and Reference scenario.\r\nBaseline period See Reference period."


id: 2a6c36864e29238da78bfbd4c85584ba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4690
content:
"Biochar Relatively stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating \r\nbiomass in an oxygen-limited environment. Biochar is distinguished \r\nfrom charcoal by its application: biochar is used as a soil amendment \r\nwith the intention to improve soil functions and to reduce greenhouse \r\ngas emissions from biomass that would otherwise decompose rapidly \r\n(IBI 2018). See also Anthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide \r\nremoval (CDR)."


id: d09cbb181d5a8dd94dcb8612154d34f0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34050
content:
"Anthropogenic emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), \r\nprecursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities. These \r\nactivities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and \r\nland-use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste \r\nmanagement, and industrial processes. See also Anthropogenic and \r\nAnthropogenic removals."


id: 99bdfdec9588d5655d70b9314090ef46
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24273
content:
"Biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity means the \r\nvariability among living organisms from all sources including, among \r\nother things, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the \r\necological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity \r\nwithin species, between species, and of ecosystems (UN  1992). \r\nSee also Bioenergy and Biomass."


id: 5e589e24839ab598a6cf9320150501ec
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13891
content:
"Anthropogenic removals The withdrawal of greenhouse gases\r\n(GHGs) from the atmosphere as a  result of deliberate human \r\nactivities. These include enhancing biological sinks of CO2 and using \r\nchemical engineering to achieve long-term removal and storage. \r\nCarbon capture and storage (CCS), which alone does not remove \r\nCO2 from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO2 from \r\nindustrial and energy-related sources if it is combined with bioenergy \r\nproduction (BECCS), or if CO2 is captured from the air directly and \r\nstored (DACCS). "


id: d8eb490e37bbe48e523cbe10948ce01d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35459
content:
"Bioenergy Energy derived from any form of biomass or its metabolic \r\nby-products. See also Biofuel."


id: 9a501b38bdac31e50774bd18459f65af
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24392
content:
"Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS)\r\nCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology applied to \r\na  bioenergy facility. Note that, depending on the total emissions \r\nof the BECCS supply chain, carbon dioxide (CO2) can be removed \r\nfrom the atmosphere. See also Anthropogenic removals and Carbon \r\ndioxide removal."


id: 3ef148b7962f0227320ec6ece80ce403
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8260
content:
"[Note: In the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC 2006), \r\nwhich are used in reporting of emissions to the UNFCCC, 'anthropogenic' \r\nland-related GHG fluxes are defined as all those occurring on 'managed \r\nland', i.e., 'where human interventions and practices have been applied to \r\nperform production, ecological or social functions'. However, some removals \r\n(e.g., removals associated with CO2 fertilisation and N deposition) are not \r\nconsidered as 'anthropogenic', or are referred to as 'indirect' anthropogenic \r\neffects, in some of the scientific literature assessed in this report. \r\nAs a consequence, the land-related net GHG emission estimates from global \r\nmodels included in this report are not necessarily directly comparable with \r\nLULUCF estimates in national GHG Inventories.] "


id: 9f4f043deefe3a7c65c31921e9f61886
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25252
content:
"Biofuel A fuel, generally in liquid form, produced from biomass. \r\nBiofuels include bioethanol from sugarcane, sugar beet or maize, and \r\nbiodiesel from canola or soybeans. See also Bioenergy."


id: ef33fb60e56e315a09b7724826a89010
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39453
content:
"Biogenic carbon emissions Carbon released as carbon dioxide or \r\nmethane from combustion or decomposition of biomass or biobased \r\nproducts."


id: 839484569258bdb90676a392d0158180
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20293
content:
"See also Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Afforestation, Biochar,\r\nEnhanced weathering, Ocean alkalinisation/Ocean alkalinity \r\nenhancement, Reforestation, and Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)."


id: 210832d720e005b365da5dbdeea3c3c7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3034
content:
"Biomass Organic material excluding the material that is fossilised \r\nor embedded in geological formations. Biomass may refer to the mass \r\nof organic matter in a specific area (ISO 2014). See also Bioenergy\r\nand Biofuel."


id: ec1ab543a6deaac7ad00cd5ad0d55543
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38906
content:
"Note 4: The notions of a Total Carbon Budget and Remaining Carbon Budget \r\nare also being applied in parts of the scientific literature and by some \r\nentities at regional, national, or sub-national level. The distribution of global \r\nbudgets across individual different entities and emitters depends strongly on \r\nconsiderations of equity and other value judgements.]"


id: 987ae61582031f76b7619873b4eb2068
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24037
content:
"The combustion of wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and/or \r\nanimal dung for cooking or heating in open fires or in inefficient \r\nstoves as is common in low-income countries."


id: 453921b76ad6bfeb676046932a45e22a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9406
content:
"Black carbon (BC) A relatively pure form of carbon, also known as \r\nsoot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, \r\nand biomass. It only stays in the atmosphere for days or weeks. BC \r\nis a climate forcing agent with strong warming effect, both in the \r\natmosphere and when deposited on snow or ice. See also Aerosol."


id: dece03ebee31659a4afb8432cd7f301f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36466
content:
"Carbon cycle The flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ), carbon in biomass, and carbon dissolved in the ocean \r\nas carbonate and bicarbonate) through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, \r\nterrestrial and marine biosphere and lithosphere. In this report, the \r\nreference unit for the global carbon cycle is GtCO2 or GtC (one \r\nGigatonne = 1 Gt = 1015 grams; 1GtC corresponds to 3.664 GtCO2)."


id: 7068082a54846e51c21dda96583fbb32
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17037
content:
"Blue carbon Biologically-driven carbon fluxes and storage in \r\nmarine systems that are amenable to management. Coastal blue \r\ncarbon focuses on rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal \r\nmarshes, mangroves and seagrasses. These ecosystems have high \r\ncarbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon \r\nin their soils and sediments. They provide many non-climatic benefits \r\nand can contribute to ecosystem-based adaptation. If degraded or \r\nlost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems are likely to release most of their \r\ncarbon back to the atmosphere. There is current debate regarding \r\nthe application of the blue carbon concept to other coastal and \r\nnon-coastal processes and ecosystems, including the open ocean. \r\nSee also Sequestration."


id: 10368d13e5a5e927f222577cc95785d3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39
content:
"Carbon dioxide (CO2) A naturally occurring gas, CO2 is also \r\na  by-product of burning fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), of \r\nburning biomass, of land-use changes (LUCs) and of industrial \r\nprocesses (e.g., cement production). It is the principal anthropogenic\r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earth's radiative balance. \r\nIt is the reference gas against which other GHGs are measured and \r\ntherefore has a global warming potential (GWP) of 1."


id: 5ee23441fc1157f4248734cb730858ba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13989
content:
"Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) A process in which \r\na relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from industrial and \r\nenergy-related sources is separated (captured), conditioned, compressed \r\nand transported to a storage location for long-term isolation from the \r\natmosphere. Sometimes referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage. \r\nSee also Anthropogenic removals, Bioenergy with carbon dioxide \r\ncapture and storage (BECCS), Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation \r\n(CCU), Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), and Sequestration."


id: 5b0cb0640d30d737089a5200be5267c5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13271
content:
"Business as usual (BAU) The term business as usual scenario has \r\nbeen used to describe a scenario that assumes no additional policies \r\nbeyond those currently in place and that patterns of socio-economic \r\ndevelopment are consistent with recent trends. The term is now \r\nused less frequently than in the past. See also Reference scenario \r\n(under Scenario)."


id: d2f2ee4f1a5ba109adb68c2436e7cc63
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34458
content:
"Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU) A process in \r\nwhich carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is captured and the carbon then used \r\nin a  product. The climate effect of CCU depends on the product \r\nlifetime, the product it displaces, and the CO2 source (fossil, biomass\r\nor atmosphere). CCU is sometimes referred to as Carbon Dioxide \r\nCapture and Use, or Carbon Capture and Utilisation. See also \r\nAnthropogenic removals, Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), \r\nand Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: e8343f5d38e450f95d88f94bcf6962fb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38182
content:
"Carbon budget Refers to two concepts in the literature:\r\n(i) an assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a  global \r\nlevel, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement \r\nemissions, emissions and removals associated with land use and \r\nland-use change, ocean and natural land sources and sinks of \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ), and the resulting change in atmospheric \r\nCO2 concentration. This is referred to as the global carbon budget;\r\n(ii) the maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic\r\nCO2 emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given \r\nlevel with a given probability, taking into account the effect of other \r\nanthropogenic climate forcers. This is referred to as the Total Carbon \r\nBudget when expressed starting from the pre-industrial period, and \r\nas the Remaining Carbon Budget when expressed from a  recent \r\nspecified date."


id: 764242b942369b317d48f1f489d4f7bf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18025
content:
"Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) Anthropogenic activities removing \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere and durably storing it in \r\ngeological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. It includes \r\nexisting and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological or \r\ngeochemical CO2 sinks and direct air carbon dioxide capture and \r\nstorage (DACCS), but excludes natural CO2 uptake not directly caused \r\nby human activities. See also Anthropogenic removals, Afforestation,\r\nBiochar, Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS),\r\nCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), Enhanced weathering,\r\nOcean alkalinisation/Ocean alkalinity enhancement, Reforestation,\r\nand Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)."


id: 81535d1a726ace167f5076e0189889eb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19883
content:
"[Note 1: Net anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anthropogenic CO2 emissions \r\nminus anthropogenic CO2 removals. See also Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)."


id: ba74813d4e4181741b2150808079eecf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30021
content:
"Note 2: The maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic \r\nCO2 emissions is reached at the time that annual net anthropogenic CO2\r\nemissions reach zero."


id: b758ae76058c902180aa6cc685cb323d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29471
content:
"Carbon footprint Measure of the exclusive total amount of \r\nemissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) that is directly and indirectly \r\ncaused by an activity or is accumulated over the lifecycle stages of \r\na product (Wiedmann and Minx 2008)."


id: c631b4bc96b071e974c63b9fe545ffd4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32177
content:
"Note 3: The degree to which anthropogenic climate forcers other than CO2\r\naffect the Total Carbon Budget and Remaining Carbon Budget depends on \r\nhuman choices about the extent to which these forcers are mitigated and \r\ntheir resulting climate effects."


id: 9716924256e6efb88e9c427198239fa2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23776
content:
"The carbon footprint of an individual household, inclusive of the \r\ndirect and indirect carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions associated with \r\nhome energy use, transportation, food provision, and consumption \r\nof other goods and services associated with household expenditures."


id: 3a09f68e7c4afc56bbb4ef0e3ce171f3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7424
content:
"Carbon intensity The amount of emissions of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2 ) released per unit of another variable such as gross domestic \r\nproduct (GDP), output energy use or transport."


id: e3c1b46b00b6fd37673b97bf4b9ee7d8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37358
content:
"social, and economic nature are causally interlinked, with interactions \r\nand feedbacks that result in both intended and unintended impacts \r\non emissions. See also City region, Peri-urban areas and Urban."


id: 24ae0918134af6497864795cb69bb426
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3648
content:
"Citizen science A voluntary participation of the public in the collection \r\nand/or processing of data as part of a scientific study (Silvertown 2009)."


id: e728de741c3954c52cf1b836747bdf9e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37968
content:
"Carbon neutrality Condition in which anthropogenic carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ) emissions associated with a subject are balanced by \r\nanthropogenic CO2 removals. The subject can be an entity such as \r\na country, an organisation, a district or a commodity, or an activity \r\nsuch as a service and an event. Carbon neutrality is often assessed \r\nover the lifecycle including indirect ('scope 3') emissions, but can \r\nalso be limited to the emissions and removals, over a  specified \r\nperiod, for which the subject has direct control, as determined by the \r\nrelevant scheme."


id: d651b5c4320303dea7cd1d6a12352ae1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35017
content:
"City region The areal extent of an individual city's material \r\nassociations and economic or political influence. The city region \r\nconcept accepts that rural livelihoods and land uses can be \r\nincorporated within the functional activities of a city. This will include \r\ndormitory settlements, sources for critical inputs of water, some food, \r\nand waste disposal. See also Cities, Region and Urban systems."


id: ea15dd38e6542394479e25d81e95a3bf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38534
content:
"Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average \r\nweather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of \r\nthe mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time \r\nranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical \r\nperiod for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the \r\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO). The relevant quantities \r\nare most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation \r\nand wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical \r\ndescription, of the climate system."


id: 27db38231fa8b75b362682bc12297403
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4205
content:
"[Note 1: Carbon neutrality and net-zero CO2 emissions are overlapping concepts. \r\nThe concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales (e.g.,  regional, \r\nnational and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms carbon neutrality and \r\nnet-zero CO2 emissions are equivalent. At sub-global scales, net-zero CO2\r\nemissions is generally applied to emissions and removals under direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity, while carbon neutrality \r\ngenerally includes emissions and removals within and beyond the direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity. Accounting rules specified by \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) programmes or schemes can have a significant influence \r\non the quantification of relevant CO2 emissions and removals."


id: 34987d0f5eea08935907dc354ba25cea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6491
content:
"Note 2: In some cases, achieving carbon neutrality may rely on the \r\nsupplementary use of offsets to balance emissions that remain after actions \r\nby the reporting entity are taken into account.]"


id: 37c8a79dac0d793db1919f93e6248a2f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7022
content:
"See also Greenhouse gas neutrality, Land use, land-use change and \r\nforestry (LULUCF) and Net-zero CO2 emissions."


id: a116901a81278cc6869e626aee1b0da2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25564
content:
"Carbon price The price for avoided or released carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2 ) or CO2-equivalent emissions. This may refer to the rate of \r\na carbon tax, or the price of emission permits. In many models that \r\nare used to assess the economic costs of mitigation, carbon prices are \r\nused as a proxy to represent the level of effort in mitigation policies."


id: e6aedf73069a9066c309864cadca719a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37885
content:
"Climate change commitment The unavoidable future climate \r\nchange resulting from inertia in the geophysical and socio-economic \r\nsystems. Different types of climate change commitment are discussed \r\nin the literature. Climate change commitment is usually quantified \r\nin terms of the further change in temperature, but it includes other \r\nfuture changes, for example in the hydrological cycle, in extreme \r\nweather events, in extreme climate events, and in sea level."


id: 755303e81e5046904556ef63097f61e1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17871
content:
"Choice architecture The presentation of choices to consumers, \r\nand the impact that presentation has on consumer decision-making."


id: 9c56497750ec6f5427cd9951a0fe1a91
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24759
content:
"Circular economy A system with minimal input and operational \r\nlosses of materials and energy through extensive reduce, reuse, \r\nrecycling, and recovery activities. Ten strategies for circularity include: \r\nRefuse, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, \r\nRepurpose, Recycle, Recover."


id: 255693765c13f99cdaf80e6f8b093812
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3757
content:
"The zero emissions commitment is an estimate of the subsequent \r\nglobal warming that would result after anthropogenic emissions\r\nare set to zero. It is determined by both inertia in physical climate \r\nsystem components (ocean, cryosphere, land surface) and carbon \r\ncycle inertia. In its widest sense it refers to emissions of each climate \r\nforcer including greenhouses gases, aerosols and their precursors. The \r\nclimate response to this can be complex due to the different climate \r\nresponse time scale of each climate forcer. A specific sub-category of \r\nzero emissions commitment is the Zero CO2 Emissions Commitment \r\nwhich refers to the climate system response to CO2 emissions after \r\nsetting these to net zero. The CO2-only definition is of specific use in \r\nestimating remaining carbon budgets."


id: bd40d5e726acb882736a65fda69b8bcb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30547
content:
"Cities Cities are open systems, continually exchanging resources, \r\nproducts and services, waste, people, ideas, and finances with the \r\nhinterlands and broader world. Cities are complex, self-organising, \r\nadaptive, and constantly evolving. Cities also encompass multiple \r\nactors with varying responsibilities, capabilities and priorities, as well \r\nas processes that transcend the institutional sector-based approach \r\nto city administration. Cities are embedded in broader ecological, \r\neconomic, technical, institutional, legal, and governance structures \r\nthat enable or often constrain their systemic function, which cannot \r\nbe separated from wider power relations. Urban processes of physical, "


id: 8756f2bdcb35bc0e1595abb09ff61818
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20972
content:
"Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event) The \r\noccurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) \r\na  threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of \r\nobserved values of the variable. By definition, the characteristics \r\nof what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an \r\nabsolute sense. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some \r\ntime, such as a season, it may be classified as an extreme climate \r\nevent, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme \r\n(e.g., high temperature, drought, or heavy rainfall over a season). For \r\nsimplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events \r\nare referred to collectively as 'climate extremes'."


id: 7f939a6363390e55af16eccdf63a31e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19587
content:
"Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE) \r\nThe transient surface temperature change per unit cumulative carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 ) emissions, usually 1000 GtC. TCRE combines both \r\ninformation on the airborne fraction of cumulative CO2 emissions \r\n(the fraction of the total CO2 emitted that remains in the atmosphere, \r\nwhich is determined by carbon cycle processes) and on the transient \r\nclimate response (TCR)."


id: f9b89885fb5baefb68eaff4b1afb32d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41299
content:
"Climate services Climate services involve the provision of climate \r\ninformation in such a way as to assist decision-making. The service \r\nincludes appropriate engagement from users and providers, is based \r\non scientifically credible information and expertise, has an effective \r\naccess mechanism, and responds to user needs (Hewitt et al. 2012)."


id: 66f004dfe1302eb29a9ad8a9670533b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15376
content:
"Climate finance There is no agreed definition of climate finance. \r\nThe term 'climate finance' is applied to the financial resources \r\ndevoted to addressing climate change by all public and private actors \r\nfrom global to local scales, including international financial flows to \r\ndeveloping countries to assist them in addressing climate change. \r\nClimate finance aims to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions and/\r\nor to enhance adaptation and increase resilience to the impacts of \r\ncurrent and projected climate change. Finance can come from private \r\nand public sources, channelled by various intermediaries, and is \r\ndelivered by a range of instruments, including grants, concessional \r\nand non-concessional debt, and internal budget reallocations."


id: a3ffa10d8023bf83ab4d6c07ea105bb3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26043
content:
"Climate system The global system consisting of five major \r\ncomponents: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, \r\nthe lithosphere and the biosphere and the interactions between them. \r\nThe climate system changes in time under the influence of its own internal \r\ndynamics and because of external forcings such as volcanic eruptions, \r\nsolar variations, orbital forcing, and anthropogenic forcings such as the \r\nchanging composition of the atmosphere and land-use change."


id: a4427af7a4f91fdbcdc425fdf6f10dcd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26092
content:
"Climate variability Deviations of climate variables from a given \r\nmean state (including the occurrence of extremes, etc.) at all spatial \r\nand temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. \r\nVariability may be intrinsic, due to fluctuations of processes internal to \r\nthe climate system (internal variability), or extrinsic, due to variations \r\nin natural or anthropogenic external forcing (forced  variability). \r\nSee also Climate change."


id: 1019303ad02c78703e977d4900c2aa42
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21
content:
"Climate model A qualitative or quantitative representation of \r\nthe climate system based on the physical, chemical and biological \r\nproperties of its components, their interactions and feedback \r\nprocesses and accounting for some of its known properties. The \r\nclimate system can be represented by models of varying complexity; \r\nthat is, for any one component or combination of components \r\na spectrum or hierarchy of models can be identified, differing in such \r\naspects as the number of spatial dimensions, the extent to which \r\nphysical, chemical or biological processes are explicitly represented, \r\nor the level at which empirical parametrisations are involved. There \r\nis an evolution towards more complex models with interactive \r\nchemistry and biology. Climate models are applied as a  research \r\ntool to study and simulate the climate and for operational purposes, \r\nincluding monthly, seasonal and interannual climate predictions. \r\nSee also Simple climate model (SCM) and Emulators."


id: d9ba5de8e7db049d5498ea5925d19edf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35601
content:
"Co-benefits A positive effect that a policy or measure aimed at \r\none objective has on another objective, thereby increasing the total \r\nbenefit to society or the environment. Co-benefits are also referred \r\nto as ancillary benefits. See also Adverse side-effect and Trade-off."


id: 9fa10a5d064c928f996352739f8d2d5e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25297
content:
"CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) emission The amount of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) emission that would have an equivalent effect on a specified \r\nkey measure of climate change, over a  specified time horizon, as \r\nan emitted amount of another greenhouse gas (GHG) or a mixture \r\nof other GHGs. For a mix of GHGs, it is obtained by summing the \r\nCO2-equivalent emissions of each gas. There are various ways and \r\ntime horizons to compute such equivalent emissions (see greenhouse \r\ngas emission metric). CO2-equivalent emissions are commonly used \r\nto compare emissions of different GHGs, but should not be taken \r\nto imply that these emissions have an equivalent effect across all key \r\nmeasures of climate change."


id: becc47507c149c778abdc222345af778
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30838
content:
"Climate projection Simulated response of the climate system\r\nto a scenario of future emissions or concentrations of greenhouse \r\ngases (GHGs) and aerosols and changes in land use, generally \r\nderived using climate models. Climate projections are distinguished \r\nfrom climate predictions by their dependence on the emission/\r\nconcentration/radiative forcing scenario used, which is in turn based \r\non assumptions concerning, for example, future socio-economic and \r\ntechnological developments that may or may not be realised."


id: ff48ee258da32f1495ecedbe5ca38e01
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42320
content:
"[Note: Under the Paris Rulebook [Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, paragraph 37], \r\nparties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the IPCC AR5 or GWP100 \r\nvalues from a  subsequent IPCC Assessment Report to report aggregate \r\nemissions and removals of GHGs. In addition, parties may use other metrics \r\nto report supplemental information on aggregate emissions and removals \r\nof GHGs.]"


id: f799af9cbddaca4873464102f0049655
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40932
content:
"Climate sensitivity The change in the surface temperature \r\nin response to a  change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 )\r\nconcentration or other radiative forcing."


id: 7bdf62b3aad72aaf7d748ad9630d298d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19004
content:
"more slowly than the economy. Absolute decoupling is where there is \r\neconomic growth but there is a decline in the other indicator."


id: e9ad966071ca4f52aa0e8945e9db3947
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38465
content:
"Climate Change (UNFCCC), comprising parties with a right to vote \r\nthat have ratified or acceded to the convention."


id: 6ef2628ff92c9ce102f35cb2624fc7c3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16792
content:
"Confidence The robustness of a finding based on the type, amount, \r\nquality and consistency of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, \r\ntheory, data, models, expert judgement) and on the degree of \r\nagreement across multiple lines of evidence. In this report, confidence \r\nis expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et al. 2010)."


id: 87fa4cd35787c7e64966e16bb6afda27
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21078
content:
"Conservation agriculture A farming system that promotes \r\nminimum soil disturbance (e.g.,  by using no till practices), \r\nmaintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant \r\nspecies. It aims to prevent land degradation and regenerate degraded \r\nlands by enhancing biodiversity and natural biological processes \r\nabove and below the ground surface, that contribute to increased \r\nwater and nutrient use efficiency and improved and sustained crop \r\nproduction (FAO 2016)."


id: 197e8f9003cf628289f8d9e779c0e968
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1696
content:
"Demand Disciplinary approaches use the term in different ways. \r\nIn economics, demand by a  consumer is willingness and ability to \r\npurchase in a marketplace. However, the motivation for purchase may \r\nvary and can include economic utility, welfare, Decent standard of \r\nliving (DSL), or for the good/services."


id: 300c3e4b182cfc3c5cb6755f25b08f02
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5716
content:
"Consumption-based emissions Emissions released to the \r\natmosphere in order to generate the goods and services consumed \r\nby a certain entity (e.g., a person, firm, country, or region). See also \r\nProduction-based emissions."


id: 856eac47c3e1303ea2164c47adc197ea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20614
content:
"Coping capacity The ability of people, institutions, organisations, \r\nand systems, using available skills, values, beliefs, resources, and \r\nopportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions in \r\nthe short to medium term (UNISDR 2009; IPCC 2012). See also Resilience."


id: 90a29fc166ec4c2e1320a239f6bb4cb6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22652
content:
"Policies and programmes for influencing the demand for goods and/\r\nor services. In the energy sector, demand-side mitigation measures \r\naim at reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions emitted \r\nper unit of energy service used."


id: 10fa7ad17c73bc04675cd574832aaf05
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 179
content:
"Cost-benefit analysis A type of economic evaluation that \r\ncompares all monetised negative and positive impacts associated with \r\na given action. Cost-benefit analysis enables comparison of different \r\ninterventions, investments or strategies, and reveals how a  given \r\ninvestment or policy effort pays off for a particular person, company \r\nor country, or at a  global scale. Cost-benefit analyses representing \r\nsociety's point of view are important for climate change decision\u0002making, but there are difficulties in aggregating costs and benefits \r\nacross different actors and across time scales. See also Discounting."


id: 925216b22d9111c46b0f5ab9c9c93960
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22963
content:
"Policies and programmes for influencing how a  certain demand\r\nfor goods and/or services is met. In the energy sector, supply-side \r\nmitigation measures aim at reducing the amount of greenhouse gas \r\nemissions emitted per unit of energy service produced."


id: b64c655160d169993f5be6aee4d59c6c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29289
content:
"Desertification Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry \r\nsub-humid areas resulting from many factors, including climatic \r\nvariations and human activities (UNCCD 1994)."


id: f6e6bfaf0881bf84331d583c9088bb54
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40808
content:
"Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) A type of economic evaluation \r\nthat compares the costs of different courses of action reaching the \r\nsame outcome. In this report, CEA focuses on comparing the costs of \r\nmitigation strategies designed to meet a prespecified climate change\r\nmitigation goal (e.g., an emission-reduction target or a temperature \r\nstabilisation target)."


id: 80ceb5aeb1cf7ceaadb7776eb7545880
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19795
content:
"Cumulative emissions The total amount of emissions released \r\nover a specified period of time. See also Carbon budget and Transient \r\nclimate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE)."


id: 9b7f7deabc56d798c89a7bbf08337d25
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24607
content:
"Decent Living Standard A set of minimal material requirements \r\nessential for achieving basic human well-being including nutrition, \r\nshelter, basic living conditions, clothing, healthcare, education, and \r\nmobility (Rao and Baer 2012; Rao and Min 2018; O'Neill et al. 2018)."


id: fc2a244ece21411508aa2fdaaf5ad382
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41730
content:
"Decoupling Decoupling (in relation to climate change) is where \r\neconomic growth is no longer strongly associated with another relevant \r\nindicator such as greenhouse gas emissions. Relative decoupling \r\nis where both these indicators grow but the other indicators grow "


id: 7c5170ae2779033dcdd8223625f163c5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19078
content:
"Ecosystems are nested within other ecosystems and their scale can \r\nrange from very small to the entire biosphere. In the current era, \r\nmost ecosystems either contain people as key organisms, or are \r\ninfluenced by the effects of human activities in their environment. \r\nSee also Ecosystem services."


id: 52d3429f116ce5eb7b88dd67e2d4eb41
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11841
content:
"Diet The kinds of food that follow a particular pattern that a person \r\nor community eats (FAO and Alliance of Bioversity International and \r\nCIAT, 2021)."


id: 92c7aa147af2302c5f3a5a40f4830395
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23040
content:
"Direct air capture (DAC) Chemical process by which a  pure \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ) stream is produced by capturing CO2 from the \r\nambient air. See also Anthropogenic removals, Carbon dioxide removal \r\n(CDR) and Direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS)."


id: 1aaca246c9e29f36049e719b5e319ffa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1893
content:
"Ecosystem services Ecological processes or functions having \r\nmonetary or non-monetary value to individuals or society at large. \r\nThese are frequently classified as: (i) supporting services such as \r\nproductivity or biodiversity maintenance; (ii) provisioning services \r\nsuch as food or fibre; (iii) regulating services such as climate \r\nregulation or carbon sequestration; and (iv) cultural services such as \r\ntourism or spiritual and aesthetic appreciation. See also Ecosystem \r\nand Nature's Contribution to People."


id: 76bc441ab6af6b1fff5b188985aba7b5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18106
content:
"Direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS) Chemical \r\nprocess by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is captured directly from \r\nthe ambient air, with subsequent storage. Also known as direct air \r\ncapture and storage (DACS). See also Anthropogenic removals,\r\nCarbon dioxide removal (CDR) and Direct air capture (DAC)."


id: 82de0d5ed852cb881e159af6c21ba2fb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20153
content:
"Direct and indirect services Direct Services: Services \r\n(e.g., passenger mobility) required by end-users (consumers). Indirect \r\nservices: Services required (e.g., goods transport, manufacturing) for \r\nprovisioning systems of direct services."


id: c120c8ccd4b9595fd3129eb61236abe4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31278
content:
"Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) The use of ecosystem\r\nmanagement activities to increase the resilience and reduce the \r\nvulnerability of people and ecosystems to climate change (Campbell \r\net al. 2009)."


id: 6bd16a88f3983838105c1e20945403
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16269
content:
"Direct emissions Emissions that physically arise from activities \r\nwithin well-defined boundaries of, for instance, a region, an economic \r\nsector, a company, or a process. See also Indirect emissions."


id: 880b7d5a6be45c98910d93ecea4d87da
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21084
content:
"Embodied (embedded) [emissions, water, land] The total \r\nemissions [water use, land use] generated [used] in the production \r\nof goods and services regardless of the location and timing of those \r\nemissions [water use, land use] in the production process. This \r\nincludes emissions [water use, land use] within the country used \r\nto produce goods or services for the country's own use, but also \r\nincludes the emissions [water use, land use] related to the production \r\nof such goods or services in other countries that are then consumed \r\nin another country through imports. Such emissions [water, land] \r\nare termed 'embodied' or 'embedded' emissions, or, in some cases, \r\n(particularly with water) as 'virtual water use' (Davis and Caldeira \r\n2010; Allan 2005; MacDonald et al. 2015)."


id: 758c6e63898dcee88176d636fa682b79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17913
content:
"Disaster A 'serious disruption of the functioning of a community \r\nor a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with \r\nconditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or \r\nmore of the following: human, material, economic and environmental \r\nlosses and impacts' (UNGA 2016). See also Exposure, Hazard, Risk\r\nand Vulnerability."


id: 2103f5b379952efda236728bc6fbde52
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3031
content:
"Disaster risk management (DRM) Processes for designing, \r\nimplementing, and evaluating strategies, policies, and measures to \r\nimprove the understanding of current and future disaster risk, foster \r\ndisaster risk reduction and transfer, and promote continuous improvement \r\nin disaster preparedness, prevention and protection, response, and \r\nrecovery practices, with the explicit purpose of increasing human \r\nsecurity, well-being, quality of life, and sustainable development (SD)."


id: ff289f98116f37e03c555d285b9e5594
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42296
content:
"Emission and Socioe-conomic Scenario Ensemble A set \r\nof modelled emission and socio-economic scenarios collected in \r\na  database. The scenarios can come from a  single multi-model \r\nstudy with systematic variation of harmonised scenario designs \r\n(structured  ensemble) or from multiple studies in the literature \r\n(unstructured ensemble). Depending on the scope of the ensemble, \r\nvariation of the results across the scenarios in the ensemble give \r\nan indication of the spread of results in the literature (unstructured \r\nensemble), or an estimate of uncertainties due to different modelling \r\nstructures and methodologies (structured ensemble)."


id: 56e77c9b1d5624254e310dfec5de3c04
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12539
content:
"Discounting A mathematical operation that aims to make monetary \r\n(or other) amounts received or expended at different times (years) \r\ncomparable across time. If the discount rate is positive, future values \r\nare given less weight than those today. The choice of discount rate(s) \r\nis debated as it is a judgement based on hidden and/or explicit values."


id: 735eed0ba9ce2fb0abbbe6a37c60f79d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17552
content:
"Emission factor/Emissions intensity A coefficient that quantifies \r\nthe emissions or removals of a gas per unit activity. Emission factors \r\nare often based on a  sample of measurement data, averaged to \r\ndevelop a representative rate of emission for a given activity level \r\nunder a given set of operating conditions."


id: 2521aa98e15d226d45d06c9adaf53cd5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3725
content:
"Disruptive innovation Demand-led technological change that \r\nleads to significant system change and is characterised by strong \r\nexponential growth."


id: df9e5a5066f788f8e0abe28fe9c48040
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36592
content:
"Drought An exceptional period of water shortage for existing \r\necosystems and the human population (due to low rainfall, high \r\ntemperature, and/or wind)."


id: 2b558254663cd0b30141e155c1623545
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4874
content:
"Emission trajectories A projected development in time of the \r\nemission of a greenhouse gas (GHG) or group of GHGs, aerosols, and \r\nGHG precursors. See also Pathways."


id: a5faed6cd0c4b34b1e285c662dbed4bf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26423
content:
"Ecosystem A functional unit consisting of living organisms, their \r\nnon-living environment and the interactions within and between \r\nthem. The components included in a  given ecosystem and its \r\nspatial boundaries depend on the purpose for which the ecosystem \r\nis defined: in some cases they are relatively sharp, while in others \r\nthey are diffuse. Ecosystem boundaries can change over time. "


id: 2ccd7c15842baa3d2bce548a57e397a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5150
content:
"Emissions See Anthropogenic emissions, Direct emissions, Cumulative \r\nemissions, Indirect emissions, Consumption-based emissions, Production\u0002based emissions and Embodied (embedded) [emissions, water, land]."


id: 2d795a5511ab33b12443c0eea68633b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5292
content:
"Emulation Reproducing the behaviour of complex, process\u0002based models - namely, Earth System Models (ESMs) - via simpler \r\napproaches, using either emulators or simple climate models (SCMs). \r\nThe computational efficiency of emulating approaches opens new \r\nanalytical possibilities, given that ESMs take a lot of computational \r\nresources for each simulation."


id: 8904cbd691ba7d4be1eb40d01361e603
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21269
content:
"observational, reanalysis and modelling communities. See also \r\nEmission and Socio-economic Scenario Ensemble and Integrated \r\nAssessment Scenario Ensemble."


id: ac91a4c4a7f41f7fdbcfd2999e79719b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27601
content:
"Enteric fermentation A natural part of the digestion process in \r\nruminant animal species (domesticated and wild), such as cattle, \r\nbuffalo, sheep, goats, antelope, etc. Microorganisms (bacteria, \r\narchaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses) present in the fore-stomach \r\n(reticulorumen or rumen) breakdown plant biomass to produce \r\nsubstrates that can be used by the animal for energy and growth \r\nwith methane produced as a by-product. Fermentation end-products \r\nsuch as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, formate and methyl-containing \r\ncompounds are important substrates for the production of methane \r\nby the rumen's methane-forming archaea (known as methanogens)."


id: 8d5a3544a0d1e7364a4936ff0dba334a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22050
content:
"Emulators A broad class of heavily parametrised models ('simple \r\nclimate models'), statistical methods like neural networks, genetic \r\nalgorithms or other artificial intelligence approaches, designed to \r\nreproduce the responses of more complex, process-based Earth \r\nSystem Models (ESMs). The main application of emulators is \r\nto extrapolate insights from ESMs and observational constraints to \r\na  larger set of emission scenarios. See also Emulation and Simple \r\nclimate models (SCMs)."


id: 419e9d2f195ea0b961ce5de6fa880f9d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8733
content:
"Equality A principle that ascribes equal worth to all human beings, \r\nincluding equal opportunities, rights, and obligations, irrespective \r\nof origins."


id: da005acaf72708723edc998509c6e01a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35657
content:
"Enabling conditions (for adaptation and mitigation options)\r\nConditions that enhance the feasibility of adaptation and mitigation\r\noptions. Enabling conditions include finance, technological innovation, \r\nstrengthening policy instruments, institutional capacity, multi-level \r\ngovernance, and changes in human behaviour and lifestyles."


id: c016e61d079f3045884d5970411df6be
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31086
content:
"Uneven opportunities and social positions, and processes of \r\ndiscrimination within a  group or society, based on gender, class, \r\nethnicity, age, and (dis)ability, often produced by uneven development. \r\nIncome inequality refers to gaps between highest and lowest income \r\nearners within a country and between countries."


id: 7484fb38708e5f667bd97efc53f7f0e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17736
content:
"Energy access Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy \r\nservices for cooking and heating, lighting, communications, and \r\nproductive uses (with special reference to Sustainable Development \r\nGoal 7) (AGECC 2010). See also Traditional biomass."


id: 94e12bfe691616f18b810c151bff32dc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23399
content:
"Energy efficiency The ratio of output or useful energy or energy \r\nservices or other useful physical outputs obtained from a  system, \r\nconversion process, transmission or storage activity to the input \r\nof energy (measured as kWh kWh-1, tonnes kWh-1 or any other \r\nphysical measure of useful output like tonne-km transported). Energy \r\nefficiency is often described by energy intensity."


id: 306d6e593f986e541592492fd29bf5a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5776
content:
"Equity The principle of being fair and impartial, and a  basis for \r\nunderstanding how the impacts and responses to climate change, \r\nincluding costs and benefits, are distributed in and by society in more \r\nor less equal ways. Often aligned with ideas of equality, fairness\r\nand justice and applied with respect to equity in the responsibility \r\nfor, and distribution of, climate impacts and policies across society, \r\ngenerations, and gender, and in the sense of who participates and \r\ncontrols the processes of decision-making."


id: ba9d7431fbbc5c1860f1fbc8bf83d187
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30046
content:
"Energy poverty The absence of sufficient choice in accessing \r\nadequate, affordable, reliable, high quality, safe and environmentally \r\nbenign energy services to support economic and human development \r\n(Reddy 2000). See also Fuel poverty."


id: d4864fe8b646eab8ec619eea73143973
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34712
content:
"Equity in the consequences, outcomes, costs and benefits of actions \r\nor policies. In the case of climate change or climate policies for \r\ndifferent people, places and countries, including equity aspects of \r\nsharing burdens and benefits for mitigation and adaptation."


id: 3c2312b0645c5e9e2914bb90bb5c9b62
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7769
content:
"Energy security The goal of a  given country, or the global \r\ncommunity as a  whole, to maintain an adequate, stable and \r\npredictable energy supply. Measures encompass safeguarding the \r\nsufficiency of energy resources to meet national energy demand at \r\ncompetitive and stable prices and the resilience of the energy supply; \r\nenabling development and deployment of technologies; building \r\nsufficient infrastructure to generate, store and transmit energy \r\nsupplies and ensuring enforceable contracts of delivery."


id: 732a03dbc335375dc41c9844f6549c38
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17510
content:
"Equity between women and men with regard to their rights, resources \r\nand opportunities. In the case of climate change, gender equity \r\nrecognises that women are often more vulnerable to the impacts \r\nof climate change and may be disadvantaged in the process and \r\noutcomes of climate policy."


id: 13cd6d6d52d304610330713babe8199
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 697
content:
"Energy services A benefit or amenity (e.g., mobility, communication, \r\nthermal comfort) received as a result of energy or other resources use."


id: ae3c450e7064a0de9dd5e0ae1e4b0fd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27890
content:
"Enhanced weathering A proposed method to increase the \r\nnatural rate of removal of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere\r\nusing silicate and carbonate rocks. The active surface area of these \r\nminerals is increased by grinding, before they are actively added to \r\nsoil, beaches or the open ocean. See also Anthropogenic removals\r\nand Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 5cd320565d64915633c0477e345ac02c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13594
content:
"Equity between generations. In the context of climate change, inter\u0002generational equity acknowledges that the effects of past and present \r\nemissions, vulnerabilities and policies impose costs and benefits for \r\npeople in the future and of different age groups."


id: ed8e3b72376d9fdcdc400f14996a0719
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39152
content:
"Evidence Data and information used in the scientific process to \r\nestablish findings. In this report, the degree of evidence reflects the \r\namount, quality and consistency of scientific/technical information on \r\nwhich the Lead Authors are basing their findings. See also Agreement,\r\nConfidence, Likelihood, and Uncertainty."


id: a282fe3a8dda1fdd8eb3972a98fe2629
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25808
content:
"Ensemble A collection of comparable datasets that reflect \r\nvariations within the bounds of one or more sources of uncertainty, \r\nand that when averaged can provide a  more robust estimate \r\nof underlying behaviour. Ensemble techniques are used by the "


id: 111da45dca1dbb2a2a9a3c9c56bfdc49
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 208
content:
"Food security A situation that exists when all people, at all times, \r\nhave physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and \r\nnutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences \r\nfor an active and healthy life. The four pillars of food security are: \r\navailability; access; utilisation; and stability. The nutritional dimension \r\nis integral to the concept of food security (FAO 2009, 2018)."


id: af1e4601b25afad58b6e4a896d1619a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28055
content:
"Exergy Capacity of energy flows to perform useful work. Exergy \r\nis a quality (versatility) indicator of energy flows which ranges from \r\nlow (e.g., low-temperature heat, biomass) to high (e.g., electricity). \r\nExergy efficiency describes how much useful work can be performed \r\nby a  particular energy flow in relation to the thermodynamic \r\nmaximum possible. It can be determined for all energy flows and \r\nenergy conversion steps, also including alternative service delivery \r\nsystems (Grubler et al. 2012)."


id: 4980fd85e7f8b7f06c05ba941e52a62d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10159
content:
"Extreme weather event An event that is rare at a  particular \r\nplace and time of year. Definitions of 'rare' vary, but an extreme \r\nweather event would normally be as rare as, or rarer than, the 10th \r\nor 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from \r\nobservations. By definition, the characteristics of what is called \r\nextreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. \r\nSee also Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event)."


id: a8d2c09d796875420eeb6f6277f18661
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26912
content:
"The stability of the other three dimensions over time. Even if individuals' \r\nfood intake is adequate today, they are still considered food-insecure if \r\nperiodically they have inadequate access to food, risking deterioration \r\nof their nutrition status. Adverse weather conditions, political instability \r\nor economic factors (unemployment, rising food prices) may have an \r\nimpact on individuals' food security status."


id: b1fc88a9920a6f6c4e5117b68b140c08
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28535
content:
"Fairness Impartial and just treatment without favouritism or \r\ndiscrimination in which each person is considered of equal worth \r\nwith equal opportunity. See also Equality and Equity."


id: 6f8950d0b9db0b38946c5f4a19a80eb4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16886
content:
"Feasibility In this report, feasibility refers to the potential for \r\na  mitigation or adaptation option to be implemented. Factors \r\ninfluencing feasibility are context-dependent, temporally dynamic, \r\nand may vary between different groups and actors. Feasibility \r\ndepends on geophysical, environmental-ecological, technological, \r\neconomic, socio-cultural and institutional factors that enable or \r\nconstrain the implementation of an option. The feasibility of options \r\nmay change when different options are combined, and increase when \r\nenabling conditions are strengthened. See also Enabling conditions \r\n(for adaptation and mitigation options)."


id: e0d50d3f494788800d53356f996add97
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36818
content:
"The way in which the body uses the various nutrients in food. \r\nIndividuals achieve sufficient energy and nutrient intake through \r\ngood care and feeding practices, food preparation, diet diversity \r\nand intra-household distribution of food. Combined with biological \r\nutilisation of the food consumed, energy and nutrient intake \r\ndetermine the nutrition status of individuals."


id: 3d42447261e1eabaf9776e6d5ded0d44
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7957
content:
"Food system All the elements (environment, people, inputs, \r\nprocesses, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that \r\nrelate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and \r\nconsumption of food, and the output of these activities, including \r\nsocio-economic and environmental outcomes (HLPE 2017). "


id: 30a40adae6dce36589ec7444d3eed3b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5809
content:
"Final energy The energy delivered to final users (firms, individuals, \r\ninstitutions), where it becomes usable energy in supplying energy \r\nservices (e.g., light, heat, mobility). See also Primary energy."


id: bdea9b2847a7aaa646548e0eb27e6c8c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30675
content:
"Flexibility (demand and supply) Adjustment of energy load \r\ncharacteristics by technical and/or non-technical change to balance \r\nenergy demand and supply."


id: bea36bff0ed15390e8e1fe93e37816d0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30797
content:
"[Note: Whilst there is a  global food system (encompassing the totality of \r\nglobal production and consumption), each location's food system is unique, \r\nbeing defined by that place's mix of food produced locally, nationally, \r\nregionally or globally.]"


id: 606872075606ab785add19c746e55944
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14269
content:
"Flood The overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other \r\nwater body, or the accumulation of water over areas that are not \r\nnormally submerged. Floods can be caused by unusually heavy rain, \r\nfor example, during storms and cyclones. Floods include river (fluvial) \r\nfloods, flash floods, urban floods, rain (pluvial) floods, sewer floods, \r\ncoastal floods, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)."


id: b5ede0621cf275289f64d6ee3261ec19
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29230
content:
"Forest A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many definitions \r\nof the term forest are in use throughout the world, reflecting \r\nwide differences in biogeophysical conditions, social structure and \r\neconomics. "


id: bd185a85cd210948f9a92e81555f0063
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30521
content:
"[Note: For a discussion of the term forest in the context of National GHG \r\ninventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and \r\ntheir 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations \r\nFramework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC \r\n2021a,b).]"


id: 8d0b16cfaa6bf375a63882de180d3537
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22005
content:
"Food loss and waste 'The decrease in quantity or quality of \r\nfood'. Food waste is part of food loss and refers to discarding or \r\nalternative (non-food) use of food that is safe and nutritious for \r\nhuman consumption along the entire food supply chain, from \r\nprimary production to end household consumer level. Food waste \r\nis recognised as a distinct part of food loss because the drivers that \r\ngenerate it and the solutions to it are different from those of food \r\nlosses (FAO 2015)."


id: 6c0abed90c75a0dacfaf13aade9d6fbd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16313
content:
"Fossil fuels Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, \r\nincluding coal, oil, and natural gas."


id: b100334d879052bcbb187e37c599cedd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28368
content:
"(especially heating) or suffers disproportionate expenditure burdens \r\nto meet these needs. See also Energy poverty."


id: 5e6e7fa793283985bf9a8c5310615cde
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13905
content:
"Adjusting to changing conditions, such as climate change, through \r\ngovernance interactions that seek to maintain a  desired state in \r\na social-ecological system."


id: b4dee20bad75efbe70349a16aacfde3b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29069
content:
"Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas systems) The release \r\nof greenhouse gases that occur during the exploration, processing \r\nand delivery of fossil fuels to the point of final use. This excludes \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion for the production \r\nof useful heat or power. It encompasses venting, flaring, and leaks."


id: 6d7fadddd6f56d60a86b4430852baecc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16530
content:
"The structures, processes, and actions through which private and \r\npublic actors seek to mitigate and adapt to climate change."


id: 5d142d0cc5cacea6252289122df77c25
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13644
content:
"Deliberative governance involves decision-making through inclusive \r\npublic conversation which allows opportunity for developing policy \r\noptions through public discussion rather than collating individual \r\npreferences through voting or referenda (although the latter \r\ngovernance mechanisms can also be preceded and legitimated by \r\npublic deliberation processes)."


id: 5013e6f30f6abd803da9749659850f3c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11375
content:
"Geothermal energy Accessible thermal energy stored in the \r\nEarth's interior, in both rock and trapped steam or liquid water \r\n(hydrothermal resources), which may be used to generate electric \r\nenergy in a thermal power plant, or to supply heat to any process \r\nrequiring it. The main sources of geothermal energy are the residual \r\nenergy available from planet formation and the energy continuously \r\ngenerated from radionuclide decay. See also Renewable energy."


id: 9ce0b7f5fbe68dd149ade41cde43b864
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24833
content:
"Gini coefficient A statistical measure of dispersion in a distribution \r\nand degree of mathematical measure of inequality. For example, it can be \r\nused for measuring inequality in income, wealth, carbon emissions, and \r\naccess to well-being defining services. The dimensionless GINI coefficient \r\nranges between 0 (absolute equality) and 1 (absolute inequality)."


id: 41f7fe17833553c18edbc74f3f0f2d29
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8798
content:
"Strategies of governance at various levels, which prioritise the use \r\nof social learning and rapid feedback mechanisms in planning and \r\npolicymaking, often through incremental, experimental and iterative \r\nmanagement processes."


id: e2b0e64bdc642995760f3d3e7292ca37
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37183
content:
"Multilevel governance \r\nThe dispersion of governance across multiple levels of jurisdiction \r\nand decision-making, including, global, regional, national and local, \r\nas well as trans-regional and trans-national levels."


id: 745a4248327677ca368412458f41a09
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17704
content:
"Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) Global average of \r\nnear-surface air temperatures over land, oceans and sea ice. Changes \r\nin GSAT are often used as a measure of global temperature change in \r\nclimate models. See also Global mean surface temperature (GMST)."


id: d4c150208f207493a18e7a4a6de3571
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34749
content:
"A governance system that enables direct public engagement in \r\ndecision-making using a variety of techniques, for example, referenda, \r\ncommunity deliberation, citizen juries or participatory budgeting. The \r\napproach can be applied in formal and informal institutional contexts \r\nfrom national to local, but is usually associated with devolved \r\ndecision-making (Fung and Wright 2003; Sarmiento and Tilly 2018)."


id: bead7e81b95cb5a69d0a754e59e2fe48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30812
content:
"Global mean surface temperature (GMST) Estimated global \r\naverage of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea \r\nsurface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes \r\nnormally expressed as departures from a  value over a  specified \r\nreference period. See also Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT)."


id: f5846db2dfea36d79cd672692d92d37e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40559
content:
"Global warming Global warming refers to the increase in \r\nglobal surface temperature relative to a  baseline reference period, \r\naveraging over a period sufficient to remove interannual variations \r\n(e.g., 20 or 30 years). A common choice for the baseline is 1850-1900 \r\n(the earliest period of reliable observations with sufficient geographic \r\ncoverage), with more modern baselines used depending upon the \r\napplication. See also Climate change and Climate variability."


id: ab755e1aaf482e70ef5b306d7b3a0325
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27395
content:
"Governance capacity The ability of governance institutions, \r\nleaders, and non-state and civil society to plan, coordinate, fund, \r\nimplement, evaluate and adjust policies and measures over the \r\nshort, medium and long term, adjusting for uncertainty, rapid \r\nchange and wide-ranging impacts and multiple actors and demands. \r\nSee also Governance."


id: 3b449804283d8837aee2e1643a619f24
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7613
content:
"Grazing land The sum of rangelands and pastures not considered \r\nas cropland, and subject to livestock grazing or hay production. It \r\nincludes a  wide range of ecosystems, for example, systems with \r\nvegetation that fall below the threshold used in the forest land \r\ncategory, silvo-pastoral systems, as well as natural, managed \r\ngrasslands and semi-deserts."


id: 5d960b9d993a73262d47a4ff121ebab6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13750
content:
"Global warming potential (GWP) An index measuring the \r\nradiative forcing following an emission of a  unit mass of a  given \r\nsubstance, accumulated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that \r\nof the reference substance, carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The GWP thus \r\nrepresents the combined effect of the differing times these substances \r\nremain in the atmosphere, and their effectiveness in causing radiative \r\nforcing. See also Greenhouse gas emission metric."


id: b86f1e9663fc1cc7bec56a02ab5e470b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29658
content:
"Green Climate Fund (GCF) The GCF was established by the \r\n16th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010 as an \r\noperating entity of the financial mechanism of the United Nations \r\nFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in accordance \r\nwith Article 11 of the Convention, to support projects, programmes \r\nand policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The \r\nFund is governed by a Board and will receive guidance of the COP. \r\nSee also Climate finance."


id: 3d65046406e047485612ec614e528c45
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7975
content:
"Governance The structures, processes, and actions through which \r\nprivate and public actors interact to address societal goals. This \r\nincludes formal and informal institutions and the associated norms, \r\nrules, laws and procedures for deciding, managing, implementing \r\nand monitoring policies and measures at any geographic or political \r\nscale, from global to local."


id: 2b1bf4d20ce2dfb073cc01d8007cf84f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4824
content:
"Note 3: In some cases, achieving greenhouse gas neutrality may rely on the \r\nsupplementary use of offsets to balance emissions that remain after actions \r\nby the reporting entity are taken into account.]"


id: 1bb0daed746fed58cab92f5450b5eb13
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2058
content:
"See also Carbon neutrality, Greenhouse gas emission metric,\r\nLand use, Land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and Net-zero \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions."


id: 3c3e6d626ff8a6e40d06255d6294e58f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7791
content:
"Greenhouse gases (GHGs) Gaseous constituents of the \r\natmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit \r\nradiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of radiation \r\nemitted by the Earth's surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by \r\nclouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour \r\n(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4 ) and \r\nozone (O3 ) are the primary GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere. Human\u0002made GHGs include sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons \r\n(HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs); \r\nseveral of these are also O3-depleting (and are regulated under the \r\nMontreal Protocol)."


id: 6d61237b58f39149cdf1ef9f6732b277
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16519
content:
"[Note: Most relative GHG emission metrics (such as the global warming \r\npotential (GWP), global temperature change potential (GTP), global damage \r\npotential, and GWP*), use carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as the reference gas. \r\nEmissions of non-CO2 gases, when expressed using such metrics, are often \r\nreferred to as 'carbon dioxide equivalent' emissions. A metric that establishes \r\nequivalence regarding one key measure of the climate system response \r\nto emissions does not imply equivalence regarding other key measures. \r\nThe choice of a metric, including its time horizon, should reflect the policy \r\nobjectives for which the metric is applied.]"


id: d634be12a8ef85a6d328086e5e458319
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35004
content:
"Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of gross value added, \r\nat purchasers' prices, by all resident and non-resident producers in \r\nthe economy, plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included \r\nin the  value of the products in a  country or a  geographic region \r\nfor a  given period, normally one year. GDP is calculated without \r\ndeducting for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and \r\ndegradation of natural resources."


id: 92a8372dc68f9b7b62afc35b287f1e9b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23021
content:
"Halocarbons A collective term for the group of partially halogenated \r\norganic species, which includes the chlorofluorocarbons  (CFCs), \r\nhydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), halons, \r\nmethyl chloride and methyl bromide. Many of the halocarbons have \r\nlarge global warming potentials. The chlorine and bromine-containing \r\nhalocarbons are also involved in the depletion of the ozone layer."


id: f1b5949f8e04cbf545d28bb30ba702ad
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39909
content:
"Greenhouse gas neutrality Condition in which metric-weighted \r\nanthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated \r\nwith a  subject are balanced by metric-weighted anthropogenic\r\nGHG removals. The subject can be an entity such as a country, an \r\norganisation, a district or a commodity, or an activity such as a service \r\nand an event. GHG neutrality is often assessed over the lifecycle, \r\nincluding indirect ('scope 3') emissions, but can also be limited to \r\nthe emissions and removals, over a specified period, for which the \r\nsubject has direct control, as determined by the relevant scheme. \r\nThe quantification of GHG emissions and removals depends on the \r\nGHG emission metric chosen to compare emissions and removals of \r\ndifferent gases, as well as the time horizon chosen for that metric."


id: 81d54c874aafaa606ebd8cbfd7bb1b21
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19963
content:
"Human behaviour The responses of persons or groups to \r\na particular situation, here likely to relate to climate change. Human \r\nbehaviour covers the range of actions by individuals, communities, \r\norganisations, governments and at the international level."


id: 11c03cd113e6f31f5e60f2fb0dd53cf9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 312
content:
"Human rights Rights that are inherent to all human beings, universal, \r\ninalienable, and indivisible, typically expressed and guaranteed by \r\nlaw. They include the right to life, economic, social, and cultural rights, \r\nand the right to development and self-determination (OHCHR 2018)."


id: bcb207da804c506b743c8d1c2bf2c472
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30445
content:
"[Note 1: Greenhouse gas neutrality and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions \r\nare overlapping concepts. The concepts can be applied at global or sub-global \r\nscales (e.g., regional, national and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms \r\ngreenhouse gas neutrality and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions are \r\nequivalent. At sub-global scales, net-zero GHG emissions is generally applied \r\nto emissions and removals under direct control or territorial responsibility \r\nof the reporting entity, while GHG neutrality generally includes emissions \r\nand removals within and beyond the direct control or territorial responsibility \r\nof the reporting entity. Accounting rules specified by GHG programmes or \r\nschemes can have a significant influence on the quantification of relevant \r\nemissions and removals."


id: 6be00b63c9c0f6929cdd45032537d80a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16281
content:
"Human security A condition that is met when the vital core of \r\nhuman lives is protected, and when people have the freedom and \r\ncapacity to live with dignity. In the context of climate change, the \r\nvital core of human lives includes the universal and culturally specific, \r\nmaterial and non-material elements necessary for people to act on \r\nbehalf of their interests and to live with dignity."


id: cc8343a772836ab70df166aeb9d04242
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33304
content:
"Human system Any system in which human organisations \r\nand institutions play a major role. Often, but not always, the term \r\nis synonymous with society or social system. Systems such as \r\nagricultural systems, urban systems, political systems, technological \r\nsystems and economic systems are all human systems in the sense \r\napplied in this report."


id: c4c26ccb6bcd38febdfbd1103c9d4f1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31931
content:
"Note 2: Under the Paris Rulebook (Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, paragraph 37), \r\nparties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the IPCC AR5 or GWP100 \r\nvalues from a  subsequent IPCC Assessment Report to report aggregate \r\nemissions and removals of GHGs. In addition, parties may use other metrics \r\nto report supplemental information on aggregate emissions and removals \r\nof GHGs."


id: f56dddba63f3ea13dbd22501f14f7ac
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40547
content:
"and water purification, temperature management, floodwater \r\nmanagement and coastal defence often with co-benefits for people \r\nand biodiversity. Green infrastructure includes planted and remnant \r\nnative vegetation, soils, wetlands, parks and green open spaces, as \r\nwell as building and street-level design interventions that incorporate \r\nvegetation (Bobbins and Culwick 2016)."


id: bb9f6f81cff06cb7240dc536a339918d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30234
content:
"Impacts The consequences of realised risks on natural and human \r\nsystems, where risks result from the interactions of climate-related \r\nhazards (including extreme weather/climate events), exposure, and \r\nvulnerability. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, \r\nhealth and well-being, ecosystems and species, economic, social \r\nand cultural assets, services (including ecosystem services), and \r\ninfrastructure. Impacts may be referred to as consequences or \r\noutcomes, and can be adverse or beneficial. See also Adaptation, Loss \r\nand Damage, and losses and damages."


id: d20b73bba2cb1ddc1a77ba568ec97ff2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34309
content:
"Engineered physical components and networks of pipes, wires, \r\nroads, tracks that underpin energy, transport, communications \r\n(including digital), built form, water and sanitation and solid waste \r\nmanagement systems."


id: 25e0a66006ee3dcc61c85d5f8f30508
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3845
content:
"Indigenous knowledge The understandings, skills and philosophies \r\ndeveloped by societies with long histories of interaction with their \r\nnatural surroundings. For many indigenous peoples, indigenous \r\nknowledge informs decision-making about fundamental aspects of \r\nlife, from day-to-day activities to longer-term actions. This knowledge \r\nis integral to cultural complexes, which also encompass language, \r\nsystems of classification, resource use practices, social interactions, \r\nvalues, ritual and spirituality. These distinctive ways of knowing are \r\nimportant facets of the world's cultural diversity (UNESCO 2018). \r\nSee also Local knowledge."


id: 657c2075840b4518f05e253a9257271e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15122
content:
"The social, cultural, and financial activities and institutions as well as \r\nassociated property, buildings and artefacts and policy domains such \r\nas social protection, health and education that support well-being \r\nand public life (Latham and Layton 2019; Frolova et al. 2016)."


id: 8d094a9299712b757ebb49b5bd7abeb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22003
content:
"Institutional capacity Building and strengthening individual \r\norganisations and providing technical and management training to \r\nsupport integrated planning and decision-making processes between \r\norganisations and people, as well as empowerment, social capital, \r\nand an enabling environment, including the culture, values and \r\npower relations (Willems and Baumert 2003). See also Governance\r\nand Institutions."


id: e81af71bd4be7ae7b488003eec2afd8a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38157
content:
"Indirect emissions Emissions that are a  consequence of the \r\nactivities within well-defined boundaries of, for instance, a region, an \r\neconomic sector, a company or process, but which occur outside the \r\nspecified boundaries. For example, emissions are described as indirect \r\nif they relate to the use of heat but physically arise outside the \r\nboundaries of the heat user, or to electricity production but physically \r\narise outside of the boundaries of the power supply sector. See also \r\nDirect emissions."


id: 1d8b121ae186df92027d6ebd34c86161
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2379
content:
"Institutions Rules, norms and conventions that guide, constrain \r\nor enable human behaviours and practices. Institutions can be \r\nformally  established, for instance through laws and regulations, or \r\ninformally established, for instance by traditions or customs. Institutions \r\nmay spur, hinder, strengthen, weaken or distort the emergence, adoption \r\nand implementation of climate action and climate governance."


id: 95ebed9e3d0d72505b48516e6b10f54f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23574
content:
"Industrial revolution A period of rapid industrial growth with \r\nfar-reaching social and economic consequences, beginning in Britain \r\nduring the second half of the 18th century and spreading to Europe \r\nand later to other countries including the United States. The invention \r\nof the steam engine was an important trigger of this development. \r\nThe industrial revolution marks the beginning of a strong increase \r\nin the use of fossil fuels, initially coal, and hence emission of carbon \r\ndioxide (CO2 )."


id: b824c95464375214cd925e8415a70ba8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29613
content:
"Integrated assessment A method of analysis that combines \r\nresults and models from the physical, biological, economic and \r\nsocial sciences and the interactions among these components in \r\na consistent framework to evaluate the status and the consequences \r\nof environmental change and the policy responses to it. See also \r\nIntegrated assessment model (IAM)."


id: fa052ec57facc6b01d466bfd4900e4e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41353
content:
"Infrastructure The designed and built set of physical systems and \r\ncorresponding institutional arrangements that mediate between \r\npeople, their communities, and the broader environment to provide \r\nservices that support economic growth, health, quality of life, and \r\nsafety (Chester 2019; Dawson et al. 2018)."


id: a7823d7905bd215e9d284e3dccd379cc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26683
content:
"Blue infrastructure includes bodies of water, watercourses, ponds, \r\nlakes and storm drainage, that provide ecological and hydrological \r\nfunctions including evaporation, transpiration, drainage, infiltration, \r\nand temporary storage of runoff and discharge."


id: f3b72153fcff56ce8f2d99263c87ba7a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40255
content:
"in broad land-cover classes (e.g., deciduous forest, coniferous forest, \r\nmixed forest, grassland, bare ground). "


id: 3f9a3b6f9ed78b11e24f04702490337
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8385
content:
"Integrated Assessment Scenario Ensemble A set of modelled \r\nscenarios from an intercomparison of integrated assessment models \r\n(IAMs) based on a systematic variation of harmonised scenario designs."


id: cac1226f418f171949bfd537076be430
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33013
content:
"[Note: In some literature, land cover and land use are used interchangeably, \r\nbut the two represent distinct classification systems. For example, the land \r\ncover class woodland can be under various land uses such as livestock \r\ngrazing, recreation, conservation, or wood harvest.]"


id: 6ef20db79b484690ed968f73c41601ba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16791
content:
"Internet of Things (IoT) The network of computing devices \r\nembedded in everyday objects such as cars, phones and computers, \r\nconnected via the internet, enabling them to send and receive data."


id: e494b6b749a1f6668f8d515abadd176f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37502
content:
"Land cover change Change from one land cover class to another, \r\ndue to change in land use or change in natural conditions (Pongratz \r\net al. 2018)."


id: 78ccdc8044337cf755604f23b57f0d43
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18439
content:
"Irreversibility A perturbed state of a dynamical system is defined \r\nas irreversible on a given time scale if the recovery from this state \r\ndue to natural processes takes substantially longer than the time \r\nscale of interest. See also Tipping point."


id: e5b7c95c274bf5037db015322e0b0204
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37720
content:
"Land degradation A negative trend in land condition, caused by \r\ndirect or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic\r\nclimate change, expressed as long-term reduction or loss of at least \r\none of the following: biological productivity, ecological integrity or \r\nvalue to humans. "


id: c265365ed66462c7f2639abd42302429
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31481
content:
"[Note: This definition applies to forest and non-forest land. Changes in land \r\ncondition resulting solely from natural processes (such as volcanic eruptions) \r\nare not considered to be land degradation. Reduction of biological productivity \r\nor ecological integrity or value to humans can constitute degradation, but any \r\none of these changes need not necessarily be considered degradation.] "


id: b1762468df9bc42c88c423753485a0d1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28444
content:
"Land degradation neutrality A state whereby the amount and \r\nquality of land resources necessary to support ecosystem functions \r\nand services and enhance food security remain stable or increase within \r\nspecified temporal and spatial scales and ecosystems (UNCCD 2020)."


id: 7e6198f28f60660d9a80eb5cd3040fb4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19396
content:
"Land management Sum of land-use practices (e.g.,  sowing, \r\nfertilising, weeding, harvesting, thinning, clear-cutting) that take \r\nplace within broader land-use categories (Pongratz et al. 2018)."


id: c4fd0c31bebecd06d4a5e67ab141af34
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31967
content:
"Justice Justice is concerned with ensuring that people get what \r\nis due to them, setting out the moral or legal principles of fairness\r\nand equity in the way people are treated, often based on the ethics \r\nand values of society."


id: 520a5eacf704c3e715eee4a4756a835b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11708
content:
"Land potential The inherent, long-term potential of the land to \r\nsustainably generate ecosystem services, which reflects the capacity \r\nand resilience of the land-based natural capital, in the face of ongoing \r\nenvironmental change (UNEP 2016)."


id: 97ad628701686310d53cd0681ea0302f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23906
content:
"Land rehabilitation Direct or indirect actions undertaken with the \r\naim of reinstating a level of ecosystem functionality, where the goal \r\nis provision of goods and services rather than ecological restoration \r\n(McDonald et al. 2016)."


id: b2dc9927e169e751db93a923e4b87888
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28705
content:
"Justice that links development and human rights to achieve a human\u0002centred approach to addressing climate change, safeguarding the \r\nrights of the most vulnerable people and sharing the burdens and \r\nbenefits of climate change and its impacts equitably and fairly \r\n(MRFCJ 2018)."


id: cabf3716133f9f4e6ca62bd2d619ed23
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33010
content:
"Land restoration The process of assisting the recovery of land\r\nfrom a degraded state (IPBES 2018; McDonald et al. 2016)."


id: 310b6813f62fc8ba583b2176541d20d9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5877
content:
"Kaya identity In this identity, global emissions are equal to \r\nthe population size, multiplied by per  capita output (gross world \r\nproduct), multiplied by the energy intensity of production, multiplied \r\nby the carbon intensity of energy."


id: 214b73f226976815052dde45ac65f8d9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3074
content:
"Land use The total of arrangements, activities and inputs applied \r\nto a parcel of land. The term land use is also used in the sense of \r\nthe social and economic purposes for which land is managed \r\n(e.g.,  grazing, timber extraction, conservation and city dwelling). \r\nIn national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, land use is classified \r\naccording to the IPCC land-use categories of forest land, cropland, \r\ngrassland, wetlands, settlements, other lands (see the 2006 IPCC \r\nGuidelines for National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement \r\nfor details (IPCC 2006, 2019))."


id: 4032887cf0c08507d35c319ef6e27f4e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8483
content:
"Land The terrestrial portion of the biosphere that comprises the \r\nnatural resources (soil, near-surface air, vegetation and other biota, \r\nand water), the ecological processes, topography, and human \r\nsettlements and infrastructure that operate within that system (FAO \r\n2007; UNCCD 1994)."


id: 5efdab53fa4cae257bfa7b966120eeca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14008
content:
"Land cover The biophysical coverage of land (e.g., bare soil, rocks, \r\nforests, buildings and roads or lakes). Land cover is often categorised "


id: e09f0fe3dd7679efee8b135a47c73b28
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36775
content:
"the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\r\n(UNFCCC 2019), LULUCF is a  GHG inventory sector that covers \r\nanthropogenic emissions and removals of GHG in managed lands, \r\nexcluding non-CO2 agricultural emissions. Following the 2006 IPCC \r\nGuidelines for National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, \r\n'anthropogenic' land-related GHG fluxes are defined as all those \r\noccurring on 'managed land', that is, 'where human interventions \r\nand practices have been applied to perform production, ecological \r\nor social functions'. Since managed land may include carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2 ), removals not considered as 'anthropogenic' in some of the \r\nscientific literature assessed in this report (e.g., removals associated \r\nwith CO2 fertilisation and N deposition), the land-related net GHG \r\nemission estimates from global models included in this report are not \r\nnecessarily directly comparable with LULUCF estimates in National \r\nGHG Inventories (IPCC 2006, 2019)."


id: 38221ce8bf0baaf699518b9db9ca6970
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7079
content:
"Lock-in A situation in which the future development of a system, \r\nincluding infrastructure, technologies, investments, institutions, and \r\nbehavioural norms, is determined or constrained ('locked in') by \r\nhistoric developments. See also Path dependence."


id: b799f4afed8786efa17318277ab0a1f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29511
content:
"Long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) A set of well-mixed \r\ngreenhouse gases with long atmospheric lifetimes. This set of \r\ncompounds includes carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and nitrous oxide (N2O), \r\ntogether with some fluorinated gases. They have a warming effect on \r\nclimate. These compounds accumulate in the atmosphere at decadal \r\nto centennial time scales, and their effect on climate hence persists for \r\ndecades to centuries after their emission. On time scales of decades \r\nto a century already emitted emissions of long-lived climate forcers \r\ncan only be abated by greenhouse gas removal (GGR)."


id: fd1942b551cd9486eecdb640a3fd6ab3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41882
content:
"Land-use change (LUC) The change from one land use category \r\nto another. Note that, in some scientific literature, land-use change \r\nencompasses changes in land-use categories as well as changes in \r\nland management. See also Afforestation, Agriculture, Forestry and \r\nOther Land Use (AFOLU), Deforestation, Land use, land-use change \r\nand forestry (LULUCF), and Reforestation."


id: 37f2490a961143bf71bb9b091b789d3c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7051
content:
"Loss and Damage, and losses and damages Research has taken \r\nLoss and Damage (capitalised letters) to refer to political debate \r\nunder the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change \r\n(UNFCCC) following the establishment of the Warsaw International \r\nMechanism for Loss and Damage in 2013, which is to 'address loss \r\nand damage associated with impacts of climate change, including \r\nextreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that \r\nare particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.' \r\nLowercase letters (losses and damages) have been taken to refer \r\nbroadly to harm from (observed) impacts and (projected) risks, and \r\ncan be economic or non-economic (Mechler et al. 2018)."


id: edccfea9d05b46ec87e0024631008e3c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39196
content:
"Land-use change outside the area of focus that occurs as \r\na consequence of change in use or management of land within the \r\narea of focus, such as through market or policy drivers. For example, \r\nif agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production, forest clearance \r\nmay occur elsewhere to replace the former agricultural production."


id: 6966a7cb54bf6ba05613a07472beefe7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15812
content:
"Latent heat flux The turbulent flux of heat from the Earth's surface to \r\nthe atmosphere that is associated with evaporation or condensation of \r\nwater vapour at the surface; a component of the surface energy budget."


id: c4a581d340d52820e82d7924d8b5b12b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31903
content:
"Leakage The effects of policies that result in a displacement of the \r\nenvironmental impact, thereby counteracting the intended effects of \r\nthe initial policies."


id: 607106fe7cc6230aec8c535ce79606da
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14274
content:
"Malnutrition Deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a  person's \r\nintake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses \r\nthree broad groups of conditions: undernutrition, which includes \r\nwasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and \r\nunderweight (low weight-for-age); micronutrient-related malnutrition, \r\nwhich includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins \r\nand minerals) or micronutrient excess; and overweight, obesity and \r\ndiet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, \r\ndiabetes and some cancers) (WHO 2018). Micronutrient deficiencies \r\nare sometimes termed 'hidden hunger' to emphasise that people can \r\nbe malnourished in the sense of deficient without being deficient in \r\ncalories. Hidden hunger can apply even where people are obese."


id: d9424d0f8fcb8f42a2d83fc7008fd778
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35519
content:
"Leapfrogging The ability of developing countries to bypass \r\nintermediate technologies and jump straight to advanced clean \r\ntechnologies."


id: a15f24a5919fb129014b6cd7996a80e5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25609
content:
"Lifecycle assessment (LCA) Compilation and evaluation of the \r\ninputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product \r\nor service throughout its lifecycle (ISO 2018)."


id: ed3a669fd7600beddf5a66eeb2520c0d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39118
content:
"Likelihood The chance of a  specific outcome occurring, where \r\nthis might be estimated probabilistically. Likelihood is expressed in \r\nthis report using a standard terminology (Mastrandrea et al. 2010). \r\nSee also Agreement, Confidence, Evidence, and Uncertainty."


id: 9c45880cf64e8791defa63016216f64b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24746
content:
"Managed forest Forests subject to human interventions (notably \r\nsilvicultural management such as planting, pruning, thinning), timber \r\nand fuelwood harvest, protection (fire suppression, insect suppression) \r\nand management for amenity values or conservation, with defined \r\ngeographical boundaries (Ogle et al. 2018). See also Managed land."


id: 77ebcf32c55e1f2f75f603e4748ad451
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18301
content:
"Livelihood The resources used and the activities undertaken in \r\norder for people to live. Livelihoods are usually determined by the \r\nentitlements and assets to which people have access. Such assets can \r\nbe categorised as human, social, natural, physical or financial."


id: 7dec3c663f3b1068302e512dc621a6ec
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19335
content:
"[Note: For a  discussion of the term 'forest' in the context of National \r\nGHG inventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories \r\n(IPCC 2006).]"


id: 1dff9c090e05a15875dc9eb6b5085f75
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2472
content:
"Local knowledge (LK) The understandings and skills developed \r\nby individuals and populations, specific to the places where they \r\nlive. Local knowledge informs decision-making about fundamental \r\naspects of life, from day-to-day activities to longer-term actions. \r\nThis knowledge is a key element of the social and cultural systems \r\nwhich influence observations of and responses to climate change; "


id: 5be65be0f8657589f6125d5529d751ae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13426
content:
"Managed grassland Grasslands on which human interventions \r\nare carried out, such as grazing domestic livestock or hay removal."


id: 1294ff0a7cdf49b287ad793073e37cf0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 470
content:
"Migrant Any person who is moving or has moved across an \r\ninternational border or within a State away from his/her habitual place \r\nof residence, regardless of: (1) the person's legal status; (2) whether \r\nthe movement is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what the causes for the \r\nmovement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is (IOM 2018)."


id: d93071b3eb1928bbcdcafbc34f8a69ed
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35505
content:
"Managed land In the context of national greenhouse gas (GHG)\r\ninventories under the United Nations Framework Convention on \r\nClimate Change (UNFCCC), the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National \r\nGHG Inventories (IPCC 2006) defines managed land 'where human \r\ninterventions and practices have been applied to perform production, \r\necological or social functions'. IPCC (2006) defines anthropogenic GHG \r\nemissions and removals in the LULUCF sector as all those occurring \r\non 'managed land'. The key rationale for this approach is that the \r\npreponderance of anthropogenic effects occurs on managed lands. "


id: 505137ba7826b0c9160871eb05665116
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11413
content:
"Migration (of humans) Movement of a person or a group of persons, \r\neither across an international border, or within a State. It is a population \r\nmovement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever \r\nits length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, \r\ndisplaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other \r\npurposes, including family reunification (IOM 2018)."


id: 3c8c25a2b4f8cc716085e40121323247
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7844
content:
"[Note: More details can be found in IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National GHG \r\nInventories, Volume 4, Chapter 1.]"


id: 6064f369f396a3cea1394e072dafdaa5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14266
content:
"Mitigation (of climate change) A human intervention to reduce \r\nemissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases."


id: 3d1c7741b498270ac0ef80f8c2413a52
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7933
content:
"Market failure When private decisions are based on market prices \r\nthat do not reflect the real scarcity of goods and services but rather \r\nreflect market distortions, they do not generate an efficient allocation \r\nof resources but cause welfare losses. A market distortion is any event \r\nin which a market reaches a market clearing price that is substantially \r\ndifferent from the price that a market would achieve while operating \r\nunder conditions of perfect competition and state enforcement \r\nof legal contracts and the ownership of private property. Examples of \r\nfactors causing market prices to deviate from real economic scarcity \r\nare environmental externalities, public goods, monopoly power, \r\ninformation asymmetry, transaction costs, and non-rational behaviour."


id: aa59faf697372e9f8d8354faeb27b892
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27199
content:
"Mitigation measures In climate policy, mitigation measures are \r\ntechnologies, processes or practices that contribute to mitigation, \r\nfor example, renewable energy technologies, waste minimisation \r\nprocesses, and public transport commuting practices."


id: df98ec85dcb92cd992daa4f1ea90d44f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36586
content:
"Mitigation option A technology or practice that reduces greenhouse \r\ngas emissions or enhances sinks."


id: ca3da8cc862732cc663127732813ee43
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32922
content:
"Mitigation potential The quantity of net greenhouse gas emission \r\nreductions that can be achieved by a given mitigation option relative \r\nto specified emission baselines."


id: 9c721c7289916805d2860ffd47d757cf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24776
content:
"Material substitution Replacement of one material (including an \r\nenergy carrier used as a feedstock) by another, due to scarcity, price, \r\ntechnological change, or because of lower environmental impacts or \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions."


id: 1891c3773472c8da0957ae36c2323f48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1533
content:
"[Note: Net greenhouse gas emissions reduction is the sum of reduced emissions \r\nand/or enhanced sinks.]"


id: b038837f1f8132a94f4329ce21f74771
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28241
content:
"'Processes of data collection over time, providing basic datasets, \r\nincluding associated accuracy and precision, for the range of \r\nrelevant variables. Possible data sources are field measurements, \r\nfield observations, detection through remote sensing and interviews' \r\n(UN-REDD 2009)."


id: 70a7aa782451b3a328be9cebe79dcb48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17078
content:
"'The process of formal reporting of assessment results to the UNFCCC, \r\naccording to predetermined formats and established standards, \r\nespecially the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) \r\nGuidelines and GPG (Good Practice Guidance)' (UN-REDD 2009)."


id: 3f726e5cb15c7bef2f91b8e4064fdbe9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8349
content:
"'The process of formal verification of reports, for example, the \r\nestablished approach to verify national communications and national \r\ninventory reports to the UNFCCC' (UN-REDD 2009)."


id: 3b962ad924ebb6e77b0367110fae24bf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7667
content:
"Methane (CH4) The greenhouse gas (GHG) methane is the major \r\ncomponent of natural gas and associated with all hydrocarbon fuels. \r\nSignificant anthropogenic emissions also occur as a result of animal \r\nhusbandry and paddy rice production. Methane is also produced \r\nnaturally where organic matter decays under anaerobic conditions, \r\nsuch as in wetlands. Under future global warming, there is potential \r\nfor increased methane emissions from thawing permafrost, wetlands \r\nand sub-sea gas hydrates. See also Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs)."


id: aa7eeb3426a6eed52a66ef675d9a6074
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27219
content:
"Nature's contributions to people (NCP) All the contributions, \r\nboth positive and negative, of living nature (i.e.,  diversity of \r\norganisms, ecosystems, and their associated ecological and \r\nevolutionary processes) to the quality of life for people. Beneficial \r\ncontributions from nature include such things as food provision, "


id: 797ad501bb4d53106acb51eb954ea993
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18574
content:
"water purification, flood control, and artistic inspiration, whereas \r\ndetrimental contributions include disease transmission and predation \r\nthat damages people or their assets. Many NCP may be perceived as \r\nbenefits or detriments depending on the cultural, temporal or spatial \r\ncontext (Diaz et al. 2018). See also Ecosystem services."


id: 79aeec549652fb76a0fc0a4d8395862d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18610
content:
"Note 2: Under the Paris Rulebook (Decision 18/CMA.1, annex, paragraph 37), \r\nparties have agreed to use GWP100 values from the IPCC AR5 or GWP100 \r\nvalues from a  subsequent IPCC Assessment Report to report aggregate \r\nemissions and removals of GHGs. In addition, parties may use other metrics \r\nto report supplemental information on aggregate emissions and removals \r\nof GHGs.]"


id: 4fc4e7491e1983b286cc007fe1d14a63
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11326
content:
"Nature-based solutions Actions to protect, sustainably manage \r\nand restore natural or modified ecosystems that address societal \r\nchallenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing \r\nhuman well-being and biodiversity benefits (IUCN 2016). See also \r\nBiodiversity and Ecosystem."


id: 3a38aab3e6c4b611c9ddb745a82855ba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7448
content:
"See also Greenhouse gas neutrality, Net-zero CO2 emissions, and \r\nLand use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)."


id: 71a0f425d9d93cb4745709684817ec2a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17239
content:
"Nitrous oxide (N2O) The main anthropogenic source of N2O, \r\na  greenhouse gas (GHG), is agriculture (soil and animal manure \r\nmanagement), but important contributions also come from sewage \r\ntreatment, fossil fuel combustion, and chemical industrial processes. \r\nN2O is also produced naturally from a wide variety of biological sources \r\nin soil and water, particularly microbial action in wet tropical forests."


id: 87dd9c3b08f4f5dcb71f03f08da52698
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21060
content:
"Net negative greenhouse gas emissions A situation of net \r\nnegative greenhouse gas emissions is achieved when metric\u0002weighted anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) removals exceed \r\nmetric-weighted anthropogenic GHG emissions. Where multiple \r\nGHG are involved, the quantification of net emissions depends on \r\nthe metric chosen to compare emissions of different gases (such \r\nas global warming potential, global temperature change potential, \r\nand others, as well as the chosen time horizon). See also Carbon \r\ndioxide removal (CDR), Greenhouse gas emission metric, Net-zero \r\nCO2 emissions; Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, and Negative \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions."


id: fb9c7926d8ac2a206132adaa5dbc5001
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41638
content:
"Ocean alkalinisation/Ocean alkalinity enhancement A proposed \r\ncarbon dioxide removal (CDR) method that involves deposition of \r\nalkaline minerals or their dissociation products at the ocean surface. \r\nThis increases surface total alkalinity, and may thus increase ocean \r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ) uptake and ameliorate surface ocean acidification. \r\nSee also Anthropogenic removals."


id: bc16bfa1a8f3c1be10df95e6e751e1fc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30330
content:
"Net-zero CO2 emissions Condition in which anthropogenic\r\ncarbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions are balanced by anthropogenic CO2\r\nremovals over a specified period."


id: 911f8c0ef029eee9c62627f0e2e73246
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22736
content:
"Ocean fertilisation A proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR)\r\nmethod that relies on the deliberate increase of nutrient supply to \r\nthe near-surface ocean with the aim of sequestering additional CO2\r\nfrom the atmosphere through biological production. Methods include \r\ndirect addition of micro-nutrients or macro-nutrients. To be successful, \r\nthe additional carbon needs to reach the deep ocean where it has \r\nthe potential to be sequestered on climatically relevant time scales. \r\nSee also Anthropogenic removals."


id: fa8186e4cead346e0e57dc6d838adc7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41439
content:
"[Note: Carbon neutrality and net-zero CO2 emissions are overlapping concepts. \r\nThe concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales (e.g.,  regional, \r\nnational and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms carbon neutrality and \r\nnet-zero CO2 emissions are equivalent. At sub-global scales, net-zero CO2\r\nemissions is generally applied to emissions and removals under direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity, while carbon neutrality\r\ngenerally includes emissions and removals within and beyond the direct \r\ncontrol or territorial responsibility of the reporting entity. Accounting rules \r\nspecified by GHG programmes or schemes can have a significant influence on \r\nthe quantification of relevant CO2 emissions and removals.]"


id: 63f2ba96bd430e13064b3f62aad56290
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14871
content:
"Offset (in climate policy) The reduction, avoidance or removal of \r\na unit of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by one entity, purchased \r\nby another entity to counterbalance a unit of GHG emissions by that \r\nother entity. Offsets are commonly subject to rules and environmental \r\nintegrity criteria intended to ensure that offsets achieve their stated \r\nmitigation outcome. Relevant criteria include, but are not limited to, \r\nthe avoidance of double counting and leakage, use of appropriate \r\nbaselines, additionality, and permanence or measures to address \r\nimpermanence. See also Greenhouse gas emission metric and \r\nCarbon neutrality."


id: 28cbd6de257625d0397bd2d16af08236
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4392
content:
"See also Carbon neutrality, Land use, land-use change and forestry \r\n(LULUCF) and Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions."


id: 5109d58e5c1220dd3d5974c2295b85f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11536
content:
"Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions Condition in which metric\u0002weighted anthropogenicgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are balanced \r\nby metric-weighted anthropogenic GHG removals over a  specified \r\nperiod. The quantification of net-zero GHG emissions depends on the \r\nGHG emission metric chosen to compare emissions and removals of \r\ndifferent gases, as well as the time horizon chosen for that metric."


id: f4a4ec039a2f37541e080717642080d8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40414
content:
"Organic farming An agricultural production system that aims \r\nto utilise natural processes and cycles to limit off-farm and notably \r\nsynthetic inputs, while also aiming to enhance agroecosystems and \r\nsociety. Organic farming is often legally defined and governed by \r\nstandards, typically guided by principles outlined by the International \r\nFederation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM  - Organics \r\nInternational) (IFOAM - Organics International 2014)."


id: 7c7057017fbae407300c4e160de5666c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19095
content:
"[Note 1: Greenhouse gas neutrality and net-zero GHG emissions are \r\noverlapping concepts. The concept of net-zero GHG emissions can be applied \r\nat global or sub-global scales (e.g.,  regional, national and sub-national). \r\nAt a global scale, the terms GHG neutrality and net-zero GHG emissions are \r\nequivalent. At sub-global scales, net-zero GHG emissions is generally applied \r\nto emissions and removals under direct control or territorial responsibility of \r\nthe reporting entity, while GHG neutrality generally includes anthropogenic \r\nemissions and anthropogenic removals within and beyond the direct control \r\nor territorial responsibility of the reporting entity. Accounting rules specified \r\nby GHG programmes or schemes can have a  significant influence on the \r\nquantification of relevant emissions and removals."


id: ac752106a2570e4dc09b8198dda7680d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27582
content:
"Ozone (O3) The triatomic form of oxygen, and a  gaseous \r\natmospheric constituent. In the troposphere, O3 is created both \r\nnaturally and by photochemical reactions involving gases resulting \r\nfrom human activities (e.g.,  smog). Tropospheric O3 acts as \r\na greenhouse gas (GHG). In the stratosphere, O3 is created by the \r\ninteraction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen "


id: eb2a521b0eabe52e49daa303a9cd7e14
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38729
content:
"(O2). Stratospheric O3 plays a  dominant role in the stratospheric \r\nradiative balance. Its concentration is highest in the ozone layer."


id: 46558765b162cadcb57d4c5428dd1215
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9595
content:
"Pareto optimum A state in which no one's welfare can be \r\nincreased without reducing someone else's welfare."


id: 931b255c9f29674de693f6ed0965578f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23087
content:
"Pathways that first exceed a  specified concentration, forcing, or \r\nglobal warming level, and then return to or below that level again \r\nbefore the end of a  specified period of time (e.g.,  before 2100). \r\nSometimes the magnitude and likelihood of the overshoot is also \r\ncharacterised. The overshoot duration can vary from one pathway \r\nto the next, but in most overshoot pathways in the literature and \r\nreferred to as overshoot pathways in the AR6, the overshoot occurs \r\nover a period of at least one decade and up to several decades."


id: 90b10ceba1beedc78f9e5cf7138bd627
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22661
content:
"Particulate matter (PM) Atmospheric aerosols involved in \r\nair pollution issues. Of greatest concern for health are particles of \r\naerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers, usually \r\ndesignated as PM10 and particles of diameter less than or equal to \r\n2.5 micrometers, usually designated as PM2.5."


id: 483bc45f6591e5229354375b66d177f2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9920
content:
"Path dependence The generic situation where decisions, events, \r\nor outcomes at one point in time constrain adaptation, mitigation, \r\nor other actions or options at a later point in time. See also Lock-in."


id: 75e05ece7b321a38d37b22bdb561b1d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17966
content:
"Scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations of \r\nthe full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically \r\nactive gases, as well as land use/land cover (Moss et al. 2010). The \r\nword representative signifies that each RCP provides only one of \r\nmany possible scenarios that would lead to the specific radiative \r\nforcing characteristics. The term pathway emphasises that not only \r\nthe long-term concentration levels are of interest, but also the \r\ntrajectory taken over time to reach that outcome (Moss et al. 2010)."


id: 281efad965aba4bd46bc9beace7a6e31
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4256
content:
"Pathways The temporal evolution of natural and/or human \r\nsystems towards a future state. Pathway concepts range from sets \r\nof quantitative and qualitative scenarios or narratives of potential \r\nfutures to solution-oriented decision-making processes to achieve \r\ndesirable societal goals. Pathway approaches typically focus on \r\nbiophysical, techno-economic, and/or socio-behavioural trajectories \r\nand involve various dynamics, goals, and actors across different \r\nscales. See also Scenario and Storyline."


id: 9845765a9acb0c3a86246bf24c90b12f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24002
content:
"RCPs usually refer to the portion of the concentration pathway \r\nextending up to 2100, for which integrated assessment models\r\nproduced corresponding emission scenarios. Extended concentration \r\npathways describe extensions of the RCPs from 2100 to 2300 \r\nthat were calculated using simple rules generated by stakeholder \r\nconsultations, and do not represent fully consistent scenarios. \r\nFour  RCPs produced from integrated assessment models were \r\nselected from the published literature and used in the Fifth IPCC \r\nAssessment, and are also used in this Assessment for comparison, \r\nspanning the range from approximately below 2degC warming to \r\nhigh (>4degC) warming best-estimates by the end of the 21st century: \r\nRCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 and RCP8.5."


id: 822e0241939f27f2e7e4a5c2b2da7b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20030
content:
"A series of adaptation choices involving trade-offs between short\u0002term and long-term goals and values. These are processes of \r\ndeliberation to identify solutions that are meaningful to people in \r\nthe context of their daily lives and to avoid potential maladaptation."


id: e767baddb5d36497e5c86b3391764669
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38011
content:
"Iterative processes for managing change within complex systems in \r\norder to reduce disruptions and enhance opportunities associated \r\nwith climate change."


id: bb13348a822b397772a8e5c47bdc9bff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30136
content:
"Development pathways evolve as the result of the countless \r\ndecisions being made and actions being taken at all levels of societal \r\nstructure, as well due to the emergent dynamics within and between \r\ninstitutions, cultural norms, technological systems and other drivers \r\nof behavioural change. "


id: 629e4e8ed0c385d1c8ac6463914db142
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14641
content:
"See also Shifting development pathways (SDPs) and Shifting \r\ndevelopment pathways to sustainability (SDPS)."


id: d9034070cdb40810162c599cedf8d0a5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35476
content:
"SSPs have been developed to complement the Representative \r\nConcentration Pathways (RCPs). By design, the RCP emission and \r\nconcentration pathways were stripped of their association with \r\na certain socio-economic development. Different levels of emissions\r\nand climate change along the dimension of the RCPs can hence \r\nbe explored against the backdrop of different socio-economic \r\ndevelopment pathways (SSPs) on the other dimension in a matrix. \r\nThis integrative SSP-RCP framework is now widely used in the climate \r\nimpact and policy analysis literature, where climate projections"


id: 5e0977c8d48303288e252837a233a341
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13842
content:
"A temporal evolution of a set of mitigation scenario features, such as \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions and socio-economic development."


id: 36bf8bf964dd246afcaa000956a9e9d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6859
content:
"obtained under the RCP scenarios are analysed against the backdrop \r\nof various SSPs. As several emission updates were due, a  new set \r\nof emission scenarios was developed in conjunction with the SSPs. \r\nHence, the abbreviation SSP is now used for two things: On the one \r\nhand SSP1, SSP2, ..., SSP5 are used to denote the five socio-economic \r\nscenario families. On the other hand, the abbreviations SSP1-1.9, \r\nSSP1-2.6, ..., SSP5-8.5 are used to denote the newly developed \r\nemission scenarios that are the result of an SSP implementation \r\nwithin an integrated assessment model. Those SSP  scenarios are \r\nbare of climate policy assumption, but in combination with so-called \r\nshared policy assumptions (SPAs), various approximate radiative \r\nforcing levels of 1.9, 2.6, ..., or 8.5 W m-2 are reached by the end of \r\nthe century, respectively."


id: eaa02f597cbeb9920ad65919aca78aac
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38639
content:
"Primary energy The energy that is embodied in resources as they \r\nexist in nature (e.g.,  coal, biomass uranium, solar radiation, wind, \r\nocean currents) (Grubler et al. 2012). "


id: 1ead05806729cc6e335e68ddaca7b59a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2600
content:
"[Note: Primary energy is defined in several alternative ways. The method \r\nused in this report is the direct equivalent method, which counts one unit \r\nof secondary energy provided from non-combustible sources as one unit of \r\nprimary energy. For more details on the methodology, see Section 7 in Working \r\nGroup III Annex II.]"


id: c884165fbb5f826d96eafc05b8227db9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32583
content:
"Trajectories describing consistent sets of possible futures of \r\ngreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, atmospheric concentrations, \r\nor global mean surface temperatures implied from mitigation and \r\nadaptation actions associated with a  set of broad and irreversible \r\neconomic, technological, societal, and behavioural changes. This can \r\nencompass changes in the way energy and infrastructure are used \r\nand produced, natural resources are managed and institutions are set \r\nup, and in the pace and direction of technological change."


id: d346fe5130f0eb1229c12ae3704e6cdc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34514
content:
"Primary production The synthesis of organic compounds by plants \r\nand microbes, on land or in the ocean, primarily by photosynthesis \r\nusing light and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as sources of energy and \r\ncarbon respectively. It can also occur through chemosynthesis, using \r\nchemical energy, for example, in deep sea vents."


id: daf8b3a69184b7d427c3929bc7e8d658
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:26
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35809
content:
"Private costs Costs carried by individuals, companies or other \r\nprivate entities that undertake an action, whereas social costs include \r\nadditionally the external costs on the environment and on society as \r\na whole. Quantitative estimates of both private and social costs may \r\nbe incomplete, because of difficulties in measuring all relevant effects."


id: 882ae1f08e9b6757c00f594c7378f5d2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21108
content:
"Peri-urban areas Dynamic transition zones that have intense \r\ninteraction between rural and urban economies, activities, households, \r\nand lifestyles. Neither fully rural or urban (Seto et al. 2010)."


id: b6f0fa762c231834155b346ec635b1a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29394
content:
"Production-based emissions Emissions released to the atmosphere\r\nfor the production of goods and services by a certain entity (e.g., a person, \r\nfirm, country, or region). See also Consumption-based emissions."


id: 2d1a31c5e5ff7f7e1d64b1d76b9972e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5215
content:
"Policies (for climate change mitigation and adaptation)\r\nStrategies that enable actions to be undertaken to accelerate \r\nadaptation and mitigation. Policies include those developed by \r\nnational and subnational public agencies, and with the private \r\nsector. Policies for adaptation and mitigation often take the form of \r\neconomic incentives, regulatory instruments, and decision-making \r\nand engagement processes."


id: 67aa0e381b2c091045109e0bd9e68861
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15503
content:
"Projection A potential future evolution of a  quantity or set of \r\nquantities, often computed with the aid of a model. Unlike predictions, \r\nprojections are conditional on assumptions concerning, for example, \r\nfuture socio-economic and technological developments that may or may \r\nnot be realised. See also Climate projection, Pathways and Scenario."


id: d53254ab6bcab34af59087c6db589e16
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34832
content:
"Political economy The set of interlinked relationships between \r\npeople, the state, society and markets as defined by law, politics, \r\neconomics, customs and power that determine the outcome of trade \r\nand transactions and the distribution of wealth in a country or economy."


id: ac1f1236a4f00696d97fe611c3cb950d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27525
content:
"Prosumers A consumer that also produces energy and inputs \r\nenergy to the system, for which it is an active agent in the energy \r\nsystem and market."


id: 443799f46f971caf4f6891a3b9ac76d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9238
content:
"Radiative forcing The change in the net, downward minus \r\nupward, radiative flux (expressed in W m-2) due to a  change in \r\nan external driver of climate change, such as a  change in the \r\nconcentration of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), the concentration of volcanic \r\naerosols or in the output of the Sun. The stratospherically adjusted \r\nradiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held \r\nfixed at their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric \r\ntemperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical \r\nequilibrium. Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in \r\nstratospheric temperature is accounted for. The radiative forcing once \r\nboth stratospheric and tropospheric adjustments are accounted for is \r\ntermed the 'effective radiative forcing'."


id: 8e51c08bb7116fadf46c7ec91e352d87
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22228
content:
"Pool, carbon and nitrogen A reservoir in the Earth System where \r\nelements, such as carbon and nitrogen, reside in various chemical forms \r\nfor a period of time. See also Sequestration, Sink, Source and Uptake."


id: d2763097b3ca3dd0e237c416c78ad0ee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34383
content:
"Poverty A complex concept with several definitions stemming from \r\ndifferent schools of thought. It can refer to material circumstances \r\n(such as need, pattern of deprivation or limited resources), economic \r\nconditions (such as standard of living, inequality or economic position) \r\nand/or social relationships (such as social class, dependency, exclusion, \r\nlack of basic security or lack of entitlement)."


id: 4aaced51a92be34bada3f6c810de0d80
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10380
content:
"Poverty eradication A set of measures to end poverty in all its \r\nforms everywhere. See also Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)."


id: 3a4dba328279586b9ee9045cb493f30c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7462
content:
"Rebound effect Phenomena whereby the reduction in energy \r\nconsumption or emissions (relative to a baseline) associated with the \r\nimplementation of mitigation measures in a jurisdiction is offset to \r\nsome degree through induced changes in consumption, production, \r\nand prices within the same jurisdiction. The rebound effect is most \r\ntypically ascribed to technological energy efficiency improvements."


id: 70f481d8aa705f1e7c09bedd0c079a39
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17136
content:
"Resource cascade Tracking resource use (materials, energy, water, \r\netc.), efficiency and losses through all conversion steps from primary \r\nresource extraction to various conversion steps, all the way to final \r\nservice delivery."


id: 8f7ef867cd7dad4fe554c7c1fe8ab956
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22456
content:
"Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation \r\n(REDD+) REDD+ refers to reducing emissions from deforestation; \r\nreducing emissions from forest degradation; conservation of forest \r\ncarbon stocks; sustainable management of forests; and enhancement \r\nof forest carbon stocks (see UNFCCC decision 1/CP.16, para. 70)."


id: ac054edc1ebf23580fffbbf920b67e60
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27505
content:
"Risk The potential for adverse consequences for human or \r\necological systems, recognising the diversity of values and objectives \r\nassociated with such systems. In the context of climate change, \r\nrisks can arise from potential impacts of climate change as well as \r\nhuman responses to climate change. Relevant adverse consequences \r\ninclude those on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, \r\nsocial and cultural assets and investments, infrastructure, services \r\n(including ecosystem services), ecosystems and species."


id: 671fafec207637bb33ff2bb4c0dc10d6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15419
content:
"Reference period A time period of interest, or a period over which \r\nsome relevant statistics are calculated. A reference period can be \r\nused as a baseline period or as a comparison to a baseline period."


id: 296c5b2eabebcd71e846a51f8ef44118
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4507
content:
"A time period against which differences are calculated (e.g., expressed \r\nas anomalies relative to a baseline)."


id: 8225dc5e4636a3228e35e6eb1e71dadb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20023
content:
"In the context of climate change impacts, risks result from dynamic \r\ninteractions between climate-related hazards with the exposure\r\nand vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the \r\nhazards. Hazards, exposure and vulnerability may each be subject \r\nto uncertainty in terms of magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, \r\nand each may change over time and space due to socio-economic \r\nchanges and human decision-making (see also risk management, \r\nadaptation and mitigation)."


id: e98545182759242e9b7cd66999321e6e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38439
content:
"Reforestation Conversion to forest of land that has previously \r\ncontained forests but that has been converted to some other use. "


id: 63e4515ee4d7644580b7a5598bc52904
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14861
content:
"In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the \r\npotential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), \r\nor from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other \r\nsocietal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals \r\n(SDGs) (see also risk trade-off). Risks can arise, for example, from \r\nuncertainty in implementation, effectiveness or outcomes of climate \r\npolicy, climate-related investments, technology development or \r\nadoption, and system transitions."


id: 85101e52bd8b803017d57b9123bf9436
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20553
content:
"See also Anthropogenic removals, Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) \r\nand Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation \r\n(REDD+)."


id: a0c38ddc36c77d4f74f23483baaba57f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25490
content:
"Regenerative agriculture A universally agreed definition of \r\nthis relatively new farming approach has yet to be established, \r\nbut regenerative agriculture broadly refers to the implementation \r\nof varying combinations of agricultural management practices, to \r\nensure the continued restoration and enhancement of soil health, \r\nbiodiversity and ecosystem functioning, in conjunction with profitable \r\nagricultural production."


id: afc63f177666e9cfd7f5e2645eaba918
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28161
content:
"Region Land and/or ocean area characterised by specific \r\ngeographical and/or climatological features. The climate of a region \r\nemerges from a multi-scale combination of its own features, remote \r\ninfluences from other regions, and global climate conditions."


id: 5f157127bc8e92e8d64107c21e3f7a97
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14027
content:
"Risk management Plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce \r\nthe likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, \r\nbased on assessed or perceived risks. See also Risk assessment, and \r\nRisk perception."


id: 5e7cfd9b56a643cf060f131081349c21
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13917
content:
"Risk perception The subjective judgement that people make about \r\nthe characteristics and severity of a risk. See also Risk assessment,\r\nand Risk management."


id: da54720e4222f48d81b8eeabba626ab7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35710
content:
"Renewable energy (RE) Any form of energy that is replenished \r\nby natural processes at a rate that equals or exceeds its rate of use."


id: 34e9b04d08f9481159cc2b79cc2e3bc2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6549
content:
"Risk trade-off The change in the portfolio of risks that occurs when \r\na countervailing risk is generated (knowingly or inadvertently) by an \r\nintervention to reduce the target risk (Wiener and Graham 2009)."


id: c9204e850635840ac5a436a37d575b32
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32708
content:
"Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy whose \r\noutput is determined by weather, in contrast to 'dispatchable' \r\ngenerators that adjust their output as a  reaction to economic \r\nincentives. Variable renewables have also been termed intermittent, \r\nfluctuating, or non-dispatchable (Hirth 2013)."


id: ad1feec2980210eedc02ac232b079113
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27700
content:
"Sea surface temperature (SST) The subsurface bulk temperature \r\nin the top few metres of the ocean, measured by ships, buoys and \r\ndrifters. From ships, measurements of water samples in buckets \r\nwere mostly switched in the 1940s to samples from engine intake \r\nwater. Satellite measurements of skin temperature (uppermost layer; \r\na fraction of a millimetre thick) in the infrared or the top centimetre \r\nor so in the microwave are also used, but must be adjusted to be \r\ncompatible with the bulk temperature."


id: 9683c48975f4f6e10107073a8a846463
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23681
content:
"Resilience The capacity of interconnected social, economic and \r\necological systems to cope with a hazardous event, trend or disturbance, \r\nresponding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential \r\nfunction, identity and structure. Resilience is a positive attribute when \r\nit maintains capacity for adaptation, learning and/or transformation \r\n(Arctic Council 2016). See also Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability."


id: efd7ed91f0658002595c6888f6a72e75
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39583
content:
"Scenario A plausible description of how the future may develop \r\nbased on a  coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions \r\nabout key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change, prices) "


id: 7a41952cee503c87fe52bd0da87c42ed
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18705
content:
"and relationships. Note that scenarios are neither predictions nor \r\nforecasts, but are used to provide a  view of the implications of \r\ndevelopments and actions."


id: 7b614b813e1f723f383cccfa44e4706e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18905
content:
"Sequestration The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. See \r\nalso Pool, carbon and nitrogen, Sequestration potential, Sink, Soil \r\ncarbon sequestration (SCS), Source, and Uptake."


id: 18cddf917b0fa69f49cd4fc1be50ab01
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1582
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of atmospheric \r\nconcentrations of substances that are radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse \r\ngases, aerosols, tropospheric ozone), plus human-induced land cover \r\nchanges that can be radiatively active via albedo changes, and often \r\nused as input to a climate model to compute climate projections."


id: ccea15bab5a6eeb92222129483d6b215
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33393
content:
"Sequestration potential The quantity of greenhouse gases that \r\ncan be removed from the atmosphere by anthropogenic enhancement \r\nof sinks and stored in a pool. See Mitigation potential for different \r\nsubcategories of sequestration potential. See also Pool, carbon and \r\nnitrogen, Sequestration, Sink, Source, and Uptake."


id: 1e6cb8444039cd12131b6069abb8a4dd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2552
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of emissions \r\nof substances that are radiatively active (e.g.,  greenhouse gases \r\nor aerosols), plus human-induced land-cover changes that can \r\nbe radiatively active via albedo changes, based on a coherent and \r\ninternally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such \r\nas demographic and socio-economic development, technological \r\nchange, energy and land use) and their key relationships. \r\nConcentration scenarios, derived from emission scenarios, are often \r\nused as input to a climate model to compute climate projections."


id: a5515127347c4dfd557f3a88ca5369bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26314
content:
"Service provisioning Various services (such as illumination and \r\nmobility) can be provided by 'systems' through the use of energy, \r\nmaterials, and other resources comprising: (i) Resource flows \r\n(e.g., energy); (ii) Technologies for resource use and energy conversion \r\n(e.g., vehicles and their engines); and (iii) Social/organisational forms \r\nof service delivery (e.g.,  publicly owned companies, or privately \r\nowned companies, e-commerce)."


id: 7baf72a4360cdd3b127f0a537d7ba334
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18970
content:
"Services Activities that help satisfy human wants or needs. While \r\nthey usually involve relationships between producers and consumers, \r\nservices are less tangible and less storable than goods since they \r\nrepresent flows not stocks, and when their regeneration conditions \r\nare protected they may be reused over time."


id: 8d11aa1c3a690b9651c2d3a241c15e24
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22009
content:
"A plausible description of the future that describes how the (studied) \r\nsystem responds to the implementation of mitigation policies \r\nand measures."


id: 9a250c975284ec1a2e13e4f26f30d100
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24356
content:
"Settlements Places of concentrated human habitation. Settlements \r\ncan range from isolated rural villages to urban regions with significant \r\nglobal influence. They can include formally planned and informal or \r\nillegal habitation and related infrastructure. See also Cities and Urban."


id: 6bfbf4b8f5318ffe7963fa423f184ba0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16299
content:
"[Note 1: In many types of climate change research, reference scenarios \r\nreflect specific assumptions about patterns of socio-economic development \r\nand may represent futures that assume no climate policies or specified \r\nclimate policies, for example, those in place or planned at the time a study \r\nis carried out. Reference scenarios may also represent futures with limited \r\nor no climate impacts or adaptation, to serve as a point of comparison for \r\nfutures with impacts and adaptation. These are also referred to as 'baseline \r\nscenarios' in the literature. "


id: f9fe5c20cd50c71f0cf8420800faa2b1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41347
content:
"Sharing economy A system which allows people to share goods \r\nand services by enabling collaborative use, access or ownership."


id: a153d42e09a94b3cf186a7f8d57d980a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25602
content:
"Shifting development pathways (SDPs) In this report, shifting \r\ndevelopment pathways describes transitions aimed at re-directing \r\nexisting developmental trends. Societies may put in place enabling \r\nconditions to influence their future development pathways, when \r\nthey endeavour to achieve certain outcomes. Some outcomes may \r\nbe common, while others may be context-specific, given different \r\nstarting points. See also Development pathways (under Pathways), \r\nand Shifting development pathways to sustainability."


id: 55745ad6ebf4627818cfa934342f7150
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12309
content:
"Note 2: Reference scenarios can also be climate policy or impact scenarios, \r\nwhich in that case are taken as a  point of comparison to explore the \r\nimplications of other features, for example, of delay, technological options, \r\npolicy design and strategy or to explore the effects of additional impacts and \r\nadaptation beyond those represented in the reference scenario. "


id: b2d293d21e7fde60116f0e080a062b0e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28697
content:
"Note 3: The term business as usual scenario has been used to describe \r\na  scenario that assumes no additional policies beyond those currently in \r\nplace, and where patterns of socio-economic development are consistent \r\nwith recent trends. The term is now used less frequently than in the past. "


id: 96d826382cf5592a5dcf8078f341703f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23735
content:
"Shifting development pathways to sustainability Shifting \r\ndevelopment pathways to sustainability involves transitions aligned \r\nwith a  shared aspiration in the Sustainable Development Goals \r\n(SDGs) agreed globally, though sustainability may be interpreted \r\ndifferently in various contexts as societies pursue a  variety of \r\nsustainable development objectives. See also Development pathways \r\n(under Pathways), and Shifting development pathways (SDPs)."


id: 7de603a1cc60473a88a3d57b8f666232
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19329
content:
"Note 4: In climate change attribution or impact attribution research reference \r\nscenarios may refer to counterfactual historical scenarios assuming no \r\nanthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (climate change attribution) \r\nor no climate change (impact attribution).]"


id: 556b87d5590dd3460e076d2f4c42a3b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12304
content:
"Social costs The full costs of an action in terms of social welfare \r\nlosses, including external costs associated with the impacts of this \r\naction on the environment, the economy (GDP, employment) and on \r\nthe society as a whole."


id: 6c2211350fa0892df9b76d8196c20c6e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16323
content:
"Social group A collective of people who share similar characteristics \r\nand collectively may have a sense of unity (Forsyth 2010)."


id: 3d2ac5dea7ee5823fbd8e97885dcd873
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7943
content:
"Social identity The portion of an individual's self-concept derived \r\nfrom perceived membership in a  relevant social group (Tajfel and \r\nTurner 1986)."


id: 7167fe03dffa09cfba2512e4f1081192
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17206
content:
"Social inclusion A process of improving the terms of participation \r\nin society, particularly for people who are disadvantaged, through \r\nenhancing opportunities, access to resources, and respect for rights \r\n(UNDESA 2018)."


id: a77c8ee662c89ccb98139373dc2b0240
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26678
content:
"Simple climate model (SCM) A broad class of lower-dimensional \r\nmodels of the energy balance, radiative transfer, carbon cycle, or \r\na combination of such physical components. SCMs are also suitable \r\nfor performing emulations of climate-mean variables of Earth System \r\nModels (ESMs), given that their structural flexibility can capture both \r\nthe parametric and structural uncertainties across process-oriented \r\nESM responses. They can also be used to test consistency across \r\nmultiple lines of evidence with regard to climate sensitivity ranges, \r\ntransient climate responses (TCRs), transient climate response to \r\ncumulative CO2 emissions (TCREs) and carbon cycle feedbacks. \r\nSee also Emulators."


id: 55431cb9d00740a652cd8602d4921cf5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12279
content:
"Social learning A process of social interaction through which \r\npeople learn new behaviours, capacities, values, and attitudes."


id: 10b22e94d9e5a0d75f90f94327eaf2ff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 119
content:
"Social-ecological system An integrated system that includes \r\nhuman societies and ecosystems, in which humans are part of \r\nnature. The functions of such a system arise from the interactions and \r\ninterdependence of the social and ecological subsystems. The system's \r\nstructure is characterised by reciprocal feedbacks, emphasising that \r\nhumans must be seen as a part of, not apart from, nature (Berkes and \r\nFolke 1998; Arctic Council 2016)."


id: 9ef6c331a85bb1bf78dcce162b25b809
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25196
content:
"Sink Any process, activity or mechanism which removes \r\na  greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a  precursor of a  greenhouse gas\r\nfrom the atmosphere (UNFCCC Article 1.8 (UNFCCC 1992)). See also \r\nPool, carbon and nitrogen, Sequestration, Source and Uptake."


id: f77cba620dd4a9630bad92ea4a2ebf57
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40920
content:
"Socio-technical transitions Where technological change is \r\nassociated with social systems and the two are inextricably linked."


id: 4f1e32ad55e4a09c34a106545d1037ed
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11204
content:
"Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) Land management changes \r\nwhich increase the soil organic carbon content, resulting in a  net \r\nremoval of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere. See also \r\nAnthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: b1d47303cf343dc0a0d172ddd4bf330b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28511
content:
"Small Island Developing States (SIDS) SIDS, as recognised by \r\nthe United Nations OHRLLS (UN Office of the High Representative for \r\nthe Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and \r\nSmall Island Developing States), are a distinct group of developing \r\ncountries facing specific social, economic and environmental \r\nvulnerabilities (UN-OHRLLS 2011). They were recognised as a special \r\ncase, both for their environment and development, at the Rio Earth \r\nSummit in Brazil in 1992. Fifty-eight countries and territories are \r\npresently classified as SIDS by the UN OHRLLS, with 38 being UN \r\nmember states and 20 being non-UN members or associate members \r\nof the Regional Commissions (UN-OHRLLS 2018)."


id: 8f5189e1f162ee95d1bcfc8a0dd3a391
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22425
content:
"Soil organic matter The organic component of soil, comprising \r\nplant and animal residue at various stages of decomposition, and \r\nsoil organisms."


id: bf73489c22c4d246f3d283831d05a972
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30947
content:
"Solar energy Energy from the Sun. Often the phrase is used to \r\nmean energy that is captured from solar radiation either as heat, as \r\nlight that is converted into chemical energy by natural or artificial \r\nphotosynthesis, or by photovoltaic panels and converted directly into \r\nelectricity. See also Renewable energy."


id: 9d7f026c73d5b32211d5c45164db31ef
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24949
content:
"Smart grids A smart grid uses information and communications \r\ntechnology to gather data on the behaviours of suppliers and \r\nconsumers in the production, distribution, and use of electricity. \r\nThrough automated responses or the provision of price signals, this \r\ninformation can then be used to improve the efficiency, reliability, \r\neconomics, and sustainability of the electricity network."


id: 94a80b48d318586a246839415ab17e45
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23358
content:
"Solar radiation modification (SRM) Refers to a  range of \r\nradiation modification measures not related to greenhouse gas \r\n(GHG) mitigation that seek to limit global warming. Most methods \r\ninvolve reducing the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching \r\nthe surface, but others also act on the longwave radiation budget by \r\nreducing optical thickness and cloud lifetime."


id: d23b3a352c5c72f9ec45968acb3ec0c1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34342
content:
"economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and \r\nthat does not cause damage to other ecosystems (Forest Europe 1993)."


id: 4b8b7ed97a56c9761c465539ca19b912
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10551
content:
"(UNFCCC Article 1.9 (UNFCCC 1992)). See also Sink, Pool, carbon and \r\nnitrogen, Sequestration, Sequestration Potential and Uptake."


id: 9823aaaea965740920eb117bf52c06f6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23979
content:
"Sustainable intensification (of agriculture) Increasing yields \r\nfrom the same area of land while decreasing negative environmental \r\nimpacts of agricultural production and increasing the provision of \r\nenvironmental services (CGIAR 2019). "


id: 4a131f9ee2e675f6d45b4cce856e12b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10275
content:
"Spill-over effect The effects of domestic or sector mitigation \r\nmeasures on other countries or sectors. Spill-over effects can be \r\npositive or negative and include effects on trade, (carbon) leakage, \r\ntransfer of innovations, and diffusion of environmentally sound \r\ntechnology and other issues."


id: f1ce56b5a3a3a1df26a1b9d80544dbc0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39926
content:
"[Note: This definition is based on the concept of meeting demand from a finite \r\nland area, but it is scale-dependent. Sustainable intensification at a  given \r\nscale (e.g., global or national) may require a decrease in production intensity \r\nat smaller scales and, in particular, places (often associated with previous, \r\nunsustainable, intensification) to achieve sustainability (Garnett et al. 2013).]"


id: 188b0c34588164d3a33f462c14c0536f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1528
content:
"Storyline A way of making sense of a situation or a series of events \r\nthrough the construction of a set of explanatory elements. Usually, \r\nit is built on logical or causal reasoning. In climate research, the \r\nterm storyline is used both in connection to scenarios as related to \r\na future trajectory of the climate and human systems or to a weather \r\nor climate event. In this context, storylines can be used to describe \r\nplural, conditional possible futures or explanations of a  current \r\nsituation, in contrast to single, definitive futures or explanations."


id: bfb7b876c4b88d58e3cf5bf10d784b2b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31013
content:
"Sustainable land management The stewardship and use of \r\nland resources, including soils, water, animals and plants, to meet \r\nchanging human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term \r\nproductive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their \r\nenvironmental functions (WOCAT, no date)."


id: 90c2d906e0eb7c4de74a3500deb8a762
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22676
content:
"A narrative description of a  scenario (or family of scenarios), \r\nhighlighting the main scenario characteristics, relationships between \r\nkey driving forces and the dynamics of their evolution."


id: 7da6f52e1be2d67aaeb79abc930a1285
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19278
content:
"Systems of Innovation (SI) The set of public and private \r\nsector organisations (i.e.,  formally organised entities such as firms \r\nand universities; 'actors') and institutions, whose activities and \r\ninteractions generate, modify and deploy new technologies. The SI \r\napproach has been used to understand and analyse innovation at \r\nthe national, regional, and technological levels, and in transnational \r\ncontexts (Lundvall 1992, 1988)."


id: 64e9ea56a910da1561823fbf184055f7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15027
content:
"Stranded assets Assets exposed to devaluations or conversion to \r\n'liabilities' because of unanticipated changes in their initially expected \r\nrevenues due to innovations and/or evolutions of the business \r\ncontext, including changes in public regulations at the domestic and \r\ninternational levels."


id: 4ced37754ad990592724dc7334e27cb0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10803
content:
"Technology deployment The act of bringing technology into effective \r\napplication, involving a set of actors and activities to initiate, facilitate \r\nand/or support its implementation. See also Technology diffusion."


id: ed2feb2116b230270ccdb881324d52e9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39108
content:
"Subnational actors State/provincial, regional, metropolitan and \r\nlocal/municipal governments as well as non-party stakeholders, \r\nsuch as civil society, the private sector, cities and other subnational \r\nauthorities, local communities and indigenous peoples."


id: 4bb965eabacead85e73ddbe1117b76ea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10576
content:
"Technology diffusion The spread of a technology across different \r\ngroups users/markets over time. See also Technology deployment and \r\nTechnology transfer."


id: 351e996b127afbeb991276f2dee99b64
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6588
content:
"Sufficiency A set of measures and daily practices that avoid \r\ndemand for energy, materials, land and water while delivering human \r\nwell-being for all within planetary boundaries."


id: d89fd224ed27451030cfbfcb8273d583
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35404
content:
"Technology transfer The exchange of knowledge, hardware and \r\nassociated software, money and goods among stakeholders, which \r\nleads to the spread of technology for adaptation or mitigation. The \r\nterm encompasses both diffusion of technologies and technological \r\ncooperation across and within countries. See also Technology diffusion."


id: f0219ac2f6d12e7034c1ea03c89f40f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39630
content:
"Sustainability A dynamic process that guarantees the persistence \r\nof natural and human systems in an equitable manner."


id: eea53b2a57051934475360d7ba4a39ee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39365
content:
"Sustainable development (SD) Development that meets the \r\nneeds of the present without compromising the ability of future \r\ngenerations to meet their own needs (WCED 1987) and balances \r\nsocial, economic and environmental concerns. See also Development \r\npathways and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)."


id: 45ea31bd95215e7411c280200066656f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9521
content:
"Teleconnection Association between climate variables at widely \r\nseparated, geographically fixed locations related to each other through \r\nphysical processes and oceanic and/or atmospheric dynamical pathways. \r\nTeleconnections can be caused by several climate phenomena, such as \r\nRossby wave-trains, mid-latitude jet and storm track displacements, \r\nfluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC),\r\nfluctuations of the Walker circulation, etc. They can be initiated by \r\nmodes of climate variability, thus providing the development of remote \r\nclimate anomalies at various temporal lags."


id: 9af4440ee0b5a72c76e2273aac5fc26f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24509
content:
"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The 17 global goals \r\nfor development for all countries established by the United Nations \r\nthrough a participatory process and elaborated in the 2030 Agenda \r\nfor Sustainable Development, including ending poverty and hunger; \r\nensuring health and well-being, education, gender equality, clean \r\nwater and energy, and decent work; building and ensuring resilient \r\nand sustainable infrastructure, cities and consumption; reducing \r\ninequalities; protecting land and water ecosystems; promoting peace, \r\njustice and partnerships; and taking urgent action on climate change. \r\nSee also Sustainable development."


id: ed2b700eabc3fd98cce50a8c92aeb362
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39102
content:
"Temperature overshoot Exceedance of a specified global warming \r\nlevel, followed by a decline to or below that level during a specified \r\nperiod of time (e.g.,  before 2100). Sometimes the magnitude and \r\nlikelihood of the overshoot is also characterised. The overshoot duration \r\ncan vary from one pathway to the next, but in most overshoot pathways\r\nin the literature and as referred to as overshoot pathways in the AR6, \r\nthe overshoot occurs over a period of at least one decade and up to \r\nseveral decades."


id: 2285d16c7d94b617f0050aa320ed95f3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3290
content:
"example, in the Earth System from the atmosphere to the ocean \r\nor to the land. See also Pool, carbon and nitrogen, Sequestration,\r\nSequestration potential, Sink and Source."


id: 7958a79a592597380a87fee385b0b58a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18542
content:
"Tipping point A critical threshold beyond which a  system \r\nreorganises, often abruptly and/or irreversibly. See also Irreversibility."


id: 8a701e82a23ae22272c40b1de3977f21
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21524
content:
"Trade-off A competition between different objectives within \r\na  decision situation, where pursuing one objective will diminish \r\nachievement of other objective(s). A trade-off exists when a policy \r\nor measure aimed at one objective (e.g., reducing greenhouse gas\r\nemissions) reduces outcomes for other objective(s) (e.g., biodiversity\r\nconservation, energy security) due to adverse side effects, thereby \r\npotentially reducing the net benefit to society or the environment. \r\nSee also Co-benefit."


id: 68fbf9f5d0ff4ad15e32539b7e453b95
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15740
content:
"Urban heat island The relative warmth of a city compared with \r\nsurrounding rural areas, associated with heat trapping due to land \r\nuse, the configuration and design of the built environment, including \r\nstreet layout and building size, the heat-absorbing properties of urban \r\nbuilding materials, reduced ventilation, reduced greenery and water \r\nfeatures, and domestic and industrial heat emissions generated directly \r\nfrom human activities. See also City region, Urban, and Urban System."


id: 38d4174e9d9b81d69d3b9683687c89c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7201
content:
"Transition The process of changing from one state or condition to \r\nanother in a given period of time. Transition can occur in individuals, \r\nfirms, cities, regions and nations, and can be based on incremental or \r\ntransformative change."


id: 6c2a6323f5cd57c85cbb1fd045f6c422
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16327
content:
"Uncertainty A state of incomplete knowledge that can result from \r\na lack of information or from disagreement about what is known or \r\neven knowable. It may have many types of sources, from imprecision \r\nin the data to ambiguously defined concepts or terminology, \r\nincomplete understanding of critical processes, or  uncertain \r\nprojections of human behaviour. Uncertainty can therefore be \r\nrepresented by quantitative measures (e.g.,  a  probability density \r\nfunction) or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the judgement \r\nof a team of experts) (Moss and Schneider 2000; Mastrandrea et al. \r\n2010). See also Confidence and Likelihood."


id: e14a1f5aab1dd6e61e170ffda9eadb2a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36899
content:
"Urban Systems Urban systems refer to two interconnected systems: \r\nfirst, the comprehensive collections of city elements with multiple \r\ndimensions and characteristics: a) encompass physical, built, socio\u0002economic-technical, political, and ecological subsystems; b) integrate \r\nsocial agent/constituency/processes with physical structure \r\nand processes; and c) exist within broader spatial and temporal scales \r\nand governance and institutional contexts; and second, the global \r\nsystem of cities and towns. See also City region, and Urban."


id: 11911d67221499cdc8ad263ec6460fb7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 286
content:
"United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)\r\nA legally binding international agreement linking environment and \r\ndevelopment to sustainable land management, established in 1994. \r\nThe Convention's objective is 'to combat desertification and mitigate \r\nthe effects of drought in countries experiencing drought and/or \r\ndesertification'. The Convention specifically addresses the arid, \r\nsemi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, and has \r\na particular focus on Africa. As of September 2020, the UNCCD had \r\n197 Parties. See also Desertification, Drought and Land degradation."


id: a46f87101c25610866c6eddd600385ca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26134
content:
"Urbanisation Urbanisation is a  multi-dimensional process that \r\ninvolves at least three simultaneous changes: (i) land-use change: \r\ntransformation of formerly rural settlements or natural land into urban \r\nsettlements; (ii) demographic change: a shift in the spatial distribution \r\nof a population from rural to urban areas; and (iii) infrastructure change: \r\nan increase in provision of infrastructure services including electricity, \r\nsanitation, etc. Urbanisation often includes changes in lifestyle, culture, \r\nand behaviour, and thus alters the demographic, economic, and social \r\nstructure of both urban and rural areas (Stokes and Seto 2019; Seto \r\net al. 2014; UNDESA 2018). See also Urban, and Urban Systems."


id: 72374e0d4848a1bd3085b0f00da18971
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17335
content:
"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change \r\n(UNFCCC) The UNFCCC was adopted in May 1992 and opened for \r\nsignature at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It entered into \r\nforce in March 1994 and, as of September 2020, had 197 Parties \r\n(196 States and the European Union). The Convention's ultimate \r\nobjective is the 'stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the \r\natmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic \r\ninterference with the climate system' (UNFCCC 1992). The provisions \r\nof the Convention are pursued and implemented by two further \r\ntreaties: the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement."


id: 15b9f2a2af61e90d2b7055ee4851d78e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1037
content:
"Vulnerability The propensity or predisposition to be adversely \r\naffected. Vulnerability encompasses a  variety of concepts and \r\nelements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of \r\ncapacity to cope and adapt. See also Exposure, Hazard and Risk."


id: f755739944f867ee5abf8f1dc8d2fee4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40894
content:
"Well-being A state of existence that fulfils various human needs, \r\nincluding material living conditions, meaningful social and community \r\nrelationships and quality of life, as well as the ability to pursue one's \r\ngoals, to thrive, and feel satisfied with one's life. Ecosystem well-being \r\nrefers to the ability of ecosystems to maintain their diversity and quality."


id: 79de9e1cc131db17aba59b1c3f07ed7a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18646
content:
"Uptake The transfer of substances (such as carbon) or energy \r\n(e.g.,  heat) from one compartment of a  system to another; for "


id: a2902f007eba1f366710b12256d35d7f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25813
content:
"Relational well-being concept based on the premise that experiencing \r\nlife purpose, challenges and growth leads to flourishing, self-realisation, \r\npersonal expression, and full functioning (Niemiec 2014; Lamb and \r\nSteinberger 2017)."


id: c0a3fa145cfe7c4ced8b8261f2beb6d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31193
content:
"Subjective well-being concept based on the idea that attaining \r\npleasure and avoiding pain leads to happiness (Ryan and Deci 2001)."


id: ddc87dbdc221d82f1166479926ea62c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36284
content:
"Wind energy Kinetic energy from airflow arising from the uneven \r\nheating of the Earth's surface. The wind's kinetic energy is converted \r\nto mechanical shaft energy and electricity by a  wind turbine, \r\na rotating machine. A wind farm, wind project, wind park, or wind \r\npower plant is a group of wind turbines interconnected to a common \r\nutility system through a system of transformers, distribution lines, and \r\n(usually) one substation. See also Renewable energy."


id: aba25b71227a7997db8d22d8597af123
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27434
content:
"Wiener, J.B. and J.D. Graham, 2009: Risk vs Risk: Tradeoffs in Protecting \r\nHealth and the Environment. [Wiener, J.B. and J.D. Graham (eds.)]. Harvard \r\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 352 pp."


id: badff907fb70888eb7a4691fb1cb340c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30093
content:
"WOCAT, [undated]: Glossary. World Overview of Conservation Approaches \r\nand Technologies (WOCAT). https://www.wocat.net/en/glossary."


id: 5c10ba72aafef54cb69e5c884bc3771f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13456
content:
"Renee van Diemen (the Netherlands/United Kingdom), William F. Lamb (Germany/United \r\nKingdom), Minal Pathak (India), Andy Reisinger (New Zealand), Stephane de la Rue du Can \r\n(the United States of America), Jim Skea (United Kingdom), Raphael Slade (United Kingdom), \r\nShreya Some (India), Linda Steg (the Netherlands)"


id: 9b4210b02f58655439951c22853f917
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24561
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex II: Definitions, Units and Conventions [Al Khourdajie, A., R. van Diemen, W.F. Lamb, M. Pathak, \r\nA. Reisinger, S. de la Rue du Can, J. Skea, R. Slade, S. Some, L. Steg (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation \r\nof Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on \r\nClimate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, \r\nR. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and \r\nNew York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.021."


id: 49ee97162f6aed0b7864ce300e4e14a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10246
content:
"in Eastern Europe which are not members of the European Union \r\nare allocated to Eastern Europe and West-Central Asia (EEA). In AR5, \r\nthese formed part of the Economies in Transition group. The remainder \r\nof Western Asia (non-Annex I) is allocated to the Middle East."


id: de99238542d595f0c64d70396b82f6eb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36424
content:
"This annex on Definitions, Units and Conventions provides background \r\ninformation on material used in the Working Group III contribution \r\nto the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth \r\nAssessment Report (AR6 WGIII). The material presented in this annex \r\ndocuments metrics and common datasets that are typically used \r\nacross multiple chapters of the report. In a few instances there are \r\nno updates to what was adopted by WGIII during the production of \r\nthe Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), in which case this annex refers to \r\nAnnex II of AR5 (Krey et al. 2014)."


id: 81935913db1c151ce70d944bf5c2f381
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19924
content:
"Following the practice of the UN Statistics Division, we note that the \r\ndesignations employed and the presentation of material in this report \r\ndo not imply the expression of any opinion by the United Nations, the \r\nIPCC or the authors of this report concerning the legal status of any \r\ncountry, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the \r\ndelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term 'country' as used \r\nin this material also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. "


id: d413fa54d0ac63a5a687c31eadb59598
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34645
content:
"The annex comprises four parts: Part I introduces standards, metrics \r\nand common definitions adopted in the report; Part II presents \r\nmethods to derive or calculate certain quantities and identities used \r\nin the report; Part III provides more detailed background information \r\nabout common data sources; and Part IV presents integrative \r\nmethodologies used in the assessment. While this structure may help \r\nreaders to navigate through the annex, it is not possible in all cases to \r\nunambiguously assign a certain topic to one of these parts, naturally \r\nleading to some overlap between the parts."


id: 6e318ea51e3c7ed7f179ee2838cf5cf5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16651
content:
"Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, \r\nCote d'Ivoire, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, \r\nChad, the Comoros, the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, \r\nDjibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, \r\nthe Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, \r\nLibya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, \r\nMozambique, Namibia, the Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and \r\nPrincipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, the \r\nSouth Sudan, the Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, the United Republic \r\nof Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe."


id: b338c196b3780d3e63505e15976ef930
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28773
content:
"In this report, two different levels of classification are used as a standard \r\nto present the results of analysis. The basis for the classification is the \r\nUN Statistics Division Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, \r\nalso known as the M49 Standard (UNSD 1999). This covers geographical \r\nregions and, at the time of the literature cut-off date, identified \r\ndeveloped regions, developing regions and least developed countries."


id: 735f0a7b561bf97fbe06e54c52990c82
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17553
content:
"Middle East: Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, \r\nKuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the State of Palestine, \r\nthe Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen."


id: e3d2b023560871484146eb4472838c5c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37368
content:
"Latin America and Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, \r\nthe Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Plurinational State of Bolivia, Brazil, \r\nChile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, \r\nEcuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, \r\nJamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts \r\nand Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, \r\nTrinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela."


id: aea8f6715f21e56e2851f95565572c4e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27964
content:
"The high-level classification has six categories (Table 1): one covering \r\nNorth America, Europe, and Australia, Japan and New Zealand, \r\nlabelled 'developed countries', and five covering other countries, \r\nall classified as developing using the M49 standard at the cut\u0002off date. The high-level classification is an expansion of the RC5 \r\n(Regional Categorisation 5) adopted in AR5 WGIII, with Africa and \r\nthe Middle East now identified separately. The low-level classification \r\n(ten categories) divides developed countries into three geographical \r\nregions, and Asia and Pacific into three sub-regions. "


id: 234c4f4ade4edfa8b34e71f984fa48cd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3412
content:
"Eastern Asia: China, the Republic of Korea, the Democratic People's \r\nRepublic of Korea, Mongolia."


id: b38149156db294389bd4f92b20ffd0a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28821
content:
"The high- and low-level classification schemes reflect schemes used \r\nin many global models and statistical sources. Where the report \r\nsynthesises data, only these standard classification schemes have been \r\nused. On occasions, the underlying literature may deviate from the \r\nstandard classification scheme and direct citations may unavoidably \r\nrefer to alternative classifications. This is dealt with on a case-by-case \r\nbasis and does not imply any endorsement of the scheme used in the \r\nunderlying literature by the IPCC or the authors of this report. "


id: 631c704628f49fbcd21904eedb928171
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14732
content:
"South-East Asia and Pacific: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, \r\nCook  Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, the Lao People's Democratic \r\nRepublic, Malaysia, the Marshall Islands, Federated States of \r\nMicronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the \r\nPhilippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, \r\nTonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam."


id: b7b0b8508b9ce9f7e084201ca24f82b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29533
content:
"The detailed allocation of countries and areas to the low-level \r\nclassification is shown in Section 1.1. Following AR5, the classification \r\nscheme deviates from the UN regional classification with the result \r\nthat Annex I, Annex II and non-Annex I countries as defined under \r\nthe UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are \r\ndistinguished. Some Annex I countries in Western Asia and countries "


id: d5704efbc7aba85ea42557a446e1d263
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34866
content:
"North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, \r\nSerbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the \r\nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland."


id: 1af7a4267b23e6a78eb00979ff700579
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1941
content:
"Eastern Europe and West-Central Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, \r\nBelarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, \r\nthe Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan."


id: 708e94368b843f7891069145a5910398
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17061
content:
"The following sections introduce standard units and unit conversions \r\nused throughout this report."


id: b0beaf788a17175bf690a88ce8083a02
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28326
content:
"Standard units of measurements include Systeme International (SI) \r\nunits, SI-derived units, and other non-SI units as well the standard \r\nprefixes for basic physical units. "


id: fe4105ce4d3addabab8729813931bf7b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42102
content:
"Note that all monetary and monetary-related units are expressed in constant US \r\nDollar 2015 (USD2015) or constant International Dollar 2015 (Int$2015)."


id: d9ee651902af9c73833f98f19dff6670
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35641
content:
"In addition to the above physical units, datasets often report carbon \r\nemissions in either units of carbon (C) or carbon dioxide (CO2). In this \r\nreport we report carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions where possible, \r\nusing the conversion factor (44/12) to convert from units of C into \r\nCO2. Finally, we note that the conversion from GJ to kWh is as \r\nfollows: 1 GJ = ~277.78 kWh."


id: 48ce36ce4fa247d083c427b372df8616
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10021
content:
"Where aggregate greenhouse gas emissions are reported, this report \r\nuses the Global Warming Potential with a time horizon of 100 years \r\n(GWP100); for details see Section 8."


id: d1d594b5b0a4df772e986d56a0de5e77
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34268
content:
"tance, the data for GDP deflators for all countries can be downloaded following this link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS?locations=US."


id: e426aa550c618761a2e9f92e5d640f42
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37442
content:
"To achieve comparability across cost und price information from \r\ndifferent regions, where possible monetary quantities reported in the \r\nAR6 WGIII have been expressed in constant US Dollar 2015 (USD2015) \r\nor constant International Dollar 2015 (Int$2015), as suitable. "


id: d30363aac671aa12ca0940fb72d9466e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34470
content:
"To facilitate a consistent monetary unit conversion process, a simple \r\nand transparent procedure to convert different monetary units from \r\nthe literature to USD2015 is established and described below."


id: cefd138b1b810ea6b3fc3052f403643d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33756
content:
"In practice, the order of applying these two steps will lead to different \r\nresults. In this report, the conversion route adopted is LCUx -\r\nLCU2015 - USD2015, i.e., national or regional deflators are used \r\nto measure country- or region-specific inflation between year X and \r\n2015 in local currency, then current (2015) exchange rates are used \r\nto convert to USD2015. The reason for adopting this route is when \r\nthe economy's GDP deflator is used to convert to a common base \r\nyear, that is, 2015, it captures the changes in prices of all goods \r\nand services that the economy produces. To convert from LCU2015 \r\nto USD2015, the official 2015 exchange rates are used. Note that \r\nexchange rates often fluctuate significantly in the short term."


id: 291f7cf787f8052522e5cb7b775451a0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4447
content:
"The levelised cost of energy (LCOE) can be defined as the unique \r\nbreak-even cost-price where discounted revenues (price x quantities) \r\nare equal to the discounted net expenses (Moomaw et  al. 2011), \r\nwhich is expressed as follows:"


id: 41d34aa4f71227da7df1d502d30ce61b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8777
content:
"In order to be consistent with the choice of the World Bank databases \r\nas the primary source for gross domestic product (GDP) and other \r\nfinancial data throughout the report, deflators and exchange rates \r\nfrom the World Bank Development Indicators are used.3"


id: 97374410daf900d5dc134ec5f05cb8d1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23797
content:
"where Et is the energy delivered in year t (might vary from year to \r\nyear), expenses cover all (net) expenses in the year t, i is the discount \r\nrate and n the lifetime of the project."


id: 34fced6fe8dff07c59d9dd497a82ebab
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6567
content:
"The lifetime expenses comprise investment costs I, operation and \r\nmaintenance cost O&M (including waste management costs), fuel \r\ncosts F, carbon costs C, and decommissioning costs D. In this case, \r\nlevelised cost can be determined by (IEA 2010):"


id: 30059b90791e46803f0555535588326e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5709
content:
"to the usage of the baseline technology; and CRF is the capital \r\nrecovery factor depending on the discount rate and the lifetime of \r\nthe measure in years as defined above. It should be stressed once \r\nmore that this equation is only valid if DO&M and DE are constant \r\nover the project lifetime. As LCCE are designed to be compared with \r\ncomplementary levelised cost of energy supply, they do not include \r\nthe annual fuel cost difference. Any additional monetary benefits that \r\nare associated with the energy-saving measure must be taken into \r\naccount as part of the O&M difference. "


id: cc16278aa8747f6e25a86835d947f1ad
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33225
content:
"where !\"# = \r\n1 - (1 - %)!\" is the capital recovery factor and \r\nNPV the net present value of all lifetime expenditures (Suerkemper \r\net al. 2012). "


id: a2f2e35e913b0466b671143eea38c9c9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25883
content:
"The levelised cost of conserved carbon can be used for comparing \r\nmitigation costs per  unit of avoided carbon emissions and \r\ncomparing  these specific emission reduction costs for different \r\noptions. This concept can be applied to other pollutants."


id: 59b341727da152a8a1ba342525ffc92b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13019
content:
"Where I is the upfront investment, O&M are the annual operation \r\nand maintenance costs, F are the annual fuel costs, and E is the \r\nannual energy provision. The investment I should be interpreted \r\nas the sum of all capital expenditures needed to make the \r\ninvestment fully operational discounted to t = 0. These might \r\ninclude discounted retrofit payments during the project lifetime and \r\ndiscounted decommissioning costs at the end of the lifetime. Where \r\napplicable, annual O&M costs have to take into account revenues for \r\nby-products and existing carbon costs must be added or treated as \r\npart of the annual fuel costs.\r\n!\"\"\" = \"$%. '()(+!,-"


id: 3e2f4647a18fb556e4ce2d0d146fdd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8117
content:
"The levelised cost of conserved energy (LCCE) annualises the \r\ninvestment and operation and maintenance cost differences between \r\na baseline technology and the energy-efficient alternative and divides \r\nthis quantity by the annual energy savings. "


id: 3fbf4e5acc30b87e5612a04ba2bebf78
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8410
content:
"/0-1/ #34/56/6)\r\n,#\r\nwhere DI is the difference in investment costs of a mitigation \r\nmeasure (e.g., in USD) as compared to a baseline investment; DO&M\r\nis the difference in annual operation and maintenance costs (e.g., in \r\nUSD) and DB denotes the annual benefits, all compared to a baseline \r\nfor which the option is not implemented. Note that annual benefits \r\ninclude reduced expenditures for fuels, if the investment project \r\nreduces emissions via a reduction in fuel use. As such LCCC depend \r\non energy prices. An important characteristic of this equation is that \r\nLCCC can become negative if DB is bigger than the sum of the other \r\ntwo terms in the numerator."


id: b089e6b517e2681246dbbf84930d7463
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28292
content:
"The conceptual formula for LCCE is essentially the same as Equation \r\n(4) above, with DE measuring in this context the amount of energy \r\nsaved annually (Suerkemper et al. 2012):"


id: bf3322290d15a517913884187675366e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30910
content:
"In order to ensure consistency throughout the reported growth rates \r\nfor emissions in AR6 WGIII, this section establishes the convention for \r\ncalculating these rates."


id: faf4c0aaf1b13e609dbe5a1ad1b47cd5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41537
content:
"where DI is the difference in investment costs of an energy saving \r\nmeasure (e.g., in USD) as compared to a baseline investment; DO&M\r\nis the difference in annual operation and maintenance costs of an \r\nenergy saving measure (e.g., in USD) as compared to the baseline \r\nin which the energy-saving measure is not implemented; DE is the \r\nannual energy conserved by the measure (e.g., in kWh) as compared "


id: a21e9038825b8f7376567fb4e534c82c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25756
content:
"In order to undertake a timeseries calculation over a decade, the \r\n10-year period should be defined as follows: from 1st of January \r\n2001 to 31st of December 2010, that is 2001-2010."


id: 524192b4bff8905129964a30a9458b1b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11745
content:
"When relevant a leap-year adjustment is required in order to \r\nensure valid interpretation of annual growth rates in the case \r\nof adjacent years. A leap-year affects adjacent years growth rate by \r\napproximately 0.3% yr-1 ! 1\r\n365& which causes growth rates to go up \r\napproximately 0.3% if the first year is a leap year, and down 0.3% \r\nif the second year is a leap year (Friedlingstein et al. 2019)."


id: 56ac5beff61e1d0188d39dd1472b86d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12503
content:
"Primary energy accounting methods are used to report primary \r\nenergy from non-combustible energy sources, in other words, nuclear \r\nenergy and all renewable energy sources except biomass. Annex II of \r\nAR5, namely Section A.II.4, includes a detailed discussion of the three \r\nmain methods dominant in the literature. The method adopted in AR6 \r\nis the direct equivalent method which counts one unit of secondary \r\nenergy provided from non-combustible sources as one unit of \r\nprimary energy, that is, 1 kWh of electricity or heat is accounted for \r\nas 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ of primary energy. This method is mostly used \r\nin the long-term scenarios literature, including multiple IPCC reports \r\n(IPCC 1995, Morita et al. 2001, Fisher et al. 2007, Fischedick et al. \r\n2011), because it deals with fundamental transitions of energy \r\nsystems that rely to a large extent on low-carbon, non-combustible \r\nenergy sources."


id: eccd84f5f42f41d1b24e88722237d718
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39029
content:
"The relative growth rate of EFF over time periods of greater than one \r\nyear is derived as follows. "


id: ebb97a81edb264df56a3f0e5e6136e6d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38833
content:
"The concept of risk is a key aspect of how the IPCC assesses and \r\ncommunicates to decision-makers the potential adverse impacts of, \r\nand response options to, climate change. For the AR6 cycle, the definition \r\nof risk was revised (see below). Authors and IPCC Bureau members \r\nfrom all three Working Groups produced a Guidance (Reisinger et al. \r\n2020) for authors on the concept of risk in order to ensure a consistent \r\nand transparent application across Working Groups. "


id: b01b458eff338ac99091bc486724c3b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28220
content:
"A number of different methods exist for calculating economic growth \r\nrates (e.g.,  GDP), all of which lead to slightly different numerical \r\nresults. If not stated otherwise, the annual growth rates shown in the \r\nreport are derived using the Log Difference Regression technique or \r\nGeometric Average techniques which can be shown to be equivalent."


id: 974628c15a14f24ad8ddeba86f586b5d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23810
content:
"This section summarises this Guidance briefly with a focus on issues \r\nrelated to WGIII, in other words, with focus on mitigation. "


id: 5121e3d4e82becd3536ab2826eb0406a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11559
content:
"Risk is the potential for adverse consequences for human or ecological \r\nsystems, recognising the diversity of values and objectives associated \r\nwith such systems. In the context of climate change, risks can arise \r\nfrom potential impacts of climate change as well as human responses \r\nto climate change. Relevant adverse consequences include those on \r\nlives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, social and cultural \r\nassets and investments, infrastructure, services (including ecosystem \r\nservices), ecosystems and species."


id: bfd744431a3315ffcdb53685cbc53b6d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31034
content:
"Other methods that are used to calculate annual growth rates include \r\nthe Ordinary Least Square technique and the Average Annual Growth \r\nRate technique."


id: 10ef579242cd1f9abdbefb1e82145d3f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 169
content:
"In order to compare or contrast trends between two different years, \r\nfor instance comparing 2000 and 2010 cumulative CO2 emissions, the \r\nyear 2000 runs from 1st of January to 31st of December and similarly \r\nthe year 2010 runs from 1st of January to 31st of December. "


id: b5baa1ce982c7215578046119f70fd46
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29200
content:
"assumed to remain constant. Such assumptions are important for \r\nanalytical robustness and are stated where relevant."


id: 111c64a2d9d49c1d4fefa50f7deef82f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 207
content:
"The investment and finance literature and practitioner community \r\nbroadly distinguish between 'physical risk' and 'transition risk'. The \r\nterm 'physical risk' generally refers to risks arising from climate \r\nchange impacts and climate-related hazards, while the term \r\n'transition risk' typically refers to risks associated with the transition \r\nto a low carbon economy. These two types of risk may interact and \r\ncreate cascading or compounding risks."


id: ea81fdd6ccf02923093db2b744248e57
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38621
content:
"Plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/\r\nor magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or \r\nperceived risks (see also risk assessment, risk perception, risk transfer)."


id: 9adbf4925d77ecce292926131c92fc94
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24491
content:
"In much of the business and financial literature, the term 'physical \r\nrisk' relates to those derived from the hazard x exposure x \r\nvulnerability framework. Physical risks arise from the potential for \r\nclimate change impacts on the financial value of assets such as \r\nindustrial plants or real estate, risks to facilities and infrastructure, \r\nimpact on operations, water and raw material availability and supply \r\nchain disruptions. Physical risks have direct financial consequences \r\nfor organisations where those risks are realised, as well as up-front \r\ninsurance and investment related costs and downstream effects for \r\nusers of relevant goods and services. "


id: 8f860eaf13a30422c24428d65f4a91c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22465
content:
"In this report, with the aim of improving the ability of decision-makers \r\nto understand and manage risk, the term is used when considering \r\nthe potential for adverse outcomes and the uncertainty relating to \r\nthese outcomes. "


id: 285c9ee9a0c56b1421c7875cce75682e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4305
content:
"The term risk is not used as a simple substitute for probability or \r\nchance, to describe physical hazards, or as generic term for 'anything \r\nbad that may happen in future'. While the probability of an adverse \r\noutcome does not necessarily have to be quantified, it needs to be \r\ncharacterised in some way to allow a risk assessment to inform \r\nresponses via risk management."


id: 8f38e929ff28c9dae428fe92a8286df9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22400
content:
"Transition risks typically refer to risks associated with transition \r\nto a low carbon economy, which can entail extensive policy, legal, \r\ntechnology, and market changes to address mitigation and adaptation \r\nrequirements related to climate change. Depending on the nature, \r\nspeed, and focus of these changes, transition risks may pose varying \r\nlevels of financial and reputational risk to organisations. Transition \r\nrisks, if realised, can result in stranded assets, loss of markets, reduced \r\nreturns on investment, and financial penalties, as well as adverse \r\noutcomes for governance and reputation. "


id: 31c8d9a0a57ca89b01c3067d2a3b8b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6004
content:
"In the AR6, risk refers to the potential for adverse consequences \r\nonly. The term hazard is used where climatic events or trends has \r\nan identified potential for having adverse consequences to specific \r\nelements of an affected system. The contribution of Working Group I \r\nto the AR6 uses the more general term 'climatic impact driver' \r\nwhere a specific change in climate could have positive or negative \r\nconsequences, and where a given climatic change may therefore act \r\nas a driver of risk or of an opportunity."


id: 7692a6c1f32d7d2d87b2a04ed320194e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18078
content:
"A key issue is the stranding of assets that may not provide the \r\nexpected financial returns and may end up as large financial liabilities. "


id: 564eb3042010893d50cc54782405ec91
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12448
content:
"Climate-related risk to food security arises from multiple drivers that \r\ninclude both climate change impacts, responses to climate change \r\nand other stressors."


id: 4c0f05c3d5db104dec3a017881a16ddd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10641
content:
"In the context of responses to climate change, drivers of risk include \r\nthe demand for land from climate change responses (both adaptation \r\nand mitigation), the role of markets (e.g.,  price spikes related to \r\nbiofuel demand in other countries), governance (how are conflicts \r\nabout access to land and water resolved) and human behaviour more \r\ngenerally (e.g., trade barriers, dietary preferences)."


id: 2d6bee29a2f4526033cece104515718
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5278
content:
"to account for future nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in \r\naccordance with this approach. Parties may also report supplemental \r\ninformation on aggregate emissions and removals, expressed as \r\nCO2-eq, using other GHG emission metrics assessed by the IPCC \r\n(4/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1: UNFCCC 2019)."


id: a80613f82b7c105084fe834ca85db611
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26772
content:
"Scientific reasons for the use of GWP100 as default GHG emission \r\nmetric in WGIII are that GWP100 approximates the relative \r\ndamages caused by the two most important anthropogenic GHGs \r\nCO2 and CH4 for social discount rates around 3%. In addition, \r\nfor pathways that limit warming to 2degC (>67%) or lower, using \r\nGWP100 to inform cost-effective abatement choices between gases \r\nwould achieve these long-term temperature goals at close to least \r\nglobal cost within a  few percent (high confidence) (see Cross\u0002Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 2)."


id: 150d4413ca9d105ef5258d51be4710d1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 917
content:
"Comprehensive mitigation policy relies on consideration of all \r\nanthropogenic forcing agents, which differ widely in their atmospheric \r\nlifetimes and impacts on the climate system. GHG emission metrics4\r\nprovide simplified information about the effect that emissions \r\nof different GHGs have on global temperature or other aspects \r\nof climate, usually expressed relative to the effect of emitting CO2. \r\nAn assessment of different GHG emission metrics from a mitigation \r\nperspective is provided in Cross-Chapter Box  2 and Chapter  2 \r\nSupplementary Material, building on the assessment of GHG emission \r\nmetrics from a physical science perspective in AR6 WGI (Forster et al., \r\n2021, Section 7.6)."


id: 2e88a54ca068a03d8bf6ed6db59452b2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5466
content:
"However, all emission metrics have limitations and uncertainties, \r\ngiven that they simplify the complexity of the physical climate \r\nsystem and its response to past and future GHG emissions. The most \r\nsuitable metric for any given climate policy application, depends on \r\njudgements about the specific context, policy objectives and the way \r\nin which a metric would be used."


id: 6cb9e43be1a75598e7bc693f0e468448
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16410
content:
"The WGIII contribution to the AR6 reports aggregate emissions and \r\nremovals using updated values for the Global Warming Potential \r\nwith a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) from AR6 WGI unless \r\nstated otherwise. These updated GWP100 values reflect updated \r\nscientific understanding of the response of the climate system to \r\nemissions of different gases, and include a methodological update \r\nto incorporate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks associated with the \r\nemission of non-CO2 gases (Forster et al. 2021). For the second-most \r\nimportant anthropogenic greenhouse gas, methane, the updated \r\nGWP100 value of 27 is similar but slightly lower than the value of 28 \r\nreported in the AR5 without climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. A full \r\nset of GWP100 values used in this report, based on the assessment \r\nof WGI (Forster et al. 2021, Section 7.6 and Table 7.SM.7), is provided \r\nin Table 9."


id: 2b02eff8cf9d28e23c9ac28b007bec57
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4801
content:
"To further reduce ambiguity regarding actual climate outcomes over \r\ntime from any given set of emissions, the WGIII contribution to the \r\nAR6 reports emissions and mitigation options for individual gases \r\nwhere possible based on the available literature, and reports CO2-eq \r\nemissions where this is judged to be policy relevant by author teams \r\nin addition to, not instead of individual gases."


id: e48a7110a9c23804149058d1d66340d0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37493
content:
"GWP100 was chosen in the WGIII contribution to the AR6 as the default \r\nGHG emissions metric for both procedural and scientific reasons."


id: cc7e498c4f97ac887778898b55be482f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Procedural reasons are to provide continuity with the use of GWP100 \r\nin past IPCC reports and the dominant use of GWP100 in the literature \r\nassessed by WGIII, and to match decisions made by Governments as \r\npart of the Paris Agreement Rulebook. Parties to the Paris Agreement \r\ndecided to report aggregated emissions and removals (expressed \r\nas CO2-eq) based on the Global Warming Potential with a time \r\nhorizon of 100 years (GWP100), using values from IPCC AR5 or \r\nfrom a subsequent IPCC report as agreed upon by the CMA,5\r\n and "


id: 7bf8df37954eb3fcf6ed1ffa6e7b7da1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19021
content:
"Table 9 | GWP100 values and atmospheric lifetimes for a range of GHGs, \r\nbased on AR6 WGI (Forster et al. 2021)."


id: b08f06704dd2d2d8fd86fa524ea4b15c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28294
content:
"Our primary data source is the Emissions Database for Global \r\nAtmospheric Research (EDGAR) (Crippa et al. 2021, Minx et al. 2021). \r\nThis dataset provides annual CO2, CH4, N2O and F-gas emissions on \r\na country and emissions source level for the time span 1970 to 2019. \r\nThe fossil fuel combustion component of EDGAR is closely linked to \r\nand sourced from International Energy Agency (IEA 2021) energy \r\nand emissions estimates. Section  2.2.1 in Chapter  2 of this report \r\ndescribes the differences between and coverage of different global \r\nemissions datasets."


id: 6a692e1ce64930fec095618cbac3b142
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16001
content:
"In addition to EDGAR, land-use CO2 emissions are sourced as the \r\nmean of three bookkeeping models, in a convention established by \r\nthe Global Carbon Project (Friedlingstein et al. 2020) and consistent \r\nwith the Working Group I approach. The bookkeeping models are \r\nBLUE (Bookkeeping of Land Use Emissions), Hansis et  al. (2015), \r\nHoughton and Nassikas (2017) and OSCAR (Gasser et al. 2020)."


id: e74c02b2583e9d66bdf00069526dd185
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37985
content:
"Global total greenhouse gas emissions reported throughout AR6 \r\nare the sum of EDGAR and land-use CO2 emissions. Significant \r\nuncertainties are associated with each gas and emissions source. \r\nThese uncertainties are comprehensively treated in Section 2.2.1 of \r\nChapter 2."


id: df90b9551a4e088e34ab34767c997a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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content:
"The list below shows how emission sources in EDGAR are mapped to \r\nsectors throughout the AR6 WGIII. This defines unambiguous system \r\nboundaries for the sectors as represented in Chapters 6, 7 and 9-11 \r\nin the report and enables a discussion and representation of emission \r\nsources without double-counting."


id: a4a2fcbedc277d90377af4eb5e065d79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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content:
"Emission sources follows the definitions by the IPCC Task Force on \r\nNational Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) (IPCC 2019). EDGARv6 \r\nidentifies each source as either 'Fossil' or 'Bio'. The 'Bio' label \r\nindicates the biomass component of fuel combustion, while 'Fossil' \r\nis the default label for all other emissions sources (including, for \r\nexample, agricultural GHG emissions)."


id: 254d98be2c474384c168d9671a2f4e91
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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vector_id: 3751
content:
"In this section we report on the historical emissions data used in \r\nthe report (Section  9), the sectoral mapping on emissions sources \r\n(Section  9.1), the methane emissions sources (Section  9.2), and \r\nindirect emissions (Section 10)."


id: 22083bd677b2e8218f349cbe8a381b2d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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content:
"Historic emissions data for countries, regions and sectors are \r\npresented throughout the report, but especially in Chapters 2, \r\n6-7, 9-11, the Technical Summary and Summary for Policymakers. \r\nTo ensure consistency and transparency we use the same emissions \r\ndata across these chapters, with a single methodology, division \r\nof emissions sources, and following the classification scheme \r\nof countries and areas in Section 1 above."


id: c45de33b579c777363d150dc527bcfcb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31846
content:
"In order to identify emission trends and mitigation opportunities \r\nby sector WGIII allocates each emission source to a sector and \r\nsubsequently a subsector (check Section  9 above). These trends \r\nand mitigation opportunities are, in most cases and whenever possible, \r\nreported in the native unit of gases as well as in CO2-eq using IPCC \r\nAR6 GWP100 values (Section 8). In the case of methane (CH4), it has \r\ntwo different GWP100 values according to its source. The relevant \r\nsources of methane are: biogenic methane, fossil methane (source: \r\ncombustion) and fossil methane (source: fugitive and process)."


id: b61b54ebcc081daeb1c530f50bd3c733
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29260
content:
"For fossil methane (combustion), despite it being fossil, the correct \r\nGWP100 value is always the low one, for the dataset reported here. \r\nThis is due to the fact that the emissions data provider EDGAR \r\n(Section 9) considers a complete oxidation to CO2 of all the carbon \r\ncontained in the fossil fuel upon combustion, which is then reflected \r\nin the CO2 emissions factors for the different sources based on the \r\ncarbon content of fuels. In other words, IPCC (IPCC 2019) methods \r\nand defaults (Tier 1 IPCC CO2 emissions factors) have been used \r\nwhere the associated CO2 emissions are estimated on the basis of \r\ncomplete (100%) oxidation to CO2 of carbon contained in combusted \r\nmass, which includes not only CO2 directly released to the atmosphere \r\nbut also CO2 generated in the atmosphere from the carbon released \r\nas methane and converted to CO2 only subsequently."


id: ed30a8aa9e45f0d15af116160d2ae58b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39110
content:
"The majority of biogenic methane emissions result from the AFOLU \r\nsector due to livestock and other agricultural practices, but also \r\nfrom the energy systems, building, transport and industry (waste) \r\nsectors. Meanwhile, fossil methane (combustion) emissions result \r\nfrom electricity and heat generation in the energy systems sector \r\nas well as various combustion activities in all other sectors. Finally, \r\nfossil methane (fugitive and process) is emitted from the extraction \r\nand transportation of fossil fuels (fugitive methane), in addition to \r\nsome activities in the industry sector (fugitive and process methane). \r\nSee Table 12 below for a comprehensive list."


id: a91a303bb98251a9e76309627ad59b1d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26964
content:
"There are two exceptions applied to the above categorisation, both \r\nbelong to the industry sector, sector codes 6Cb1 (Waste incineration - \r\nuncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) burning) and 6D (other \r\nwaste). Uncontrolled MSW burning (6Cb1) includes both biogenic \r\nand fossil material, with incomplete oxidation for this source even \r\nwhen the IPCC Tier 1 default emission/oxidation factor is used. The \r\nGWP100 value adopted for this source is the low one, given that \r\nthe fossil-origin methane component is unlikely to be very large. \r\nThe 'other waste' (6D) source may also include both biogenic and \r\nfossil methane. However, it is unclear what type of waste handling \r\nis included here. Furthermore, the associated CO2 emissions are not \r\nestimated. Therefore, the high GWP100 value is used."


id: e89f642ef4f27a65ff568e640a0bc5f0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38268
content:
"There are two GWP100 values assigned to methane depending \r\non its source: a GWP100 value of 27 for biogenic methane and \r\nfossil methane  (combustion), and a higher GWP100 value of 29.8 \r\nfor fossil  methane (fugitive and process), see Table  11 below. The \r\ndifference between these two GWP100 values arises from treatment \r\nof the effect of methane conversion into CO2 during its chemical \r\ndecay in the atmosphere. The higher GWP100 value takes account of \r\nthe warming caused by CO2 that methane decays into, which adds \r\nto the warming caused by methane itself, while the lower GWP100 \r\nvalue does not."


id: 922b296f2f56c244598a65ec41e50c2d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22933
content:
"In total, the estimation of EDGAR methane emissions in 2019 \r\nusing a  GWP100 value of 27 across all related sources results in \r\n10.2 GtCO2-eq, compared to 10.6 GtCO2-eq using the higher GWP100 \r\nvalue as described. This is primarily driven by the readjustment of \r\nmethane emissions from hard coal mining, gas production, and \r\nventing and flaring (sectors 1B1a1, 1B2b1 and 1B2c)."


id: 6f591d08ab4ed2910cb3258bc26b6d85
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16851
content:
"In the case of biogenic methane, the correct GWP100 value is always \r\nthe low value irrespective of the specific source. This is because \r\nall CO2 originated from biomass is either already estimated and \r\nreported as CO2 emissions from AFOLU sector, or in the case of short\u0002rotation biomass, the original removal of CO2 from the atmosphere is \r\nnot reported and hence neither does the release of CO2 back into the \r\natmosphere need to be reported."


id: 5762795b98fcf347e6b081f9654a145f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12633
content:
"For fossil methane, the correct GWP100 value depends on the source, \r\nin other words, combustion source vs fugitive and process sources. \r\nFossil methane (fugitive and process) should use the higher GWP100 "


id: 52ba79fe036f3681e5871f192ee5f494
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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vector_id: 11832
content:
"indirect emissions in EDGAR using the IEA data. First, we match the \r\nsectors in EDGAR and IEA. Second, for each country and emissions \r\nsource available in the IEA database, we take the IEA indirect \r\nemissions value and divide it by the total IEA value for electricity and \r\nheat. Third, we multiply these values through by the EDGAR value for \r\nelectricity and heat. This procedure ensures that indirect emissions, \r\nin principle, sum to the correct total (EDGAR) value of electricity and \r\nheat that we use elsewhere in the reporting. However, total indirect \r\nemissions still do not sum to the total electricity and heat sector. This \r\nis due to an incomplete allocation of electricity and heat emissions \r\nin the IEA dataset, equal to 0.008 GtCO2 in 2018, or about 0.06% of \r\nthe total electricity and heat generation."


id: 5a627e817607346622ecfe701d85fd20
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13156
content:
"Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from fuel combusted to produce \r\nelectricity and heat are traditionally reported in the energy sector. \r\nAn indirect emissions accounting principle allocates these emissions \r\nto the end-use sectors (industry, buildings, transport, and agriculture) \r\nwhere the electricity and heat are ultimately consumed. Attributing \r\nindirect emissions to consuming sectors makes it possible to assess \r\nthe full potential impact of demand-side mitigation actions that \r\nreduce electricity and heat consumption (de la Rue du Can et al. 2015)."


id: fc710b65a952b79f5061a7ee7752f86b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41782
content:
"Additionally, a couple of adjustments were made to allocate \r\nemissions from IEA sector categories to IPCC categories from IPCC \r\nTask force definition as described in IPCC (2019) Guidelines (see \r\nSection 9). These include:"


id: d532fb367af9fdb13bdded3033353066
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34833
content:
"The base data for total global, regional and sectoral emissions in this \r\nreport is the EDGAR database (see Section 9). Since there are some \r\ndiscrepancies between the electricity and heat emissions totals in \r\nEDGAR and IEA, we make some adjustments in order to estimate "


id: 5ac74f7e98a18d3e21104244f2e742a1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13225
content:
"Table 13 | Feasibility dimensions and indicators to assess the barriers and enablers of implementing mitigation options."


id: 7841d14a7dcc8c009937f292d210734c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18369
content:
"other category was allocated to the other end-use sectors based \r\non the share of energy allocated to each of these sub-sectors for \r\neach region."


id: 5b6671cabafc6574a5f267222ca0bbac
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13325
content:
"The sectoral chapters in AR6 WGIII assess six dimensions of feasibility, \r\nwith each dimension comprising a key set of indicators that can be \r\nevaluated by combining various strands of literature (see Table 13). \r\nThe feasibility of systems-level changes is addressed in Chapter 3 of \r\nthis report. "


id: 3559eb041f7105dcccd02deac38927c6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6635
content:
"The sectoral chapters in this report assess to what extent the indicators \r\nin Table 13 would be enablers or barriers to implementation using the \r\nfollowing scores (Nilsson et al. 2016):"


id: e05f1e4fc1fd5fb7429b5147d5eecc75
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36728
content:
"Finally, it is also worth noting that indirect emissions only cover CO2\r\nemissions and that a small portion of non-CO2 are not included in \r\nthe IEA dataset and therefore have not been allocated to the end use \r\nsectors. Non-CO2 emissions from total electricity and heat generation \r\nrepresents 0.55% of all GHG emissions from that sector."


id: ab3a173b69e42881227b05b9404ad43e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27351
content:
"In this section we report on assessment methods adopted in the \r\nreport. Section 11 describes the methodology adopted for assessing \r\nthe feasibility of mitigation response options. Section 12 describes \r\nthe methodology adopted for assessing synergies and trade-offs \r\nbetween mitigation options and the SDGs."


id: fa5c4c8971b76c0163b7e0f09205ba4c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41411
content:
"The feasibility assessment aims to identify barriers and enablers of \r\nthe deployment of mitigation options and pathways. The assessment \r\norganises evidence to support decision making on actions and policies "


id: 575f41556a25186d4c3375a2829559b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12632
content:
"context-specific and therefore provides a detailed explanation in the \r\nsupplementary table of Chapter 17. "


id: 2e6e700f5693ff95d6990f8bfdf221d7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5445
content:
"Each sectoral chapter assesses to what extent the indicators listed \r\nabove would be an enabler or barrier to the implementation of \r\nselected mitigation options, by using the above scores. Then the total \r\nnumber of minus and plus points were computed, relative to the \r\nmaximum possible number of points, per feasibility dimensions, for \r\neach option; a + counts as two plus points, a - as two minus points, \r\nand a +- as one plus and one minus point. The resulting scores reveal \r\nthe extent to which each feasibility dimension enables or inhibits \r\nthe deployment of the relevant option, and indicates which type of \r\nadditional effort would be needed to reduce or remove barriers as to \r\nimprove the feasibility of relevant options."


id: c9c12bd7d825799434727c55c011dd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32824
content:
"For the assessment, the mitigation options were shortlisted from \r\neach of the sectoral chapters. The sectoral chapters assessed the \r\nliterature in terms of the impacts of each of these mitigation options \r\non the 17 SDGs. The assessment uses three signs: "


id: 4dcbea5492895c2e65fd220516aed911
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"In some cases, where there is gap in literature, these are left \r\nblank denoting that these impacts have not been assessed in the \r\nliterature included in the sectoral chapters. To support these signs, \r\nbrief statements are provided followed by uncertainty qualifiers in \r\nthe supplementary table of Chapter 17. These uncertainty qualifiers \r\ndenote the confidence levels (low, medium and high)."


id: bea55c92c19bd4aa05b2f6c7fb67c35a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30800
content:
"The assessment is based on the literature, which is reflected in a line \r\nof sight. When appropriate, it is indicated whether the feasibility \r\nof an option varies across context (e.g.,  region), scale (e.g.,  small, \r\nmedium, full scale), time (e.g., implementation in 2030 versus 2050) \r\nand warming level (e.g., 1.5degC versus 2degC). "


id: a440c8ef5a247d580000853fd219fc0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26091
content:
"Synergies and trade-offs may occur between the feasibility \r\ndimensions, and between specific mitigation options. Therefore, \r\nChapters 3 and 4 employ a systems perspective and discuss the \r\nfeasibility of mitigation scenarios and pathways in the long term \r\nand near to mid-term, respectively, on the basis of the feasibility \r\nassessments in the sectoral chapters taking into account such \r\nsynergies and trade-offs. Chapter  5 (demand, services and social \r\naspects of mitigation), Chapter 13 (national and sub-national policies \r\nand institutions), Chapter 14 (international cooperation), Chapter 15 \r\n(investment and finance) and Chapter  16 (innovation, technology \r\ndevelopment and transfer) address technological, economic, socio\u0002cultural and institutional enabling conditions that can enhance the \r\nfeasibility of options and remove relevant barriers."


id: 59e3e2212c9e66c6a6451da3d5d53f32
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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vector_id: 13059
content:
"Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 445-538. https://doi.\r\norg/10.1017/9781009157940.007."


id: 4f3d25fc9ddda7a2ee05469ad76b668d
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11227
content:
"UNSD, 1999: Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, Revision 4. \r\nhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/."


id: 569f9d02c9b32407bbfea3984083e4bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12497
content:
"Valentina Bosetti (Italy), James Edmonds (the United States of America), Manfred Fischedick \r\n(Germany), Petr Havlik (Austria/Czech Republic), Paulina Jaramillo (the United States of \r\nAmerica), Volker Krey (Germany/Austria), Franck Lecocq (France), Andre F.P. Lucena (Brazil), \r\nMalte Meinshausen (Australia/Germany), Sebastian Mirasgedis (Greece), Brian O'Neill (the United \r\nStates of America), Glen P. Peters (Norway/Australia), Joeri Rogelj (Belgium/United Kingdom), \r\nSteven Rose (the United States of America), Yamina Saheb (France/Algeria), Goran Strbac (Serbia/\r\nUnited Kingdom), Anders Hammer Stromman (Norway), Detlef P. van Vuuren (the Netherlands), \r\nNan Zhou (the United States of America)."


id: cdbc1b666a09a20a5651f81295bc4386
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33524
content:
"Alaa Al Khourdajie (United Kingdom/Syria), Hossein Ameli (Germany), Cornelia Auer \r\n(Germany), Nico Bauer (Germany), Edward Byers (Austria/Ireland), Michael Craig (the United \r\nStates of America), Bruno Cunha (Brazil), Stefan Frank (Austria), Jan S. Fuglestvedt (Norway), \r\nMathijs  Harmsen (the  Netherlands), Alan Jenn (the United States of America), Jarmo Kikstra \r\n(Austria/the Netherlands), Paul Kishimoto (Canada), Robin Lamboll (United Kingdom/the \r\nUnited States of America), Julien Lefevre (France), Eric Masanet (the United States of America), \r\nDavid McCollum (the United States of America), Zebedee Nicholls (Australia), Aleksandra \r\nNovikova (Germany/the Russian Federation), Simon Parkinson (Canada), Pedro Rochedo (Brazil), \r\nSasha Samadi (Germany), David Verez (Cuba/Spain), Sonia Yeh (Sweden)."


id: 649758edde0ca13a41a35196221dca31
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vector_id: 14972
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex III: Scenarios and modelling methods [Guivarch, C., E. Kriegler, J. Portugal-Pereira, V. Bosetti, \r\nJ. Edmonds, M. Fischedick, P. Havlik, P. Jaramillo, V. Krey, F. Lecocq, A. Lucena, M. Meinshausen, S. Mirasgedis, B. O'Neill, \r\nG.P. Peters, J. Rogelj, S. Rose, Y. Saheb, G. Strbac, A. Hammer Stromman, D.P. van Vuuren, N. Zhou (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: \r\nClimate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report \r\nof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, \r\nD.  McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. \r\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.022"


id: 7c7d5de8ad4f4b6912f56b08f0989058
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19102
content:
"Although this dichotomic classification has been mentioned in \r\nthe literature, since the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \r\nclimate mitigation models have evolved towards a  more hybrid\r\napproach incorporating attributes of both bottom-up and top-down\r\napproaches. This is partly due to different modelling communities \r\nhaving different understandings of these two approaches' principles, \r\nwhich can be misleading."


id: c52a7fc972d9cfb7dfca930497a65303
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31996
content:
"The use of scenarios and modelling methods are pillars in IPCC Working \r\nGroup III (WGIII) Assessment Reports. Past WGIII assessment report \r\ncycles identified knowledge gaps about the integration of modelling \r\nacross scales and disciplines, mainly between global integrated \r\nassessment modelling methods and bottom-up modelling insights of \r\nmitigation responses. The need to improve the transparency of model \r\nassumptions and enhance the communication of scenario results was \r\nalso recognised."


id: 6cf1daa1666b102585e4931ed316fae7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16445
content:
"This annex on Scenarios and Modelling Methods aims to address some \r\nof these gaps by detailing the modelling frameworks applied in the \r\nWGIII Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) chapters and disclose scenario \r\nassumptions and its key parameters. It has been explicitly included in \r\nthe Scoping Meeting Report of the WGIII contribution to the AR6 and \r\napproved by the IPCC Panel at the 46th Session of the Panel."


id: 4175a275c81cd598b2f7ecf578e28dfb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8707
content:
"The annex includes two parts: Part I on Modelling Methods summarises \r\nmethods and tools available to evaluate sectoral, technological and \r\nbehavioural mitigation responses as well as integrated assessment \r\nmodels (IAMs) for the analysis of 'whole system' transformation \r\npathways; Part II on Scenarios sets out the portfolio of climate \r\nchange scenarios and mitigation pathways assessed in the AR6 WGIII \r\nchapters, its underlying principles and interactions with scenario \r\nassessments by WGI and WGII."


id: da6d70347549a0585d2ad4c30069e23c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35728
content:
"Modelling frameworks vary vastly among themselves, and several \r\nkey characteristics can be used as basis for model classification \r\n(Scrieciu et al. 2013; Dodds et al. 2015; Hardt and O'Neill 2017; \r\nCapellan-Perez et al. 2020). Broadly, literature characterises models \r\nalong three dimensions: (i) level of detail and heterogeneity, \r\n(ii) mathematical algorithm concepts, and (iii) temporal and spatial \r\nsystem boundaries (Krey 2014)."


id: a6a3981c4c2b973c61057c5b1981bb44
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26530
content:
"Recursive-dynamic models, also known as myopic or limited \r\nforesight models, make decisions over sequential periods of time. For \r\neach time step, the solution is achieved without information on future "


id: 402e219723a693f5a61b357c3e7f3fea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8480
content:
"The most basic aspect to differentiate models is their main objective \r\nfunction, which includes the detail at which they represent key \r\nsectors, systems and agents. This affects the decision on methodology \r\nand other coverage aspects. Several models have been developed for \r\ndifferent sectoral representation, such as the energy (Annex III.I.3), \r\nbuildings (Annex III.I.4), transport (Annex III.I.5), industry \r\n(Annex III.I.6) and land-use (Annex III.I.7) models."


id: 99c2c9a1a29ae3b0d5eab45c2cd045c7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24279
content:
"Two different types of LCA approaches can be distinguished: \r\nAttributional Life Cycle Assessment (ALCA) and Consequential \r\nLife Cycle Assessment (CLCA). ALCA aims at describing the direct \r\nenvironmental impacts of a  product. It typically uses average \r\nand historical data to quantify the environmental burden during \r\na product's life cycle, and it tends to exclude market effects or other \r\nindirect effects of the production and consumption of products \r\n(Baitz 2017). CLCA, on the other hand, focuses on the effects of \r\nchanges due to product life cycle, including both consequences \r\ninside and outside the product life cycle (Earles and Halog 2011). \r\nThus, the system boundaries are generally expanded to represent \r\ndirect and indirect effects of products' outputs. CLCA tends to \r\ndescribe more complex systems than ALCA, which are highly \r\nsensitive to data assumptions (Plevin et al. 2014; Weidema et al. \r\n2018; Bamber et al. 2020)."


id: ef1aed1b326f4843eea7eedd7905277a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39440
content:
"Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are simplified \r\nrepresentations of complex physical and social systems, focusing \r\non the interaction between economy, society and the environment \r\n(Annex  III.I.9). They represent the coupled energy-economy-land\u0002climate system to varying degrees. In a  way, IAMs differ among \r\nthemselves on all the topics discussed in this section: significant \r\nvariation in geographical, sectoral, spatial and time resolution; they \r\nrely greatly on socio-economic assumptions; different technological \r\nrepresentation; partial or general equilibrium assumptions; \r\ndifferentiated between perfect foresight or recursive-dynamic \r\nmethodology. The difficulty in fully representing the extent of \r\nclimate damages in monetary terms may be the most important \r\nand challenging limitation of IAMs and it is mostly directed to cost\u0002benefit IAMs. However, all categories of IAMs present important \r\nlimitations (Annex III.I.9)."


id: f2c6ce43d5598771b93dd8cf7c23dd42
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40113
content:
"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an integrated technique to evaluate \r\nthe sustainability of a product throughout its life cycle. It quantifies \r\nthe environmental burdens associated with all stages from the \r\nextraction of raw materials, through the production of the product "


id: 4d7c4e849455d8a0c5a90df4c3b2f60d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10910
content:
"Following this brief synopsis of modelling taxonomies, Section I.2 \r\ndetails key aspects of economic frameworks and principles used to \r\nmodel climate mitigation responses and estimate their costs. Sections \r\nI.3, I.4, I.5, I.6, and I.7 present key aspects of sectoral modelling \r\napproaches in energy systems, buildings, transport, industry, and \r\nland use, respectively. Interactions between WGI climate emulators \r\nand WGIII mitigation models are described in Section I.8. A review \r\nof integrated assessment model approaches, their components \r\nand limitations, is presented in Section I.9. Sections I.10 and I.11 \r\npresent comparative tables of key characteristics and measures \r\nof national and global models that contributed to the AR6 WGIII \r\nscenario database."


id: 14751cc0800a47fe8dad51cbac7c400b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 822
content:
"Partial equilibrium frameworks do not cover the full economy \r\nbut only represent a  subset of economic sectors and markets \r\ndisconnected from the rest of the economy. They basically represent \r\nmarket balance and adjustments for a subset of sectors under ceteris \r\nparibus assumptions about other markets (labour, capital, etc.), \r\nincome, and so on, ignoring possible feedbacks. Partial equilibrium \r\nframeworks are used in sectoral models, as well as to model several \r\nsectors and markets at the same time - for example, energy and \r\nagriculture markets - in energy system models and some detailed \r\nprocess IAMs but still without covering the full economy."


id: 7ed53fe9730aa33f83e6a661ddebf372
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19470
content:
"Macro-econometric frameworks represent similar sectoral \r\ninterdependence with balance of payments as general equilibrium, \r\nand are sometimes considered a subset of the general equilibrium \r\nframework. They differ from standard neoclassical CGE models in \r\nthe main aspect that economic behaviours are not micro-founded \r\noptimising behaviours but are represented by macroeconomic and \r\nsectoral functions estimated through econometric techniques (Barker \r\nand Scrieciu 2010). In addition, they usually adopt a  demand\u0002led post-Keynesian approach where final demand and investment \r\ndetermine supply and not the other way around. Prices also do not \r\ninstantaneously clear markets and adjust with lag."


id: 2489104d6601c500be914c0908b8c724
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3619
content:
"Macro-economic growth frameworks are also full-economy \r\napproaches derived from aggregated growth models. They are \r\nbased on a  single macroeconomic production function combining \r\ncapital, labour and sometimes energy to produce a generic good for \r\nconsumption and investment. They are used as the macroeconomic \r\ncomponent of cost-benefit IAMs (Nordhaus 1993) and some \r\ndetailed-process IAMs."


id: c6342508611e2771169e85c175f4ba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32181
content:
"in AR6, including the uses of discounting. In cost-benefit analysis \r\n(CBA), discounting enables the comparison of mitigation costs and \r\nclimate change damage. In the context of mitigation and in cost\u0002effectiveness analysis (CEA), discounting allows the comparison of \r\nmitigation costs over time."


id: c473d574300df1a6b3e38f6a66499e36
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31865
content:
"and induced as a learning by doing process or as a result of R&D \r\ninvestments (learning-by-searching) (Loschel 2002)."


id: 491fd07f9f035ff7603708e8534a7122
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10091
content:
"In optimisation models a social discount rate is used to compare costs \r\nand benefits over time. In the case of partial equilibrium optimisation \r\nmodels, the objective is typically to minimise total discounted system \r\ncost. The social discount rate is then an exogenous parameter, \r\nwhich can be assumed constant or changing (generally decreasing) \r\nover time (e.g., Gambhir et al. (2017), where a 5% discount rate is \r\nused). In the case of intertemporal welfare optimisation models, \r\na Ramsey intertemporal optimisation framework is generally used, \r\nconsidering a representative agent who decides how to allocate her \r\nconsumption, and hence saving, over time, subject to a  resource \r\nconstraint. Ramsey (1928) shows that the solution must always \r\nsatisfy the Ramsey Equation, which provides the determinants of the \r\nsocial discount rate. The Ramsey Equation is given as follows:"


id: d31cd752399f11aa45d583ad4cb2a4b6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34483
content:
"Strategic interaction can also occur between regions, especially in \r\nthe presence of externalities such as climate change, energy prices \r\nor technology spillovers. Intertemporal models can include several \r\ntypes of strategic interaction: (i) a  cooperative Pareto optimal \r\nsolution where all externalities are internalised and based on the \r\nmaximisation of a global discounted welfare with weighted regional \r\nwelfare (Negishi weights), (ii) a  non-cooperative solution that is \r\nstrategically optimal for each region (Nash equilibrium) (Leimbach \r\net al. 2017b), and (iii) partially cooperative solutions (Eyckmans and \r\nTulkens 2003; Yang 2008; Brechet et al. 2011; Tulkens 2019), akin to \r\nclimate clubs (Nordhaus 2015).\r\n =  + "


id: 5ff91fd56d8f7a0fb4ca22c1f0d3cb5f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14193
content:
"Models cover different investment flows depending on the \r\neconomic framework used. Partial equilibrium models compute \r\nenergy system and/or sectoral (transport, building, industry, etc.) \r\ntechnology-specific investment flows associated with productive \r\ncapacities and equipment. Full-economy models compute both \r\nenergy system and macroeconomic investment, the second being \r\nused to increase macroeconomic capital stock. Full-economy multi\u0002sectoral models compute sector-specific (energy and non-energy \r\nsectors) investment and capital flows with some details about the \r\ninvestments goods involved."


id: 92b149a222972ad68c9cccae0448e48e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23023
content:
"Discounting is also used for ex post comparison of mitigation cost \r\npathways across models and scenarios. Values typically used for such \r\nex post comparison are 2-5% (e.g., Admiraal et al. 2016). Across this \r\nreport, whenever discounting is used for ex post comparisons, the \r\ndiscount rate applied is stated explicitly."


id: b0bb8ce4f062e666ed9990ba3abee789
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28322
content:
"Full-economy models differ in the representation of macro-finance. \r\nIn most CGE and macro-economic growth frameworks financial \r\nmechanisms are only implicit and total financial capacity and \r\ninvestment are constrained by savings. Consequently, investment in \r\na given sector (e.g., low-carbon energy) fully crowds out investment \r\nin other sectors. In macro-econometric frameworks, macro-finance is \r\nsometimes explicit, and investments can be financed by credit on top \r\nof savings, which implies more limited crowding out of investments \r\n(Mercure et al. 2019). Macro-financial constraints are usually not \r\naccounted for in partial equilibrium models."


id: 11481598159b74482a1972f8ed2c8880
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 236
content:
"The choice of the appropriate social discount rate (and the appropriate \r\nrate of pure time preference when applicable) is highly debated \r\n(e.g., Arrow et al. 2013; Gollier and Hammitt 2014; Polasky and Dampha \r\n2021) and two general approaches are commonly used. Based on \r\nethical principles, the prescriptive approach states that the discount \r\nrate should reflect how costs and benefits supported by different \r\ngenerations should be weighted. The descriptive approach identifies \r\nthe social discount rate to the risk-free rate of return to capital as \r\nobserved in the real economy, which generally yields higher values."


id: b9f67b993b7bc8048177fe26239992a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29941
content:
"Models compare economic flows over time through discounting. \r\nTable 5 summarises key characteristics of different models assessed "


id: c11a834a6acbe6068d7a4cb532530245
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31274
content:
"Dispatch model (EUCAD) (Despres 2015), SWITCH (Fripp 2012), GenX\r\n(TNO 2021), and Python for Power System Analysis (PyPSA) (Brown \r\net al. 2018) investigated these issues. SWITCH is a stochastic model, \r\nin which investments in renewable and conventional power plants \r\nare optimised over a  multi-year period (Fripp 2012). In GenX the \r\noperational flexibility as well as capacity planning is optimised from \r\na  system-wide perspective (TNO 2021). PyPSA is an optimisation \r\nmodel for modern electricity systems, including unit commitment of \r\ngeneration plants, renewable sources, storage, and interaction with \r\nother energy vectors (Brown et al. 2018)."


id: c5fe1803abe5fc69c06f51dcbe41b9a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32145
content:
"and a lower discount rate yields more abatement effort and lower \r\nglobal temperature increases (Stern 2006; Hansel et al. 2020). \r\nIn CEA, the choice of social discount rate influences the timing of \r\nemission reductions to limit warming to a given temperature level. \r\nA  lower discount rate increases short-term emissions reductions, \r\nlowers temperature overshoot, favours currently available mitigation \r\noptions (energy efficiency, renewable energy, etc.) over future \r\ndeployment of net negative emission options and distributes \r\nmitigation effort more evenly between generations (Emmerling et al. \r\n2019; Strefler et al. 2021b)."


id: aa182260f4d046c66b1339ce6956ba2f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27152
content:
"In the literature, the energy system models are categorised based on \r\ndifferent criteria, such as (i) energy sectors covered, (ii) geographical \r\ncoverage, (iii) time resolution, (iv) methodology, and (v) programming \r\ntechniques. In the following sections, examples on different types of \r\nenergy system models applied in Chapter 6 are presented."


id: 57558e3795e5ee7ded7a1c10eed7f192
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12622
content:
"A.III.I.3.1.1 Modelling Electricity System Operation and Planning \r\nwith Large-scale Penetration of Renewables"


id: ae79aa872013df89dbcb9b93b9c86193
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27930
content:
"A number of advanced grid modelling approaches have been \r\ndeveloped (Sani Hassan et al. 2018), such as robust optimisation \r\n(Jiang et al. 2012), interval optimisation (Dvorkin et al. 2015), or \r\nstochastic optimisation (Meibom et al. 2011; Monforti et al. 2014) to \r\noptimally schedule the operation of the future low-carbon systems \r\nwith high penetration of variable renewable energies. Advanced \r\nstochastic models demonstrated that this would not only lead to \r\nsignificantly higher cost of system management but may eventually \r\nlimit the ability of the system to accommodate renewable generation \r\n(Bistline and Young 2019; Hansen et al. 2019; Perez et al. 2019; \r\nBadesa et al. 2020). Modelling tools such as European Model for \r\nPower System Investment with Renewable Energy (EMPIRE) (Skar \r\net al. 2016), Renewable Energy Mix for Sustainable Electricity \r\nSupply (REMix) (Scholz et al. 2017), European Unit Commitment And "


id: b7cda55dfa609b30af6164d3841597e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29556
content:
"Several integrated models have been developed in order to study \r\nthe interaction between different energy vectors and whole-system \r\napproaches, such as Integrated Energy System Simulation model\r\n(IESM) (NREL 2020), Integrated Whole-Energy System (IWES) (Strbac \r\net al. 2018), UK TIMES (Daly and Fais 2014), and Calliope (Pfenninger \r\nand Pickering 2018)."


id: bbd805899cd9fedef386e3cc3420f649
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30281
content:
"IESM is an approach in which the multi-system energy challenge is \r\ninvestigated holistically rather than looking at each of the systems in \r\nisolation. IESM capabilities include co-optimisation across multiple "


id: db95bcf46851428667413a624882abe3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35920
content:
"as phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, and climate change mitigation \r\n(Burniaux and Chateau 2010)."


id: ea324081a8900c753fb49c12842e3578
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38554
content:
"energy systems, including electricity, natural gas, hydrogen, and water \r\nsystems. These provide the opportunity to perform hydro, thermal, \r\nand gas infrastructure investment and resource use coordination for \r\ntime horizons ranging from sub-hourly (markets and operations) to \r\nmulti-year (planning) (NREL 2020)."


id: f6d01ee429fa25184c004842d4e0093f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:27
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40793
content:
"In the EPPA model, different processes (e.g.,  economic and \r\ntechnological) which have impacts on the environment from regional \r\nto global at multiple scales are simulated. The outputs of this \r\nmodelling (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollutants) \r\nare provided to the MIT Earth System (MESM), which investigates the \r\ninteraction between sub-models of physical, dynamical and chemical \r\nprocesses in different systems (Chen et al. 2016)."


