# document

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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:05
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"Outcomes on risk reduction are typically expressed in ways that are \r\nspecific to the respective sector or context (e.g., as agricultural yields, \r\nhealth benefits or reduced water stress) highlighting that 'adaptation \r\nhas no common reference metrics in the same way that tonnes of \r\nGHGs or radiative forcing values are for mitigation' (IPCC, 2014: \r\n856). Assessments of adaptation progress therefore need to specify \r\nwhat they are measuring and how they are measuring it. The way \r\nadaptation is conceptualised, for example as a continuum between \r\nsuccessful adaptation and maladaptation (Section  17.1.1), and the \r\nway adaptation is framed, for example as a technical challenge or \r\na political process (Juhola et al., 2011; Bassett and Fogelman, 2013; \r\nEriksen et  al., 2015), shape the understanding of progress and its \r\nsubsequent measurement (Singh et al., 2021)."


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"Furthermore, people can be differently affected even in the same \r\nlocation owing to, among others, differential vulnerability among \r\nthe population (Reckien and Petkova, 2019; Thomas et  al., 2019). \r\nDifferent views and values can also affect what it means to adapt \r\n(Few et al., 2021). Assessments of adaptation progress therefore need \r\nto be transparent and reflective about how they define and measure \r\nadaptation and account for culturally and geographic contingent \r\nconcepts of what it means to adapt in light of the global diversity of \r\nlivelihoods and concepts."


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:05
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"The lack of knowledge on adaptation progress is associated with further \r\nmeasurement challenges, including that avoided impacts are difficult \r\nto measure and that risk levels change over time, meaning what is \r\neffective today may not be effective in the future (Brooks et al., 2011; \r\nPringle, 2011; Spearman and McGray, 2011; Villanueva, 2012; Bours \r\net al., 2014a). Moreover, adaptation is embedded in complex political \r\nand social realities where power and politics shape outcomes and \r\nwhere simplistic views of how adaptation would take place may be ill\u0002conceived (Nightingale, 2017; Mikulewicz, 2018; Mikulewicz, 2020). In \r\npractice, this means that theories of change of adaptation projects may \r\nmiss important causes of risks and could subsequently lead to inaccurate \r\nassessments (Forsyth, 2018). Measuring adaptation is therefore a matter \r\nof understanding drivers of vulnerability and risk and of designing \r\nresponses and M&E systems accordingly (UNFCCC, 2019a, section V)."


id: 90508c3f66bb7b6057f34e375699f88a
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"The importance of context and the dependence on viewpoints \r\nmake comparative assessments of adaptation across nations, \r\nregions or responses challenging. Comparison requires a consistent \r\nconceptualisation of adaptation, comparable units of analysis and \r\naccess to relevant data sets (Ford et al., 2015; Ford and Berrang-Ford, \r\n2016). Comparative adaptation policy assessments to date often lack "


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"Table 17.8 |  Countries in different stages of developing or operating a national adaptation M&E system as of 1 August 2021 (Source: Leiter, 2021b). Countries can appear twice \r\nif they have published both a progress report and an evaluation."


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"Authors: Matthias Garschagen (Germany), Timo Leiter (Germany/UK), Robbert Biesbroek (the Netherlands), Alexandre K. Magnan (France), \r\nDiana Reckien (the Netherlands/Germany), Mark New (South Africa), Lea Berrang-Ford (UK/Canada), So Min Cheong (Republic of Korea), \r\nLisa Schipper (Sweden/USA), Robert Lempert (USA)."


id: 4736d2696ba6e020e7fb5f008f784b99
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"This Cross-Chapter Box responds to a growing demand for assessing global climate change adaptation progress, which currently faces \r\nthe challenge of lacking consensus on how adaptation progress at this level can be tracked (high confidence). The box therefore assesses \r\nthe rationale and methodological approaches for understanding adaptation progress globally across sectors and regions. It discusses \r\nstrengths and weaknesses of existing approaches and sources of information, with a view towards informing the first Global Stocktake \r\nof the Paris Agreement in 2023."


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"Rationale for assessing adaptation progress at the global level\r\nGlobal assessments of adaptation are expected to help answer key questions of climate policy (Ford et al., 2015; UNEP, 2017; Adaptation \r\nCommittee, 2021) (limited evidence, high agreement), including: Do the observed, collective investments in adaptation lead humanity \r\nto being better able to avoid or reduce the negative consequences from climate change? Where is progress being made, and what gaps \r\nremain in the global adaptation response to climate risks?"


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"Assessing global progress on adaptation is therefore of high relevance to the scientific community, policymakers and other actors. Global \r\nassessments serve different information needs than local assessments, and their meaningfulness depends on the chosen approaches and \r\ntheir limitations. Aggregated global assessments of adaptation progress are therefore not meant to substitute place-specific ones but to \r\ncomplement them to enhance the knowledge base on adaptation beyond actions by or within individual countries. The Paris Agreement \r\nstipulates a Global Stocktake to be undertaken every 5 years to assess the collective progress towards its long-term goals, including "


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"on adaptation (UNFCCC, 2015, Article 14). Yet very few scientific studies have addressed the adaptation-specific aspects of the Global \r\nStocktake (Craft and Fisher, 2018; Tompkins et al., 2018), and there are different views and options on how assessing global progress \r\ncould take place (high confidence)."


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"Considerations in designing global adaptation assessments\r\nA number of key considerations for the design of global adaptation assessment approaches are discussed in the literature (Ford and \r\nBerrang-Ford, 2016; Berrang-Ford et al., 2017). Some of these involve trade-offs, such as global applicability versus context specificity, for \r\nwhich there is no simple solution. Design considerations directly depend on the objectives of global adaptation assessments, which can \r\ndiffer between actors and can include, for example, providing transparency, enabling accountability, understanding effectiveness or guiding \r\npolicy development (Section 17.5.2.1). The underlying objectives determine the suitability of approaches and the data requirements."


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"Global assessments may have the objective to compare adaptation over time and across sectors and regions (Ford et al., 2015). Such \r\ncomparison requires a consistent definition of concepts (Hall, 2017; Berrang-Ford et al., 2019) and the identification of variables that \r\nare both generic enough to be applicable from one context to another and specific enough to illustrate national circumstances. To date, \r\nfinding such balance has proven to be challenging (Dupuis and Biesbroek, 2013). The context dependence of adaptation outcomes poses \r\nlimits for meaningful comparisons. Even people exposed to the same climate hazard may be differentially affected due to varying levels \r\nof vulnerability and resilience (Jones et al., 2018; Thomas et al., 2019), meaning that perceptions on adaptation outcomes can also differ \r\n(Jones and d'Errico, 2019)."


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"The aggregation of data from local or regional to global scales can take different forms ranging from qualitative synthesis to quantitative \r\naggregation, which may involve condensing a diverse set of variables into a single score (Leiter, 2015; Section 17.5.2.3). In contrast to \r\nclimate change mitigation, adaptation does not have a global reference metric against which adaptation levels could be assessed to \r\nidentify progress or gaps. Experience from the Global Environment Facility, for example, has shown that mechanical aggregation based \r\non standardised indicators fails to capture what makes the greatest difference on the ground (Chen and Uitto, 2014)."


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"Adaptation progress at any spatial scale can in principle be assessed in terms of input (e.g., resources spent), process (i.e., the way \r\nadaptation is organised), output (i.e., adaptation capacities and actions) and outcomes (i.e., actual changes induced) (Section 17.5.2.2). \r\nDue to the challenges inherent in measuring adaptation outcomes (Sections 16.3, 17.5.1 and 17.5.2.5), most global assessments to \r\ndate have focused on outputs, such as whether countries have adopted adaptation plans (Berrang-Ford et al., 2021; UNEP, 2021a) (high \r\nconfidence). Understanding the effectiveness of adaptation responses globally requires a way to conceptualise and capture outcomes, \r\nfor example in terms of effective climate risk reduction, while avoiding simplifications that mask maladaptation at the global level, \r\nsuch as where climate risks are shifted to other countries, sectors or population groups (Cross-Chapter Box INTERREG in Chapter 16, \r\nSection 17.5.1)."


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"Assessment of existing approaches to assess adaptation progress at the global level\r\nOnly few global assessments of adaptation progress across sectors have been undertaken to date (high confidence). They focus, for \r\nexample, on whether countries have progressed their adaptation policies and actions over time (Lesnikowski et al., 2015; Nachmany \r\net al., 2019b), the extent of implemented adaptation globally (Leiter, 2021a; Leiter, 2021b), and the type and actors of responses (Berrang\u0002Ford et al., 2021), evidence for reduced vulnerability to climate-related hazards (Formetta and Feyen, 2019; UNDRR, 2019) or adaptation \r\nplanning in cities across the globe (Araos et al., 2016a; Reckien et al., 2018a; Olazabal et al., 2019a). Each of these assessments draws "


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"on different approaches and data, and all have particular potential but also limitations (Table Cross-Chapter Box PROGRESS.1) (high \r\nconfidence). The application of differing approaches shows that there is no single 'best' approach or data source to assess global progress \r\non adaptation (high confidence). Existing global assessments have provided valuable insights into the extent and types of responses and \r\ntheir level of planning and implementation (Section 16.3.2.4). However, they do not provide comprehensive and robust answers so far on \r\nwhether climate risk and vulnerability have been reduced (Berrang-Ford et al., 2021) (high confidence). As a result, combining different \r\napproaches and integrating data on climate risk levels, policy measures, implemented actions and their effects on climate risk reduction \r\nis currently regarded as the most robust approach (Berrang-Ford et al., 2019) (medium evidence, high agreement)."


id: 278eab7cecb8a101b2cc5d05a1b831a
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"Table Cross-Chapter Box PROGRESS.1 |  Key approaches and data sources used for global adaptation assessments."


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"The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) introduced a methodology to track the amount of bilateral official development \r\nassistance (ODA) that is targeting climate change mitigation and/or adaptation. It distinguishes whether activities have adaptation as a \r\n'principal' objective (score '2'), as a 'significant' objective (score '1') or as not targeting it (score '0') (OECD, 2016). The associated project \r\nvalue is counted in full, in part, or not counted as adaptation finance, respectively. Countries count the volume of partial adaptation \r\nprojects (score '1') to a different extent, which limits comparability and can lead to over-reporting (OECD, 2019). The first data on this \r\n'adaptation marker' became available in 2012 for the financial flows of 2010. It forms the basis for developed countries' reporting to the \r\nUNFCCC Secretariat on their financial commitments towards developing countries (Weikmans and Roberts, 2019)."


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"While a guidebook with requirements for adaptation as a principle or significant objective has been developed (OECD, 2016), several \r\nstudies have shown that OECD DAC donors tend to overestimate the number of activities in their portfolio that genuinely have adaptation \r\nobjectives (Michaelowa and Michaelowa, 2011; Weikmans et al., 2017; CARE, 2021). Hence, the amount of adaptation finance from \r\npublic sources may be lower than reported. The use of just three categories leads to a broad range of the extent of adaptation being \r\nconcentrated in the middle category ('significant objective'). Accordingly, the category 'principle objective adaptation' provides a more \r\nrobust predictor of the relevance of an activity to adaptation (Donner et al., 2016)."


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"Good coverage of adaptation finance data exists around international \r\npublic finance flows, predominantly official development assistance \r\nflows from OECD DAC members and from multi-lateral development \r\nbanks. Less data exist around domestic public finance and private \r\nfinance flows to adaptation activities, but data sources continue to \r\nbe further expanded, for example through climate change expenditure \r\ntagging and city-level data (Weikmans et al., 2017; UNFCCC SCF, 2018; \r\nRichmond et  al., 2021). Recent estimates of adaptation finance are \r\nprovided in UNFCCC SCF (2018), Macquarie et al. (2020) and Cross\u0002Chapter Box FAR in this Chapter."


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"Different types of evaluations are appropriate for different evaluation \r\nquestions (Silvestrini et al., 2015). Evaluations of the available evidence \r\nof effective adaptation, in particular topics or sectors, have emerged \r\nmore recently, for instance on mainstreaming (Runhaar et al., 2018) and \r\nagricultural climate services (Vaughan et al., 2019a). Impact evaluations \r\nof capacity building measures are important because capacity building \r\nis assumed to lead to adaptation, but its actual effects are seldom \r\nexamined (Mortreux and Barnett, 2017; Alpizar F and Meiselman, \r\n2019). If well designed and utilised for learning, evaluations can play \r\nan important role in improving adaptation responses (Hilden, 2011)."


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"Learning requires information about how and why change occurred and \r\nwhat experiences have been made (Feinstein, 2012). M&E is frequently \r\nassociated with learning, but it is rarely made explicit how learning \r\nis supposed to take place (Armitage et al., 2008; Baird et al., 2015; \r\nBorras and Holund, 2015). The design of adaptation M&E systems can \r\nsupport learning by gathering relevant information and disseminating \r\nit in a way that is accessible and effectively linked to decision-making \r\nprocesses (Spearman and McGray, 2011; Villanueva, 2012; Fisher \r\net al., 2015). Options include institutionalised feedback mechanisms, \r\npeer learning and knowledge sharing events, a learning culture and \r\nways to gather in-depth insights beyond indicators (ibid; Oswald and \r\nTaylor, 2010). Since AR5, adaptation programmes and funds such as "


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"Most adaptation M&E frameworks and tools proposed to date refer \r\nto monitoring rather than evaluation (high confidence) (Adaptation \r\nCommittee, 2016). Evaluations are envisioned to go beyond monitoring \r\nby examining how and why results have been achieved and what could \r\nbe improved (Brousselle and Buregeya, 2018; Vahamaki and Verger, \r\n2019). Evaluations of adaptation outcomes are still rare, particularly \r\nquantitative impact evaluations (Weldegebriel and Prowse, 2013; Das, \r\n2019; Bene et  al., 2020). Impact evaluations of adaptation need to \r\naddress several methodological as well as practical challenges (Dinshaw \r\net  al., 2014; Fisher et  al., 2015; Bene et  al., 2017; Puri et  al., 2020). "


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"the BRACED programme, the Adaptation Fund, the Climate Investment \r\nFunds and the Green Climate Fund have created knowledge-sharing \r\nunits and provide resources to support learning activities (BRACED, \r\n2015; Roehrer and Kouadio, 2015; Adaptation Fund, 2016; Leavy et al., \r\n2018; CIF, 2020; Puri et al., 2020), but there is little information about \r\ntheir longer-term effectiveness."


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"(Section  11.3.6), Central and South America (Section  12.5.6), Europe \r\n(Section  13.7.2), North America (Section  14.6.1) and Small Islands \r\n(Section 15.6.2), and poverty and livelihoods in Africa (Section 9.11.3), \r\nAsia (Sections  10.4.5, 10.5), Australasia (Section  11.4), Central and \r\nSouth America (Section 12.5.7), Europe (Section 13.8.2), North America \r\n(Section 14.6.1) and Small Islands (Section 15.3.4)."


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"These examples demonstrate that the emergence of climate risks can \r\nbe at different rates and different time horizons, and the interactions \r\nbetween risks vary from region to region (very high confidence). \r\nThe need to manage these risks in an integrated manner is readily \r\nidentified in the water-energy-food nexus (Box  9.5). However, in \r\nterms of climate resilient development, the need for integration is \r\ndemonstrated by the diverse and interacting impacts of climate risks \r\non ecosystems (Sections 2.7, 3.6), cities (Sections 6.2.3, 6.2.4, Boxes \r\n6.2, 6.3), health (Section 7.4), and poverty and livelihoods (Section 8.6)."


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"Since WGII AR5, new methods for simultaneously considering multiple \r\nsocietal and sectoral objectives, climate risks and adaptation options \r\nhave emerged (Section 17.3.2; Adam et al., 2014; Hadka et al., 2015; \r\nGarner et al., 2016; Rosenzweig et al., 2017; Giupponi and Gain, 2017a; \r\nStelzenmuller et al., 2018; Marchau et al., 2019), including methods \r\nfor accounting for different sources of uncertainty and types of risk \r\n(Section 17.3.1; Giupponi and Gain, 2017a). Different decision-making \r\napproaches can be complementary (high confidence) (Section 17.3.1; \r\nKwakkel et al., 2016), and multiple approaches will likely be necessary \r\nin managing the risks across sectors, over different spatial scales, and \r\nover short to long time scales (medium confidence) (Cross-Chapter \r\nBox PROGRESS in this Chapter; Girard et al., 2015; Rouillard and Spray, \r\n2016)."


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"Deciding on which adaptations to adopt when managing climate \r\nrisks inevitably needs examination of trade-offs in outcomes (very \r\nhigh confidence) (Sections 17.3.1, 17.5.1; Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB \r\nin Chapter 18). A current difficulty with integrated assessments is to \r\ndevelop a set of metrics that are appropriately scaled for the different \r\nsectors or outcomes to be compared (e.g., Sections 12.5.2.6, 17.3.1, \r\n17.5.2; Cross-Chapter Box  PROGRESS in this Chapter). For climate \r\nresilient development, dimensions of poverty, equity, justice and health \r\nneed to be factored into analyses (Boxes 17.1, 17.5), many of which \r\nare difficult to quantify (high confidence) (Section 18.2.4). Moreover, \r\nuncertainties on the interactions within and between sectors can \r\nmake trade-off analyses uneven in their precision across sectors and \r\nuncertain as to the outcome of an implemented adaptation (medium \r\nconfidence) (Sections 4.7.2, 17.4, 17.5)."


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"Expertise and resources for using tools and approaches for integrated \r\nrisk management vary between the developed and developing \r\ncountries (high confidence) (e.g., Section  4.7.2). Exploration of \r\nadaptation scenarios can be derived from Earth System Models (high \r\nconfidence) (e.g., Sections 4.7.1.2, 11.7.3.1). However, the feasibility \r\nof possible adaptations and the degree to which they are likely to be \r\neffective (Box  17.1) will require further exploration as success will "


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"Hence, satisfactorily managing intersecting climate risks in different \r\nsettings, of which RKRs provide examples, is central to achieving \r\nsustainable development (high confidence) (Section 16.6.4), requiring \r\nintegrated risk management within and across regions, jurisdictions, \r\nsectors and ecosystems (high confidence) (see CCP5.4.2, CCP5.4.3). \r\nIterative processes will enable measuring progress and updating \r\nadaptation at a satisfactory rate, to account for the different needs \r\nwithin regions and across sectors at different times (high confidence). \r\nThe degree to which equity and justice will be achieved will be \r\ndetermined by the participatory processes in deciding on suitable \r\nadaptation options, the investment in the adaptation processes and \r\nthe coordination and collaboration built among institutions and people \r\nacross regions (high confidence)."


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"This chapter has assessed and detailed a number of decision-making \r\ntools (Section 17.3) and enabling mechanisms and catalysing conditions \r\n(Section 17.4) that could be used in mainstreaming the management \r\nof climate risk and adaptation in the sustainable development of \r\ncommunities, different sectors and nations. Since AR5, the challenges \r\nfacing the management of climate risks have been articulated (Adger \r\net  al., 2018; Balasubramanian, 2018), and greater clarity on the \r\nsteps that could be taken to better mainstream adaptation has been \r\ndeveloped (high confidence) (Cuevas, 2016; Giupponi and Gain, 2017a; \r\nGomez-Echeverri, 2018; Sanchez Rodriguez et al., 2018). Nevertheless, \r\nthe choice of decision processes is recognised as being dependent on \r\na variety of local factors influencing development (Ayers et al., 2014; \r\nSzabo et al., 2016)."


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"Adaptation strategies or plans, some of which incorporate elements \r\nof climate resilient development, have been developed in many \r\njurisdictions from local (Cuevas, 2016; Araos et  al., 2016a; Reckien \r\net al., 2018a; Gopfert et al., 2019) to provincial/state (Warnken and \r\nMosadeghi, 2018) to national governments (Markolf et  al., 2015; \r\nCSIRO, 2018; Warnken and Mosadeghi, 2018; Brown et  al., 2018a; \r\nTable 17.8). National Adaptation Plans have been a requirement under \r\nthe UNFCCC and establish the general approach taken by nations for \r\nadapting to climate change (Woodruff and Regan, 2019). Integrated \r\nrisk assessments and adaptation processes are being developed but \r\nwith much less experience evident in their implementation (high \r\nconfidence) (Wise et al., 2014; Woodruff and Stults, 2016; Brown et al., \r\n2018a)."


id: a5609662233120eef6cffc1719b153a5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"FAQ 17.1 | Which guidelines, instruments and resources are available for decision makers to recognise climate risks \r\nand decide on the best course of action?"


id: 9ef27088376506586b5343e6de4659bd
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"A great challenge for decision makers is how to choose effective options when the future is uncertain. Uncertainty \r\ncan arise not just in the statistical error of the magnitude of risk but also in the nature and consequence of risk from \r\nuncertainty about mechanisms that link areas of concern to hazards, uncertainty in the decision processes themselves \r\nand so on. Methods are available to help develop no-regret options, commonly referred to as decision-making \r\nunder conditions of deep uncertainty'."


id: c21c9626dcdb8040f43fb95c819c29da
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Managing uncertainty with forward-looking processes needs to be more deliberative and oriented towards building \r\ntrust in a collaborative process. Building relationships through informal, bottom-up processes enables this to occur. \r\nTop-down planning processes are important for ensuring that the management of risks and opportunities do not \r\nend up with maladaptations and that the approaches are equitable and proportional to that which is needed to \r\nmanage the risks."


id: de75e33b68e05a12941a1668e2257e59
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
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content:
"What do we mean by 'climate finance'?\r\nThe UNFCCC has no formally agreed upon definition of climate finance. The current IPCC definition is: 'the financial \r\nresources devoted to addressing climate change by all public and private actors from global to local scales, including international financial \r\nflows to developing countries to assist them in addressing climate change' (see Annex II: Glossary)."


id: ff227083062447f1bdf2b93aa54a317a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
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content:
"Financial resources might be needed for a range of adaptation and resilience building activities. These include \r\nresearch, education and capacity building; development of laws, regulations and standards; provision of climate \r\nservices and other information; reducing the vulnerability of existing assets, activities and services; and ensuring \r\nfuture development--such as new infrastructure, settlements, health services and business activities--is climate \r\nresilient. Finance is also needed to recover and rebuild from the damage of climate hazards that cannot be \r\ncompletely avoided through adaptation. Adaptation actions can be undertaken by many different actors, alone or \r\nin partnership, including national and sub-national governments, public and private utilities, businesses of varying \r\nsize, communities, households and individuals."


id: 4ccbfeeb60c25cbf1b03767b12400374
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Table FAQ17.2.1 |  Examples of adaptation and resilience activities that might need to be financed"


id: f19b3270d990f310f855b2a8b94ffa1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"How much finance is needed?\r\nThe amount of adaptation finance depends on global, regional and local factors, including: the amount and timing \r\nof global warming, and how this translates into impacts and adaptation needs across the world; the levels of \r\nadaptation already in place; the type of risk being adapted to; and the adaptation options being chosen, including \r\nwhether the adaptation required is incremental or transformational."


id: cdfea6c8993cfc52c5a7e0d4bef900e0
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content:
"The most-mentioned figure for finance need is the developed countries' commitment to provide USD 100 billion per \r\nyear by 2020 to support developing countries' efforts in mitigation and adaptation. Negotiations will start in 2021 \r\non updating this amount for 2025. While sometimes thought to represent the actual cost of responding to climate \r\nchange in developing countries, this is not the case. More recent estimates of the global cost of adaptation by 2030 \r\nacross developed and developing countries range between about USD 80 and 300 billion per year."


id: cb295a91ae38cef6419bb15513fc3b8f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"What types of finance are available?\r\nFour main types (or instruments) of finance are currently being used to support adaptation. These different types \r\nare not mutually exclusive; grants can be combined with loans to provide blended finance."


id: 29d603f7521f831cc9a592d369729f7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Grants are useful for a range of adaptation actions where it is hard to generate a financial return. These include \r\ncapacity-building activities, piloting new adaptation innovations, high-risk investment settings or projects where \r\nthere are considerable non-financial benefits. In contrast, loans and other debt instruments can often support \r\nlarger investments, for example for scaling out of successful pilot projects or for building adaptation and resilience \r\ninto general development investment. To date, a large proportion of international climate finance for adaptation \r\nin developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania, has been grant led, sourced from OECD \r\npublic funds, indicating that in many instances financing via loans is either considered too risky by the commercial \r\ninvestment sector or it has been hard to demonstrate sufficient return on investment."


id: 30e56e6ac31cc480c3efdbc1476fd19f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5856
content:
"FAQ 17.3 | Why is adaptation planning along a spectrum from incremental to transformational adaptation \r\nimportant in a warming world?"


id: 6aa7d8f2cd385375393fb8865682e643
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16047
content:
"FAQ 17.4 | Given the existing state of adaptation, and the remaining risks that are not being managed, who bears \r\nthe burden of these residual risks around the world?"


id: 997e3ee55b96d8659b732f708cb27734
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
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content:
"Adaptation aims to reduce exposure and vulnerability to climate change by responding to dynamic and multi-scalar \r\ncombinations of climatic risks. What might be seen as successful at one scale or at one point in time might not be \r\nat another, particularly if climate risks continue to rise. Moreover, the benefits of adaptation interventions may not \r\nreach all intended beneficiaries or everyone affected by climate impact and risk, causing different people to have \r\ndifferent views on how successful adaptation has been."


id: d544e3ff30036151876fdd415bf5c5fc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34846
content:
"There is, therefore, no universal way to measure adaptation success, but there is high agreement that success is \r\nassociated with a reduction of climate risks and vulnerabilities (for humans and ecosystems) and an equitable \r\nbalancing of synergies and trade-offs across diverse objectives, perspectives, expectations and values. Adaptation \r\nthat is successful is also commonly expected to be inclusive of different socioeconomic groups, especially the most \r\nvulnerable, and to be based on flexible and integrative planning processes that take into account different climate \r\nscenarios."


id: 77c88040871c80cf12fa4cc865d70cb6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18285
content:
"Assessments of adaptation need to be transparent about how they are measuring success. Monitoring and \r\nEvaluation (M&E) can be used to track progress and evaluate success and to identify if course corrections during \r\nadaptation implementation are needed to achieve the envisaged objectives. Given the diversity of adaptation \r\nactions and contexts, no one-size-fits-all approach to M&E and no common reference metrics for adaptation exist. \r\nTo date, assessments of progress of adaptation have often focused on processes and outputs (i.e., actions taken, \r\nsuch as adaptation plans adopted) that are easier to measure than the effects of these actions in terms of long-term \r\nreduction of risks and vulnerabilities. However, knowledge about the outcomes in terms of reducing climate risk, \r\nimpact and vulnerability is critically required to know if adaptation has been successful."


id: 99587b31359ff23205a15fbf7359c00d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24197
content:
"Figure FAQ17.5.1 |  Contribution of adaptation options to potentially successful adaptation and to the risk of maladaptation. Note: A similar \r\nfigure is part of Section 17.5.1."


id: 890c41cd22d1aa310bea3a262033bbd2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21274
content:
"Coordinating Lead Authors: E. Lisa F. Schipper (Sweden/UK), Aromar Revi (India), Benjamin L. \r\nPreston (Australia/USA)"


id: c710988382f7e936dfcac70e97e768b3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32340
content:
"Lead Authors: Edward. R. Carr (USA), Siri H. Eriksen (Norway), Luis R. Fernandez-Carril (Mexico), \r\nBruce Glavovic (South Africa/New Zealand), Nathalie J.M. Hilmi (France/Monaco), Debora Ley \r\n(Mexico/Guatemala), Rupa Mukerji (India/Switzerland), M. Silvia Muylaert de Araujo (Brazil), \r\nRosa Perez (Philippines), Steven K. Rose (USA), Pramod K. Singh (India)"


id: 8b2adcdecd53a118230e9cebb463af3f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21648
content:
"Schipper, E.L.F., A. Revi, B.L. Preston, E.R. Carr, S.H. Eriksen, L.R. Fernandez-Carril, B.C. Glavovic, N.J.M. Hilmi, D. Ley, \r\nR. Mukerji, M.S. Muylaert de Araujo, R. Perez, S.K. Rose, and P.K. Singh, 2022: Climate Resilient Development Pathways. \r\nIn: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, \r\nK. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University \r\nPress, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2655-2807, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.027."


id: 5d512be87de3389876086ed4355dc2db
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13701
content:
"FAQ 18.2 | What is climate resilient development \r\nand how can climate change adaptation (measures) \r\ncontribute to achieving this?  2734"


id: 3946ba1d223de216efe2936980d65029
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7291
content:
"FAQ 18.3 | How can different actors across society \r\nand levels of government be empowered to pursue \r\nclimate resilient development?  2736"


id: 661851dee2e65028b9c0d22856f213d1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15225
content:
"FAQ 18.4 | What role do transitions and transformations \r\nin energy, urban and infrastructure, industrial, \r\nland and ocean ecosystems, and in society, play in \r\nclimate resilient development?  2736"


id: e0ae7f6516c2db1bac3c38bec527973e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36787
content:
"Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB | Feasibility Assessment of \r\nAdaptation Options: An Update of the SR1.5  2769"


id: f60ded2782fd3a2c33f0ec432fda1ebd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40645
content:
"Prospects for transformation towards CRD increase when key \r\ngovernance actors work together in inclusive and constructive \r\nways to create a set of appropriate enabling conditions \r\n{Section  18.4.2} (high confidence). These enabling conditions \r\ninclude effective governance and information flow, policy frameworks "


id: 150cd6a3b534aea6ade5ab898a360f2e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 916
content:
"and education and training that currently limit their implementation \r\nto certain settings {Section  18.5}. Notwithstanding national and \r\nregional differences, development practices that are aligned to people, \r\nprosperity, partnerships, peace and the planet, as defined in Agenda \r\n2030, could enable more CRD {Figure 18.1}."


id: da6badb5401c9edbac04620f863ed9e6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35726
content:
"that incentivise sustainability solutions; adequate financing for \r\nadaptation, mitigation and sustainable development; institutional \r\ncapacity; science, technology and innovation; monitoring and \r\nevaluation of climate resilient development policies, programmes \r\nand practices; and international cooperation. Investment in social \r\nand technological innovation could generate the knowledge and \r\nentrepreneurship needed to catalyse system transitions and their \r\ntransfer. The implementation of policies that incentivise the deployment \r\nof low-carbon technologies and practices within specific sectors such \r\nas energy, buildings and agriculture could accelerate greenhouse gas \r\nmitigation and deployment of climate-resilient infrastructure in urban \r\nand rural areas. Civic engagement is an important element of building \r\nsocietal consensus and reducing barriers to action on adaptation, \r\nmitigation and sustainable development {Section 18.4}."


id: 77e87a8bbe7b1cfa3bc82206796363b2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18299
content:
"This chapter therefore focuses on assessing this more recent literature \r\nand the diverse scientific understandings of CRD and the pathways \r\nfor pursuing it. Notably, this chapter takes off where Chapters 16 \r\nand 17 end: recognising the decision-making context to address the \r\nrepresentative key risks and their intersections with development, \r\namong others. This chapter therefore highlights not only how climate \r\nrisk undermines CRD, but also how current patterns of development \r\ncontribute to climate risk, both generally and in different sectoral and \r\nregional contexts. In particular, this chapter focuses on achieving CRD \r\nthrough systems transitions, discussing these in relation to societal \r\ntransformation, and how different actors engage one another in order \r\nto pursue policy and practice consistent with CRD."


id: 3bd519be327a3670ea7429f27f5bd0c0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7717
content:
"Past, present and future concentrations of greenhouse gases in the \r\natmosphere are the direct result of both natural and anthropogenic \r\ngreenhouse gas emissions which are, in turn, a function of past and \r\ncurrent patterns of human and economic development (very high \r\nconfidence, WGI SPM [IPCC, 2021b]). This includes development \r\nprocesses that drive land use change, extractive industries, \r\nmanufacturing and trade, energy production, food production, \r\ninfrastructure development and transportation. These patterns of \r\ndevelopment are therefore drivers of current and future climate risk \r\nto specific sectors, regions and populations (Byers et  al., 2018), as "


id: 94190e9f3ceb853aff36492b1a309203
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23260
content:
"well as the demand for both mitigation and adaptation as a means of \r\npreventing climate change from undermining development goals. The \r\nSDGs represent targets for supporting human and ecological well-being \r\nin a sustainable manner. Yet, while progress is being made towards a \r\nnumber of the SDGs, success in achieving all of the SDGs by 2030 \r\nacross all global regions remains uncertain (high agreement, medium \r\nevidence) (United Nations, 2021). Moreover, current commitments to \r\nreduce greenhouse gas emissions are not yet consistent with limiting \r\nchanges in global mean temperature elevation to well-below 2degC or \r\n1.5degC (very high confidence) (IPCC, 2018a) (see also Section 18.2)."


id: 74e9c610b82dc1e05807f8ea268a6b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17802
content:
"a background of autonomous developments, leading to a specific \r\nfuture situation' (Haasnoot et  al., 2013; Bourgeois, 2015). As such, \r\na pathway represents changes over time in response to policies and \r\npractices, as well spontaneous and exogenous events. For example, \r\nthe SR1.5 report suggested that CRD pathways are 'a conceptual and \r\naspirational idea for steering societies towards low-carbon, prosperous \r\nand ecologically safe futures' (Roy et  al., 2018: 468), and a way to \r\nhighlight the complexity of decision making processes at different \r\nlevels. Here, consistent with the aforementioned definition of CRD, we \r\ndefine CRD pathways as development trajectories that successfully \r\nintegrate mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development."


id: 9567de97feffe09d985e44a33cff7e9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23486
content:
"One approach for operationalising the concept of CRD in a decision \r\nmaking context is to link the concept of CRD to that of pathways \r\n(Figure  18.1). A pathway can be defined as 'a trajectory in time, \r\nreflecting a particular sequence of actions and consequences against "


id: 52ef2b01df7b8b336a88faf62809ab59
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11854
content:
"This understanding of CRD implies that different actors--governments, \r\nbusinesses and civic organisations--will have to design and navigate \r\ntheir own CRD pathways towards climate-resilient and sustainable \r\ndevelopment. This includes determining the appropriate balance of \r\nadaptation, mitigation and sustainable development actions and \r\ninvestments that are consistent with individual actors' development \r\ncircumstances and goals, while also ensuring that the collective actions \r\nremain consistent with global agreements and goals (such as the SDGs, \r\nSendai Framework and the Paris Agreement; Section 18.1.3), planetary \r\nboundaries and other principles of CRD including social justice and \r\nequity (Roy et al., 2018). Empowering individual actors to pursue CRD \r\nin a context-specific manner while coordinating action among actors \r\nand a diversity of scales, local to global, is a key challenge associated \r\nwith achieving CRD (high agreement, limited evidence)."


id: ee27832281eb72f92d0eb921797f64d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39272
content:
"As reflected in Chapter 1 of the AR6 WGII report, CRD is emerging as one \r\nof the guiding principles for climate policy, both at the international level \r\n(Denton et al., 2014; Segger, 2016), as reflected in the Paris Agreement \r\n(Article 2, UNFCCC, 2015), and within specific countries (Simonet and \r\nJobbins, 2016; Kim et  al., 2017b; Vincent and Colenbrander, 2018; \r\nYalew, 2020). This framing of development recognises the risks posed \r\nby climate change to development objectives (Section 18.2; see also \r\nChapter 16); the opportunities, constraints and limits associated with \r\nreducing risk through adaptation; synergies and trade-offs between \r\nmitigation, adaptation and sustainable development (Sections 18.2.5, \r\n18.5, Box 18.4); and the role of system transitions in enabling large\u0002scale transformations that limit future global warming to less than \r\n1.5degC, while boosting resilience (IPCC, 2018a) (Section 18.3, Box 18.1)."


id: f5f5fa94449e4bc24951c0bd74e85e40
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40626
content:
"Since the AR5, the volume of research at the nexus of climate action and \r\nsustainable development has changed markedly (very high confidence). \r\nA rapidly growing, multi-disciplinary literature has emerged on CRD \r\n(Mitchell et al., 2015; Clapp and Sillmann, 2019; Hardoy et al., 2019; \r\nYalew, 2020) and associated pathways (Naess et  al., 2015; Winkler \r\nand Dubash, 2016; Brechin and Espinoza, 2017; Solecki et al., 2017; \r\nEllis and Tschakert, 2019) (Section 18.2.2). Nevertheless, the concept \r\nof resilience generally, and CRD specifically, has come under increasing "


id: d691e6ffda7e09a52a4e60faca08c4ae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35055
content:
"change (Box 18.1). The qualities that describe sustainable development \r\nprocesses (e.g., social justice, alternative development models, equity \r\nand solidarity, as described above and in Figure 18.1) lead to short\u0002term outcomes and conditions, such as those represented by SDGs, \r\nthat in an iterative fashion enable or constraint subsequent efforts \r\ntowards CRD. For example, success or failure in achieving the SDGs or \r\nthe Paris Agreement would shape future efforts in pursuit of CRD and \r\nthe options available to different actors."


id: a2929e808ee9e2094169709bf1468aae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25816
content:
"mitigation options and how the implementation of these strategies \r\ninteracts with broader sustainable development efforts and goals. This \r\ninterdependence between patterns of development, climate risk and \r\nthe demand for mitigation and adaptation action is fundamental to the \r\nconcept of CRD (Fankhauser and McDermott, 2016). Therefore, climate \r\nchange and sustainable development cannot be assessed or planned \r\nin isolation of one another."


id: 1dc8bb878a130aeb19518ecf2d7e8d0f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2428
content:
"In operationalising the aforementioned definitions of CRD and \r\nCRDP, this chapter builds its assessment around five core elements \r\nthat provide insights relevant to policymakers actively pursuing the \r\nintegration of climate resilience into development. First, as noted \r\nabove, climate change poses a potential risk to the achievement of \r\ndevelopment goals, including global goals such as the SDGs, as well as \r\nnationally or locally specific goals. Accordingly, Chapter 16's discussion \r\nof key risks, their implications for the SDGs and the options for risk \r\nmanagement are fundamental to the pursuit of CRD. This includes \r\nthe opportunities for implementing adaptation, mitigation or other \r\nrisk management options. Yet the management of climate risk must \r\nbe accompanied by interventions that address social and ecological \r\nvulnerabilities that enhance climate risk."


id: b10c3a57eceb95e83fbe86769efb401f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Second, CRD is dependent on achieving transitions in key systems \r\nincluding energy, land and ecosystem, urban and infrastructure, and \r\nindustrial systems (very high confidence) (Box  18.1, Figure  18.3). In \r\nthis context, CRD links to the discussion of system transitions in the \r\nSR1.5 report (IPCC, 2018b; IPCC, 2018a). However, in building on the \r\nSR1.5, here the assessment of CRD also recognises the importance of \r\ntransitions in societal systems that drive innovation, preferences for \r\nalternative patterns of consumption and development, and the power \r\nrelationships among different actors that engage in CRD. In particular, \r\nthe rate at which actors can achieve system transitions has important \r\nimplications for the pursuit of CRD. Transitions that are slow to evolve \r\nor that are more incremental in nature may not be sufficient to enable \r\nCRD in comparison with faster transitions that contribute to more \r\nfundamental system transformations."


id: 2029cf7fb32c76fc108a14c41c3dce4b
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"This chapter engages with understanding CRD and the pathways to \r\nachieving it by building on the concepts introduced in Chapter 1 of this \r\nWorking Group II report, as well as the regional and sectoral context \r\npresented in other chapters (Section 18.5). Notably, this chapter takes \r\noff where Chapters 16 and 17 end: recognising the significance of \r\nthe representative key risks for CRD and the decision making context \r\nof different actors who are implementing policies and practices to \r\npursue different CRD pathways and manage climate risk. Therefore, \r\nthis chapter assesses options for pursuing CRD and the broader system \r\ntransitions and enabling conditions in support of CRD."


id: c14ed6e0af37108ede49749312b248ea
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"Third, equity and social justice are consistently identified in the literature \r\nas being central to CRD (very high confidence; Sections 18.1.1, 18.3.1.5, \r\n18.4, 18.5). This includes designing and implementing adaptation, \r\nresilience and climate risk management options in a manner that \r\npromotes equity in the allocation of the costs and benefits of those \r\noptions. Similarly, the literature on CRD emphasises equity should \r\nbe pursued in the implementation of options for greenhouse gas \r\nmitigation, transitions in energy systems and low-carbon development. \r\nThis emphasis on equity is consistent with the SDGs which place \r\nan emphasis on reducing inequality and achieving sustainable \r\ndevelopment for all."


id: d2d578c93b41295810c35ced32725fad
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"Fourth, success in CRD and alignment of development interventions to \r\nCRDPs is contingent on the presence of multiple enabling conditions \r\n(very high confidence, Section 18.4.2), that operate at different scales \r\nranging from those that provide capacity to implement specific \r\nadaptation options to those that enable large-scale transformational "


id: eea012e88c85c01e02c79015e7bfc952
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"In assessing the opportunities and constraints associated with \r\nthe pursuit of sustainable development, this chapter proceeds in \r\nSection  18.2 to assess the links between sustainable development \r\nand climate action, including examination of current patterns of \r\ndevelopment and consideration for synergies and trade-offs among \r\ndifferent strategies and options. Then, in Section  18.3, the chapter \r\nassesses five systems transitions to identify the shifts in development "


id: 1e01df15edf825911ae30f9065750a3b
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"that would enable CRD. Section  18.4 assesses the role of different \r\nactors in the pursuit of CRD as well as the public and private arenas \r\nin which they engage. Section 18.5 synthesises CRD assessments from \r\ndifferent WGII sectoral and regional chapters to identify commonalities \r\nand differences. The chapter concludes in Section 18.6 with a summary \r\nof key opportunities for enhancing the knowledge needed to enable \r\ndifferent actors to pursue CRD."


id: a95796ba9d547306df91cbf1c1efeda9
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"Evidence for transformative actions largely exists at the community or city level. While identifying how to rapidly and equitably generate \r\ntransformations at a global scale has remained elusive, there is high agreement but limited evidence from studies of ecosystem services \r\nthat suggest facilitating a wide range of locally appropriate management decisions and actions can bring about positive global-scale \r\noutcomes (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Diverse local efforts to transform towards sustainability in the face of climate "


id: ad729956e18d86d87edc866db0566c36
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"change have been observed, such as community mobilisation for equitable and just adaptation actions and alternative visions of societal \r\nwell-being (Shi, 2020b) and farmer-led shifts in agricultural production systems (Rosenberg, 2021). There has been an increase in \r\ntransformative actions taking place through city-level resilience building aimed at shifting inequitable relations and opening up space for \r\na plurality of actors (Rosenzweig and Solecki, 2018; Ziervogel et al., 2021) (high confidence)."


id: 65b322da33ba3765938fbab96ce61815
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"The government of Kenya's (GoK) ambition through Vision 2030 is to create a globally competitive and prosperous country with a high \r\nquality of life by 2030. It aims to transform Kenya into a newly-industrialising, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to \r\nall its citizens in a clean and secure environment."


id: 5401643f2d81f1a75d9adcdf9b294b5c
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"international capital, foreign investors and incorporation into global markets (Cormack, 2016; Kochore, 2016; Mosley and Watson, 2016; \r\nEnns and Bersaglio, 2020), as well as increasing militarisation and conflict in the drylands (Lind, 2018). Allied to these social and political \r\ndynamics are ongoing processes of habitat modification and degradation and biophysical changes linked in part to climate variability \r\n(Galvin, 2009; Mganga et al., 2015). The interconnected nature of these drivers will intersect with LAPSSET in myriad ways. For example, \r\nthe implementation of LAPSSET may accentuate some trends, such as increases in land enclosure and a shift towards more urban and \r\nsedentary livelihoods (Lesutis, 2020). Conversely, the perceived threat LAPSSET could pose to pastoral lifestyles may lead to greater \r\nvisibility, solidarity and strength of pastoralist institutions (Cormack, 2016)."


id: 10a5c6afa49f0d2e707a0ecff754993f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"sustainable development as well as mechanisms for capitalising on \r\npotential synergies between them and for managing trade-offs. In \r\nassessing literature relevant to the intersection between climate \r\naction and development, we first explore the implications of different \r\npatterns of development and development trajectories followed by \r\nmore focused assessment of the links between development and \r\nclimate risk."


id: c8037e4580aeee9d42df405de9736300
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Understanding the interactions between climate change, climate \r\naction and sustainable development necessitates consideration for the \r\ncurrent development context in which different communities, nations \r\nand regions find themselves. For example, wealthy economies of the \r\nGlobal North will encounter different opportunities and challenges vis\u0002a-vis climate change and sustainable development than developing \r\neconomies of the Global South. Moreover, all economies are already \r\nfollowing an existing development trajectory that has implications \r\nfor the type and scale of interventions associated with pursuing CRD \r\nand managing climate risk. Some nations may experience particular \r\nchallenges with reducing greenhouse gas emissions owing to the "


id: dcc53a71f5fa0def39b8580567eb2a23
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"are side-lined in these processes, for example through the assumption \r\nthat a growing economy lifts opportunity for all, further marginalising \r\nthose who are the most vulnerable to climate change (Matin et  al., \r\n2018; Diffenbaugh and Burke, 2019)."


id: e8653ce63453427f7480f0bbbf2166e1
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"carbon-intensive nature of their energy systems (very high confidence) \r\n(Section  18.3.1.1). Others may experience acute challenges with \r\nadaptation due to existing vulnerability associated with poverty and \r\nsocial inequality (very high confidence) (Section 18.2.5.1). Overcoming \r\nsuch challenges is fundamental to the pursuit of CRD."


id: c0b5fdb072a1d244724c89d729b4ddc1
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"Development in this report is defined as efforts, both formal and \r\ninformal, to improve standards of human well-being, particularly in \r\nplaces historically disadvantaged by colonialism and other features \r\nof early global integration. Development is not limited to the SDGs, \r\nhowever these represent an internationally agreed sub-set of goals. \r\nPrior IPCC reports employed development as a typological framing \r\nof the current state of a given country or population (IPCC, 2014a) \r\n(Section  1.1.4). Such framings frequently rest upon measures of \r\neconomic activity, using them as proxies for the wider well-being of \r\nthe population whose activity is measured. For example, the level of \r\nGDP is often equated with levels of social welfare, even though as a \r\nmeasure of market output, it can be an inadequate metric for gauging \r\nwell-being over time, particularly in its environmental and social \r\ndimensions (Van den Bergh, 2007; Stiglitz et al., 2009)."


id: f0621ad6bc34c512d7bed96f0bc9eeae
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"The need for transformational changes across sectors and scales to \r\naddress the urgency and scope of action needed to enable a climate\u0002resilient future in which goals such as the SDGs might be realised \r\nrequires attention to the specific ways in which development action is \r\ndefined and enacted (Box 18.1)."


id: 7ca5c0df43b841a7b4bef055af0401e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"The result of this broad framing linking economic growth to human well\u0002being has been decades of policies, programmes and projects aimed at \r\ngrowing economies at scales from the household to regional and global. \r\nHowever, linking development to past and current modes of economic \r\ngrowth creates significant challenges for CRD, as it implies that the very \r\nprocesses that have contributed to current climate challenges, including \r\neconomic growth and the resource use and energy regimes it relies \r\nupon, are also the pathways to improvements in human well-being. This \r\nplaces climate resilience and development in opposition to one another."


id: e3548d7916ae1a4000bcd579d352ec4b
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content:
"While there are many possible successful pathways to future development \r\nin the context of climate change, history shows that pathways positive \r\nfor the vast majority of people typically induce significant impacts and \r\ncosts, especially on marginal and vulnerable people (high confidence) \r\n(Hickel, 2017). Frequently, considerations for social difference and equity "


id: a61e7125a0d9a201eab3a76a1a1f45da
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"capabilities idea was influential in global policy making through \r\nHuman Development Reports and metrics such as Human \r\nDevelopment Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). \r\nHowever, environmental sustainability was not a major component \r\nin this approach until much later (Alkire and Jahan, 2018). Recent \r\nimprovements to HDI such as the planetary pressures-adjusted HDI \r\n(United Nations, 2020) is a step in this direction."


id: f611629191084053fce6b42d59df88b7
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content:
"Development Index (UNDP, 2016a), the Gender Development Index, \r\nthe Gender Inequality Index, the Multidimensional Poverty Index, \r\nthe Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) (Daly and Cobb, \r\n1989), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) (Kubiszewski et al., 2013), \r\nGross National Happiness (GNH) (Ura and Galay, 2004), Measures of \r\nAustralia's Progress (MAP) (Trewin and Hall, 2004), the OECD Better \r\nLife Index (OECD, 2019a) and the Happy Planet Index (NEF, 2016)."


id: d8480f4079bb3deda4b312a52ea6ccb7
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"In terms of their historical trajectory, different perspectives on \r\ndevelopment can be broadly divided into five categories."


id: 650dda3739fe0d983854ca3c2fbbead2
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"Table 18.1 |  Implications of different socioeconomic development pathways for CRD indicators. Studies presented in the above table include qualitative storylines and quantitative \r\nscenarios for two or more SSPs. Arrows and colour coding reflect the positive or negative impacts on sustainability based on aggregation of results for the 2030-2050 time horizon \r\nacross the identified studies. Confidence language reflects the number of studies upon which results are based (evidence) and the agreement among studies regarding the direction \r\nof change (agreement)."


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"| Balance of studies suggest large increasing benefit to sustainable development\r\nStudies presented in the above table include qualitative storylines and quantitative scenarios for two or more SSPs. Arrows and colour coding reflect the positive or negative impacts \r\non sustainability based on aggregation of results for the 2030-2050 time horizon across the identified studies. Confidence language reflects the number of studies upon which \r\nresults are based (evidence) and the agreement among studies regarding the direction of change (agreement)."


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"dependence, reducing differences among SSPs. Outcomes diverge later in \r\nthe century, but fewer studies explore futures beyond 2050. Collectively, \r\nthe scenarios reflect trade-offs associated with different development \r\ntrajectories (Roy et al., 2018), with some SSPs foreshadowing outcomes \r\nthat are positive in some contexts, but negative in others (Table 18.1). \r\nFor example, pathways that lead to poverty reduction can have synergies \r\nwith food security, water, gender, terrestrial and ocean ecosystems that \r\nsupport climate risk management, but also poverty alleviation projects \r\nwith unintended negative consequences that increase vulnerability \r\n(e.g., Ley, 2017; Ley et al., 2020)."


id: e62fe6c8a0ac8eb0d84705ab71b169de
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"While the scenarios literature is useful for characterising the potential \r\nclimate risk implications of different global societal futures, important \r\nlimitations impact their use in climate risk management planning (very \r\nhigh confidence). The first is the often highly geographically \r\naggregated nature of the SSPs and other scenarios, which, in the \r\nabsence of application of nesting or downscaling methods, often \r\nlack regional, national, or sub-national context, particularly regarding \r\nsocial and cultural determinants of vulnerability (van Ruijven et  al., \r\n2014). Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the cost \r\nand process associated with transforming from today into each "


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"confidence) (IPCC, 2021a). Figure 18.4 apresents examples for average \r\nand extreme temperature precipitation change (see also Section 18.5 \r\nand Tables 18.4-18.5 for more regional detail and ranges of climate \r\noutcomes). Higher global warming levels also can affect geographic \r\npatterns of change and probability distributions of regional climate \r\noutcomes (Ahmad, 2019). Similarly, for all emissions projections, there \r\nis significant regional, sectoral and local heterogeneity and uncertainty \r\nregarding potential pathways for climate action (Lecocq et al., 2022; \r\nRiahi et al., 2022). Not all uncertainties are represented in projected \r\nemissions pathway ensembles, such as policy timing and design (e.g., \r\nRose and Scott, 2018) or climate projection ensembles."


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"assumed socioeconomic future, or the opportunity to shift from one \r\npathway to another (Section  18.3). Furthermore, the characteristics \r\nof the pathways suggest that they are not equally likely, there are \r\nrelationships implied in assumptions that are uncertainties to consider \r\n(e.g., land productivity improvements are land saving), it is difficult \r\nto identify the role of different development characteristics, and \r\npolicy implementation is stylised. In general, global assessments are \r\nnot designed to inform local planning, given that there are many \r\nlocal circumstances consistent with a global future and unique local \r\ndevelopment context and uncertainties to manage--demographic, \r\neconomic, technological, cultural and policy."


id: 2d301c64460f3862eb3e991d4f17ef20
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"Climate risks are found to vary with future warming levels, the \r\ndevelopment context and trajectory, as well as by the level of investment \r\nin adaptation. Together, these three dimensions define risk--with \r\nprojected climate changes defining the hazard, development defining \r\nthe exposure, and development and adaptation defining vulnerability. \r\nHowever, how these different dimensions interact and the level of \r\nscientific understanding vary significantly among different types of \r\nrisk. For human systems, in general, the poor and marginalised are \r\nfound to have greater vulnerability for a given hazard and exposure \r\nlevel. With some level of global average warming expected regardless \r\nof mitigation efforts, human and natural systems will be exposed to \r\nnew conditions, but some level of adaptation should also be expected."


id: 1ca3cb9a97035ac61a11b1a5172d479c
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"The pursuit of CRD requires not only the implementation of individual \r\nadaptation, mitigation and sustainable development initiatives, but \r\nalso their careful coordination and integration. This section assesses the \r\nliterature on CRD in the context of key climate change risks (Chapter \r\n16); gaps in adaptation that contribute to risk; potential synergies and \r\ntrade-offs among mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development; \r\nand the mechanisms for managing those trade-offs."


id: 18b9d534b0d505b692f12881ebfbea7b
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"By connecting this framing of socio-ecological dynamics to the literature \r\non the principles for adaptation efforts that meet development goals, \r\nnew work has begun to identify 1) how adaptation can reduce stress \r\non development processes, 2) how it might facilitate transformative \r\nchange and 3) where adaptation interventions might either drive \r\nsystem rigidity and precarity, or otherwise challenge development goals \r\n(Castells-Quintana et al., 2018; Carr, 2020). For example, Jordan (2019) \r\ndraws upon these contemporary framings of resilience to highlight the \r\nways in which coping strategies perpetuate the gendered norms and \r\npractices at the heart of women's vulnerability in Bangladesh. Forsyth \r\n(2018) draws upon this work to highlight the ways in which the theory \r\nof change processes used by development organisations tend to \r\nexclude local experiences and sources of risk, and thus foreclose the \r\nneed for transformative pathways to achieve development goals. Carr "


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"Analysis of investments by four major climate and development \r\nfunds (the Global Environment Facility, the Green Climate Fund, \r\nthe Adaptation Fund and the International Climate Initiative) by \r\nUNEP (2021) suggests that support for green and hybrid adaptation \r\nsolutions has been increasing over the past two decades. These could \r\nbe effective at reducing climate risks and bridging adaptation gaps \r\nwhile simultaneously bringing important additional benefits for the \r\neconomy, environment and livelihoods (UNEP, 2021) (see also Cross\u0002Chapter Box NATURAL in Chapter 2)."


id: c315b88a2c2b82b54beb0083febb10b3
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"(Carr, 2019; 2020) draws upon evidence from sub-Saharan Africa to \r\ndevelop more nuanced understandings of the ways in which different \r\nstressors and interventions either facilitate or foreclose transformative \r\npathways, while pointing to the existence of yet poorly understood \r\nthresholds for transformation in systems that can be identified and \r\ntargeted by interventions."


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"Adaptation gaps are defined as 'the difference between actually \r\nimplemented adaptation and a societally set goal, determined \r\nlargely by preferences related to tolerated climate change impacts \r\nand reflecting resource limitations and competing priorities' (UNEP, \r\n2014; UNEP, 2018a). Adaptation deficit is a similar concept, described \r\nas an inadequate or insufficient adaptation to current conditions \r\n(Chapter 1). Adaptation gaps or deficits arise from a lack of adequate \r\ntechnological, financial, social, and institutional capacities to adapt \r\neffectively to climate change and extreme weather events, which are \r\nin turn linked to development (very high confidence) (Fankhauser and \r\nMcDermott, 2014; Milman and Arsano, 2014; Chen et al., 2016; Asfaw \r\net al., 2018) (Section 18.2.2)."


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"Lately, the evidence of adaptation activity in the health sector has \r\nbeen increasing (Watts et al., 2019), yet substantial adaptation gaps \r\npersist (UNEP, 2018a; UNEP, 2021), including gaps in humanitarian \r\nresponse to climate-related disasters (Watts et  al., 2019). It is the \r\nunder-investment in climate and health research in general and health \r\nadaptation in particular that has led to adaptation gaps in the health \r\nsector (Ebi et al., 2017)."


id: c6d24356db4a37958c98cf408f22f4f6
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content:
"A higher level of adaptation finance is critical to enhance adaptation \r\nplanning and implementation and reduce adaptation gaps, particularly \r\nin developing countries (very high confidence) (UNEP, 2021) (Cross\u0002Chapter Box  FINANCE in Chapter 17, Section  18.4.2.2). However, \r\nadaptation finance is not keeping pace with the rising adaptation \r\ncosts in the context of increasing and accelerating climate change, as \r\n'annual adaptation costs in developing countries alone are currently \r\nestimated to be in the range of US$70 billion, with the expectation of \r\nreaching US$140-300 billion in 2030 and US$280-500 billion in 2050' \r\n(UNEP, 2021). Investment in attaining SDGs helps bridge adaptation \r\ngaps (Birkmann et  al., 2021), but care needs to be taken to avoid \r\nmaladaptation through mislabelling. Integration of the Indigenous and \r\nlocal knowledge systems is anticipated to reduce existing adaptation \r\ngaps and secure livelihood transitions."


id: e5593681b3d11862447522d8768883b
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"Although unevenly distributed urban adaptation gaps exist in all world \r\nregions (see Chapter 6). Such gaps are higher in the urban centres \r\nof the poorer nations. Chapter 6 identified that the critical capacity \r\ngaps at city and community levels responsible for adaptation gaps are \r\nthe 'ability to identify social vulnerability and community strengths, \r\nand to plan in integrated ways to protect communities, alongside the \r\nability to access innovative funding arrangements and manage finance \r\nand commercial insurance; and locally accountable decision making \r\nwith sufficient access to science, technology and local knowledge to \r\nsupport the application of adaptation solutions at scale'."


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"a barrier or obstacle. The barriers also imply that there are trade-offs \r\nin these feasibility dimensions to consider. Overall, insights from this \r\nwork are high-level and difficult to apply to a specific adaptation \r\ncontext. The feasibility and ranking of adaptation opportunities, as \r\nwell as the list of opportunities themselves, for a given location will \r\nvary from location to location, with different criteria and weighting \r\nof criteria that reflect the priorities of society and decision-makers \r\nas well as differences in markets, technology options and policies for \r\nmanaging risks and trade-offs. Integrated evaluation of criteria and \r\noptions is needed, that accounts for the relevant geographic context \r\nand interactions between options and systems (Section 18.5)."


id: b7609757a567ac326ad5a4539123c6b1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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"BOX 2). Engaging the private sector with a range of financial tools is \r\ncrucial to address such gaps (see CROSS-CHAPTER BOX 2). An urgent \r\nand transformative action to institutionalise locally relevant integrative \r\nadaptation pathways is crucial for closing coastal adaptation gaps. \r\nAdditional efforts are in place for assessing global adaptation progress \r\n(see Cross-Chapter Box PROGRESS in Chapter 17)."


id: aeb9286b6f5ca83ebb2d93780d70c502
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 27978
content:
"The IPCC's SR1.5 report evaluated individual adaptation options in terms \r\nof economic, technological, institutional, socio-cultural, environmental/\r\necological and geophysical feasibility (de Coninck et  al., 2018). This \r\nanalysis has been updated for AR6 (Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB). These \r\nassessments identify types of barriers that could affect an option's \r\nfeasibility. Among other things, this work finds that every adaptation \r\noption evaluated had at least one feasibility dimension that represented "


id: c09206caa7338f268db3327b32e50aaa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"One key area where enhanced climate risk integration is critical is infrastructure-related decisions, especially on coastal areas (World \r\nBank, 2017). However, despite increasing awareness of climate risks and experienced impacts, decisions on, for example, infrastructure \r\nlocations still reflect cultural preferences. For example, Hay et al. (2019) report that, despite recommendations to relocate the redevelopment \r\nsite of the Parliamentary Complex in Samoa away from the coast, multiple cultural and historical factors influenced the decisions to \r\nredevelop at the original site. In the Solomon Islands, however, emerging evidence suggests that adaptation efforts to enhance the "


id: 47886e3d8ba47420dc4f5eacaf2dbb50
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9801
content:
"resilience of infrastructure are also serving to help urban areas address problems associated with rapid urbanisation and provide new \r\nopportunities for sustainable development (Robinson et al., 2021)."


id: bee84af50f2ef01ebcf6c25216e60aa6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 30850
content:
"The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represents near-term positive sustainability as well as indicating the \r\nquality of development processes and actions (inclusion and social justice, alternative development models, planetary health, well\u0002being, equity, solidary, different forms of knowledge and human-nature connectivity) that enable climate resilient development (CRD) \r\nin the long term (Sections 18.2.2.2, 18.2.5.3). A key question is the extent to which adaptation actions (or non-action) may contribute \r\nto (or undermine) SDG achievement and, in particular, shift the quality of development processes and engagement within the political, \r\neconomic, ecological, socio-ethical and knowledge-technology arenas, and hence contribute to climate resilient development pathways \r\n(CRDPs)."


id: cc0b2e31ba12ff41d015c0fd9a8c7c38
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"However, evidence also suggests limitations of adaptation actions, with the objectives and actions often being too narrow to address \r\nsocial justice and enable CRD. As such, adaptation actions can sometimes undermine SDG achievement through exacerbating social \r\nvulnerability, inequity and uneven power relations (Antwi-Agyei et al., 2018; Atteridge and Remling, 2018; Paprocki, 2018; Mikulewicz, \r\n2019; Satyal et al., 2020; Scoville-Simonds et al., 2020). This is due to adaptation practices often not accounting for the differentiated \r\nways in which minority groups are especially vulnerable. For example, designs of emergency shelters should consider the fear of social \r\nstigma or abuse faced by women and girls (Pelling and Garschagen, 2019)."


id: 75d98a87ceadd7469c3fb89d5928c39e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"The literature recommends a set of strategies for ensuring that adaptation actions are aligned with SDG achievement and do not further \r\nperpetuate poverty and inequality. These include ensuring that marginalised voices are central to adaptation decision making, with \r\nparticipatory approaches that empower and compensate affected communities (Moser and Ekstrom, 2011; Broto et al., 2015; Pelling \r\nand Garschagen, 2019; Palermo and Hernandez, 2020). Gender mainstreaming and gender transformative approaches within climate \r\npolicies can also help ensure gender-sensitive design of adaptation projects, with appropriate equity analyses of policy (Klinsky et al., \r\n2017) decisions to identify the actual implications of trade-offs for vulnerable groups (Beuchelt and Badstue, 2013; Alston, 2014; Bowen \r\net al., 2017; Fuso Nerini et al., 2018)."


id: 5bbaa686cf4081051ffd8d1241e2ff84
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Table Box 18.4.1 |  Examples of linkages between adaptation and the SDGs. For several key SDGs aligned with the concept of CRD, the table below identifies evidence \r\nfrom the literature where adaptation policies and practices contribute to achievement of the SDG, as well as where they undermine achievement of the SDG."


id: 4fed01246c87f09d5866179e12bb94b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"with greater mitigation ambition. These represent opportunities for \r\nmitigation, but how this effort and cost would be facilitated and \r\ndistributed respectively is a policy question."


id: 571afad2712dabc4480c89d2020ec495
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The technical and economic challenge of limiting warming has been \r\nfound to increase nonlinearly with greater ambition, fewer mitigation \r\noptions, less than global cooperative policy designs and delayed \r\nmitigation action ((Riahi et al., 2022); Table 18.2). Table 18.2 provides \r\na high-level summary of pathway characteristic ranges based on the \r\nWGIII AR6 assessment. Global pathways find large regional differences \r\nin mitigation potential, as well as the degree of regional nonlinearity "


id: fc48eb572c8e9edf202933416fd2538c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"include evaluating potential effects on air pollutant emissions, crop \r\nprices, water and land use change (e.g., McCollum et al., 2018b; Roy \r\net  al., 2018), while the literature evaluating mitigation implications \r\nspecifically for sustainable development objectives includes evaluations \r\non energy access, food security and income equality (e.g., Roy et al., 2018; \r\nArneth et al., 2019; Mbow et al., 2019). Proxy indicators are frequently \r\nused to represent whether there might be implications for a sustainable \r\ndevelopment objective. For example, changes in energy prices are used \r\nas a proxy for effects on energy security (e.g., Roy et al., 2018). This is \r\ncommon with aggregate modelling studies, such as those associated \r\nwith global or regional emissions scenarios and energy systems."


id: f47562dd23dc8f2d2f49ec75f71a7162
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Overall, as with adaptation options, insights from this aggregate \r\nfeasibility and sustainable development mapping work are high level \r\nand difficult to apply to a specific mitigation context. The feasibility, \r\nranking and sustainable development implications of mitigation \r\noptions, as well as the list of options themselves, for a given location \r\nwill vary from location to location, with different criteria and weighting \r\nof criteria that reflect the relevant social priorities and differences \r\nin markets, technology options and policies for managing risks and \r\ntrade-offs. Integrated evaluation of criteria and options is needed \r\nhere as well, that accounts for the relevant geographic context and \r\ninteractions between options, systems and implications."


id: af0c770cc7de4f854dfaf7a3bf0d529c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Table 18.2 |  Emissions pathway regional characteristics from WGIII scenarios database for pathways associated with different global warming levels (1.5degC, 2degC, 3degC and 4degC). \r\nSample sizes: n = 2, 120-126, 56, and 26 emissions pathways for 1.5degC, 2degC, 3degC and 4degC global warming levels, respectively. Sample size ranges indicate that the sample size \r\nvaries by variable due to differences in model reporting. Sample size varies by warming level due to model infeasibilities and differences in model reporting."


id: 96ba0df236fe18b82631e7839b6dab7a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 23722
content:
"natural gas (10, 86, 44, 10). The sample sizes are very small for the 1.5degC and 4degC results; therefore, the medians for these warming levels are statistically unreliable, which should \r\nbe considered in comparing across warming levels. Individual values in the samples exceed y-axis' ranges in a few cases: black carbon 2degC Latin America minimum equals 0.08, \r\nfood/feed price change 3degC minimums in Asia, Latin America, Middle East/Africa, OECD, and Reforming Economies equal respectively -33%, -28%, -28%, -29%, and -29%, natural \r\ngas price change 2degC maximums in Asia, Latin America, Middle East/Africa, OECD, and Reforming Economies equal respectively 962%, 1240%, 2768%, 917%, and 3588%. Figure \r\ndeveloped from the WGIII AR6 scenarios database, with scenarios filtered according to WGIII exclusions and regional vetting."


id: 8c65ed63c7026590b156de711fccbc30
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21880
content:
"land-based emissions and mitigation strategies, or mitigation strategies \r\nplacing additional demands on resources and markets. This increases \r\npressure on and costs for adaptation, or ecosystem restoration that \r\nprovides carbon sequestration and natural and managed ecosystem \r\nresiliency benefits, but also could constrain mitigation and impact \r\nconsumer welfare (WGIII AR6)."


id: 1c213b2f453e63b4b00f4b0e2293d6f2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 2132
content:
"There are a wide range of mitigation options and systems to consider, \r\nwith assessment suggesting that a diverse portfolio is practical for \r\npursing climate policy ambitions. However, local context will impact \r\nmitigation choices, with unique sustainable development priorities, \r\navailable mitigation options, sustainable development synergies and \r\ntrade-offs, and policy design and implementation possibilities."


id: e5dd924e5c59d0d11c996840865a4a68
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"In practice, adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development \r\ninterventions are likely to be implemented in portfolio packages rather \r\nthan as individual discrete options in isolation (high agreement, limited \r\nevidence). However, there is a dearth of literature estimating optimal \r\nportfolios of global adaptation and mitigation strategies. This is not \r\nsurprising given the geographic-specific nature of climate impacts \r\nand adaptation and the information and computational complexity of \r\nrepresenting that detail, as well as mitigation options and interactions. \r\nThere are, however, different literatures relevant to considering potential \r\ncombinations of adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development."


id: 5f59a23cfd6d483a13cf21bf831ff947
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Infeasibilities of mitigation and adaptation options (Sections 18.4.2.2.1, \r\n18.4.2.2.2), as well as global pathways (Riahi et al., 2022) , are also \r\nrelevant to consideration of combinations of risk management options. \r\nInfeasibility of options implies higher costs and greater cost nonlinearity \r\ndue to fewer and/or more expensive options, while infeasibility of \r\npathways bounds some of the uncertainty about the pathways relevant \r\nto decision making and planning."


id: 625373b170992954f0af707ba207b3b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14575
content:
"As discussed in Section 18.2.5.3.1, there are synergies and trade-offs \r\nin mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development. For instance, \r\nthe literature on the global cost-effectiveness of mitigation pathways \r\nprovides insights regarding aggregate synergies and trade-offs \r\nbetween mitigation and sustainable development (e.g., Figure 18.5). \r\nFurthermore, linkages between mitigation and adaptation options \r\nhave been shown, such as expected changes in energy demand due \r\nto climate change interacting with energy system development and \r\nmitigation options, changes in future agricultural production practices \r\nto manage the risks of potential changes in weather patterns affecting "


id: 6dd187de7f10f490a4e728f0b60800b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 16582
content:
"18.2.5.3.1 Trade-offs and synergies in adaptation, mitigation and \r\nclimate resilient development"


id: 6222485910c3decbca2f1dd96425c592
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14538
content:
"Since AR5, a growing body of literature has emerged that frames \r\nadaptation processes as endogenous socioeconomic dynamics, \r\nexogenous driving forces and explicit decisions (Barnett et al., 2014; \r\nMaru et  al., 2014; Butler et  al., 2016; Kingsborough et  al., 2016; "


id: 65bc3915a489da2ebd788a7e08eec1f6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15160
content:
"development goals (Fazey et al., 2016; Wise et al., 2016; Magnan et al., \r\n2020). For example, a study in Bangladesh revealed how local elites and \r\ndonors used adaptation projects as a lever to push vulnerable populations \r\naway from their agrarian livelihoods and into uncertain urban wage labour \r\n(Paprocki, 2018). These types of outcomes are categorised as maladaptation, \r\ninterventions that increase rather than decrease vulnerability, and/\r\nor undermine or eradicate future opportunities for adaptation and \r\ndevelopment (Barnett and O'Neill, 2010; Juhola et al., 2015; Magnan et al., \r\n2016; Antwi-Agyei et al., 2017; Schipper, 2020). This inadvertent impact on \r\nequity appears to fundamentally contradict a benevolent understanding \r\nof transformative adaptation that also champions social justice (Patterson \r\net  al., 2018), thus posing long-term maladaptation in opposition to \r\ntransformative adaptation (Magnan et al., 2020)."


id: 52fbda6e62351146199ff7aa65ee75a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11858
content:
"Werners et  al., 2018). Central to this framing is a shift away from \r\nviewing adaptation as discrete sets of options that are selected and \r\nimplemented to manage risk, to thinking about adaptation as a social \r\nprocess that evolves over time, includes multiple decision points, and \r\nrequires dynamic adjustments in response to new information about \r\nclimate risk, socioeconomic conditions and the value of potential \r\nadaptation responses (very high confidence) (Haasnoot et al., 2013; \r\nWise et al., 2016). This aligns adaptation with aspects of development \r\nthinking, including questions around the capacity and agency of \r\ndifferent actors to effect change, the governance of adaptation, and \r\nthe contingent nature of adaptation needs and effectiveness on the \r\nfuture evolution of society and climate change risk."


id: 2b185089728c68dd75415c7cfae13c1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4820
content:
"Similarly, mitigation efforts, while reducing emissions, can also increase \r\nclimate impacts vulnerability and undermine adaptation efforts. \r\nThe same can be said for some poverty alleviation and sustainable \r\ndevelopment efforts that increase vulnerability for specific segments of \r\nthe population. For example, in Central America, an evaluation of 12 rural \r\nrenewable energy projects (either forthe clean development mechanism, \r\nearly warning systems or rural electrification goals) found that some \r\nmitigation and poverty alleviation projects increased vulnerability to \r\nfamilies--by excluding them, not adhering to local safety and quality \r\ncodes and standards, or significantly altering community power dynamics \r\nand contributing to conflict (Ley, 2017; Ley et al., 2020)."


id: eb552c22091fe952c5de10faac5571a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The significant overlaps and linkages between development and \r\nadaptation practice and a lack of conceptual clarity about adaptation \r\npose a conundrum for scholars (e.g., Bassett and Fogelman, 2013; \r\nWebber, 2016), who raise concerns that this potentially leads to trade\u0002offs or mislabelling (Few et  al., 2017). This framing of adaptation \r\nand development can result in competition between attainment \r\nof sustainable development and policies to reduce the impacts of \r\nclimate change (Ribot, 2011). Such trade-offs are illustrated by (Moyer \r\nand Bohl, 2019) who use a baseline development trajectory based \r\non current trends to project progress on SDGs by 2030. This work \r\nconcluded that only marginal gains are likely to be achieved under \r\nthat pathway over the next decade (Barnes et al., 2019)."


id: d8e7271138b90917c126eb3e49bcc5be
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"SR1.5 and AR6 assessments of system transitions also find opportunities \r\nfor synergies and managing trade-offs (Section  18.3; Cross-Chapter \r\nBox FEASIB). Within each system, mitigation and adaptation options \r\nare assessed for their specific benefits and the impacts they can have \r\non one another, as well as with sustainable development. For example, \r\nwithin energy system transitions, the three adaptation options (power \r\ninfrastructure resilience, reliability of power systems, efficient water \r\nuse management) have strong synergies with mitigation. While not "


id: ee13e5b6610c873771f83bce4147e3bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39261
content:
"Globally, high climate change projections imply lower mitigation \r\neffort, higher climate risks and greater adaptation. This implies lower \r\nmitigation trade-offs, but greater climate risk with greater demand of \r\nadaptation and potential for trade-offs in terms of competing sustainable \r\ndevelopment priorities. Sustainable development considerations could \r\naffect adaptation options. For instance, constraining options such as \r\nrelocation or facilitating adaptation capacity and community resilience. \r\nSustainable development might also be tailored to affect the climate \r\noutcome by shaping the development of emissions. In this context, \r\nwith greater climate risk and adaptation levels and less mitigation \r\neffort, facilitating adaptation addressing adaptation costs and trade\u0002offs could be a sustainable development priority."


id: c8cc70de7f1a3b7e5e2605ae7b92a1a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32651
content:
"all mitigation options have strong synergies, the trade-offs can be \r\nmanaged when adaptation and SDGs are also considered. Under \r\nland and other ecosystems system transitions, the main trade-off is \r\nthe competition for land use between potential alternative uses, for \r\nexample, sustainable agriculture, afforestation/reforestation, purpose\u0002grown biomass for energy. On the other hand, assessment of urban \r\nand infrastructure system transitions finds mainly synergies between \r\nmitigation and adaptation options with trade-offs that are considered \r\nmanageable, and there is growing evidence of rural landscape \r\ninfrastructure benefits to adaptation."


id: 40f40fab3380fcd1a2db345c0f7ab65c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8610
content:
"Overall, this literature is relatively new and still developing. It highlights \r\nthe importance of societal priorities and policy design for realizing \r\nsynergies. However, the literature is not well developed in terms of \r\nhow to optimize mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development \r\ninterventions to achieve multiple priorities."


id: bc95a30bee80d853f5197dc9df740d32
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30424
content:
"Given the global climate system is committed to additional future \r\nwarming, different portfolios of adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable \r\ndevelopment interventions are relevant for climate risk management. \r\nThe different strands of literature discussed above can be integrated to \r\nhelp inform thinking about combinations of approaches to climate risk \r\nmanagement. Globally, low climate change projections, versus higher \r\nclimate change projections, imply greater mitigation, lower climate \r\nrisks and less adaptation. This implies greater mitigation trade-offs \r\nin terms of overall economic development, food crop prices, energy \r\nprices and overall household consumption, but lower climate risk, with \r\nsustainable development synergies such as human health and lower \r\nadaptation trade-offs, and an uneven distribution of effects (very high \r\nconfidence) (Roy et al., 2018)."


id: d9fba65e5a4f7c27ad1c998f6382f845
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35651
content:
"Finally, it is important to note that there is currently limited information \r\navailable regarding the following: (1) local implications of 1.5degC versus \r\nwarmer futures with respect to local climate outcomes, avoided impacts \r\nand sustainable development implications and interactions, given that \r\napplying global conclusions to local, national and regional settings \r\ncan be misleading; (2) local context-specific synergies and trade-offs \r\nwith respect to adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development \r\nfor 1.5degC futures; and (3) standard indicators for monitoring factors \r\nrelated to CRD (Roy et al., 2018)."


id: b5c1ae85828b8f3a9888828ca09def2f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29202
content:
"towards cleaner fuels, owing to lower natural gas prices and lower \r\ncost renewable technologies, and structural changes away from more \r\nenergy-intensive industry."


id: 7ef3b590252d1a32da83c604356f3a0d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19487
content:
"A key finding emerging from the IPCC SR1.5 is the critical role that \r\nsystem transitions play in enabling mitigation pathways consistent \r\nwith a 1.5degC or less world (IPCC, 2018a; IPCC, 2019b).Such transitions \r\nare similarly critical for the broader pursuit of CRD, and the various AR6 \r\nspecial reports as well as subsequent literature provide new evidence \r\nof why such transitions are needed for CRD, as well as both the \r\nopportunities for accelerating system transitions and their limitations \r\nfor delivering on the goals of CRD."


id: 20c46795937cf4717ba20e61fdb7cb26
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2985
content:
"As discussed in Box 18.3 (Holscher et al., 2018), system transitions are \r\nlinked to system transformation, which is defined as 'a change in the \r\nfundamental attributes of a system including altered goals or values' \r\n(Figure 18.1) (IPCC, 2018a). In a systems context, transitions focus on \r\n'complex adaptive systems; social, institutional and technological change \r\nin societal sub-systems', while transformations are 'large scale societal \r\nchange processes ... involving social-ecological interactions' (IPCC, \r\n2018a) (Box 18.1). Although system transitions are often identified in the \r\nliterature as being necessary processes for large-scale transformations \r\n(Roggema et al., 2012; Holscher et al., 2018), thereby making them a core \r\nenabler of CRD, they are not necessarily transformative in themselves."


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vector_id: 6093
content:
"Recent observed changes in global energy systems include continued \r\ngrowth in energy demand, led by increased demand for electricity \r\nby industry and buildings (very high confidence)(Dhakal et  al., \r\n2022) . Growth in energy demand has also been driven by increased \r\ndemand for industrial products, materials, building energy services, \r\nfloor space and all modes of transportation. This growth in demand, \r\nhowever, has been moderated by improvements in energy efficiency \r\nin industry, buildings and transportation sectors (very high confidence) \r\n(Dhakal et al., 2022). There is also a trend of moving away from coal "


id: 463657bf5bfb3a528766b0f8caf8ad52
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9573
content:
"and storms (Bartos and Chester, 2015; Auffhammer et al., 2017; Perera \r\net al., 2020). Accordingly, a significant focus on the energy transition \r\nis on achieving the dual goals of reducing the carbon footprint of \r\nenergy while also increasing resilience of energy supply to current and \r\nfuture threats. For example, renewable energy generation and storage \r\ntechnologies that are modular and distributed and provide enhanced \r\nresilience to shocks and stresses from climate change (Venema and \r\nTemmer, 2017a)."


id: eef35a6ca8a1d7f6562778f701510e5b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"to extreme weather events and more efficient water management \r\nhave occurred that have synergies with adaptation and sustainable \r\ndevelopment in general."


id: 2670d0247f45eb67127c9dabcc8d9bb6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3931
content:
"Available literature indicates that greenhouse gas emissions reductions \r\nhave been achieved in response to climate actions including financial \r\nincentives to promote renewable energy, carbon taxes and emissions \r\ntrading, removal of fossil fuel subsidies, and promotion of energy \r\nefficiency standards (very high confidence) (Clarke et  al., 2022). \r\nSuch policies tend to lead to a lower carbon intensity of GDP, due \r\nto structural changes in the use of energy and the adoption of new \r\nenergy technologies. However, other drivers of change are also present \r\nand thus ongoing energy transitions and their future evolution are \r\na response to both climatic and non-climatic considerations, with \r\nbroader sustainable development priorities being a significant driver \r\nof change {Clarke, 2022 #4316."


id: 9b78352390f2c58c8d3ba439ac8f5c9f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24605
content:
"Urban areas and their associated infrastructure are critical targets for \r\nCRD processes. This is a function of urban areas being the dominant \r\nsettlement pattern, with over 55% of the global population living in \r\ncities (World Bank, 2021). As a consequence, urban areas are also the \r\nfocal point for energy use, land use change and consumption of natural \r\nresources, thereby making them responsible for an estimated 70% of \r\nglobal CO2 emissions (Johansson et al., 2012; Ribeiro et al., 2019). The \r\ntrend towards increasing urbanisation is anticipated to create both \r\nchallenges and opportunities for sustainable development, as well as \r\nclimate action (Guneralp et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019a)."


id: 732d48fbe564cb63b3abd4cfb4e56c3e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17513
content:
"Much of the literature on urban resilience and sustainability focuses \r\non addressing discrete challenges for urban infrastructure subsystems. \r\nClimate change has the potential to enhance stress on lifeline \r\ninfrastructure services such as the provision of electricity, water and \r\nwastewater, communications and transportation--subsystems which \r\nare often underdeveloped in many regions of the world (Arku and \r\nMarais, 2021; Sitas et al., 2021). For example, a warming and more \r\nvariable climate can increase stress on electricity grids by reducing \r\ntransmission efficiency, increasing cooling demand requirements, and \r\nby increasing exposure to climate shocks such as heatwaves, floods "


id: 73a0929039c7a34a6e057a4d7a4181f9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17597
content:
"Overall, the discourse in the literature regarding the future of cities \r\nemphasises the importance of viewing cities as more than just their \r\nphysical infrastructure that can be made more resilient through \r\nengineering solutions (Davidson et  al., 2019). Rather, urban areas \r\nare increasingly conceptualised as complex socio-ecological or socio\u0002technical systems (very high confidence) (Patorniti et al., 2017; Patorniti \r\net al., 2018; Visvizi et al., 2018; Savaget et al., 2019). Such frameworks \r\nintegrate physical, cyber, social and ecological elements of cities in \r\npursuit of resilience and sustainability transitions, and they recognise \r\nthe role of governance and engagement processes as being central \r\nto system change (Temmer, 2017b). Nevertheless, some authors have \r\ncautioned that urban transitions will be associated with synergies as \r\nwell as trade-offs with respect to sustainable development (very high \r\nconfidence) (Maes et al., 2019; Sharifi, 2020)."


id: 31fe001904ac793632e373e3d3d3cdb6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"to unlock the EU's forest sector potential (Nabuurs et al., 2017). This \r\nis in response to diverse climate impacts ranging from pressure on \r\nspruce stocks in Norway and the Baltics, on regional biodiversity in \r\nthe Mediterranean region, and the opportunity to use afforestation \r\nand reforestation to store carbon in forests (Nabuurs et al., 2019). CSF \r\nconsiders the full value chain from forest to wood products and energy \r\nand uses a wide range of measures to provide positive incentives \r\nto firmly integrate climate objectives into the forestry sector. CSF \r\nhas three main objectives; (i) reducing and/or removing greenhouse \r\ngas emissions; (ii) adapting and building forest resilience to climate \r\nchange; and (iii) sustainably increasing forest productivity and incomes \r\n(Verkerk et al., 2020)."


id: 795ac18888c870af76becf314d18ab28
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18546
content:
"Land, oceans and terrestrial ecosystems are in transition globally, with \r\nanthropogenic factors including climate change being a major driving \r\nforce (very high confidence) (IPBES, 2019) (Box 6). Seventy-five percent \r\nof the land surface has been significantly altered, 66% of the ocean \r\narea is experiencing increasing cumulative impacts and over 85% of \r\nwetland areas have been lost (IPBES, 2019). Since 1970, only four out \r\nof eighteen recognised ecosystem services assessed have improved \r\nin their functioning: agricultural production, fish harvest, bioenergy \r\nproduction and material harvests. The other 14 ecosystem services \r\nhave declined (IPBES, 2019), raising concerns about the capacity of \r\necosystems and their services to support sustainable and CRD."


id: db65fb9644a442aa928363699776622c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35869
content:
"Evidence of the interactions between ecosystems and resilience come \r\nfrom a range of sources including both regional and sectoral examples \r\n(Box 18.2; Tables 18.7-18.8. For example, regional examples suggest \r\nthat the use of land to produce biofuels could increase the resilience \r\nof production systems and address mitigation needs (Box  2.2). \r\nNevertheless, the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and \r\nstorage (BECCS) to induce maladaptation needs deeper analysis \r\n(Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2019). Climate Smart Forestry (CSF) in Europe \r\nprovides an example of the use of sustainable forest management "


id: 8c8a46cab013d3b814ffb3a07178adbf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21906
content:
"Diversification of food systems is another component of land, ocean \r\nand ecosystem transitions that are consistent with CRD. Balanced \r\ndiets, featuring plant-based foods such as those based on coarse \r\ngrains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and animal\u0002sourced food produced in a resilient, sustainable and low-greenhouse \r\ngas (GHG) emission manner, are major opportunities for adaptation \r\nand mitigation and improving human health. By 2050, dietary changes \r\ncould free several million km2\r\n of land and provide a mitigation potential \r\nof 0.7-8.0 Gt CO2-eq yr-1, relative to Business-As-Usual projections."


id: 97f06f2b1be6a65c210b57abc0afa82e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23944
content:
"Recent modelling suggests that stocks of manufactured capital, including \r\nbuildings, infrastructure, machinery and equipment, stabilise as countries \r\ndevelop and decouple from GDP (high agreement, medium evidence). \r\nFor instance, Bleischwitz et  al. (2018) confirmed the occurrence of a \r\nsaturation effect for materials in four energy-intensive sectors (steel, \r\ncement, aluminum and copper) in five industrialised countries (Germany, \r\nJapan, the UK, the USA and China). High growth in the supply of materials \r\nmay still drive global demand for new products in the coming years for \r\ndeveloping countries that are still far from saturation levels. Therefore, \r\naccelerating industrial transitions to drive the decoupling of industrial \r\nemissions from economic growth and facilitate broader transformation \r\nin industrial systems can be one component of CRD."


id: 1f04fc182df699e4bc1d0b7e9a7f38f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2659
content:
"For coastal systems, many frameworks for climate resilience and \r\nadaptation have been developed since the AR5 (Hoegh-Guldberg \r\net al., 2014; Settele et al., 2014) with substantial variations in approach \r\nbetween and within countries and across development status. Few \r\nstudies have assessed the success of implementing these frameworks \r\nowing to the time-lag between implementation, monitoring, evaluation \r\nand reporting (IPCC, 2019g). As an example, the Nature-Based Climate \r\nSolutions for Oceans initiative has the potential to restore, protect \r\nand manage coastal and marine ecosystems, adapt to climate change, \r\nimprove coastal resilience, and enhance their ability to sequester and \r\nstore carbon (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2019)."


id: ede8f441d16518ad8633dc6a986f7a0c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39225
content:
"Continued transitions in the industrial sector will be contingent \r\non technological innovation. Although technologies exist to drive \r\nemissions in industrial sectors to very low or zero emissions, they \r\nrequire 5-15  years of innovation, commercialisation and intensive \r\npolicies to ensure uptake (Ahman et  al., 2017) (high agreement,\r\nmedium evidence). For instance, several options exist to reduce GHG \r\nemissions related to steel production process including increasing the \r\nshare of the secondary route (Pauliuk et  al., 2013), hydrogen-based \r\ndirect reduced iron (Vogl et  al., 2018), aqueous electrolysis rout \r\n(Cavaliere, 2019) and plasma process (Quader et al., 2016)."


id: 8278f8bd2307218c2bf7d4a082b1f980
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20075
content:
"Industrial emissions have been growing faster since 2000 compared \r\nwith emissions in any other sector, driven by increased extraction and \r\nproduction of basic materials (Crippa et al., 2019; IEA, 2019) (very high \r\nconfidence). About one-third of the total emissions are contributed \r\nby the industry sector, if indirect emissions from energy use are \r\nconsidered (Crippa et al., 2019). The COVID-19 pandemic has caused \r\na significant decrease in demand for fuels, oil, coal, gas and nuclear \r\nenergy (IEA, 2020). However, there is concern that the rebound in the \r\ncrisis will reverse this trend (IEA, 2020). Accordingly, the literature \r\nsuggests a combined set of measures is beneficial for facilitation a \r\ntransition of industrial systems in support of CRD. This includes (i) \r\ndematerialisation and decarbonisation of industrial systems, (ii) \r\nestablishment of supportive governance, policies and regulations, and \r\n(iii) implementation of enabling corporate strategies."


id: ae11ed08b881b7cfb5ce7236a8101719
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27865
content:
"Decarbonisation and dematerialisation strategies have been proposed \r\nas key drivers for the transition of industrial systems (Fischedick \r\net  al., 2014; Worrell et  al., 2016). The former involves limiting \r\ncarbon emissions from industrial processes (IEA, 2017; Hildingsson \r\net al., 2019), while the latter involves improving material efficiency, \r\ndeveloping circular economies, raw material demand management, \r\nenvironmentally friendly product and process innovations, and \r\nenvironmentally friendly supply chain management (Worrell et  al., \r\n2016; Petrides et al., 2018)."


id: 1357b8cf0e3eca9ee2e3cd9de689feca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 614
content:
"Ecosystems and their services closely relate to climate resilient development (CRD). Climate change has impacted ecosystems across a \r\nrange of scales, and those impacts have been exacerbated by other ecological impacts associated with human activities. Ecosystem-based \r\nadaptation strategies have been developed and are crucial to CRD. However, knowledge and evidence still missing, and cultural services--\r\nin contrast to provision and regulation services as main benefits and supporting services as co-benefits--are less well addressed in the \r\nliterature."


id: 83822650c417e3a1bde399d16ecb528e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20277
content:
"A key element of CRD is ensuring that actions taken to mitigate climate change do not compromise adaptation, biodiversity and \r\nhuman needs. Maintaining ecosystem health, linked to planetary health, is an integral part of the goals of CRD. The 2005 Millennium \r\nEcosystem Assessment (MEA) defined ecosystem services as 'the benefits people obtain from ecosystems', and categorised the services \r\nin to provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; IPBES, 2019). The 2019 \r\nIntergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) broadened the definition to 'the contributions, \r\nboth positive and negative, of living nature to the quality of life for people', and developed a classification of 18 categories (IPBES, 2019)."


id: 4e06ed643e6c2251eb881f2e606ae960
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Table Box 18.5.1 demonstrates how ecosystem services connect to sustainable development goals (SDGs) and CRD. MEA's provisioning \r\nservice generally connects to the IPBES' material services, mostly contributing to the SDG cluster associated with nature's contribution \r\nto people (NCP) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; IPBES, 2019) and to 'Development' in CRD. MEA's regulating and supporting \r\nservices connect to IPBES' non-material services, contributing to SDG clusters of Nature and Driver of change in nature and NCP and to \r\n'Resilience' in CRD. MEA's cultural services connect to IPBES' non-material services, contributing to SDG clusters of good quality of lift \r\n(GQL) and to Enabling conditions for CRD."


id: e8e5a3b29ebc38a3dbec4caf0864634d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Table Box 18.5.1 |  Ecosystem services (based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [MEA] and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and \r\nEcosystem Services [IPBES] classifications) and their connections to sustainable development goals (SDGs) and climate resilient development (CRD) (Millennium Ecosystem \r\nAssessment, 2005; IPBES, 2019)."


id: 1c8808f2c8a7a3381393fb3ee6543ef6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 2201
content:
"Table Box 18.5.2 |  Examples of key risks to ecosystems from climate change and their connections to ecosystem services (ES) in the WGII report and cross-chapter \r\npapers (CCPs). (See Table 1 for the description of the categories of ES)"


id: 8f31eae2557747c7ecaf400d1e738e5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22393
content:
"Table Box 18.5.3 |  Examples of adaptation practices and their connections to ecosystem services (ES) and climate resilient development pathways (CRDP) in the WGII \r\nsectoral and regional chapters and cross-chapter papers (CCPs). (See Table 1 for the description of the categories of ES and CRDP)"


id: 684f27d947c7abd48a515fb487c7a378
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"societal transition requires changes in individual behaviours, but also \r\nin the broader conditions that shape these behaviours. These broader \r\nconditions are largely related to questions of power, in enforcing \r\ndominant political economies and social-technological mindsets \r\n(Stoddard et al., 2021). This section also briefly describes the various \r\ntrains of research on societal transitions and transformation."


id: f9ff06a90fa71f638628a06661a9b270
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41349
content:
"There are a number of concepts proposed as pathways to creating societal \r\ntransitions; usually centred around the idea of working with individuals \r\nand communities to change their mindsets as a way to change the \r\nway they manage their local environments or behave. Transformations \r\nwork explores how values are pathways towards sustainability, for \r\nexample by changing values, through making values explicit, through \r\nnegotiation and by eliciting values (Horcea-Milcu et al., 2019). Human \r\nnature connections is a further concept that is identified as a way to \r\nshift values and behaviours across a range of disciplines (Ives et al., \r\n2017). The role of learning and Indigenous knowledge is also explored \r\n(Lam et al., 2020). These three concepts have had particular salience in \r\ndiscussions around transformations for biodiversity conservation and \r\nrestoration, related to the IPBES assessment on Values (Pascual et al., "


id: 2a4cecdb4f3f09a9ca378c16d7291fcb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4662
content:
"2017; Peterson et al., 2018). They largely focus on the need to engage \r\nwith people's values, connections and knowledge to better manage the \r\nsocial-ecological system they are in."


id: 4d6223d31593a008c73ba4c7b6678341
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10893
content:
"Focusing on bottom-up and community-led transformations, there is \r\nemphasis on the role of grassroots organisations in transformations. \r\nCommunity actions around specific locations or topics have parallels to \r\nthe idea of transformative spaces. They are sites of innovative activity \r\n(Seyfang and Smith, 2007). Grassroots organisations can bridge the \r\nlocal and the political scales by politicising actors and creating new \r\ninteractions between individuals and political processes (Novak, \r\n2021). They are a collective approach to pushing for both individual \r\nand societal change (Sage et al., 2021)."


id: c1b72a63c4d7f2a7a7086a3a665a0425
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31384
content:
"In contrast with formal government policies, a second theme \r\nin accelerating transitions is that of civic engagement (see also \r\nSection 18.4.3), which is reported to be an important opportunity for "


id: b9cabfe3f6d6fa870df8a4621063c2ed
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29898
content:
"Authors: Anjal Prakash (India), Cecilia Conde (Mexico), Ayansina Ayanlade (Nigeria), Rachel Bezner Kerr (Canada/USA), Emily Boyd \r\n(Sweden), Martina A Caretta (Sweden), Susan Clayton (USA), Marta G. Rivera Ferre (Spain), Laura Ramajo Gallardo (Chile), Sharina Abdul \r\nHalim (Malaysia), Nina Lansbury (Australia), Oksana Lipka (Russia), Ruth Morgan (Australia), Joyashree Roy (India), Diana Reckien (the \r\nNetherlands/Germany), E. Lisa F. Schipper (Sweden/UK), Chandni Singh (India), Maria Cristina Tirado von der Pahlen (Spain/USA), Edmond \r\nTotin (Benin), Kripa Vasant (India), Morgan Wairiu (Solomon Islands), Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim (Malaysia)."


id: e1315f7ecc8c50bad94b6d168e30c877
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36885
content:
"Contributing Authors: Seema Arora-Jonsson (Sweden/India), Emily Baker (USA), Graeme Dean (Ireland), Emily Hillenbrand (USA), Alison \r\nIrvine (Canada), Farjana Islam (Bangladesh/ UK), Katriona McGlade (UK/Germany), Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong (Ghana), Nitya Rao \r\n(UK/India), Federica Ravera (Italy), Emilia Reyes (Mexico), Diana Hinge Salili (Fiji), Corinne Schuster-Wallace (Canada), Alcade C. Segnon \r\n(Benin), Divya Solomon (India), Shreya Some (India), Indrakshi Tandon (India), Sumit Vij (India), Katharine Vincent (UK/South Africa), \r\nMargreet Zwarteveen (the Netherlands)"


id: d4ee2d338071479b3dc3354dcad663
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34780
content:
"Extreme events impact food prices and reduce food availability and quality, especially affecting vulnerable groups, including low-income \r\nurban consumers, wage labourers and low-income rural households who are net food buyers (Green et al., 2013; Fao, 2016) (Section 5.12). \r\nLow-income women, ethnic minorities and Indigenous communities are often more vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition from \r\nclimate change impacts, as poverty, discrimination and marginalisation intersect in their cases (Vinyeta et al., 2016; Clay et al., 2018) \r\n(Section 5.12). Increased domestic responsibilities of women and youth, due to migration of men, can increase their vulnerability due to \r\ntheir reduced capacity for investment in off-farm activities and reduced access to information (Sugden et al., 2014; O'Neil et al., 2017) \r\n(Sections 4.3, 4.6) (high confidence)."


id: ad4a3bface8e6b6338f0b3327a34f8ee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27731
content:
"In the forest sector, the increased frequency and severity of drought, fires, pests and diseases, and changes to growing seasons, has \r\nled to reduced harvest revenues, fluctuations in timber supply and availability of wood (Lamsal et  al., 2017; Fadrique et  al., 2018; \r\nEsquivel-Muelbert et al., 2019). Climate programmes in the Global South such as REDD+ have led to greater social insecurity and the \r\nconservation of the forests have led to more pressure on women to contribute to household incomes, but without enough supporting \r\nmarket access mechanisms or social policy (Westholm and Arora-Jonsson, 2015; Arora-Jonsson et al., 2016). In countries in the Global \r\nNorth, reduced harvestable wood and revenues have led to employment restructuring that has important gendered effects and negatively \r\naffects community transition opportunities (Reed et al., 2014)."


id: f9869c36cc953b63e95efdf2f8431faf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41270
content:
"The sexual division of labour, systemic racism and other social structural inequities lead to increased vulnerabilities and climate change impacts \r\nfor social groups such as women, youth, Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities. Their marginal positions not only affect their lives negatively \r\nbut their work in maintaining healthy environments is ignored and invisible in policy affecting their ability to work towards sustainable \r\nadaptation and aspirations in the SDGs (Arora-Jonsson, 2019). However, attention to the following has the potential to bring about change:"


id: fde40fcd90b2b3fdd6ba03afec57a5e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42031
content:
"Creation of new, deliberative policymaking spaces that support inclusive decision making processes and opportunities to (re)negotiate \r\npervasive gender and other social inequalities in the context of climate change for transformation (Tschakert et al., 2016; Harris et al., \r\n2018; Ziervogel, 2019; Garcia et al., 2020) (high confidence)."


id: e649e51f8a05d48cb0cd4c996e6f65ea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37817
content:
"Increased access to reproductive health and family planning services, which contributes to climate change resilience and socioeconomic \r\ndevelopment through improved health and well-being of women and their children, including increased access to education, gender equity \r\nand economic status (Onarheim et al., 2016; Starbird et al., 2016; Lopez-Carr, 2017; Hardee et al., 2018) (Section 7.4) (high confidence)."


id: 6cf3e5d69671c4c20eacd63fbf05877d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Engagement with women's collectives is important for sustainable environments and better climate decision making whether at the \r\nglobal, national or local levels (Westholm and Arora-Jonsson, 2018; Agarwal, 2020). The work of such collectives in maintaining their \r\nsocieties and environments and in resisting gendered and community violence is unacknowledged (Jenkins, 2017; Arora-Jonsson, 2019) \r\nbut is indispensable especially when combined with good leadership, community acceptance and long-term economic sustainability \r\n(Chu, 2018; Singh, 2019) (Section 4.6.4). Networking by gender experts in environmental organisations and bureaucracies has also been \r\nimportant for ensuring questions of social justice (Arora-Jonsson and Sijapati, 2018)."


id: b83c8cb29119566e4ab81b9e0747f8e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 29626
content:
"Investment in appropriate reliable water supplies, storage techniques and climate-proofed WASH infrastructure as key adaptation \r\nstrategies that reduce both burdens and impacts on women and girls (Alam et al., 2011; Woroniecki, 2019) (Sections 4.3.3, 4.6.44)."


id: db01864c5a2e22a7fa0e1bcb867b2ce6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Improved gender-sensitive early warning system design and vulnerability assessments to reduce vulnerabilities, prioritising effective \r\nadaptation pathways to women and marginalised groups (Mustafa et al., 2019; Tanner et al., 2019; Werners et al., 2021)."


id: 9cd2441c0b804f256e0692895fb1bfbd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 24827
content:
"Established effective social protection, including both cash and food transfers, such as the universal public distribution system (PDS) \r\nfor cereals in India, or pensions and social grants in Namibia, that have been demonstrated to contribute towards relieving immediate \r\npressures on survival and support processes at the community level, including climate effects (Kattumuri et al., 2017; Lindoso et al., 2018; \r\nRao et al., 2019a; Carr, 2020)."


id: 12444ec7b72dfc02218a8b26310bb98f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 411
content:
"Strengthened adaptive capacity and resilience through integrated approaches to adaptation that include social protection measures, \r\ndisaster risk management and ecosystem-based climate change adaptation (high confidence), particularly when undertaken within a \r\ngender-transformative framework (Gumucio et al., 2018; Bezner Kerr et al., 2019; Deaconu et al., 2019) (Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL in \r\nChapter 2, Sections 5.12, 5.14)."


id: 77011d2a925f63dc84c19c59c4260eaf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"For example, gender-transformative and nutrition-sensitive agroecological approaches strengthen adaptive capacities and enable more \r\nresilient food systems by increasing leadership for women and their participation in decision making and a gender-equitable domestic \r\nwork (high confidence) (Gumucio et al., 2018; Bezner Kerr et al., 2019; Deaconu et al., 2019) (Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL in Chapter 2, \r\nSections 5.12, 5.14)"


id: b7926898a56f29f5cf3dd6e0c532d615
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"New initiatives, such as the Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program, represent an integrated approach to resilience that promotes \r\ncoordination among social protection, disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. Accompanying measures include health, \r\neducation, nutrition and family planning, among others (Daron et al., 2021)."


id: e66286c261f9e5975f4e8a0674cfc18b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Table Cross-Chapter Box GENDER.1 |  Inter-relations between SDG5 (gender equality) and adaptation initiatives in nine major sectors"


id: 8d064c860920ba5d2a0119e36df08b96
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Potential net synergies and trade-offs between a sectoral portfolio of adaptation actions and SDG 5 are shown. Colour codes showing the \r\nrelative strength of net positive and net negative impacts and confidence levels. The strength of net positive and net negative connections \r\nacross all adaptation actions within a sector are aggregated to show sector-specific links. The links are only one-sided on how adaptation \r\naction is linked to gender equality (SDG 5) targets and not vice versa. 22 adaptation options were assessed in ecosystem-based actions, \r\n10 options in technological/infrastructure/information, 17 in institutional and 13 in behavioural/cultural. The assessment presented here is \r\nbased on literature presenting impacts on gender equality and equity of various adaptation actions implemented in various local contexts \r\nand in regional climate change policies (Table SMCCB GENDER.2)."


id: 822634743e9a5a3aa522557ce9b7ebd9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Adaptation actions being implemented in each sector in different local contexts can have positive (synergies) or negative (trade-offs) \r\neffects with SDG 5. This can potentially lead to net positive or net negative connections at an aggregate level. How they are finally realised \r\ndepends on how they are implemented, managed and combined with various other interventions, in particular, place-based circumstances. \r\nEcosystem-based adaptation actions and terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems have higher potential for net positive connections (Roy \r\net al., 2018) (Table Cross-Chapter Box GENDER.1 and Supplementary Material). Adaptation in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems has \r\nthe strongest net positive links with all SDG 5 targets (medium evidence, low agreement). For example, community-based natural \r\nresource management increases the participation of women, especially when they are organised into women's groups (Pineda-Lopez "


id: 17fd05227a2f2c35ca050c5f47526f51
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content:
"et  al., 2015; de la Torre-Castro et  al., 2017) (Supplementary Material). For poverty, livelihood and sustainable development sectors, \r\nadaptation actions have generated more net negative scores (limited evidence, low agreement) (Table Cross-Chapter Box GENDER.1). For \r\nexample, patriarchal institutions and structural discriminations curtail access to services or economic resources as compared with men, \r\nincluding less control over income, fewer productive assets and lack of property rights, as well as less access to credit, irrigation, climate \r\ninformation and seeds which devaluate women's farm-related adaptation options (Adzawla et al., 2019; Friedman et al., 2019; Ullah \r\net al., 2019) (Supplementary Material)."


id: cc0041863a11526e5eaa299b15e1fea0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Heinrichs, 2020; Omukuti, 2020). This makes the power dynamics \r\namong actors and institutions critical for understanding the role of \r\nactors in CRD (Buggy and McNamara, 2016; Camargo and Ojeda, \r\n2017; Silva Rodriguez de San Miguel, 2018)."


id: a40340868b128cca5f5f7abedb2ed588
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"In most regions, such new institutional and informal arrangements are \r\nat an early stage of development (high agreement, limited evidence). \r\nFurther clarification and strengthening are needed to enable the fair \r\nsharing of resources, responsibilities and authorities to enable climate \r\naction to enable CRD (Wood et al., 2017; IPCC, 2018a; Reckien et al., \r\n2018). These are strongly linked to contested and complementary \r\nworldviews of climate change and the actors that use these worldviews \r\nto justify, direct, accelerate and deepen transformational adaptation \r\nand climate action."


id: 9c893e68ef8466e2171b8b91c8d86873
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Political economy studies (i.e., the origins, nature and distribution of \r\nwealth, and the ideologies, interests and institutions that shape it) \r\nexplicitly addressing CRD are quite limited. Yet there is an extensive \r\npost-AR5 literature on political economy associated with various \r\nelements relevant to CRD including climate change and development \r\n(Naess et  al., 2015); vulnerability, adaptation, and climate risk \r\n(Sovacool et al., 2015; Sovacool et al., 2017; Barnett, 2020); energy, \r\ndecarbonisation and negative emissions technologies (Kuzemko et al., \r\n2019; Newell, 2019); degrowth and low-carbon economies (Perkins, \r\n2019; Newell and Lane, 2020); solar radiation management (Ott, 2018); \r\nplanetary health and sustainability transitions and transformation \r\n(Kohler et al., 2019) (Gill and Benatar, 2020). Review and assessment of \r\nthis literature reveals our key insights about the relationship between \r\nthe political economy and CRD."


id: 29ca871a340d22d918d9faaa991ed449
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"First, the political economy drives coupled development-climate \r\nchange trajectories and determines vulnerability, thereby potentially \r\nsubjecting those least responsible for climate change to the greatest \r\nrisk (Sovacool et  al., 2015; Barnett, 2020). The legitimacy, viability \r\nand sustainability of the prevailing political economy is being called "


id: 2895fcaa310c36a5de4ba8bf8bacf1c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"into question because of its role in driving vulnerability in a changing \r\nclimate (Barnett, 2020), thus undermining the prospects for CRD.As \r\nunderpinning political economy ideologies, interests and institutions \r\nchange, the cause of the vulnerable is being appropriated, the drivers of \r\nvulnerability and the adaptation agenda are depoliticised, and market\u0002based solutions advocated in ways that sustain the prevailing political \r\neconomy at the expense of those most at risk. Political economy \r\ninterests and institutions that drive vulnerability are thus themselves \r\nat risk because worsening climate change raises questions about their \r\nlegitimacy and political and economic viability (Barnett, 2020)."


id: 24c87798f6541dcd2b51b042c15eb5fb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Given actors, institutions and their engagement is fundamental to \r\nsupporting system transitions needed for CRD (Section  18.3), this \r\nsection assesses recent literature with respect to how the values, \r\nchoices and behaviours of those actors enable or constrain specific \r\nenabling conditions. Such enabling conditions represent opportunities \r\nfor policymakers to pursue actions that contribute to CRD beyond \r\ndirect risk management options such as climate adaptation and GHG \r\nmitigation (Sections 18.2.5.1, 18.2.5.2)."


id: 951e10d6bcf13672d14a55a7ac428f05
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Third, a long-held view is that the effects of mitigation are global, \r\nwhile those of adaptation are local. A political economy perspective, \r\nhowever, underscores cross-scale linkages, and shows that local \r\nadaptation efforts, vulnerability and climate resilience are manifest in \r\ndevelopment trajectories that are shaped by both local and trans-local \r\ndrivers, and defined by unequal power relations that cross scales and \r\nlevels (Sovacool et al., 2015; Barnett, 2020; Newell, 2020), including in \r\nkey sectors such as energy (Baker et al., 2014) and agriculture (Houser \r\net al., 2019), as well as emergent blocs such as Brazil, Russia, India, \r\nChina and South Africa (BRICS) (Power et al., 2016; Schmitz, 2017); and \r\nsub-national constellations such as cities (Fragkias and Boone, 2016; \r\nBene et al., 2018)."


id: d839a57cfd3d84009f0ca61c6789f4c6
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content:
"Fourth, transitions towards CRD may be technically and economically \r\nfeasible but are 'saturated' with power and politics (Tanner and \r\nAllouche, 2011) (Section  18.3), necessitating focused attention to \r\npolitical barriers and enablers of CRD (Newell, 2019). With a narrow \r\nwindow of time to contain dangerous levels of global warming, \r\npolitical economy research calls for CRD trajectories that counter the \r\ntendency of the prevailing political economy to compound climate \r\nchange impacts and risk (Newell and Lane, 2020), especially given the \r\nopportunity to realise co-benefits through pandemic recovery efforts \r\nthat take into account vulnerability and the intersection of economic \r\npower and public health, environmental quality, climate change, and \r\nhuman and indigenous rights (Bernauer and Slowey, 2020; Schipper \r\net al., 2020b)."


id: 51ce01a1aa00d4ea327faf6ed08831a1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"pursue interventions that address the interactions among development, \r\nclimate change, equity and justice, and planetary health (Harvey et al., \r\n2019; Holscher et  al., 2019). This is evidenced by recent experience \r\nwith the COVID-19 pandemic response as well as ongoing escalation \r\nof disaster risk associated with extreme weather events (Walch, 2019; \r\nCohen, 2020; Schipper et al., 2020b; Wells et al., 2020)."


id: 8a033fc47931d057aa00574a1e7a98b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Several non-climate international policy agreements provide context \r\nfor CRD such as the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, \r\nthe UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Hjerpe et al., \r\n2015) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD; UNFCCC, \r\n1992), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UN, 1994), as \r\nwell as the more recent Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction \r\n(UNDRR, 2015) and the 'new humanitarianisms' which seeks to reduce \r\nthe gap between emergency assistance and longer term development \r\n(Marin and Naess, 2017). Collectively they provide a global policy \r\nframework that protects people's rights that are potentially threatened \r\nby climate change (Olsson et al., 2014). These policies are relevant to \r\ntransitions across multiple systems, particularly in societal systems \r\ntowards more equitable and just development."


id: 28e7b40643edffc48e510cc542a0761f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"effectiveness, economic efficiency, the ability to raise public revenue, \r\nand transparency (very high confidence). These gains can provide \r\nmore resource-efficient production technologies and positively affect \r\neconomic competitiveness (Costantini et al., 2018)."


id: a8e3e1f9a753f68a992eab4d8911bd18
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content:
"extreme weather events on assets and their outputs. However, when \r\nindirect exposures via financial counterparts are considered, the share \r\nof assets subject to climate risks is much larger (40-54%) (Battiston \r\net al., 2017). Hence, the magnitude of climate change-related risks is \r\nsubstantial, and similar to those that started the 2008 financial crisis \r\n(high agreement, limited evidence)."


id: 3c4264687bb65b6df6271979748d9443
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"Financial actors increasingly recognise that the generation of long-term, \r\nsustainable financial returns is dependent on stable, well-functioning \r\nand well-governed social, environmental and economic systems (very \r\nhigh confidence) (Shiller, 2012; Schoenmaker and Schramade, 2020). \r\nInstitutional approaches to a variety of environmental domains (Krueger \r\net  al., 2019) which seek to integrate the pursuit of green strategies \r\nwith financial returns include targeted investments in green assets (e.g., \r\ngreen bonds, clean energy public equity) and specialised funds/vehicles \r\nfor renewable energy infrastructure (Tolliver et al., 2019; Gibon et al., \r\n2020); cleantech venture capital and alternative finance (Gianfrate and \r\nPeri, 2019); investment screening to steer capital to green industries \r\n(Nielsen and Skov, 2019; Ambrosio et al., 2020); and active ownership \r\nto influence organisational behaviour (Silvola and Landau, 2021)."


id: b789bf9e6ec61d7af5e485345bb6d50a
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"For a transition from dirty (more advanced) technologies to clean (less \r\nadvanced) ones, market-based instruments such as carbon taxes should \r\nbe considered alongside subsidies and other incentives that stimulate \r\ninnovation (Acemoglu et al., 2016). Research and development in energy \r\ntechnologies, for example, can help reduce costs of deployment and \r\ntherefore the costs of operating in a carbon-constrained world. Hemous \r\n(2016) indicates that a unilateral environmental policy which includes \r\nboth clean research subsidies and trade tax can ensure sustainable \r\ngrowth, but unilateral carbon taxes alone might increase innovation in \r\npolluting sectors and would not generally lead to sustainable growth."


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content:
"Recent evidence sheds light on the magnitude and pervasiveness \r\nof climate risk exposure for global banks and financial institutions. \r\nAccording to Dietz et al. (2016), up to about 17% of global financial \r\nassets are directly exposed to climate risks, particularly the impacts of "


id: 183ef177adf05153a62e98b8e5689c5c
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"determinants of adaptive capacity are present (Berrang-Ford et  al., \r\n2014). This suggests that, in these contexts, adaptation efforts are \r\nlikely to be subsumed to existing government goals and actions, rather \r\nthan having transformational impact."


id: a55ffea4697406cbaef8a5a147f7adc
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"risks under current prudential rules. The ECB also announced that \r\nbanks in the Euro-zone will be stress tested on their ability to withstand \r\nclimate change-related risks. In addition to disclosure requirements \r\nand stress testing, some Central Banks are considering the possibility \r\nof steering or tilting the allocation of their assets to favour the less \r\npolluting issuers (Schoenmaker, 2019). This, in turn, would translate \r\ninto lower cost of capital for cleaner sectors, significantly accelerating \r\nthe greening of the real economy."


id: f4a9361b8493e50f2f092c3d092f384e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Enabling system transitions towards CRD is dependent in part on \r\nthe ability to monitor and evaluate system transitions and broader \r\ndevelopment pathways to identify effective interventions and \r\nbarriers to their implementation (very high confidence). However, the \r\nmonitoring and evaluation of individual system transitions, much less \r\nCRD, remains highly challenging for multiple reasons (Persson, 2019). \r\nThe highly contextual nature of resilience, adaptation and sustainable \r\ndevelopment means that, unlike climate mitigation, it is difficult to \r\ndefine universal metrics or targets for adaptation and resilience \r\n(Pringle and Leiter, 2018); (Brooks et al., 2014). This is demonstrated \r\nby the Paris Agreement's global goal for adaptation, The mismatch "


id: 5ac5c4af1e343fa42aced05683ecbe3d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Negative and Positive Screening. Investors assess the carbon footprint of issuers and identify the best and worst performers (Boermans \r\nand Galema, 2019). The issuers with excessive carbon footprint are divested and fall into the 'exclusion lists' (negative screening). \r\nAlternatively, the investors commit to pick only the best in class (positive screening). As a bare minimum, screening approaches force \r\nmore transparent environmental reporting from issuers. In the most optimistic scenario, to avoid exclusion lists issuers may progressively \r\ndivest their non-green operations. In the long term, the combination of positive and negative screening will reward sustainable issuers \r\nrelative to non-green sectors, thus reducing the cost of capital for less polluting entities."


id: 5c9a15bf9786f72a2e43e2d7e8e976ce
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content:
"Specialized Financial Instruments and Investors. New asset classes have been created to address the climate change challenge. \r\nAlso, specialised investment funds and vehicles came to life with the primary objective of addressing climate issues. While these financial \r\ninstruments and funds prioritise the achievement of climate objectives, they do not sacrifice financial returns and are able to attract \r\nprivate capital. To mention a few examples:"


id: 4292cebc8bd6570cbe5871344299835a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Currently, the ability to monitor different components of CRD are in \r\nvarious stages of maturity (very high confidence). Monitoring of the \r\nSDGs, for example, is a routine established practice at global and \r\nregional levels, and UNDP publishes annual updates on progress \r\ntowards the SDGs (United Nations, 2021). For resilience, Brooks et al. \r\n(2014) identify three broad approaches to its measurement, each of \r\nwhich could offer potential mechanisms for monitoring progress \r\ntowards CRD. One is a 'hazards' approach, in which resilience is \r\ndescribed in terms of the magnitude of a particular hazard that can \r\nbe accommodated by a system, useful in contexts where thresholds "


id: e7acb00cb12377a45bd68887a5970af
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"between timescales associated with resilience and adaptation \r\ninterventions and those over which the results of such interventions \r\nare expected to become apparent tends to result in a focus on the \r\nmeasurement of spending, outputs and short-term outcomes, rather \r\nthan longer-term impacts (Brooks et al., 2014; Pringle and Leiter, 2018). \r\nThe need to assess resilience and adaptation against a background of \r\nevolving climate hazards, and to link resilience and adaptation with \r\ndevelopment outcomes, present further methodological challenges \r\n(very high confidence) (Brooks et al., 2014)."


id: 6ed0eb83641e4288e2b1ff658ff28d7a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"to collectively solve problems and unlock the synergies between \r\nadaptation and mitigation and sustainable development (IPCC, 2018a; \r\nRomero-Lankao et al., 2018)."


id: 80aced1affe85de4aa2f3b6060081a7e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19767
content:
"Institutional arrangements to foster CRD are at an early stage of \r\ndevelopment in most regions (medium agreement, limited evidence). \r\nThey need to be further clarified and strengthened to enable a sharing of \r\nresources and responsibilities that facilitate climate actions embracing \r\nclimate resilience, equity, justice, poverty alleviation and sustainable \r\ndevelopment (Wood et al., 2017; IPCC, 2018a; Reckien et al., 2018). \r\nThese endeavours are strongly influenced by how contested and \r\ncomplementary worldviews about climate change and development \r\nare mobilised by societal actors to justify, direct, accelerate and deepen \r\ntransformational climate action or entrench maladaptive business as \r\nusual practices (Section 18.4.3.1)."


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"Worldviews are overarching systems of meaning and meaning-making \r\nthat inform how people interpret, enact and co-create reality (De Witt \r\net  al., 2016). Worldviews shape the vision, beliefs, attitudes, values, \r\nemotions, actions and even political and institutional arrangements. \r\nAs such, they can promote holistic, egalitarian approaches to enable, \r\naccelerate and deepen climate action and environmental care \r\n(Ramkissoon and Smith, 2014; De Witt et al., 2016; Lacroix and Gifford, \r\n2017; Sanganyado et al., 2018; Brink and Wamsler, 2019). Alternatively, \r\nthey can also serve as significant barriers to system transitions \r\nand transformation, based on anthropocentric, mechanistic and \r\nmaterialistic worldviews and the utilitarian, individualist or skeptical \r\nvalues and attitudes they often promote (very high confidence) \r\n(Beddoe et al., 2009; van Egmond and de Vries, 2011; Stevenson et al., \r\n2014; Zummo et al., 2020)."


id: 79d20e35dc3edae7d042c797fa8c7750
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"Traditional, modern and post-modern worldviews have different, and in \r\nmany ways, complementary potentials for enabling diverse approaches \r\nto climate action and sustainable development. They can also shift \r\nsocietal values and societal concern for climate change (Shi et  al., \r\n2015), resulting in changes in behaviour and acceptance of climate \r\nchange policies (van Egmond and de Vries, 2011; Van Opstal and Huge, \r\n2013; De Witt et al., 2016; Shaw, 2016) which are predictors of concern. \r\nAmong the challenges of strongly different climate-related worldviews, "


id: 2133bffeaa89186292757dcad20d5c65
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"is that they rarely co-exist. Some worldviews become incompatible or \r\nhostile to other worldviews, openly seeking to dominate, eliminate \r\nor segregate competing perspectives (medium agreement, medium \r\nevidence) (de Witt, 2015; Jackson, 2016; Nightingale, 2016; Xue et al., \r\n2016; Goldman et al., 2018)."


id: 59c3364b71073a8450d69a34edae4f2f
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"be included or excluded in collective action (Simeant-Germanos, 2019) \r\n(Sections 18.3.1.6, 18.4.3.5). Therefore, as evidenced by examples from \r\nthe UK (MacGregor, 2019) and China (Huang and Sun, 2020), small\u0002scale collective environmental action has transformative potential \r\nin part owing to its ability to increase levels of cooperation among \r\ndifferent actors (medium agreement, limited evidence) (Green et al., \r\n2020; Bluhdorn and Deflorian, 2021)."


id: cf7a03519e755d67703787eaad0a64d6
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"On the other hand, the tendency for certain worldviews to dominate \r\nthe policy discourse has the potential to exacerbate social, economic \r\nand political inequities as well as ontological, epistemic and procedural \r\ninjustices (very high confidence). Research aimed at exploring the \r\nexisting political ontology and knowledge politics of exclusion that \r\nmarginalise certain communities and actors originated in academic or \r\nscientific perspectives. This includes institutions such as the IPCC and is \r\nsubsequently replicated in social representations, including the media, \r\npublic policy and the development agenda, narrowing possibilities \r\nfor social transformation (Jackson, 2014; Luton, 2015; Escobar, 2016; \r\nBurman, 2017; Newman et al., 2018; Sanganyado et al., 2018; Wilson \r\nand Inkster, 2018)."


id: 6b741e890616a34dff50c3cd0805ed30
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Coincident with these social movements targeting climate change and \r\nsustainability has been a rise of political conservatism and populism as \r\nwell as growth in misinformation (high agreement, medium evidence) \r\n(Mahony and Hulme, 2016; Swyngedouw, 2019). This reflects efforts \r\nto maintain the status quo by actors in positions of power in the face \r\nof rising social inertia for climate action (Brulle and Norgaard, 2019). \r\nPolitical arenas of the future could include a new body politic that \r\nintegrates non-humans and a new geo-spatial politics (Latour et al., \r\n2018)."


id: 6bb1f4a0804bda3313625724ff13368d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"As introduced in the discussion of governance as an enabling condition \r\n(Section 18.4.2.1), a wide range of actors are involved in successful \r\nadaptation, mitigation, and sustainability policy and practice \r\nincluding national, regional and local governments, communities and \r\ninternational agencies (Lwasa, 2015). As of 2018, 197 countries had \r\nbetween them over 1500 laws and policies addressing climate change \r\nas compared with 60 countries with such legislation in 1997 when the \r\nKyoto Protocol was agreed upon (Nachmany et al., 2017; Nachmany \r\nand Setzer, 2018). In judicial branches, climate change litigation is \r\nincreasingly becoming an important influence on policy and corporate \r\nbehaviour among investors, activists and local and state governments \r\n(Setzer and Byrnes, 2019). There is enhanced action on climate change \r\nat both national and sub-national levels, even in cases where national \r\npolicies are inimical, as in the USA (Carmin et al., 2012; Hansen et al., \r\n2013)."


id: 194e7869786556e6542a0fff150c825b
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"Indigenous Peoples around the world often hold unique worldviews that link today's generations with past generations. In particular, \r\nmany Indigenous Peoples consider concepts of responsibility through intergenerational equity, thereby honouring both past and future \r\ngenerations (Matsui, 2015; McGregor et al., 2020). This can often be in sharp contrast to environmental valuing and decision making that \r\noccurs in Western societies (Barnhardt and Angayuqaq, 2005). Therefore, consideration of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge \r\nneeds to be a priority in the assessment of adaptation futures (Nakashima et al., 2012); Ford et al., 2016) (Chapter 1), although adequate \r\nindigenous cultural and intellectual property rights require legal and non-legal measures for recognition and protection (Janke, 2018)."


id: d9ec39ead7eac3a128f3f5d00ebcaebb
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"socioeconomic evidence (medium evidence, high agreement). These knowledge systems also point to novel discoveries that may be still \r\nunknown to the scientific world but have been known by communities for millennia (Mustonen and Feodoroff, 2020)."


id: 99d276311923f9cf25d108434a643b12
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"The value of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge in climate adaptation planning\r\nThere have been increasing efforts to enable Indigenous knowledge holders to participate directly in IPCC assessment reports (Ford \r\net al., 2012; Nakashima et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2016). Adaptation efforts have benefited from the inclusion of Indigenous knowledge \r\nand local knowledge (IPCC, 2019e) (very high confidence). Moreover, it has been recognised that including Indigenous knowledge and \r\nlocal knowledge in IPCC reports can contribute to overcoming the combined challenges of climate change, food security, biodiversity \r\nconservation, and combating desertification and land degradation (IPCC, 2019c) (high confidence). Limiting warming to 1.5degC necessitates \r\nbuilding the capability of formal assessment processes to respect, include and utilise Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge (IPCC, \r\n2018a) (medium evidence, high agreement)."


id: 965eb19960815a64c2c069e6c5b70e7b
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"However, these efforts have been accompanied by a recognition that 'integration' of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge cannot \r\nmean that those knowledge systems are subsumed or required to be validated through typical scientific means (Gratani et al., 2011; \r\nMatsui, 2015). Such a critique of 'validity' can be inappropriate, unnecessary, can disrespect Indigenous Peoples' own identities and \r\nhistories, limits the advancement and sharing of these perspectives in the formal literature, and overlooks the structural drivers of \r\noppression and endangerment that are associated with Western civilisation (Ford et al., 2016). Moreover, by underutilising Indigenous \r\nknowledge and local knowledge systems, opportunities that could otherwise facilitate effective and feasible adaptation action can be \r\noverlooked. We should also reserve space for the understanding that each cultural knowledge system, building on linguistic-cultural \r\nendemicity, is unique and inherently valuable."


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"Indigenous Peoples have often constructed their ways of knowing using oral histories as one of the vehicles of mind and memory, \r\nobservance, governance and maintenance of customary law (Table Cross-Chapter Box  INDIG.2). These ways of knowing can also \r\nincorporate the relationships between multiple factors simultaneously which adds particular value towards understanding complex \r\nsystems that is in contrast to the dominant reductionist, Western approach, noting that non-reductionist approaches also exist (Ludwig \r\net al., 2014; Hoagland, 2017)."


id: 7e62bdf2f5aa8208fbbea99659fe4b0d
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"Unlike mitigation, adaptation has traditionally been viewed as a local \r\nprocess, involving local authorities, communities and stakeholders \r\n(Preston et al., 2015). The literature on the governance of adaptation \r\ncontinues to emphasise that local governments have demonstrated \r\nleadership in implementation by collaborating with the private sector \r\nand academia. Local governments can also play a key role (Melica \r\net  al., 2018; Romero-Lankao et  al., 2018) in converging mitigation "


id: 6d75ad85c8b87891b464229f9675fd02
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"drive growth in inequality which can undermine poverty reduction \r\nefforts (very high confidence) (Fosu, 2017). Hence, recent years have \r\nseen significant interest in the concept of well-being as a more \r\nrobust measure for linking policy and the economy with sustainable \r\ndevelopment for a healthy Anthropocene era (Fioramonti et al., 2019)."


id: 4421c586656a6bc06b057cbf858cbb96
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"The emphasis on Green GDP is mirrored by another concept, Blue \r\nGrowth, that focuses on pursuing sustainable development through \r\nthe ecosystem services derived from ocean conservation (Mustafa \r\net al., 2019). Synthesis studies suggest that more intensive use of ocean \r\nresources, such as scaling up seaweed aquaculture, can be used to \r\nenhance CO2-eq sequestration, thereby contributing to GHG mitigation, \r\nwhile also achieving other economic goals (Lillebo et al., 2017; Froehlich \r\net  al., 2019). Similarly, Sarker et  al. (2018) present a framework for \r\nlinking Blue Growth and CRD in Bangladesh, with Blue Growth \r\nrepresenting an opportunity for adapting to climate change. Bethel et al. \r\n(2021) also links Blue Growth to resilience, noting that a Blue economy "


id: 42dc30402c1a6e82ae1ed9cefea6d8d3
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"Given such criticisms of the link between development and economic \r\ngrowth, a growing number of researchers argue for the need for \r\nalternatives to GDP to guide development and evaluate the costs \r\nand benefits of different policy interventions (Hilmi et al., 2015). For \r\nexample, while GDP growth can drive growth in income, it can also "


id: d737b3496d5761c53246974f93ce4098
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"can help facilitate recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, \r\nconsistent with earlier assessment of enabling conditions for system \r\ntransitions (Section 18.4.2.1), implementation of Blue Growth initiatives \r\nis contingent upon the successful achievement of social innovation as \r\nwell as creating an inclusive and cooperative governance structure (very \r\nhigh confidence) (Larik et al., 2017; Soma et al., 2018)."


id: af59c36e15734cdb8e6905140e7f7372
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"Knowledge-technology arenas comprise the interaction in knowledge \r\nspaces connected to technology transitions. The institutional and \r\npolitical architecture through which knowledge and technology "


id: e30ab7ede753d4199a8963a76a87f501
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Climate change risk may differ from other economic and financial risks in a number of ways: climate change is global; it involves long\u0002term impacts and a great deal of uncertainty; and it has the possibility of irreversible change (Hansen, 2021). The macroeconomic \r\nimplications will differ across countries, with less developed countries likely to suffer more relative to more advanced ones (Batten, \r\n2018). Hence, policymakers need to understand the impact of climate change on macroeconomic issues such as potential output growth, \r\ncapital formation, productivity and long-run levels of interest rates, in order to better design policy interventions, be it monetary or fiscal \r\n(Economides and Xepapadeas, 2018; Bank of England, 2019; Rudebusch, 2019). As discussed, below are a range of fiscal tools that can \r\nbe leveraged to mitigate the effects of climate change (Krogstrup and Oman, 2019)."


id: 38e8067666a3d613779d1dbec3c9c23f
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"investigators to one comprised of building knowledge networks. It also \r\ncreates opportunities for integration of disparate forms of knowledge \r\nand innovation, including local and Indigenous knowledge, into global \r\nknowledge systems (Cross-Chapter Box INDIG)."


id: 7aad3a412dfaab51ddfd7e44d9ea0b29
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"at the level of villages and cities (Ziervogel et al., 2021) (Chapter 8), \r\ncommunities in terms of people interacting with each other sharing \r\nworldviews, values and behaviours, also exist at the regional and \r\nglobal levels. For example, civil society engagement in climate action \r\nreached a peak in 2019, notably through the global youth movement \r\nwhich led to large global mobilisation and street demonstrations on \r\nall continents and in many large cities (Bandura and Cherry, 2020; Han \r\nand Ahn, 2020; Martiskainen et al., 2020). Calling for enhanced climate \r\naction by governments and other societal actors, the youth movement \r\nwas supported by many other societal groups and networks, including \r\narenas of community interaction."


id: 99fa548c20e5d934454947b0f39fdbd6
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"The expanding definition of what constitutes credible, relevant and \r\nlegitimate knowledge is leading to the democratisation of knowledge \r\nand efforts to address historical inequities in access to knowledge (Ott \r\nand Kiteme, 2016; Rowell and Feldman, 2019). This is reflected in the \r\ncommunication of science, which is increasingly focused on reducing \r\nthe distance between internal scientific and public communication \r\nand more engagement in public science governance and knowledge \r\nproduction (Waldherr, 2012; Peters, 2013). One innovative approach in \r\nco-production of knowledge is mobilising communities through citizen \r\nscience (Heigl et al., 2019). This also presents additional opportunities \r\nto incorporate local knowledge with scientific research, and better \r\nmatch scientific capability to societal needs."


id: ae4358987e7fb8e94b802f0a4db51626
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"After decades of limited government action and social inertia to \r\nreduce the risk of climate change, there is also increasing social dissent \r\ntowards the current political, economic and environmental policies to \r\naddress climate (Brulle and Norgaard, 2019; Carpenter et al., 2019). \r\nSocial movements are demanding radical action as the only option to \r\nachieve the mobilisation necessary for deep societal transformation \r\n(very high confidence) (Hallam, 2019; Berglund and Schmidt, 2020)."


id: 561db223862b379d9e1d18ab730d5325
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Societal choices and development trajectories emerge from decisions \r\nmade in different arenas which intersect and interact across levels \r\nand scales, in diverse institutional settings--some formal with their \r\nassociated instruments and interventions, while others are informal. \r\nSince AR5, both formal and informal setting are increasingly arenas \r\nof debate and contestation regarding development choices and \r\npathways (very high confidence) (Section 18.4.4, Chapters 1, 6, 8, 10 \r\nand 17). Community arenas exist from the local to the global scale \r\nand constitute the many interactions between governance actors, \r\noften transcending any one scale to reflect the emergent outcomes \r\nof interactions in political, economic, socio-cultural, knowledge\u0002technology and ecological arenas of engagement. Actions within and \r\nbetween these five arenas hence come together in the community \r\narena of engagement. While community engagement is often described "


id: 225dac6c853fa39f2c9906defbe6b50e
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"Prompted by SR1.5, new youth movements seek to use science-based \r\npolicy to break with incremental reforms and demand radical climate \r\naction beyond emissions reductions (Hallam, 2019; Klein, 2020; \r\nThackeray et al., 2020; Thew et al., 2020). Recent social movements \r\nand climate protests embrace new modalities of action related to \r\npolitical responsibility for climate injustice through disruptive collective \r\npolitical action (Young, 2003; Langlois, 2014). This is complemented \r\nby a regenerative culture and ethics of care (Westwell and Bunting, \r\n2020). These new social movements are based on non-violent methods \r\nof resistance, including actions classified as dutiful, disruptive and \r\ndangerous dissent (O'Brien, 2018)."


id: 58937e88f0d9f408ee23ed95393a24a2
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"The new climate movement mixes messages of fear and hope to propel \r\nurgency and the need to respond to a climate emergency (Gills and \r\nMorgan, 2020). While some consider the mix between fear and hope \r\nas beneficial to success, depending on psychological factors (Salamon, \r\n2019) or political geography (Kleres and Wettergren, 2017), others \r\nwarn of the risks of a rhetoric of emergency and its political outcomes \r\n(Hulme and Apollo-University Of Cambridge Repository, 2019; Slaven \r\nand Heydon, 2020)."


id: 52caa1952d136869470052a030fe9405
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"Prior sections of this chapter assessed the literature relevant to \r\nCRD inclusive of climate risk management, systems transitions and \r\ntransformation, and actors and the arenas in which they engage one \r\nanother to enable or constrain CRD. Here, this knowledge is explored in \r\ndifferent climatological and development contexts through a synthesis \r\nof CRD-relevant assessments within the WGII sectoral and regional \r\nchapters."


id: 4b8b4daf36f88bd3ff152997cae9a636
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Research shows that new climate movements have increased public \r\nawareness, and also stimulated unprecedented public engagement \r\nwith climate change (very high confidence) (Lee et al., 2020; Thackeray \r\net al., 2020) and has helped rethink the role of science with society \r\n(Isgren et al., 2019). Such movements may represent new approaches \r\nto accelerate social transformation and have resulted in notable \r\npolitical successes, such as declarations of climate emergency at the \r\nnational and local level, as well as in universities. Their methods have \r\nalso proven effective to end fossil fuel sponsorship (Piggot, 2018). \r\nSocial demands for radical action are likely to continue to grow, as \r\nthere is growing discontent with political inertia and a rejection of \r\nreformist positions (Stuart et al., 2020)."


id: b28df8ab21afa6680067b10dda5e967a
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"In synthesising regional knowledge relevant to the pursuit of CRD, \r\nthis section first considers geographic heterogeneity in regional \r\nresponses of common climate variables to increases in globally \r\naveraged temperatures. Such heterogeneity is a key driver of climate \r\nrisk in different global regions, as well as human and natural systems \r\nwithin those regions. This is followed by synthesis of various national \r\ndevelopment indicators, aggregated to the regional level, as well as \r\nvarious challenges, opportunities and options supporting CRD reported \r\nwithin WGII regional chapters."


id: 6d41b700ef39e954c789e3fcdea647d1
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content:
"Box 18.8: The Role of the Private Sector in \r\nClimate Resilient Development via Climate \r\nFinance, Investments and Innovation"


id: 8e832a76074e4732a9cbc267b7fee224
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"Two important elements of understanding the opportunities and \r\nchallenges associated with the pursuit of CRD in different regional \r\ncontexts are a) the geographic variability in climate conditions that \r\nshape livelihoods, behaviours and responses of human and natural \r\nsystems; and b) how those conditions could shift in the future in \r\nresponse to climate change, which determines the additional burden \r\nthat climate change could create for adaptation and sustainable \r\ndevelopment."


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"Climate finance broadly refers to resources that catalyse low\u0002carbon and climate resilient development. It covers the costs \r\nand risks of climate action, supports an enabling environment \r\nand capacity for adaptation and mitigation, and encourages \r\nresearch and development (R&D) and deployment of new \r\ntechnologies. Climate finance can be mobilised through a \r\nrange of instruments from a variety of sources, international \r\nand domestic, public and private (Section 18.4.2.2)."


id: b17b464f7e6cfd04a8f7d036f2b485ca
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"The climate analyses of WGI provide information on regional differences \r\nin temperature, rainfall and sea surface temperatures for different global \r\nregions and how they are projected to change in response to different \r\nlevels of aggregate global warming (Table  18.4). Such data reveal \r\nthat even when aggregated to broad geographic regions, significant \r\nvariations exist for all of these parameters, which is a function of the \r\nbaseline climatology of each region. For example, temperatures in \r\nAfrica and Australia are, on average, warmer than in Europe or North \r\nAmerica. Significant variations are also observed for rainfall variables. \r\nSuch regional variation in climate conditions is part of the regional \r\ncontext that shapes current patterns of development of the past present \r\nand future. They influence biodiversity and natural resource availability \r\nas well as exposure to climatic extremes (tropical storms, heatwaves \r\nand drought) that contribute to disasters."


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"The private sector has particular competencies which can make \r\nsignificant contributions to adaptation, through innovative \r\ntechnology, design of resilient infrastructure, development \r\nand implementation of improved information systems, and the \r\nmanagement of major projects. The private sector can be seen \r\nas a 'supplier of innovative goods and services' to meet the \r\nadaptation priorities of developing countries with expertise in \r\ntechnology and service delivery (Biagini and Miller, 2013)."


id: 84882ebee6485755c9cac79d24148596
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content:
"Future investment opportunities in climate resilient development \r\n(CRD) are in water resources, agriculture and environmental \r\nservices. Provision of clean water is another opportunity, \r\nrequiring investment in water purification and treatment \r\ntechnologies such as desalination and wastewater treatment. \r\nWeather and climate services are a possible area for private \r\ninvestment. (Hov et al., 2017; Hewitt et al., 2020)."


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"The WGI data also indicate that increases in globally averaged \r\ntemperatures will have different consequences for regional climate \r\nchange (Table  18.4), including variation in the magnitude and, for \r\nprecipitation, even the direction of change (very high confidence). For \r\nexample, although average temperatures, daily minimum temperature \r\nand the number of days over a given threshold are projected to increase "


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"Common indicators of development reflect the significant diversity \r\nthat exists across different global regions with respect to their \r\ndevelopment context (very high confidence). For example, the Human \r\nDevelopment Index, recently adjusted to reflect the effect of planetary \r\npressures (PPAHDI), illustrates the overall higher levels of development \r\nof North America and European countries of the Global North as well \r\nas Australasia compared with Asia, Africa, Central and South America \r\nand small islands of the Global South. Generally, this reflects the \r\nhigher levels of vulnerability and greater need for both sustainable \r\ndevelopments to reduce poverty and support sustainable economies \r\nas well as climate action to address climate risk (Table 18.6)."


id: a2b580b172a4085f22326158cbeb80c3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"There are a wide variety of more focused options for climate action \r\nand sustainable development (very high confidence). Such options \r\nhave potential for synergies and trade-offs including implications for \r\nGHG mitigation, land use change and conservation, food and water, "


id: 3c317cacfbf721e57ecde659d160acd6
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"The various regional chapters within the AR6 WGII report each provide \r\ninsights into progress towards CRD as well as the opportunities and \r\nchallenges associated with future pursuit of different CRD pathways. "


id: a8d765bdaef65e1a2f8b1aa119f3574f
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"or social equity. Despite variation in development context, regional \r\nassessments suggest CRD efforts will be associated with some \r\ncommon features. For example, in all regions, existing vulnerability \r\nand inequality exacerbate climate risk and therefore pose challenges \r\nto CRD (very high confidence). Furthermore, low prioritisation of \r\nsustainability and climate action in government decision making, \r\nlow perceptions of climate risk, and path dependence in governance \r\nsystems and decision-making processes all pose barriers to system \r\ntransitions, transformation and CRD (very high confidence)."


id: 9e9a7e37be488c0195093ca4a8b29da3
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"While both the sectoral and regional assessments indicate a rich toolkit \r\nof management options is available to decision makers to facilitate \r\nCRD, two key uncertainties undermine efforts to implement those \r\noptions. The first is the feasibility of implementation. Options that \r\nseem promising could nevertheless encounter implementation barriers \r\ndue to cost, absence of necessary capacity, lack of public acceptance \r\nor competition with alternative options. Progress in the literature \r\nsince the AR5 and SR1.5 reports enables improved consideration "


id: 9de89db2845eea67bc1ca0b070c1662e
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content:
"and Bustos, 2019). This includes consideration for risk and science \r\ncommunication; decision analysis and decision support systems; and \r\nmechanisms for knowledge co-production between scientists and \r\npublic policy actors (very high confidence)."


id: 407ac1606ebcdf049bf2110d4dd0a5c6
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"for options feasibility for both mitigation (SR1.5 ref) and adaptation \r\n(Cross-Chapter Box  FEASIB). This assessment allows the range of \r\navailable options to be considered in a more critical light, particularly \r\nwhen considering opportunities for implementation over the near \r\nterm. Meanwhile, the other challenge is that of option efficacy. \r\nSignificant uncertainties remain regarding how well a given option will \r\nperform in a specific context and whether it is capable of adequately \r\naddressing risk (Section 18.6.1). Such uncertainties can undermine the \r\npursuit of CRD or at least efforts to accelerate system transitions that \r\nsupport CRD (medium evidence, medium agreement) (Section 18.3). \r\nAccordingly, closer examination of option implementation in the real \r\nworld, including within different sectoral and regional contexts, would \r\nenhance the knowledge available to decision makers regarding which \r\noptions will best fit the needs of a given CRD pathway."


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"In addition, the AR6 WGII report highlights a number of elements \r\nof CRD that are associated with significant knowledge gaps and \r\nuncertainties. As a result, enhancing the value of CRD as a unifying \r\nconcept in development would benefit from further conceptualisation \r\nand socialisation of the concept, as well as efforts to address the \r\nfollowing knowledge gaps:"


id: 3264dde7f6c1ebdf1056008bc9f25d70
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Research to improve the understanding of CRD currently exists in a \r\nnascent state, because, as noted in the AR5, 'integrating climate change \r\nmitigation, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development is \r\na relatively new challenge' (Denton et al., 2014). While a large volume of \r\nliterature has emerged since the AR5 that spans the nexus of sustainable \r\ndevelopment, CRD and climate action, the identified research gaps \r\nin AR5 (Denton et  al., 2014) continue to be priorities for informing \r\nCRD. These include enhancing understanding of mainstreaming of \r\nclimate change into institutional decision making, managing risk \r\nunder conditions of uncertainty, catalysing system transitions and \r\ntransformation, and processes for enhancing participation, equity and \r\naccountability in sustainable development (very high confidence)."


id: 87116aff1419ba42485adfe3b2e289c5
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"The concept of CRD presents an ambitious agenda for actors at \r\nmultiple scales--global to local, particularly in the manner in which it \r\nreframes climate action to integrate a broader set of objectives than \r\nsimply reducing GHG emissions or adapting to the impacts of climate \r\nchange. Specifically, recent literature extends policy goals for climate \r\naction beyond avoiding dangerous interference with the climate \r\nsystem to adopt normative goals of meeting basic human needs, \r\neliminating poverty and enabling sustainable development in ways \r\nthat are just and equitable. This creates a policy landscape for climate \r\naction that is not only richer, but also more complex in that it situates \r\nresponses to climate change squarely within the development arena. \r\nCurrent policy goals associated with the Paris Agreement, Sendai \r\nFramework and the SDGs imply aggressive timetables. Yet, as noted "


id: 11438810d846140e51047cf3bc706497
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"Reconciling different perspectives on CRD is not simply a matter of \r\nacademic debate. Climate action, resilience and sustainable development \r\nare all active areas of policy and practice with significant economic, \r\nsocial, environmental and political implications (Section 18.1.3). Hence, \r\nenhancing the role of CRD as a practical framework for development \r\nand a guide for action may necessitate improving the science-policy \r\ndiscourse regarding CRD (Winterfeldt, 2013; Jones et al., 2014; Ryan "


id: c421794b762ab4fabdb9392d68a5a953
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"only recognises the need to prevent vulnerable human and ecological \r\nsystems from experiencing disproportionate harm from the changing \r\nclimate, but also the need to prevent those same systems from being \r\nharmed by mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development \r\npolicies and practices. Failure to adequately engage with equity \r\nand justice when designing sustainability transitions could lead \r\nto maladaptation, aggravated poverty, reinforcement of existing \r\ninequalities, and entrenched gender bias and exclusion of Indigenous \r\nand marginalised communities (Jenkins et al., 2018; Fisher et al., 2019; \r\nSchipper et  al., 2020b). These consequences could ultimately slow, \r\nrather than accelerate, CRD. Hence, developing programmes and \r\npractices for prioritising equity in effective transition risk management \r\nis an important dimension of enabling CRD."


id: abe91c424f502fbe185cf703c5a8171c
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"in the AR5 and supported by more recent literature (Section 18.2.1), \r\nthe world is neither on track to achieve all of the SDGs nor fulfil the \r\nParis Agreement's objective of limiting the increase in the global \r\nmean temperature to well below 2degC above pre-industrial levels and \r\npursuing efforts to limit warming 1.5degC. (Denton et  al., 2014; IPCC, \r\n2018a). This places aspirations for CRD in a precarious position. \r\nTransitions will be necessary across multiple systems (Section 18.1.3). \r\nWhile some may be already underway, the pace of those transitions \r\nmust accelerate, and societal transformations may be necessary to \r\nenable CRD (Sections 18.3, 18.4, Box 18.1)."


id: 4ee9b477f3782b9af761110eab86dedc
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"Ultimately, one of the critical developments within the literature is \r\nthe emergence of procedural and distributive justice as key criteria for \r\nevaluating climate action and CRD more specifically. This trend not "


id: 6b942e412f8aa871021e651ceb29862b
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content:
"A pathway is defined in IPCC reports as a temporal evolution of natural and/or human systems towards a \r\nfuture state. Pathways can range from sets of scenarios or narratives of potential futures to solution-oriented \r\ndecision-making processes to achieve desirable societal goals. Climate resilient development pathways (CRDPs) are \r\ntherefore trajectories for the pursuit of climate resilient development (CRD) and navigating its complexities. They \r\ninvolve ongoing processes that strengthen sustainable development, eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities \r\nwhile promoting fair adaptation and mitigation across multiple scales. As the pursuit of CRDPs is contingent on \r\nachieving larger-scale societal transformation, CRDPs invariably raise questions of ethics, equity and feasibility of \r\noptions to drastically reduce emission of greenhouse gasses (mitigation) that limit global warming (e.g., to well \r\nbelow 2degC) and achieve desirable and liveable futures and well-being for all."


id: 417cb93352bcb947097a651572ba8b10
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"There in no one, correct pathway for CRD, but rather multiple pathways depending on factors such as the political, \r\ncultural and economic contexts in which different actors find themselves. Some development pathways are more \r\nconsistent with CRD, while others move society away from CRD. Moreover, CRDPs are not one single decision \r\nor action. Rather, CRDPs represent a continuum of coherent, consistent decisions, actions and interventions that \r\nevolve within individual communities, nations, and the world. Different actors, the private sector, and civil society, \r\ninfluenced by science, local and Indigenous knowledges, and the media play a role in designing and navigating \r\nCRD pathways."


id: 8de079f904dcd3074d1925f04bf38d8e
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"While dependent on past patterns of development and their socio-ethical, political, economic, ecological and \r\nknowledge-technology outcomes at any point in time, transformation, ecological tipping points and shocks can \r\ncreate sudden shifts and unexpected nonlinear development pathways. Actions taken today can enable or foreclose \r\nsome future potential CRDPs. The differentiated impacts of hurricanes and COVID-19 on nations and communities \r\naround the world illustrate how the character of societal development such as equity and inclusion have enabled \r\nsome societies to be more resilient than others."


id: a783ff1a1c03f93f2129843ccc287471
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"FAQ 18.2 | What is climate resilient development and how can climate change adaptation (measures) contribute to \r\nachieving this?"


id: 990cd77cd329c62dd5e188216152aaff
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"Climate resilient development (CRD) is a process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation options \r\nto support sustainable development for all in ways that support human and planetary health and well-being, equity \r\nand justice. CRD combines adaptation and mitigation with underlying development choices and everyday actions, \r\ncarried out by multiple actors within political, economic, ecological, socio-ethical and knowledge-technology \r\narenas. The character of processes within these development arenas are intrinsic to how social choices are made and \r\nthey determine whether development moves society along pathways toward CRD or away. For example, inclusion, \r\nagency and social justice are qualities within the political arena that underpin actions that enable CRD."


id: 65c54d0c6129ff7bab38fe261b690f05
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"CRD addresses the relationship between GHG emissions, levels of warming and related climate risks. However, CRD \r\ninvolves more than just achieving temperature targets. It considers the possible transitions that enable those targets \r\nto be achieved as well as the evaluation of different adaptation strategies and how the implementation of these \r\nstrategies interact with broader sustainable development efforts and objectives. This interdependence between \r\npatterns of development, climate risk and the demand for mitigation and adaptation action is fundamental to the \r\nconcept of CRD. Therefore, climate change and sustainable development cannot be assessed or planned in isolation \r\nof one another."


id: 76037cc4a9ed7706df5ee0e1714fa310
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"Hence, CRD represents development that deliberately adopts mitigation and adaptation measures to secure a \r\nsafe climate on earth, meet basic needs for each human being, eliminate poverty and enable equitable, just and \r\nsustainable development. It halts practices causing dangerous levels of global warming. CRD may involve deep \r\nsocietal transformation to ensure well-being for all. CRD is now emerging as one of the guiding principles for \r\nclimate policy, both at the international level, reflected in the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015), and within specific \r\ncountries."


id: cedf7513a45d7e9b80f4dde82fa735da
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"FAQ 18.3 | How can different actors across society and levels of government be empowered to pursue climate \r\nresilient development?"


id: 578eb9b7043a7e991d1a021c7ef48671
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"CRD entails trade-offs between different policy objectives. Governments as well as political and economic elites \r\nmay play a key role in defining the direction of development at a national and sub-national scale; but in practice, \r\nthese pathways can be influenced and even resisted by local people, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and \r\ncivil society."


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"Given such tensions, contestation and debate are inherent to the definition and pursuit of CRD. An active civil \r\nsociety and citizenship create the enabling conditions for deliberation, protest, dissent and pressure, which are \r\nfundamental for an inclusive participatory process. These enable a multiplicity of actors to engage across multiple \r\narenas including governmental, economic and financial, political, knowledge, science & technology, and community. \r\nDecisions and actions may be influenced by uneven interactions among actors, including socio-political relations \r\nof domination, marginalisation, contestation, compliance and resistance, with diverse and often unpredictable \r\noutcomes."


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"In this way, recent social movements and climate protests reflect new modalities of action in response to social, \r\neconomic, and political inaction. The new climate movement, led mostly by youth, seeks science-based policy and, \r\nmore importantly, rejects a reformist stance toward climate action in favour of radical climate action. This is mostly \r\npursued through collective disruptive action and non-violent resistance to promote awareness, a regenerative \r\nculture and ethics of care. These movements have resulted in notable political successes, such as declarations \r\nof climate emergency at the national and local level, as well as in universities. Also, their methods have proven \r\neffective to end fossil fuel sponsorship."


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"The success and importance of recent climate movements also suggest a need to rethink the role of science in society. \r\nOn one hand, the new climate movements demanding political action were prompted by the findings of scientific \r\nreports, mainly the IPCC (2018a) and IPBES (2019) reports. On the other hand, these movements have increased \r\npublic awareness and stimulated public engagement with climate change at unprecedented levels beyond what the \r\nscientific community can do alone."


id: c47729d7360dc094b92c9f2edc050769
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"FAQ 18.4 | What role do transitions and transformations in energy, urban and infrastructure, industrial, land and \r\nocean ecosystems, and in society, play in climate resilient development?"


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"FAQ 18.5 | What are success criteria in climate resilient development and how can actors satisfy those criteria?\r\nCRD is not a predefined goal to be achieved at a certain point or stage in the future. It is a constant process of \r\nevaluating, valuing, acting and adjusting various options for mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development, \r\nshaped by societal values as well as contestations of those values. Any achievement or success is always a work in \r\nprogress driven by with continuous, directed, intentional actions. These actions will vary according to the priorities \r\nand needs of each population or system; therefore, specific criteria for, and indicators of, CRD will vary according \r\nto each specific context. This respect for context ensures the pursuit of CRD prioritizes people, planet, prosperity, \r\npeace and partnership, per the broad goals of the Agenda 2030 on sustainable development."


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"If CRD is defined as a process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation options to support \r\nsustainable development for all, this implies various potential criteria for success. These include the adoption of \r\nmitigation and adaptation measures to secure a safe climate, meet basic needs, eliminate poverty and enable \r\nequitable, just and sustainable development for all. Therefore, the 17 United Nations' SDGs provide a good \r\n(although limited) measure of progress toward CRD. The SDGs aim at ending poverty and hunger globally and \r\nprotect life on land and underwater until the year 2030. Although there are proven synergies between the SDGs \r\nand mitigation, there remain synergies between the SDGs and adaptation that need to be explored further."


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"The feasibility assessment (FA) presents a systematic framework to assess adaptation and mitigation options organised \r\nby system transitions. This Cross-Chapter Box assessed the feasibility of 23 adaptation options across six dimensions: economic, \r\ntechnological, institutional, socio-cultural, environmental-ecological, and geophysical to identify factors within each dimension that \r\npresent barriers to the achievement of the option. The results are presented below."


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"Agro-forestry solutions have strong ecological and adaptive co-benefits (high confidence), including improved provision of \r\necosystem services, synergies with the water-energy-land-food nexus, and positive outcomes in agricultural intensification, \r\njob diversification and household income. While broad inclusion of agro-forestry schemes in countries' Nationally Determined \r\nContributions (NDCs) reflect growing international interest in these strategies, insufficient financial support to smallholder farmers \r\ncontinues to limit the expansion of agro-forestry initiatives in developing and tropical countries."


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content:
"Implementing environmentally and biodiversity sensitive coastal defence options--often as part of Integrated Coastal \r\nZone Management--is limited by economic, environmental, institutional and social barriers. Successful implementation \r\nrequires a strong socioeconomic framework and can offer diverse social, ecological and economic benefits, as well as \r\nsequestering carbon (high confidence). There is extensive experience with hard coastal defence structures (e.g., sea walls), which \r\ncan be cost-effective in economic terms, depending on the location (medium confidence); however, they are considered maladaptive and \r\nunsustainable in some contexts (medium confidence) due to their lack of flexibility or robustness in response to a changing climate, as \r\nwell as their carbon-intensiveness and potential ecological impacts (medium confidence)."


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"There is medium confidence on the feasibility of sustainable aquaculture and fisheries as adaptation options. There are \r\nfinancial barriers to implementing sustainable aquaculture and fisheries, even though they can improve employment opportunities, \r\nespecially for local communities (medium confidence). Technical resource availability is still lacking and could represent a barrier to \r\nimplementing sustainable aquaculture and fisheries (medium confidence). Robust institutional and legal frameworks are needed to \r\nguarantee effective adaptation (high confidence). Sustainable aquaculture and fisheries are highly dependent on healthy and resilient \r\necosystems (high confidence). They can provide diverse ecosystem services and support coastal ecosystems restoration (medium \r\nconfidence)."


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"There are a range of strategies to improve livestock system efficiency including improved livestock diets, enhanced animal \r\nhealth, breeding and manure management, and grassland management. This suite of strategies has strong feasibility to build \r\nresilience while improving incomes (medium confidence) and providing mitigation co-benefits (high confidence). While technological \r\nand ecological feasibility is high, institutional, market and socio-political acceptability remain significant barriers (medium confidence)."


id: 6aac798f1176da6a4285ef94de5f0e4f
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content:
"Improving water use efficiency and water resource management under land and ecosystem transitions has high technological \r\nfeasibility (high confidence) with positive resilience-building and socioeconomic co-benefits. However, economic and \r\ninstitutional barriers remain and are based on type, scale and location of interventions (medium confidence). Notably, inadequate \r\ninstitutional capacities to prepare for changing water availability, especially in the long term, unsustainable and unequal water use and \r\nsharing practices, and fragmented water resource management approaches remain critical barriers to feasibility (high confidence)."


id: be011d2f322d86bd28dfd220b2ccba99
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"Improved cropland management includes agricultural adaptation strategies such as integrated soil management, no/\r\nreduced tillage, conservation agriculture, planting of stress-resistant or early maturing crop varieties, and mulching.\r\nThese strategies have high economic and environmental feasibility (high confidence) and substantial mitigation co-benefits (medium \r\nconfidence). However, high costs, inadequate information and technical know-how, delays between actions and tangible benefits, lack \r\nof comprehensive policies, fragmentation across different sectors, inadequate access to credit, and unequal access to resources constrain \r\ntechnological, institutional and socio-cultural feasibility (medium confidence)."


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"There is strong evidence that disaster risk management (DRM) is highly feasible when supported by strong institutions, \r\ngood governance, local engagement and trust across actors (medium confidence). DRM is constrained by lack of capacity, \r\ninadequate institutions, limited coordination across levels of government (high confidence), lack of transparency and accountability, and \r\npoor communication (medium confidence). There is a preference for top-down DRM processes, which can undermine local institutions \r\nand perpetuate uneven power relationships (medium confidence). However, local integration of worldviews, belief systems and local and "


id: 71dc339c32e500590de8be21e52da8f9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Indigenous Knowledge into DRM activities can facilitate successful, disability-inclusive and gender-focused DRM (medium confidence). \r\nMoves towards community-based and ecosystem-based DRM are promising but uneven and may increase vulnerability if they fail to \r\naddress underlying and structural determinants of vulnerability (high confidence)."


id: 4ed228bdb2aab21a216bedcc23b42325
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"Climate services that are demand-driven and context-specific (e.g., to a particular crop or agricultural system) build \r\nadaptation capacity and enable short- and longer-term risk management decisions (high confidence). Metrics to assess the \r\neconomic outcomes of climate services remain insufficient to capture longer-term benefits of interventions (medium confidence). While \r\ntechnological capacity and political acceptance is high (medium confidence), institutional barriers, poor fit with user requirements and \r\ninadequate regional coverage constrain the option's overall feasibility."


id: fbba48507dbb11f89be21c378e8d2ef
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Planned relocation and resettlement have low feasibility as climate responses (medium confidence).  Previous disaster- and \r\ndevelopment-related relocation has been expensive, contentious, posed multiple challenges for governments and amplified existing, \r\nand generated new, vulnerabilities for the people involved (high confidence). Planned relocation will be increasingly required as climate \r\nchange undermines habitability, especially for coastal areas (medium confidence). Full participation of those affected, ensuring human \r\nrights-based approaches, preserving cultural, emotional and spiritual bonds to place, and dedicated governance structures and associated \r\nfunding are associated with improved outcomes (high confidence). Improving the feasibility of planned relocation and resettlement is a \r\nhigh priority for managing climate risks (high confidence)."


id: 720463cf5ea0ce398a1e3a84375367e2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"This feasibility assessment (FA) of adaptation options is situated within four system transitions identified in SR1.5 (de Coninck et al., 2018b). \r\nIn this report, feasibility refers to the potential for an adaptation option to be implemented. Twenty-three key adaptation options have \r\nbeen identified in AR6, across these system transitions, and mapped against representative key risks at global scale (Chapter 16) (Figure 1)."


id: 2eec30068177f9f04e22b7a4aa69f5c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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"This cross-chapter box first presents the methodology for the (FA) of adaptation options (Section 2); findings of the FA (Section 3); \r\npresents synergies and trade-offs (S&Ts) of adaptation for mitigation options and mitigation for adaptations (Section 4); and knowledge \r\ngaps (Section 5)."


id: b2139255b7dcdf631754b7547df29930
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28558
content:
"Figure Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB.1 |  Feasibility assessment option mapped against representative key risks (RKRs)"


id: 8cb84c6ec5cf960b42101f7936cfc3b8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"CCB FEASIB.2 Methodology: feasibility assessment of adaptation options across key system transitions\r\nThe multi-dimensional feasibility of 23 adaptation options is assessed across six dimensions. This multi-dimensional framework goes \r\nbeyond technical or economic feasibility alone to capture how adaptation is mediated by the political environment, sociocultural norms \r\n(Evans et al., 2016), cognitive and motivational factors (van Valkengoed and Steg, 2019), economic incentives and benefits (Masud et al., \r\n2017), and ecological conditions (Biesbroek et al., 2013)."


id: 4d0820dfde0f880302d05a7f0700f5f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"The six feasibility dimensions are underpinned by a set of 20 indicators. Each adaptation option is scored as having robust, medium or \r\nlimited evidence on barriers based on a review of literature published from 2018 onwards (pre-2018 literature is expected to be covered \r\nby SR1.5 but in some cases pre-2018 literature was added) that reports studies that are 1.5degC-relevant. Further details and motivations \r\nfor this methodology can be found in Singh et al., 2020c."


id: db7fbdf14d5501897435e35133bc01e9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The scoring process is undertaken by one author and reviewed by at least two more authors to ensure robustness and geographical \r\ncoverage. While the literature does not support an assessment at different temperature levels or an assessment of how feasibility can \r\nchange over time, some examples of these spatial and temporal aspects are detailed below."


id: 812e987ff861ad5082cd6522ea327661
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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"CCB FEASIB.3 Findings: feasibility assessment of adaptation options across key system transitions\r\nThe following sections outline the findings of a 1.5oC-relevant feasibility assessment of adaptation options by the four system transitions. \r\nA synoptic summary of the findings of the multi-dimensional feasibility is shown at the end of this section in Figure Cross-Chapter \r\nBox FEASIB.2. The full line of sight can be found in the Supplementary Material (SM)."


id: bd720d41667e4debb7bdd3df099728f6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"The option for resilient power infrastructure considers all types generation sources, and transmission and distribution systems. There is \r\nrobust evidence and high agreement for the high feasibility of the economic and technological dimensions as the technologies have \r\nbeen used and their cost effectiveness is high, although the latter is dependent upon the generation source and location of each specific \r\ngeneration plant. There is medium institutional feasibility (medium evidence, medium agreement) as there are insufficient policies for \r\nresilient infrastructure, although there is high acceptability for these options."


id: c4ceea6c623fa29b98abaa8af48a3262
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The option of efficient water use and management also has high feasibility for the economic, technological and environmental dimensions \r\n(robust evidence, high agreement), as this option also has proven that technology and efficient water use can make power generation \r\noperations more efficient and cost effective as well as have positive effects on the environment, especially in drought-stricken regions. \r\nThere is high political acceptability, existence of water use policies, regulations and supporting institutional frameworks to ensure \r\ncompliance (Ali and Kumar, 2016; DeNooyer et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2018). There is medium evidence and high agreement for the \r\nmedium feasibility of the socio-cultural dimension, especially given the evidence of resilience in distributed generation systems and \r\nindependent microgrids."


id: 945bceba5083c102b421be4be0929387
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"For the three options, some of the indicators within the institutional, social and geophysical dimensions have limited evidence as they \r\nhave not been the focus of dedicated research. For example, when discussing the social co-benefits of energy reliable systems of efficient \r\nwater use, the literature does not focus on intergenerational or gender issues separately from the broad range of social co-benefits the \r\noptions provide, but, for example, highlight the need for electricity for communications and health centres."


id: e1fc3980126a34ccd2f63a889e3f040c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37042
content:
"Recent projects have focused on improving adaptability and increasing ecological and social sustainability by combining both hard \r\nengineering and 'softer' nature-based solutions (Morris et al., 2019; Scheres and Schuttrumpf, 2019; Schoonees et al., 2019; Van Loon\u0002Steensma and Vellinga, 2019; Du et al., 2020; Foti et al., 2020; Winters et al., 2020; Ghiasian et al., 2021; Joy and Gopinath, 2021; Tanaya \r\net al., 2021; Waryszak et al., 2021). For example, coastal defence might involve a combination of 'stabilising' ecosystems (e.g., seagrasses, \r\nmangroves, salt marshes) and hard human-made structures. Such coastal defence 'mixed' structures can be part of an Integrated Coastal \r\nZone Management (ICZM) strategy, which is covered as a separate option below."


id: 9e962bcd66fc18869dbb12efb3e642f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Sustainable aquaculture depends on healthy ecosystems (Sampantamit et al., 2020; Stentiford et al., 2020; Qurani et al., 2021). At the \r\nsame time, its implementation can increase or regenerate ecosystem services, enhance ecosystems' adaptive capacity (Shaffril et al., \r\n2017; Freduah et al., 2018; Custodio et al., 2020; Bricknell et al., 2021; Mustafa et al., 2021) and protect nursery grounds and habitats for \r\nfish and other important organisms (i.e., many commercial species are associated with mangroves). It may also prevent ecosystem "


id: b376e4d8e1d7b88c5d57df906725c96f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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vector_id: 28816
content:
"degradation such as deforestation, enhancing land use potential (Ahmed et al., 2018; Stentiford et al., 2020; Turolla et al., 2020; Mustafa \r\net al., 2021)."


id: 112ecccc367b9afb411d0df2895903fb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 214
content:
"CCB FEASIB.3.2.3 Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)\r\nICZM measures such as salt marsh management, re-vegetation of shorelines, community-based coastal adaptation and ecosystem-based \r\nadaptation were considered in this assessment. There is robust evidence and high agreement that ICZM increases ecological and adaptive \r\ncapacity to climate change (Villamizar et al., 2017; Antunes do Carmo, 2018; Hamin et al., 2018; Le Cornu et al., 2018; Propato et al., 2018; \r\nRomanach et al., 2018; Rosendo et al., 2018; Warnken and Mosadeghi, 2018; Morecroft et al., 2019; Morris et al., 2019; Alves et al., 2020; \r\nDonatti et al., 2020; Erftemeijer et al., 2020; Foti et al., 2020; Gomez Martin et al., 2020; Hanley et al., 2020b; Jones et al., 2020b; Krauss \r\nand Osland, 2020; O'Mahony et al., 2020; Perera-Valderrama et al., 2020; Cantasano et al., 2021)."


id: a0c97eb383cc737b10fdac024c0335d8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Diverse socioeconomic co-benefits have been identified, including integration of tourism activities, increased educational opportunities for \r\nthe reduction in storm damage, maintenance of ecosystems and their services, increasing adaptive capacities of institutions (Romanach \r\net al., 2018; Mestanza-Ramon et al., 2019; Morris et al., 2019; Donatti et al., 2020; Ellison et al., 2020; Erftemeijer et al., 2020; Gomez \r\nMartin et al., 2020; Hanley et al., 2020a; Jones et al., 2020b; Martuti et al., 2020; Perera-Valderrama et al., 2020; Telave and Chandankar, \r\n2021); as well as environmental and geophysical co-benefits aspects, including mitigation potential and hazard risk reduction (Propato \r\net al., 2018; Romanach et al., 2018; Ellison et al., 2020; Erftemeijer et al., 2020; Hanley et al., 2020a; Jones et al., 2020b; Martuti et al., \r\n2020; Cantasano et al., 2021)."


id: 2c9ecef350bd17130d859316c5e71efc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5112
content:
"There is robust evidence and high agreement that agro-forestry systems can increase ecological and adaptive capacity (Schoeneberger \r\net al., 2012; Smith et al., 2013a; Minang et al., 2014; Apuri et al., 2018; Kmoch et al., 2018; IPCC, 2019b; Jordon et al., 2020). Benefits \r\ninclude preservation of ecosystems services, such as water provision and soil conservation, more efficient use of limited land, alleviation \r\nof land degradation, prevention of desertification and improved agricultural output. Agro-forestry solutions also result in co-benefits in \r\nthe water-energy-land-food nexus, with observed positive outcomes in soil management, crop diversification, water efficiency and \r\nalternative sources of energy (De Beenhouwer et al., 2013; Elagib and Al-Saidi, 2020). Further, they can have social and economic benefits "


id: 49e583b1c862ba63a754b16c1626dd00
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10239
content:
"and positive synergies between adaptation and mitigation (Section 8.6.2.2) (Coulibaly et al., 2017; Hernandez-Morcillo et al., 2018; \r\nTschora and Cherubini, 2020; Duffy et al., 2021)."


id: 3076336d780e26a01184fe69c7e868c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"When locally adapted to fine-scale ecological and social variation, agro-forestry initiatives can improve household income, and provide \r\nregular employment and sustainable livelihood to local communities, thereby strengthening peoples' resilience to cope with adverse \r\nimpacts of changing climate conditions (Coe et al., 2014; Ogada et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2020; Sollen-Norrlin et al., 2020; Awazi et al., \r\n2021). However, Cechin et al. (2021) questions the financial viability of agro-forestry systems, especially in the case of smallholders in \r\nagrarian reform settlements, struggling with high upfront costs. Similarly, insufficient financial support was found to be a major constraint \r\nfor the implementation of broader agro-forestry initiatives in Southeast Asia and Africa (Sections 8.5.2 and 8.6.2.1) (Dhyani et al., 2021; \r\nWilliams et al., 2021b)."


id: cea6c9ad50f2d44a64201e182b8117a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Over the last decade, agro-forestry schemes have grown in acceptability and political support, most notably observed in their broad \r\ninclusion in countries' NDCs and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). Governance and institutional arrangements, however, have not \r\nbeen conducive to broader implementation of agro-forestry initiatives at the landscape level (Dhyani et al., 2021; Williams et al., 2021b). \r\nMedium evidence with medium agreement suggests that economic and cultural barriers may explain difficulties with the implementation \r\nof agro-forestry systems (Coe et al., 2014; Quandt et al., 2017; Cedamon et al., 2018; Hernandez-Morcillo et al., 2018; Ghosh-Jerath et al., \r\n2021). Also, unclear land tenure and ownership issues, together with inappropriate mapping and incomplete databases for monitoring \r\nvegetation, continue to hinder the adoption of broader agro-forestry strategies, particularly in remote areas and tropical forests (Martin \r\net al., 2020)."


id: bb97e0f41bbac9806f70bc71719478d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Notably, agro-forestry practices are often part of Indigenous and local Knowledge (Santoro et al., 2020), and so far, most literature \r\nrefers to the evaluation of existing agro-forestry practices or autonomous adaptation, with few studies evaluating the effects of targeted \r\ninterventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries (Miller, 2020; Castle et al., 2021)."


id: 440e97d7394e15c2e5793b88ac48615c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9210
content:
"CCB FEASIB.3.2.5 Forest-based adaptation, including sustainable forest management, forest conservation and restoration, \r\navoided deforestation, reforestation and afforestation"


id: 2ae6e9981bf5479bd3b7422795b59b5a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4781
content:
"Forest-based solutions enjoy wide local, regional and international support (Lange et al., 2019; Chausson et al., 2020; Seddon et al., \r\n2020b), and most countries have a basic regulatory framework for environmental protection. However, lack of institutional capacity, \r\ndeficient inter-agency coordination, and insufficient staff and budget continue to limit broader implementation of forest-based adaptation \r\nmeasures. Limited technical capacity, insufficient production and supply of seeds and seedlings, long transport distances and immature \r\nsupply chains have also been identified as significant barriers that hinder the expansion of forest-based initiatives (Bustamante et al., \r\n2019; Nunes et al., 2020)."


id: f192cd000f625dd914367e0e08710844
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39884
content:
"products (Nabuurs et al., 2017b; Chow et al., 2019; Lochhead et al., 2019; Shannon et al., 2019; Weng et al., 2019; von Holle et al., 2020; \r\nDooley et al., 2021; Forster et al., 2021; Tagliari et al., 2021). In well-designed systems, adaptation and mitigation can then go hand in \r\nhand, as in climate-smart forestry. What is more, adaptive forest management is already being tested in climate-smart forestry pilots in \r\nseveral temperate regions (Nabuurs et al., 2017b). However, large afforestation and non-native monoculture plantations may negatively \r\nimpact non-forest ecosystems, such as grasslands, shrublands and peatlands, their water resources and biodiversity (Seddon et al., 2019; \r\nSeddon et al., 2020a; Seddon et al., 2020b). Similarly, the International Resource Panel (2019) warns that restoration may also imply \r\ntrade-offs with other ecological and societal goals."


id: b99fadfc1e7b3ce03f7b98cbe7979015
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29866
content:
"Several social co-benefits are found to follow from biodiversity management strategies, including improved community health, recreational \r\nactivities and eco-tourism, in addition to educational, spiritual and scientific benefits (Lausche et al., 2013; Worboys et al., 2016; Seddon \r\net al., 2020a). Lavorel et al. (2020) show how the benefits of biodiversity management are co-produced by harnessing ecological and \r\nsocial capital to promote resilient ecosystems with high connectivity and functional diversity. Furthermore, Chausson et al. (2020) note \r\nhow properly implemented NBS, including biodiversity management, can strengthen social networks and foster a sense of place, \r\nsupporting virtuous cycles of community engagement to sustain interventions over time."


id: 1be1f7a2ebb51cb92f45fce1e21df4ca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2092
content:
"There is high agreement and robust evidence supporting the ecological capacity enhancement of biodiversity-based and ecosystem \r\nconnectivity strategies (Thompson et al., 2017; Lavorel et al., 2020). Forest management that favours mixed-species rather than non\u0002"


id: e033685d1a7d7e309967c38eaf075326
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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content:
"native monocultures can promote the resilience of timber production and carbon storage while also benefiting biodiversity (Chausson \r\net al., 2020). Similarly, monocultures have been found to impoverish biodiversity and hold less resilient carbon stocks than natural and \r\nsemi-natural forests (Seddon et al., 2020a)."


id: 5a36aefc58756357e1597f130e5b355e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"There is a relatively high agreement that ecosystem connectivity has the potential to improve the adaptive capacity of both ecological \r\nsystems and humans. Krosby et al. (2010), for example, found that planting trees in short distances could increase the probability of \r\nrange shifts in species that depend on the habitat those trees provide. Likewise, connectivity conservation has benefits for climate change \r\nmitigation (Lausche et al., 2013), but empirical evidence of the adaptation benefits for humans is scant. More recently, it has been \r\nfound that biodiversity conservation reduces the risk of zoonotic diseases when it provides additional habitats for species and reduces \r\nthe potential contact between wildlife, livestock and humans (Van Langevelde et al., 2020). Ecosystem-based approaches have been \r\npromoted to address the risk of increased zoonotic diseases, including the conservation of wildlife corridors (Gibb et al., 2020)."


id: a55584b15db4ef697530f666469366c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Despite abundant literature on the necessity to implement ecosystem connectivity strategies, many policy recommendations are mostly \r\ndiscursive and not supported by evidence. There is a lack of specificity when referring to the actors that should intervene in the design, \r\nimplementation and evaluation of policies. What is more, most of the literature comes from the natural sciences and is concerned with \r\nco-benefits to wildlife and nature, with very little elaboration on the socioeconomic co-benefits for humans."


id: 1e56b0edbb9266611bd9bd163cf05791
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2532
content:
"There is robust evidence (medium agreement) that improved cropland management can have mitigation co-benefits but the exact quantity \r\nof emissions reductions and increased removals depend on agro-ecosystem type, climatic factors and cropping practices (VandenBygaart, \r\n2016; Han et al., 2018; Mayer et al., 2018; Prestele et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2018a; Sommer et al., 2018; Gonzalez-Sanchez et al., 2019; Ogle \r\net al., 2019; Shah and Wu, 2019; Adams et al., 2020; Aryal et al., 2020a; Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020b; Shang et al., 2021)."


id: f4100181348c537b812673f50ac14ab9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40309
content:
"Enhancing the production efficiency of livestock systems through, for example, improved livestock diets, enhanced animal health, \r\nbreeding and manure management, can contribute to adaptation and mitigation (Ericksen and Crane, 2018; Accatino et al., 2019; Paul "


id: 104fb83018e3332a5560c56c5cff38dd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 59
content:
"Urban planning is a medium feasibility option to support adaptation by prioritising it in city plans, such as land use planning, transportation \r\n(Liang et al., 2020), and health and social services (Carter et al., 2015; Araos et al., 2016b); by procuring the design and construction of \r\nresilient infrastructure; by promoting community-based adaptation through community-based design and implementation of adaptation \r\nactivities (Archer, 2016); and by protecting and integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services into city planning. Research since SR1.5 \r\ndocuments the challenging high costs of infrastructure (Georgeson et al., 2016; Woodruff et al., 2018); potential loss of municipal revenue \r\nin the case of managed retreat (Shi and Varuzzo, 2020; Siders and Keenan, 2020); and the fraught causal connection between planning "


id: 87f548b0c04171c6cf0dead7315626fc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21074
content:
"and the reduction of socioeconomic vulnerability (Keenan et al., 2018; Anguelovski et al., 2019a; Elliott, 2019; Paganini, 2019; Shokry et al., \r\n2020). However, adaptation benefits could potentially outweigh costs (Carey, 2020). There is financial viability of green infrastructure \r\n(Meerow, 2019; Zhang et al., 2019; Van Oijstaeijen et al., 2020; Ossola and Lin, 2021); and availability of technical expertise, although the \r\ninequitable planning processes and distribution of those resources remains a significant concern (Serre and Heinzlef, 2018; Szewranski \r\net al., 2018; Fitzgibbons and Mitchell, 2019; Hasan et al., 2019; Heikkinen et al., 2019; Colven, 2020; Goetz et al., 2020; Goh, 2020)."


id: 3fe65e1a8dd4354e8475cb50944865bf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8435
content:
"Institutional barriers constrain the feasibility of urban green infrastructure (medium confidence), such as policy resistance to shift priorities \r\nfrom grey to green infrastructure (e.g., Johns, 2019 in Canada) or siloed governance structures (Willems et al., 2021). Further, social and \r\npolitical acceptability of green infrastructure is constrained by lack of confidence in efficacy (Thorne et al., 2018) or issues of accessibility \r\n(Biernacka and Kronenberg, 2018)."


id: 5047b2c47e39f8343e24f15d54bdca55
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11410
content:
"CCB FEASIB.3.3.3 Sustainable urban water management (blue infrastructure interventions e.g., lake/river restoration; rainwater \r\nharvesting)"


id: 8a3016b38130689952b06458407a417
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21489
content:
"Governments across scales can support urban sustainable water management with high feasibility by undertaking projects to recycle \r\nwastewater and runoff from higher intensity storms, with implications for decarbonisation and adaptation. Green infrastructure, for \r\nexample, has shown a high potential to reduce water-use footprints and to save potable water for consumption (Liu and Jensen, 2018), \r\nand contributing to a 'circular' water system in cities (Oral et al., 2020). Supportive governance can yield positive outcomes such as \r\nimproved water security (Jensen and Nair, 2019) and there is medium evidence and high agreement that participation, such as involving "


id: 3611fb88793d1cf1ed900c8dc5510ba9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6763
content:
"informal settlement residents in water management can improve social inclusion (Pelling et al., 2018; Williams et al., 2018; Leigh and \r\nLee, 2019b; Sletto et al., 2019). Green infrastructure can support the planning of 'sponge cities', such as in China, wherein large areas \r\nof green space, permeable surfaces and sustainable water sourcing combine to purify urban runoff, attenuate peak runoff and conserve \r\nwater for consumption (Chan et al., 2018; Nguyen et al., 2019). Similar approaches in Dutch cities focus on designing and planning for \r\nthe capturing, storing and draining of storm water (Dai et al., 2018). However, some interventions suffer from uncertainties in design, \r\nplanning and financing (Nguyen et al., 2019). As drought becomes more severe in some regions, physical barriers in the form of reduced \r\navailability of water may become pressing (Singh et al., 2021b)."


id: 96940d0e2e9d7bf18faad00a4391e43f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23694
content:
"There is robust evidence (high agreement) that DRM aids adaptation decision making, particularly where it is demand-driven, context\u0002specific and supported by strong institutions, good governance, strong local engagement and trust across actors (Hasan et al., 2019; Kim "


id: e3fe8378435b030b4ab54bcb53cf9da7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37405
content:
"Moves towards community-based and ecosystem-based DRMs are promising but uneven (Klein et al., 2019; Seebauer et al., 2019; Almutairi \r\net al., 2020; Bordner et al., 2020; Hosen et al., 2020; Murti et al., 2020; Sharma and Sharma, 2021), and may increase vulnerability if they fail \r\nto address underlying, structural determinants of vulnerability, particularly among marginalised groups and by gender (Sections 8.4.4 and \r\n8.4.5) (Seleka et al., 2017; Hossen et al., 2019; Ramalho, 2019b; Atanga, 2020; Cuaton and Su, 2020; Gartrell et al., 2020; Kenney and Phibbs, \r\n2020; Khalil et al., 2020; Ngin et al., 2020; Ruszczyk et al., 2020; Webb, 2020; Ali et al., 2021; Geekiyanage et al., 2021; Villeneuve, 2021)."


id: bd454e68e5c41e7c9c1c74b38c4b393
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30548
content:
"Multidimensional feasibility and synergies with mitigation of \r\nclimate responses and adaptation options relevant in the \r\nnear-term, at global scale and up to 1.5degC of global warming"


id: a1e8f8f7d9c2fda436df198b91ff9311
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25717
content:
"Figure Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB.2 |  This figure summarizes the assessment results classifying options by System Transitions and Representative \r\nKey Risks. Each option is assessed across six dimensions: economic, technological, institutional, socio-cultural, environmental and geophysical. Each dimension is assessed \r\nas high (big circle), medium (medium circle), low (small circle) feasibility, and limited evidence or no evidence (LE/NE, as a dash). Composite feasibility is calculated across \r\nthe six dimensions following the same key as above, with feasibility levels determined by circle size and confidence levels by shades of colour. The last column shows \r\noptions with strong synergies with mitigation, which is then broken down in Fig. CCB FEASIB.3."


id: ccde602f9eca887a19ea46c9c205268c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33379
content:
"a lack of appropriate mechanisms through which to deliver that funding (Boston et al., 2021). For example, planned relocation projects \r\ncannot access disaster relief funds in the USA because of the slow onset nature of the impacts (Bronen and Chapin, 2013)."


id: 4f51ba7df5f878f5c2462f5d43766d18
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11240
content:
"Without consultation, relocated people can experience significant financial and emotional distress as cultural and spiritual bonds \r\nto place and livelihoods are disrupted (Neef et al., 2018; Roy et al., 2018b; Piggott-McKellar et al., 2019; Bertana, 2020; McMichael \r\nand Katonivualiku, 2020; McMichael et al., 2021; Jain et al. 2021). However, in some places, where climate risks are acute, political \r\nacceptance for planned relocation is high (e.g., (McNamara, 2015; Roy et al., 2018b) in Kiribati). Socio-cultural feasibility can be improved \r\nby participatory approaches and, where possible, moving within ancestral lands (McNamara, 2015). In this case, voluntary planned \r\nrelocation can represent the assertion of people living in an area to preserve land and community-based social, cultural and spiritual ties."


id: b13303e37d555c9fabd0ad6f37132f51
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28409
content:
"A summary of feasible options to enable four 1.5degC-relevant system transitions is presented in Figure Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB.2."


id: b89a626490f12fe10a311f46adadda79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29686
content:
"The feasibility assessment focuses on individual adaptation options. However, systems transitions necessitate assessing how mitigation \r\nand adaptation options interact to mediate overall feasibility. To capture these linkages, this section reports synergies and trade-offs of \r\n(a) adaptation options for mitigation and (b) mitigation options for adaptation (following (de Coninck et al., 2018b) as the outcome of an \r\niterative assessment between WGII and WGIII authors. Also assessed are synergies and trade-offs of adaptation with the SDGs, following \r\n(which was done for mitigation alone)."


id: 47fff1975ddbf6193a75e4fb1aaba2b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9884
content:
"* Including sustainable forest management, \r\nforest conservation and restoration, avoided \r\ndeforestation, reforestation and afforestation."


id: 8a4b1442d169f0f39c89554f9e834ae4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21505
content:
"Figure Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB.3 |  This figure shows a) adaptation options synergies and trade-offs with mitigation and b) mitigation options \r\nsynergies and trade-offs with adaptation. The size of the circle denotes the strength of the synergy or trade-offs with big circles meaning strong synergy or trade-off \r\nand small circles denoting a weak synergy or trade-off."


id: 554a7812036a1523a3fcaf07d1110e7e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12285
content:
"Footnotes: 1 The term\r\nresponse is used here \r\ninstead of adaptation\r\nbecause some responses, \r\nsuch as retreat, may or may \r\nnot be considered to be\r\nadaptation. 2\r\n Including \r\nsustainable forest \r\nmanagement, forest \r\nconservation and \r\nrestoration, reforestation \r\nand afforestation. 3 The \r\nSustainable Development \r\nGoals (SDGs) are \r\nintegrated and indivisible,\r\nand efforts to achieve any \r\ngoal in isolation may trigger \r\nsynergies or trade-offs with \r\nother SDGs. 4\r\n Relevant in\r\nthe near-term, at global\r\nscale and up to 1.5degC of\r\nglobal warming."


id: 8d8f0793cfa177a9ac983b1d2c851b28
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22095
content:
"Figure Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB.4 |  This figure summarises the assessment of the nexus of each adaptation option considered in this CCB with the \r\n17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDGs with which there is a nexus are colored and have a + for positive nexus, - for negative nexus and +/- for mixed \r\nnexus. Blank cells either don't have a nexus or there is no or limited evidence of such nexus."


id: 1af042a8e6a3f525b898bd4c4fe90942
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1936
content:
"Despite the progress in new evidence since the SR1.5, there remain several knowledge gaps for the assessment of adaptation and \r\nmitigation options. They are underlying the Figure Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB.2 through the NE (no evidence) or LE (limited evidence)."


id: 4ff9447d1fea4bd58ea5d4439798e22c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11363
content:
"Within energy system transitions, resilient power infrastructure has knowledge gaps on indicators of transparency and accountability \r\npotential, socio-cultural acceptability, social and regional inclusiveness, and intergenerational equity."


id: 23a751529393a4e914a6e9bc8ad1b852
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3470
content:
"The options of forest-based adaptation and biodiversity management and ecosystems connectivity have knowledge gaps for the indicators \r\nof risk mitigation potential, legal and regulatory feasibility, and social and regional inclusiveness. The option of improved cropland \r\nmanagement has no or limited evidence for the indicators of legal and regulatory feasibility, transparency and accountability potential \r\nand hazard risk reduction potential. The efficient livestock systems option has no evidence for political acceptability and legal and \r\nregulatory feasibility, and limited evidence for overall institutional feasibility. Agro-forestry has knowledge gaps for employment and \r\nproductivity enhancement, transparency and accountability potential and intergenerational equity. There is also limited evidence for the \r\neconomic and technical feasibility dimensions for ecosystem connectivity."


id: dc970285c662b34efadaa5b3caffe7ca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36075
content:
"For urban and infrastructure systems, the option of green infrastructure and ecosystem services has limited evidence for macroeconomic \r\nviability, employment and productivity enhancement, and political acceptability. Sustainable water management has gaps for \r\nmacroeconomic viability, employment and productivity enhancement, and transparency and accountability potential."


id: 8cafb1fbcfb0742254ebf7184ca05918
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21937
content:
"For cross-cutting options, the main knowledge gaps identified are socio-cultural acceptability for social safety nets. While the evidence on \r\nresettlement, relocation and migration is large and growing, there is disagreement on several indicators, marking the need for more evidence \r\nsynthesis. Geophysical feasibility for resettlement, relocation and migration has limited evidence, but is an emerging area of research."


id: fe6abab7ead1f5755f94ac98e92ad0fa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42137
content:
"In general, throughout most of the options, there is significantly less literature from the regions of Central and South America, and West \r\nand Central Asia, as compared with other world regions."


id: f379d1759dfe75f43334e0421934f233
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40213
content:
"Accatino, F., et al., 2019: Trade-offs and synergies between livestock production and other ecosystem services. Agric Syst, 168, 58-72, doi:10.1016/j.\r\nagsy.2018.08.002."


id: 815f895b2dc28959dab90aabd7a153bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19891
content:
"Acevedo, M., et al., 2020: A scoping review of adoption of climate-resilient crops by small-scale producers in low- and middle-income coun\r\nPlants, 6, 1231-1241, doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00783-z."


id: 7371fc31d1e304ea54190513a1080418
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17564
content:
"Adams, H. and S. Kay, 2019: Migration as a human affair: Integrating individual stress thresholds into quantitative models of climate migration. Environ. \r\nSci. Policy, 93, 129-138, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.015.\r\nEsmail, A. and L. Suleiman, 2020: Analyzing evidence of sustainable urban water management systems: a review through the lenses of sociotechnical \r\ntransitions. Sustainability, 12(11), doi:10.3390/su12114481.\r\nAdger, W.N., et al., 2020: Urbanization, migration, and adaptation to climate change. One Earth, 3, 396-399, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.016.\r\nAdham, A., et al., 2018: A GIS-based approach for identifying potential sites for harvesting rainwater in the Western Desert of Iraq. Int. Soil Water Conserv. \r\nRes., 6(4), 297-304, doi:10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.07.003."


id: 8e594e092eac1ebd89b3fdc709e0f41e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22232
content:
"Agegnehu, G. and T. Amede, 2017: Integrated Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrient Management in Tropical Agro-Ecosystems: A Review. Soil Science Society \r\nof China, 662-680.\r\nAhmed, B., 2018: Who takes responsibility for the climate refugees? Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag., 10, 5-26, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2016-0149.\r\nAhmed, N., et al., 2018: Blue-green water nexus in aquaculture for resilience to climate change. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac., 26, 139-154, doi:10.1080/23308\r\n249.2017.1373743.\r\nAjibade, I., 2019: Planned retreat in global south megacities: disentangling policy, practice, and environmental justice. Clim. Change, doi:10.1007/s10584-\r\n019-02535-1."


id: 57d9006bff0a01bde3510b317d0dd20e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12720
content:
"Ajibade, I., M. Sullivan and M. Haeffner, 2020: Why climate migration is not managed retreat: Six justifications. Glob. Environ. Chang., 65, 102187, \r\ndoi:10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2020.102187."


id: ff9b35f4f73e2dde25f3cfb4f4da5c13
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42370
content:
"Editorial Team: Vincent Moller (Germany), Elvira S. Poloczanska (UK/Australia), Katja Mintenbeck \r\n(Germany), Sandra Gotze (Germany)"


id: 847af8b96f8d7a1dc74e4aa05f8d8e78
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20455
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex I: Global to Regional Atlas [Portner, H.-O., A. Alegria, V. Moller, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, \r\nS. Gotze (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to \r\nthe Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, \r\nE.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. \r\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2811-2896, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.028."


id: 74c54693c1a3afb06eecfc1cc0511a1b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17782
content:
"The Atlas includes mapping of the different components of risk. Risk \r\nin this report is defined as the potential for adverse consequences \r\nfor human or ecological systems, recognising the diversity of values \r\nand objectives associated with such systems. In the context of climate \r\nchange impacts, risks result from dynamic interactions between \r\nclimate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the \r\naffected human or ecological system. In the context of climate change \r\nresponses, risks result from the potential for such responses not \r\nachieving the intended objective(s), or from potential trade-offs or \r\nnegative side effects (Annex II: Glossary). Risk management is defined \r\nas plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or \r\nmagnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or \r\nperceived risks (Annex II: Glossary). {1.2.1.1}"


id: 714a24ad78fb46c9af5733eda3cb3bd1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17192
content:
"The Atlas provides visual support to key findings of the Assessment \r\nReport, allowing a broader display of material and case studies. The \r\nAtlas is not intended to be comprehensive. The underlying scientific \r\nbasis for each figure/map is indicated by references to sections of the \r\nunderlying report. These references are listed within curly brackets { \r\nand } at the end the corresponding caption texts."


id: 6ad6fb7cf6994b280c9dbd9e6e3606d6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16080
content:
"(b) In the current AR6 assessment, the role of responses in modulating the determinants of risk is a new emphasis (the 'wings' of the hazard, vulnerability and exposure 'propellers' \r\nrepresent the ways in which responses modulate each of these risk determinants {Figure 1.5}"


id: 88ef95ff7dc37b169db799c3860cd9aa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21257
content:
"(e.g., coral reefs, tropical forests), geological (e.g., mountains) or \r\nanthropogenic (e.g., megacities) formation, and for which it is useful \r\nto consider the common climate features. Typological regions are \r\ngenerally discontinuous (such as monsoon areas, mountains and \r\nmegacities) and are specifically used to integrate across similar \r\nclimatological, geological and human domains. {1.3.3}"


id: f1b8309acb73e25106cf5e2f85941c97
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39911
content:
"see also Chapter 16). In the WGII AR6, assessment of the vulnerability \r\nof people and ecosystems encompasses the differing approaches that \r\nexist within the literature, both critiquing and harmonising them based \r\non available evidence. In this context, exposure is defined as the \r\npresence of people; livelihoods; species or ecosystems; environmental \r\nfunctions, services and resources; infrastructure; or economic, social or \r\ncultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected \r\n(Annex II: Glossary). Potentially affected places and settings can be \r\ndefined geographically, as well as more dynamically, for example \r\nthrough transmission or interconnections through markets or flows of \r\npeople. {1.2.1.1}"


id: b2a08973ffccc58789e18034f21535fe
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28664
content:
"Fourth, the IPCC-WGI reference regions have been used for the regional \r\nsynthesis of historical trends and future climate change projections. A \r\nrecent update of these regions presented in AR6 WGI Atlas and used \r\nthroughout AR6, offer an opportunity for refinement due to the higher \r\natmospheric model resolution (including CMIP6). The number of land \r\nand ocean regions is 46 and 15, respectively, representing consistent \r\nregional climate features."


id: 303ce7831e7281b88d7aef922e52c989
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5742
content:
"The WGII AR6 assessment focuses primarily on adverse consequences of \r\nclimate change. However, climate change also has positive implications \r\n(benefits and opportunities) for certain people and systems. {16.1.2}"


id: 30e8e265c0c58b20e3cc51e71adc5503
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5859
content:
"The WGII Atlas links to WGI through global and regional climate \r\ninformation {WGI Chapter 12 [Ranasinghe et  al., 2021], WGI Atlas \r\n[Gutierrez et  al., 2021]}. Regional climate change information for \r\nimpacts and for risk assessment draws on analysis of global and \r\nregional climatic variables that link climate conditions to sectors."


id: 953e2b2a33c90cc26dc2ef3b473299a2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23457
content:
"As climate change is a multi-scale phenomenon from the local to the \r\nglobal, the assessment of climate risks and climate change impacts \r\nis strongly spatial, with a focus on regional climate change. The term \r\n'regions' is used in different ways throughout the interdisciplinary \r\nAR6 assessment as the use of the term varies across disciplines. It is \r\nalternately used to point to a particular geography, relate physical \r\ndistance or proximity, or categorise areas based on common biological, \r\ntopographical characteristics, or elevation in relation to sea level. Its \r\nmeaning depends on context. {1.3.3}"


id: 9e65f822a2cb5296c6ccdaf9bc8ceca2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25092
content:
"First, there are chapters dedicated to regional assessment in AR6 WGII \r\n(Chapters 9-15 and Cross-Chapter Paper 4), and within the content \r\nof these and other chapters of AR6, the term region is often used to \r\ndescribe continental and sub-continental regions, oceanic regions, \r\nhemispheres, or more specific localities within these geographic areas. \r\nBuilding on the continental domains defined in AR5 WGII (IPCC, 2014) \r\nand to ensure consistency with the AR6 WGI Atlas (Gutierrez et al., \r\n2021), AR6 WGII uses a Continental Set of Regions, namely Africa, Asia, \r\nAustralasia, Europe, North America, Central and South America, Small \r\nIslands, Polar Regions and the Ocean. For AR6, the continental regions \r\ninclude the land together with the coastal ocean. {1.3.3}"


id: f5fbacc67d0e8c37356d3865c9e11624
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40633
content:
"Second, the term regions is used to categorise areas around the globe \r\nwith common topographical characteristics or biological characteristics. \r\nFor example, Chapter 2 introduces regions in its discussion of biomes, \r\nas in arid, grassland, savanna, tundra regions, tropical, temperate \r\nand boreal forested regions. Chapter 3 adds reference to an area's \r\norientation with bodies of water, using terms such as deltaic, coastal, \r\nintercoastal, freshwater and salty. On top of this, Cross-Chapter 2 \r\nuses a coastal region typology based on physical geomorphology \r\nconsidering elevation, coastal type and topography (see Cross-Chapter \r\nPaper 2; Barragan and de Andres, 2015; Haasnoot et al., 2019a; Kay \r\nand Adler, 2017). {1.3.3}"


id: acab0196e3a0166161fa39884c5b4e80
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27623
content:
"Third, cross-chapter papers are dedicated to typological regions, \r\ndefined in the AR6 Glossary (Annex II) as regions that share one or more \r\nspecific features (known as 'typologies'), such as geographic location \r\n(e.g., coastal), physical processes (e.g., monsoons), and biological "


id: de82a7b10e3d3365db3f002fb48dc8ff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36413
content:
"Mean temperature change at +4.0degC Global Warming\r\nSSP5 8.5 relative to period 1995-2014\r\nCMIP6 - Annual (20 models)"


id: 16deb76701093ce046bb017987ee38f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1241
content:
"Mean temperature change at +2.0degC Global Warming\r\nSSP2 4.5 relative to period 1995-2014\r\nCMIP6 - Annual (34 models)"


id: fad34b04cbffff16f0644204923c67e4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41509
content:
"Mean temperature change at +1.5degC Global Warming\r\nSSP2 4.5 relative to period 1995-2014\r\nCMIP6 - Annual (34 models)"


id: 10a0488eaa40bc17cba84505152d1a3a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 109
content:
"Maximum 1-day precipitation change (RX1day) (%) \r\nat +4.0degC Global Warming\r\nSSP5 8.5 relative to period 1995-2014\r\nCMIP6 - Annual (19 models)"


id: e5bcbcc35d796f53c6de86d01eae1962
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37723
content:
"Maximum 1-day precipitation change (RX1day) (%) \r\nat +2.0degC Global Warming\r\nSSP2 4.5 relative to period 1995-2014\r\nCMIP6 - Annual (32 models)"


id: c4d55b03d402544c83f1128237211d70
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31943
content:
"Maximum 1-day precipitation change (RX1day) (%) \r\nat +1.5degC Global Warming\r\nSSP2 4.5 relative to period 1995-2014\r\nCMIP6 - Annual (32 models)"


id: 3a691097e07ed1739af5cf5321ead755
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7478
content:
"Figure AI.03 |  Physical drivers of climate change: Precipitation. {AR6 WGI Interactive Atlas, Gutierrez et al., 2021}"


id: 627dcda7bd9b5ef0bc1942e5f8ab32df
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14612
content:
"Oxygen concentrations affect aerobic processes, such as energy metabolism, and anaerobic microbial processes, such as denitrification. \r\nHence, projected decreases in dissolved oxygen concentration will impact organisms and their geographic distribution patterns in ways \r\nthat depend upon their oxygen requirements, which are highest for large, multicellular organisms."


id: c69f115f9d7aee9690ec05c68d69e799
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32246
content:
"Figure AI.05 |  Evidence of climate change impacts in many regions of the world. Global density map shows climate impact evidence, derived by machine learning from \r\n77,785 studies. Bar charts show the number of studies per continent and impact category. Bars are coloured by the climate variable predicted to drive impacts. Colour intensity \r\nindicates the percentage of cells a study refers to where a trend in the climate variable can be attributed (partially attributable: >0% of grid cells, mostly attributable: >50% of \r\ngrid cells). From Callaghan et al. (2021). {Figure 1.1}"


id: e6b648a2c24257d939db745681615f95
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37888
content:
"ure AI.6 |  Projected changes in global marine richness in 2100 compared with 2006. Differences between current (year 2006) and projected (yea\r\nness for Representative Concentration Pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (Garcia Molinos et al., 2016)."


id: 13d05969bd704be24964bfc027e73668
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 700
content:
"Figure AI.07 |  Observed shifts in distribution of plant functional types. Observed shifts in the distribution of plant functional types over 1700-2020. Shifts in plant \r\nfunctional types are indicative of shift in biome function and structure. {Box 2.1, Figure Box 2.1.1}"


id: b5a9ea87bdf1a80d5cf658d94db6c1e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29188
content:
"Projected responses of rangeland plants to CO2 fertilization\r\nChanges in 2050 under RCP8.5 relative to 1971-2000"


id: 669252d785b3c160e4211f34e7b5e60
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15299
content:
"Figure AI.08 |  Projected responses of rangeland plants to CO2 fertilization. Regional percent changes in land cover and soil carbon from ensemble simulation results and \r\nplant responses to CO2 fertilization. Regions as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division. (Boone et al., 2018) {5.5.3; Figure 5.11}"


id: 31e0eb8df891650b9d8de28e8aa180b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6028
content:
"Figure AI.09 |  People living in land area of high conservation importance. {CCP1.2.1.3, Figures CCP1.1, CCP1.2}"


id: b0d45b636b91a7c933592e9f8001cb27
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28336
content:
"These are a priority areas for nature conservation because they contain a high number of (endemic) species that occur nowhere else."


id: 7e6eec48c10bc51067a1d4f3e9a98701
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19404
content:
"Figure AI.11 |  Projected change in marine animal biomass. Simulated global biomass changes of animals. Spatial patterns of simulated change by 2090-2099 are \r\ncalculated relative to 1995-2014 for SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. The ensemble projections of global changes in total animal biomass updated based on Tittensor et al. (2021) include \r\n6-9 published global fisheries and marine ecosystem models from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (Fish-MIP, Tittensor et al., 2018, 2021), forced \r\nwith standardised outputs from two Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) Earth System Models (ESMs). {3.4.3; Figure 3.21}"


id: cbe1323222acdfecc9c9757b3fb3476
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33194
content:
"Figure AI.12 |  Projected change in marine zooplankton biomass. Spatial patterns of simulated change by 2090-2099 are calculated relative to 1995-2014 for SSP1-\r\n2.6 and SSP5-8.5. The ensemble projections of global changes in zooplankton biomasses updated based on Kwiatkowski et al. (2019) include, under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, \r\nrespectively, a total of 9 and 10 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) Earth System Models (ESMs). Unhatched areas represent regions where at least 80% of models \r\nagree on the sign of biomass anomaly. {3.4.3.4, Figure 3.21}"


id: c346ad186c3de9665bd10d6302d1ef6f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31628
content:
"Figure AI.13 |  Spatial patterns of simulated change in total phytoplankton biomass. Spatial patterns of simulated change by 2090-2099 are calculated relative to \r\n1995-2014 for SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. The ensemble projections of global changes in phytoplankton biomasses updated based on Kwiatkowski et al. (2019) include, under SSP1-\r\n2.6 and SSP5-8.5, respectively, a total of 9 and 10 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) Earth System Models (ESMs). Unhatched areas represent regions where at \r\nleast 80% of models agree on the sign of biomass anomaly. {3.4.3.4, Figure 3.21}"


id: c8b9db08c7b95a50e958d75fc3ef15d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32633
content:
"Figure AI.14 |  Spatial patterns of simulated change in total benthic animal biomass. Spatial patterns of simulated change by 2090-2099 are calculated relative to \r\n1995-2014 for SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. Globally integrated changes in total seafloor benthos biomass have been updated based on Yool et al. (2017) with one benthic model \r\n(Kelly-Gerreyn et al., 2014) forced with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) Earth System Models (ESMs). {3.4.3.4, Figure 3.21}"


id: d0cb46692942ca610b4f177866fcc6d8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34085
content:
"Figure AI.15 |  Projected exposure of biodiversity. Global warming levels modelled across the ranges of more than 30,000 marine and terrestrial species. Figure based \r\nTrisos et al. (2020). {CCP1; Figure 3.20}"


id: 3eee9f6606f9a8bc36d93cb5a5df62f2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8257
content:
"Sudden losses of production in all food \r\nproduction systems have been increasing \r\nsince 1960s. The major drivers of the \r\nincrease are climate hazards including \r\ndroughts, floods and storms."


id: da3e8d1956c003f0b2b488a2e04582de
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35696
content:
"Over the past 30 years, major crop yields \r\ndecreased by 4-10% globally due to \r\nclimate change (high confidence)."


id: a91c047d4b44d9f2eb907091b81ff1ac
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26968
content:
"  Regional impacts to major crop yields and food production loss events. Trends in food production shocks in different food supply sectors since 1\r\n2019). Projected impacts are for Representative Concentration Pathway RCP4.5 mid-21st century, taking into account adaptation and CO2 fertilization for crop y\r\ngure 5.3; Sections 5.5.3, 5.4.1; Figure FAQ 5.1; Figure 9.22; Sections 15.3.4, 15.3.3}"


id: 7b4585cb58ca61e1ec3ddb25839404d3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18889
content:
"Figure AI.18 |  Climatic and environmental stresses on global production of wheat. Larger map depicts the combined effect of five stresses on yield represented as \r\na Yield Constraint Score (YCS) on a five-category scale from low stress to high stress (Mills et al., 2018). Higher temperatures enhance not only ozone production but also ozone \r\nuptake by plants, thus exacerbating yield loss and quality damage. Data are available at Sharps et al. (2020). All data are presented for the 1 x 1deg (latitude and longitude) grid \r\nsquares where the mean production of wheat was >500 tonnes (0.0005 Tg). {5.4.1; Figure 5.4}"


id: 148aa050ca8d6e391b370828bb64d75a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 838
content:
"Figure AI.19 |  Climatic and environmental stresses on global production of soybean. Larger map depicts the combined effect of five stresses on yield represented as \r\na Yield Constraint Score (YCS) on a five-category scale from low stress to high stress (Mills et al., 2018). Higher temperatures enhance not only ozone production but also ozone \r\nuptake by plants, thus exacerbating yield loss and quality damage. Data are available at Sharps et al. (2020). All data are presented for the 1 x 1deg (latitude and longitude) grid \r\nsquares where the mean production of soybean was >500 tonnes (0.0005 Tg). {5.4.1; Figure 5.4}"


id: dc4de1c2cc3c320f24c64f54c2980b47
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36032
content:
"Figure AI.20 |  Climatic and environmental stresses on global production of rice. Larger map depicts the combined effect of five stresses on yield represented as a Yield \r\nConstraint Score (YCS) on a five-category scale from low stress to high stress (Mills et al., 2018). Higher temperatures enhance not only ozone production but also ozone uptake \r\nby plants, thus exacerbating yield loss and quality damage. Data are available at Sharps et al. (2020). All data are presented for the 1 x 1deg (latitude and longitude) grid squares. \r\n{5.4.1; Figure 5.4}"


id: cbe9ee9f23911e12239d21446fe3fced
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33201
content:
"Figure AI.21 |  Climatic and environmental stresses on global production of maize. Larger map depicts the combined effect of five stress on yield represented as a Yield \r\nConstraint Score (YCS) on a five-category scale from low stress to high stress (Mills et al., 2018). Higher temperatures enhance not only ozone production but also ozone uptake \r\nby plants, thus exacerbating yield loss and quality damage. Data are available at Sharps et al. (2020). All data are presented for the 1 x 1deg (latitude and longitude) grid squares. \r\n{5.4.1; Figure 5.4}"


id: 9a3b2696d6d2c1bd36d264ca0617de97
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24371
content:
"Figure AI.22 |  Projected changes in global maize production. Map shows median yield changes (2069-2099) under SSP5-8.5 across climate and crop models for current \r\ngrowing regions (>10 ha). The time series in the lower graph is shown as relative changes to the 1983-2013 reference period under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. Shaded ranges \r\nillustrate the interquartile range of all climate and crop model combinations (5 GCMs x 8 GGCMs). The solid line shows the median climate and crop model response (and a 30-year \r\nmoving average). All data are shown for the default (CO2) (Jagermeyr et al. 2021). {5.4.3.2}"


id: 7fdb6bba12e64c311f8cd137695b3c9b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19634
content:
"Figure AI.23 |  Projected changes in global wheat production. Map shows median yield changes (2069-2099) under SSP5-8.5 across climate and crop models for current \r\ngrowing regions (>10 ha). The time series in the lower graph is shown as relative changes to the 1983-2013 reference period under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. Shaded ranges \r\nillustrate the interquartile range of all climate and crop model combinations (5 GCMs x 8 GGCMs). The solid line shows the median climate and crop model response (and a 30-year \r\nmoving average). All data are shown for the default (CO2) (Jagermeyr et al. 2021). {5.4.3.2}"


id: 88085c65a27a47bda092a4d03fdf6d87
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21082
content:
"Figure AI.24 |  Rain-fed agriculture: drought risks, hazards, exposure and vulnerability indicators. Hazard and exposure indicator score, vulnerability index and \r\ndrought risk index for rain-fed agricultural systems between 1986 and 2015. Drought hazard indicator is defined as the ratio of actual crop evapotranspiration to potential crop \r\nevapotranspiration, calculated for 24 crops. Vulnerability index is the country-scale weighted average of a total of 64 indicators including social and ecological susceptibility \r\nindicators, and coping capacity. Risk index is calculated by multiplying hazard/exposure indicator score and vulnerability index (Meza et al., 2020). {Figure 5.5}"


id: 2586a82d88682ab81fcb8536f7882e99
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3789
content:
".25a |  Extreme stress for livestock driven by temperature and humidity. Change in the number of days per year above 'extreme stress' values from e\r\nry (1991-2010) to end of century (2081-2100) estimated under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). Mapped for species current glo\r\nn (Gilbert et al., 2018) (grey areas, no change). (Thornton et al., 2021). {Figure 5.12}"


id: 889127a90a8e2dcfe4c649deb89b72f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:06
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21192
content:
"b |  Extreme stress for livestock driven by temperature and humidity. Change in the number of days per year above 'extreme stress' values from \r\n1991-2010) to end of century (2081-2100) estimated under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). Mapped for species current g\r\nilbert et al., 2018) (grey areas, no change). (Thornton et al., 2021). {Figure 5.12}"


id: a9bb7a133f0de273736d9520f5cae871
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27082
content:
".25e |  Extreme stress for livestock driven by temperature and humidity. Change in the number of days per year above 'extreme stress' values from e\r\nry (1991-2010) to end of century (2081-2100) estimated under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). Mapped for species current glo\r\nn (Gilbert et al., 2018) (grey areas, no change). (Thornton et al., 2021). {Figure 5.12}"


id: 56b084250c7918eff29426ddbf4d9905
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12505
content:
"Temperature and humidity-driven reduction in first-hour physical capacity for outdoor work\r\nLower insets and arrows point to the only locations across the globe where the first hour loss of physical work capacity* is 40% for the early\r\ncentury and end century SSP1-2.6 scenario. Other locations will have large capacity losses over the course of a work day. End century impacts\r\nwill be much greater and more widespread under SSP5-8.5."


id: 20736ef4630fbdafae3b15803db35dad
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2927
content:
"Figure AI.26 |  Temperature and humidity-driven reduction in physical work capacity for humans working outdoors. Projected increase in the number of days per \r\nyear where physical work capacity is less than 60% based on average daily air temperature and relative humidity. Physical work capacity is defined as the maximum physical work \r\noutput that can be reasonably expected from an individual performing moderate to heavy work in a 'cool' reference environment of 15degC. {Figure 5.18}"


id: b92384d9fec02109c3f7dc32a28d5b6b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29776
content:
"Figure AI.27 |  Full mortality risk and climate change. Change in full risk mortality due to increases in temperatures. Estimates come from a model accounting for both the \r\ncosts and the benefits of adaptation, and the map shows the climate model weighted mean estimate across Monte Carlo simulations conducted on 33 climate models (Carleton \r\net al., 2018). {Figure 9.35, Section 9.10.1}"


id: 918b169d130e0d535a195ac8836b5972
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22827
content:
"For millennia, human populations have resided in the same narrow part of the climatic envelope available on the globe, characterized by a major \r\nmode around 11degC to 15degC mean annual temperature. Maps show current and projected geographical shift of the this temperature niche."


id: 7ae9ee7098c404b5bd1595917c3c1d4a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18826
content:
"Figure AI.28 |  Projected geographical shift of the human temperature niche. Geographical position of the human temperature niche projected on the current situation \r\nand the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5 projected 2070 climate. These maps represent relative human distributions (summed to unity) for the imaginary situation \r\nthat humans would be distributed over temperatures following the stylised double Gaussian model fitted to the modern data. Difference between the maps, visualising potential \r\nsource and sink areas for the coming decades if humans were to be relocated in a way that would maintain this historically stable distribution with respect to temperature. (Xu \r\net al., 2020) {Table 8.7; Section 8.4.5.6}"


id: 7b35d06b55df952a214b84b908dfc18
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18874
content:
"Figure AI.29 |  Global population exposed to hyperthermia from extreme heat. Global distribution of population exposed to hyperthermia from extreme heat and \r\nhumidity. Maps indicate the historical and projected number of days in a year in which conditions of air temperature and humidity surpass a common threshold beyond which \r\nconditions turned deadly and pose a risk of death (Mora et al., 2017). Largest fifteen urban areas by population size/number of citizens during 2020, 2050 and 2100 respectively, \r\nas projected by Hoornweg and Pope (2017). {Figure 6.3; Section 6.2.3.1}"


id: 6dd082eed246273411cd4c8df3a85b1e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16579
content:
"Figure AI.30 |  Present day global distribution of camps for refugees and internally displaced people. The global distribution of the United Nations High Commissioner \r\nfor Refugees (UNHCR) refugee and internally displaced people (IDP) settlements (as of 2018) overlaid with projected days with temperature exceeding 35degC in 2041-2060 relative \r\nto 1850-1900 under SSP2-8.5. {Figure Box 8.1.1; Box 8.1}"


id: 8c068a86c0201a953244a4539004f8ec
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21805
content:
"(a) Projected changes in the number of extreme heat stress days for cattle from early to end of century."


id: 6bbedcbda17db39dbdd53470997e24cd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16262
content:
"(a) Projected changes in the number of extreme heat stress days for cattle from early (1991-2010) to end of century (2081-2100) under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, shown as \r\narrows rooted in the most affected area in each IPCC sub-region pointing to the nearest area of reduced or no extreme heat stress. Arrows are shown only for sub-regions where \r\n>1 million additional animals are affected. Shaded areas are those with >5000 animals per 0.5deg grid cell in the early 21st century (Thornton et al., 2021). {Figure MOVING PLATE.1 \r\nin Chapter 5}"


id: 1626cc0302e5e81c2e7015214e7e888c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1110
content:
"(b) Ocean areas are delineated into Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regions. Ocean sensitivity is calculated from aggregated sensitivities from \r\nBlasiak et al. (2017) S1 country data based on number of fishers, fisheries exports, proportions of economically active population working as fishers, total fisheries landings and \r\nnutritional dependence, which was subsequently reanalysed for each FAO region depicted here. Arrows denote projected average commercial and artisanal fishing resource shifts \r\nin location under Representative Concentration Pathways RCP2.6 and under RCP8.5 scenarios by 2100. Numbered circles highlight examples of vulnerabilities (Bell et al., 2018a), \r\nconflicts (Miller et al., 2013; Blasiak et al., 2017; Osthagen et al., 2020), or opportunities for marine resource usage (Robinson et al., 2015; Stuart-Smith et al., 2018; Meredith et al., \r\n2019). {Figure MOVING PLATE.1 in Chapter 5}"


id: 891958e881a5a8d3e649440596cecf19
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21288
content:
"(b) Marine fisheries comparing countries' current percent dependence on marine foods for nutrition compared with projected change in maximum catch potential (MCP) from \r\nmarine fisheries. The percentage of animal sources foods consumed that originate from a marine environment. Countries with higher dependence are indicated by darker shades \r\n(Golden et al., 2016). Projected percent change in MCP of marine fisheries under 1.6degC global warming and >4degC global warming from recent past (1986-2005) to end of 21st \r\ncentury (2081-2100) in countries' Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) (Cheung William et al., 2016). Darker shades indicate greater percent reduction (negative values). Countries (in \r\nshades of green) that have overlap between high nutritional dependence and high reduction in MCP under two warming scenarios. {Figure 9.25}"


id: 27cf38ad82ec45d1e478dd5828f9da7d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4195
content:
"(a) Drought hazard computed for the events between 1901 and 2010 by the probability of exceedance the median of global severe precipitation deficits, using precipitation data \r\nfrom the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) for 1901-2010. {Figure 4.9}"


id: 6cffb666db9c75d53a5a4632004245cd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16459
content:
"(b) Drought vulnerability is derived from an arithmetic composite model combining social, economic and infrastructural factors proposed by UNISDR (2004). {Figure 4.9}"


id: 2aa086c901d84594ce024ff5c4e1d68b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4727
content:
"(d) Drought risk based on the components of hazard, vulnerability and exposure, scored on a scale of 0 (lowest risk) to 1 (highest risk) with the lowest and highest hazard, exposure \r\nand vulnerability (Carrao et al., 2016). {Figure 4.9}"


id: 481971bf04792b2f1c4998ce1ef92d92
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9901
content:
"(b) Lowland population and their differentiated dependence on mountain water resources, both for the scenario combination SSP2-6.0 and for the time period 2041-2050.\r\n(c) Number of lowland population and their differentiated dependence on mountain water resources from the 1960s to the 2040s for three different scenario combinations (based \r\nViili tl2020){FiCCP52}"


id: 4384d14d071d42ce3a9a12ee4f25c217
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9103
content:
"Risks to livelihoods and the economy from changing mountain water resources\r\nbetween 1.5degC and 2degC global warming level in AR6 WGI reference regions"


id: eda6763cd1c62d7170f804962abb169d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39168
content:
"Figure AI.38 |  Risk to livelihoods and the economy from changing mountain water resources. The majority of studies assessed focus on impacts up to mid-century \r\n(2030-2060) and for Representative Concentration Pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, which was converted into the corresponding warming level range 1.5-2.0degC global \r\nwarming level (GWL) (see Cross-Chapter Box  CLIMATE in Chapter 1). Methodological details are provided in Section SMCCP5.4, Figure  SMCCP5.1, Table  SMCCP5.16 and \r\nSMCCP5.18. Due to the limited evidence available to determine risks against high GWLs, and the relatively high uncertainties associated with future irrigation trends for the second \r\nhalf of the century (see, e.g., Viviroli et al., 2020), assessment of risks associated with GWLs greater than 2.0degC GWL was not conducted. {Figure CCP5.6}"


id: 45ea9764ae9f3980e1e809178ee921cf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9522
content:
"Due to projected global mean sea level (GMSL) rise, local sea levels that historically\r\noccurred once per century (historical centennial events, HCEs) are projected to\r\nbecome at least annual events at most locations during the 21st century. The height of \r\na HCE varies widely, and depending on the level of exposure can already cause severe\r\nimpacts. Impacts can continue to increase with rising frequency of HCEs."


id: 18a35d8eb6ecc0fa4cb13b491c9fc37b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1550
content:
"(a) The year in which historical centennial events (HCEs) are expected to recur once per year on average under Representative Concentration Pathways RCP8.5 and RCP2.6, at the \r\n439 individual coastal locations where the observational record is sufficient. The absence of a circle indicates an inability to perform an assessment due to a lack of data but does \r\nnot indicate absence of exposure and risk. The darker the circle, the earlier this transition is expected. The likely range is +-10 years for locations where this transition is expected \r\nbefore 2100. White circles (33% of locations under RCP2.6 and 10% under RCP8.5) indicate that HCEs are not expected to recur once per year before 2100."


id: d0725f80140513f898417de960748c72
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34025
content:
"The difference map shows locations where the HCE becomes annual \r\nat least 10 years later under RCP2.6 than under RCP8.5."


id: 3f36f769a0d0db406cd97d2001038ecf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8306
content:
"Figure AI.39b |  The effect of regional sea level rise on extreme sea level events at coastal locations."


id: 898aaea11b8e6f0c30e0e987e1c6ab53
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21374
content:
"(b) An indication at which locations this transition of HCEs to annual events is projected to occur more than 10 years later under RCP2.6 compared with RCP8.5. As the scenarios \r\nlead to small differences by 2050 in many locations, results are not shown here for RCP4.5."


id: 5502f2aa380f249336792b1093a9d385
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12226
content:
"(c) Schematic illustration of extreme sea level events and their average recurrence in the recent past (1986-2005) and the future. As a consequence of mean sea level rise, local \r\nsea levels that historically occurred once per century HCEs are projected to recur more frequently in the future. {4.2.3, Figures 4.10, 4.12}"


id: 49f167fddffff648872e5d80db1bbf9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10250
content:
"Figure AI.40a |  Relative trends in projected regional shoreline change. Advance/retreat relative to 2010. Frequency distributions of median projected change by 2050 \r\nand 2100 under RCP4.5. Projections account for both long-term shoreline dynamics and sea level rise and assume no impediment to inland transgression of sandy beaches. Data \r\nfor Small Island States are aggregated and plotted in the Caribbean. Data from Vousdoukas et al. (2020b). Values for reference regions established in the WGI AR6 Atlas (Gutierrez \r\net al., 2021) were computed as area-weighted means from original country-level data. For model assumptions and associated debate, see Vousdoukas et al. (2020a) and Cooper \r\net al. (2020a). {Figure 3.14}"


id: 3cec621b62296c39dd4f4ee5c674b632
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7899
content:
"Figure AI.40b |  Relative trends in projected regional shoreline change. Advance/retreat relative to 2010. Frequency distributions of median projected change by 2050 \r\nand 2100 under RCP8.5. Projections account for both long-term shoreline dynamics and sea level rise and assume no impediment to inland transgression of sandy beaches. Data \r\nfor Small Island States are aggregated and plotted in the Caribbean. Data from Vousdoukas et al. (2020b). Values for reference regions established in the WGI AR6 Atlas (Gutierrez \r\net al., 2021) were computed as area-weighted means from original country-level data. For model assumptions and associated debate, see Vousdoukas et al. (2020a) and Cooper \r\net al. (2020a). {Figure 3.14}"


id: cf3c2962b99adfd0fe68a4d87a1fd48c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33808
content:
"For selected islands, each dot represents the corresponding percentage of the population occupying vulnerable land, that may be\r\nexposed to coastal inundation either by permanently falling below mean higher high water (MHHW), or temporarily falling below the local \r\nannual flood height."


id: 13d46bcd3527218c2ea02016e24e470d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 704
content:
"Figure AI.41 |  Population living in small islands that may be exposed to coastal inundation. Projected percentage of current population in selected small islands \r\noccupying vulnerable land (the number of people on land that may be exposed to coastal inundation--either by permanently falling below mean higher high water, or temporarily \r\nfalling below the local annual flood height (adapted from Kulp et al., 2019, using the CoastalDEM_Perm_p50 model). Positions on the map are based on the capital city or largest \r\ntown. {Figure 15.3}"


id: 1493a73464f768e2d8e37b66bd2e3609
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 846
content:
"Figure AI.42 |  Projected number of people at risk of a 100-year coastal flood. The size of the circle represents the number of people at risk per reference regions \r\nestablished in the WGI AR6 Atlas (Gutierrez et al., 2021) and the colours show the timing of risk based on projected sea level rise (Haasnoot et al., 2021) under three different \r\nShared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Darker colours indicate earlier in setting risks. The left side of the circles shows absolute population at risk and the right side the share of \r\nthe population in percentage. {Figure CCP2.3}"


id: bc300cee776095dfd88856c812060443
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30350
content:
"(a) Hazard. Modelled mean global fluvial flood water depth (Tanoue et al., 2016, 2021) based on a land surface model and a river and inundation model driven by reanalysis \r\nclimate forcing of 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) global climatic models (GCMs). The annual maximum daily river water was allocated along elevations, and \r\ninundation depth was calculated for each year and averaged for the target period. {Figure 4.8}"


id: 257f0107df91ecfc21767bd4ef1cde04
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3781
content:
"(b) Vulnerability. Local flood protection standard (return period) at sub-country scale (Scussolini et al., 2016) based on published reports and documents, websites and personal \r\ncommunications with experts. Note that the vulnerability of this map reflects local flood protection such as complex infrastructure and does not fully reflect the other source of \r\nvulnerabilities, including exposure. {Figure 4.8}"


id: 413ad2bfd136f766367f4f33e2470e48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8655
content:
"xposure. Population distribution per 30 arc second grid cell (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010, 2011). {Fi"


id: 8857f59dac6b1365d3cddaf38a2a4f95
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21148
content:
"(d) Risk as population exposed to flood (number of people where inundation occurs) per 30 arc-second grid cell. Population under inundation depth >0 m as in panel (a) was \r\ncounted when the return period of annual maximum daily river water exceeds the flood protection standard as in panel (b). {Figure 4.8}"


id: 4cbaa586c04c16c1d7a597e8279b082c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10764
content:
"Figure AI.45a |  Projected changes in river flooding. Multi-model median return period (years) for the 20th century 100-year river flood, based on a global river and \r\ninundation model, CaMa-Flood, driven by runoff output of 9 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) Models in the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. All \r\nchanges are estimated in 2071-2100 relative to 1970-2000. A dot indicates regions with high model consistency (more than 7 models out of 9 show the same direction of change). \r\n{Figure 4.17}"


id: 71f1aa5a59f5dcf81263d280777a53e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17297
content:
"Figure AI.45b |  Projected changes in river flooding. Global or regional potential exposure (% of the total population affected by flooding) under different warming levels \r\nwith constant population scenario of CMIP5 (Alfieri et al., 2017) and with population scenario of SSP5 of CMIP6 (Hirabayashi et al., 2021b). Inundation is calculated when the \r\nmagnitude of flood exceeds current flood protection (Scussolini et al., 2016). Note that number of GCMs used to calculate global warming level of 4.0degC is less than that for other \r\nglobal warming levels, as the global mean temperature of some GCMs did not exceed 4degC. {Figure 4.17}"


id: 370c5063dae3f1fe46763d28aafdb2af
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6912
content:
"2881\r\nFigure AI.46 |  Burning ember diagrams of regional and global risk assessments. {Reasons for concern (RFC): Sections 16.6.3.1-16.6.3.5; 16.6.4; Table SM16.18; \r\nSM16.6. Africa: 9.2; Table 9.2; Table SM 9.1. Australia and New Zealand/ Australia: Table 11.14; SM 11.2. Mediterranean: CCP4.3.2-8; SMCCP4.2. Europe: 13.10.2; 13.10.2.1-\r\n13.10.2.4; SM13.10. North America: 14.6.2; 14.6.3; Table 14.3, SM14.4. Arctic: CCP6.3.1; Table CCP6.5; SMCCP6.6. Ecosystems: Table 2.5; Table 2.S. 4 Ocean: IPCC (2019). Health: \r\n7.3.1; Ebi et al. (2021).}"


id: c803b24de3d7e7d7e470bdec952ed19e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32499
content:
"Figure AI.47 |  Evidence of transformative adaptation by sector and region. Evidence of transformative adaptation is assessed based on the scope, speed, depth and \r\nability to challenge limits of responses reported in the scientific literature Studies relevant to multiple regions or sectors are included in assessment for each relevant sector/region. \r\nEvidence of transformational adaptation does not imply effectiveness, equity or adequacy. {16.3.2; Figure 16.6}"


id: 87e05134d4844ff9e42b97b60d01d3c0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21061
content:
"Figure AI.48 |  Drought is exacerbating water management challenges which vary across regions with respect to anticipated water scarcity conditions by \r\n2050. Local levels of policy challenges for addressing water scarcity by 2050, considering both the central estimate (median) and the changing uncertainty in projections of the \r\nWater Scarcity Index (WSI) from the present day to 2050. Projections used five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) climate models, three global hydrological models \r\nfrom the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP), and three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Reproduced from Greve et al. (2018). {Figure Box 4.1.1; \r\nBox 4.1}"


id: 8ce16adbb932f3d86500c42a149afdce
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21971
content:
"(a) Location of case studies of water-related adaptation responses (996 data points from 319 studies). In these 996 data points, at least one positive outcome was recorded in \r\none of the five outcome indicators. These outcome indicators are economic/financial, outcomes for vulnerable people, ecological/environmental, water-related, and socio-cultural \r\nand institutional."


id: 5a2eee363a3cb9aa7c3448f695105d8c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13114
content:
"(a) Cell contents indicate the number of publications reporting engagement of each actor in adaptation-related responses. Darker colours denote a high number of publications.\r\n(b) Percentages reflect the number of articles mentioning each type of adaptation over the total number of articles for that region. Radar values do not total 100% per region \r\nsince publications frequently report multiple types of adaptation; for example, construction of drainage systems (infrastructural), changing food storage practices by households \r\n(behavioural) and planting of tree cover in flood prone areas (nature-based) in response to flood risk to agricultural crops. Data updated and adapted from Berrang-Ford et al. \r\n(2021b), based on 1682 scientific publications reporting on adaptation-related responses in human systems. {Figure 16.4; Figure 16.5}"


id: 2c73c10d411d9781d0894f5877b10526
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5084
content:
"Figure AI.54 |  Evidence on constraints and limits to adaptation by region and sector. Low evidence: <20% of assessed literature has information on limits, literature \r\nmostly focuses on constraints to adaptation; medium evidence: between 20% and 40% of assessed literature has information on limits, literature provides some evidence of \r\nconstraints being linked to limits; High evidence: > 40% of assessed literature has information on limits, literature provides broad evidence of constraints being linked to limits. Data \r\nfrom Thomas et al. (2021), based on 1682 scientific publications reporting on adaptation-related responses in human systems. {Figure 16.7; 16.A.1}"


id: d0a6f9eeab262a67af2c54f69a26d3f9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34062
content:
"(b) Each strand shows the relative proportion of finance flowing from one category to another (for example from private or public sources to different instruments). Categories from \r\nleft to right are: Use = whether the finance is solely for adaptation or for adaptation and other objectives, including mitigation; Public/Private = whether the finance comes from \r\npublic or private sources; Instrument, the financing instrument; Sector = the broad sectoral allocation; Region = the geographical distribution of funding (proportion of total in % \r\nand per-capita allocation). Data for year 2018 from different sources, through different instruments into different sectors and regions as collated by CPI (2020). {Figure FINANCE.2 \r\nin Chapter 17; Figure FAQ17.2.1}"


id: 72f0a8493f34a0e53a8d5f5b3ab9bf44
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17469
content:
"Coordinating Editors: Vincent Moller (Germany), Renee van Diemen (the Netherlands/UK), \r\nJ. B. Robin Matthews (France/UK), Jan S. Fuglestvedt (Norway), Carlos Mendez (Venezuela), Andy \r\nReisinger (New Zealand), Sergey Semenov (Russian Federation)"


id: b3813dcf92fcd764f18fc61ea314befc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28820
content:
"Editorial Team: Paulina Paz Aldunce (Chile), Suruchi Bhadwal (India), Vanesa Castan Broto (UK/\r\nSpain), Cecilia Conde (Mexico), Mark Costello (New Zealand/Norway/Ireland), Jackson Efitre \r\n(Uganda), Elizabeth Jewett (USA), Piero Lionello (Italy), Tabea Lissner (Germany), Emma Liwenga \r\n(Tanzania), Katherine Mach (USA), Francisco Meza (Chile), Katja Mintenbeck (Germany), Gretta \r\nPecl (Australia), Rosa Perez (Philippines), John Pinnegar (UK), Hans-Otto Portner (Germany), \r\nElvira S. Poloczanska (UK/Australia), Marie-Fanny Racault (UK), Debra C. Roberts (South Africa), \r\nLisandro Roco (Chile), Chandni Singh (India), Yongyut Trisurat (Thailand), Philippus Wester (Nepal/\r\nthe Netherlands)"


id: 58442ffe50716af6ab8d5b8ba4a0c7bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12784
content:
"IPCC, 2022: Annex II: Glossary [Moller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Mendez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, \r\nA. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to \r\nthe Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, \r\nE.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. \r\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897-2930, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.029."


id: ba87107b1fb1c21decbadf3a96f873b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30030
content:
"In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected \r\nclimate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial \r\nopportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual \r\nclimate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment \r\nto expected climate and its effects. See also Adaptation options,\r\nAdaptive capacity and Maladaptive actions (Maladaptation)."


id: c46936885dfb5284b7b7a7d4a4596280
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31856
content:
"Note: This glossary defines some specific terms as the Lead \r\nAuthors intend them to be interpreted in the context of this report. \r\nItalicised words in definitions indicate that the term is defined in \r\nthe Glossary. Subterms appear in italics beneath main terms."


id: 583bd38fbd69f24a1223043958724d5f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12776
content:
"The involuntary movement, individually or collectively, of persons from \r\ntheir country or community, notably for reasons of armed conflict, civil \r\nunrest, or natural or human-made disasters (adapted from IOM, 2011)."


id: d4dcbe8147563af4482cfdb9e6ea2873
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34763
content:
"The gap between the current state of a system and a state that \r\nminimises adverse impacts from existing climate conditions and \r\nvariability."


id: e952880aef81deccaf928fbfe719342d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38405
content:
"A UN resolution in September 2015 adopting a plan of action for \r\npeople, planet and prosperity in a new global development framework \r\nanchored in 17 Sustainable Development Goals (UN, 2015)."


id: f868b99d5d683a883b9eeea08ed3a19d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41070
content:
"The difference between actually implemented adaptation and \r\na societally set goal, determined largely by preferences related \r\nto tolerated climate change impacts and reflecting resource \r\nlimitations and competing priorities (UNEP, 2014; UNEP, 2018)."


id: 95ce1cab5357dc0c6f10a3a52083b007
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23552
content:
"A change in the system that is substantially faster than the typical \r\nrate of the changes in its history. See also Abrupt climate change and\r\nTipping point."


id: 6995fa8b71bf26176978071b606928ee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15844
content:
"The point at which an actor's objectives (or system needs) cannot \r\nbe secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions."


id: 93183603922c996925b313fe727bc98
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23085
content:
"A large-scale abrupt change in the climate system that takes place \r\nover a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at \r\nleast a few decades and causes substantial impacts in human and/or\r\nnatural systems. See also Tipping point and Abrupt change."


id: 3ed105ca5e833ab8ef2ecc8afdb0254
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8241
content:
"The circumstances requiring action to ensure the safety of \r\npopulations and the security of assets in response to climate \r\nimpacts."


id: f7203a3a43e19714a2ac74912555e5b1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40848
content:
"A change in functional or morphological traits occurring once or \r\nrepeatedly (e.g., seasonally) during the lifetime of an individual \r\norganism in its natural environment. Through acclimatisation, the \r\nindividual maintains performance across a range of environmental \r\nconditions. For a clear differentiation between findings in laboratory \r\nand field studies, the term 'acclimation' is used in ecophysiology for the \r\nrespective phenomena when observed in well-defined experimental \r\nsettings. The term '(adaptive) plasticity' characterises the generally \r\nlimited scope of changes in phenotype that an individual can reach \r\nthrough the process of acclimatisation."


id: d7d708f08a5ccfebb605ee4401c00233
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35280
content:
"The array of strategies and measures that are available and \r\nappropriate for addressing adaptation. They include a wide range \r\nof actions that can be categorised as structural, institutional, \r\necological or behavioural."


id: b22353c36ceed052d01aa28fce09833d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28569
content:
"Adaptation in response to experienced climate and its effects, \r\nwithout planning explicitly or consciously focused on addressing \r\nclimate change. Also referred to as spontaneous adaptation."


id: c4cd827149a7ecb23e3a204fd10cc4e2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31939
content:
"All processes that add to the mass of a glacier, an ice sheet, or snow \r\ncover. The main process of accumulation is snowfall. Accumulation\r\nalso includes deposition of hoar, freezing rain, other types of solid \r\nprecipitation, gain of wind-blown snow, avalanching and basal \r\naccumulation (often beneath floating ice)."


id: eb8536b61ced206b0274fa6cacd8482b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38796
content:
"Local, community-driven adaptation. Community-based adaptation\r\nfocuses attention on empowering and promoting the adaptive \r\ncapacity of communities. It is an approach that takes context, \r\nculture, knowledge, agency and preferences of communities as \r\nstrengths."


id: c1fa9e13e93e888f473c3f43f8d16d4b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31425
content:
"Acute food insecurity is a situation which can occur at any time with \r\na severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the \r\ncauses, context or duration, as a result of shocks risking determinants \r\nof food security and nutrition, and used to assess the need for \r\nhumanitarian action (IPC Global Partners, 2019)."


id: bc3087202890328bcbea1d242255078c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30352
content:
"The use of ecosystem management activities to increase the \r\nresilience and reduce the vulnerability of people and ecosystems\r\nto climate change (Campbell et al., 2009). See also Nature-based \r\nsolution (NBS)."


id: 9b04639068bd79c8e79333c94d5e481
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24523
content:
"A negative effect that a policy or measure aimed at one objective has \r\non another objective, thereby potentially reducing the net benefit to \r\nsociety or the environment. See also Trade-off and Co-benefit."


id: b43584a3b1aea81e10170d62c7658b27
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28939
content:
"The process whereby a species or population becomes better able \r\nto live in a changing environment through the selection of heritable \r\ntraits. Biologists usually distinguish evolutionary adaptation from \r\nacclimatisation, with the latter occurring within an organism's \r\nlifetime."


id: d61082131f73adcd4e5efe7a537421d3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34977
content:
"Adaptation that maintains the essence and integrity of a system or \r\nprocess at a given scale (Park et al., 2012). In some cases, incremental \r\nadaptation can accrue to result in transformational adaptation\r\n(Tabara et al., 2018; Termeer et al., 2017). Incremental adaptations\r\nto change in climate are understood as extensions of actions and \r\nbehaviours that already reduce the losses or enhance the benefits of \r\nnatural variations in extreme weather/climate events."


id: 6ce0da81c00ce0fdde10d1ec39bac205
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16433
content:
"Adaptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a \r\nsocial-ecological system in anticipation of climate change and its \r\nimpacts."


id: 39fcfc89874fb0c5f33cc198da49fc12
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7414
content:
"A Fund established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and officially \r\nlaunched in 2007. The Fund finances adaptation projects and \r\nprogrammes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto \r\nProtocol. Financing comes mainly from sales of Certified Emissions \r\nReductions (CERs) and a share of proceeds amounting to 2% of the \r\nvalue of CERs issued each year for Clean Development Mechanism \r\n(CDM) projects. The Adaptation Fund can also receive funds from \r\ngovernments, the private sector and individuals."


id: acae09a5f2d273e29f30394eb96dd9b3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27625
content:
"Conversion to forest of land that historically has not contained forests. \r\nSee also Deforestation."


id: 259c067836c43e5d4c4dadc1ddf64a7d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3801
content:
"In this report, the degree of agreement within the scientific body of \r\nknowledge on a particular finding is assessed based on multiple lines \r\nof evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, models, \r\nexpert judgement) and expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et  al., \r\n2010). See also Confidence, Evidence, Likelihood and Uncertainty."


id: a29727ff1d18356280959a4fd65b25c6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25820
content:
"The ability of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to \r\nadjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to \r\nrespond to consequences (MA, 2005)."


id: 8ab6ebee210759e73b224439ebfc325b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21575
content:
"The science and practice of applying ecological concepts, principles \r\nand knowledge (i.e., the interactions of, and explanations for, the \r\ndiversity, abundance and activities of organisms) to the study, design \r\nand management of sustainable agroecosystems. It includes the roles \r\nof human beings as a central organism in agroecology by way of social \r\nand economic processes in farming systems. Agroecology examines \r\nthe roles and interactions among all relevant biophysical, technical and \r\nsocioeconomic components of farming systems and their surrounding \r\nlandscapes (IPBES, 2019)."


id: 835a09e4f651a45acaf64d5f15f7086e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20241
content:
"A process of iteratively planning, implementing and modifying \r\nstrategies for managing resources in the face of uncertainty and \r\nchange. Adaptive management involves adjusting approaches in \r\nresponse to observations of their effect on, and changes in, the system \r\nbrought on by resulting feedback effects and other variables."


id: bf72abe56adee5faf30dd64ef2e0d640
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30945
content:
"Downward motion of the land surface induced by anthropogenic \r\ndrivers (e.g., loading, extraction of hydrocarbons and/or groundwater, \r\ndrainage and mining activities) causing sediment compaction or \r\nsubsidence/deformation of the sedimentary sequence, or oxidation of \r\norganic material, thereby leading to relative sea level rise."


id: 4cc4c997697acf8d308ce5762aebfe82
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10775
content:
"Collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody \r\nperennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used \r\non the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or \r\nanimals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. \r\nIn agroforestry systems, there are both ecological and economical \r\ninteractions between the different components. Agroforestry can \r\nalso be defined as a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resource \r\nmanagement system that, through the integration of trees on farms \r\nand in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production \r\nfor increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land\r\nusers at all levels (FAO, 2015a)."


id: 669c162dd0f0457e9a1c49970b44dba9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15311
content:
"Areas where vegetation growth is severely constrained due to limited \r\nwater availability. For the most part, the native vegetation of arid \r\nzones is sparse. There is high rainfall variability, with annual averages \r\nbelow 300 mm. Crop farming in arid zones requires irrigation."


id: 58d18eeb1361576f953af9eb10cf0efb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12870
content:
"The state of a long-term climatic feature characterised by low average \r\nprecipitation or available water in a region. Aridity generally arises from \r\nwidespread persistent atmospheric subsidence or anticyclonic conditions, \r\nand from more localised subsidence in the lee side of mountains (adapted \r\nfrom Ogallo and Gbeckor-Kove, 1989). See also Drought."


id: a90a067115e99e509083aed8b0060d6d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26949
content:
"Degradation of air quality with negative effects on human health or \r\nthe natural or built environment due to the introduction, by natural \r\nprocesses or human activity, into the atmosphere of substances \r\n(gases, aerosols) which have a direct (primary pollutants) or indirect \r\n(secondary pollutants) harmful effect."


id: 805adb74551d8786fd5e1f4e54500d89
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19712
content:
"The proportion of sunlight (solar radiation) reflected by a surface or \r\nobject, often expressed as a percentage. Clouds, snow and ice usually \r\nhave high albedo; soil surfaces cover the albedo range from high to \r\nlow; vegetation in the dry season and/or in arid zones can have high \r\nalbedo, whereas photosynthetically active vegetation and the ocean\r\nhave low albedo. The Earth's planetary albedo changes mainly through \r\nchanges in cloudiness, snow, ice, leaf area and land cover."


id: 3a896ec28e11c6d2709a8c2979debe29
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7503
content:
"Attribution is defined as the process of evaluating the relative \r\ncontributions of multiple causal factors to a change or event with an \r\nassessment of confidence."


id: e6c026ded310fee15ccdf47699ae41d0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37895
content:
"In this report, behavioural change refers to alteration of human decisions \r\nand actions in ways that mitigate climate change and/or reduce negative \r\nconsequences of climate change impacts."


id: b0260e8fb39ace4906c0db51db554bdf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28227
content:
"seagrasses. These ecosystems have high carbon burial rates on a per \r\nunit area basis and accumulate carbon in their soils and sediments. They \r\nprovide many non-climatic benefits and can contribute to ecosystem\u0002based adaptation. If degraded or lost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems\r\nare likely to release most of their carbon back to the atmosphere. There \r\nis current debate regarding the application of the blue carbon concept \r\nto other coastal and non-coastal processes and ecosystems, including \r\nthe open ocean. See also Ecosystem services and Sequestration."


id: e6946ed42a7bff8854d1f08150708708
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37862
content:
"Occurring at the bottom of a body of water; related to benthos (NOAA, \r\n2018). See also Benthos."


id: 8c5ace9901c5fbc1ca4d24a355802fa9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21870
content:
"The community of organisms living on the bottom or in sediments of a \r\nbody of water (such as an ocean, a river or a lake). The ecological zone \r\nat the bottom of a body of water, including the sediment surface and \r\nsome subsurface layers, is known as the benthic zone."


id: 5098a9ba5cd60b93b6ad816569be8d37
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11454
content:
"Biodiversity or biological diversity means the variability among living \r\norganisms from all sources including, among other things, terrestrial, \r\nmarine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes \r\nof which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between \r\nspecies and of ecosystems (UN, 1992). See also Ecosystem and\r\nEcosystem services."


id: 6e5d550309d43cd38678aed8666f8fd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16681
content:
"The term Business-As-Usual scenario has been used to describe a \r\nscenario that assumes no additional policies beyond those currently in \r\nplace and that patterns of socio-economic development are consistent \r\nwith recent trends. The term is now used less frequently than in the \r\npast. See also Reference scenario."


id: c56a0164ead4efed8433cbb6e84c97eb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32041
content:
"The process of biologically precipitating calcium carbonate minerals \r\nto create organism shells, skeletons, otoliths or other body structures. \r\nThe chemical equation describing calcification is Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-\r\n(aq) - CaCO3(s) + CO2 + H2O. Aragonite and calcite are two common \r\ncrystalline forms of biologically precipitated calcium carbonate \r\nminerals that have different solubilities."


id: fa12e71aa3747072e247af1101ff2a38
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41362
content:
"Biodiversity hotspots are geographic areas exceptionally rich in species, \r\necologically distinct, and often contain geographically rare endemic \r\nspecies. They are thus priorities for nature conservation action."


id: be2d8f8324576560db19aecccd80ab0f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30725
content:
"Energy derived from any form of biomass or its metabolic by-products. \r\nSee also Biofuel and Biomass."


id: 1e9d7e383e00298f5ef92ea50a9196e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2588
content:
"The practice of enhancing the strengths and attributes of, and resources \r\navailable to, an individual, community, society or organisation to \r\nrespond to change."


id: 5335ac279e168195a2b028079d639820
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11907
content:
"A fuel, generally in liquid form, produced from biomass. Biofuels\r\ninclude bioethanol from sugarcane, sugar beet or maize and biodiesel \r\nfrom canola or soybeans. See also Bioenergy."


id: 6752d914a585c282d28679712ccb0475
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15450
content:
"A naturally occurring gas, CO2 is also a by-product of burning fossil fuels\r\n(such as oil, gas and coal), of burning biomass, of land-use changes \r\n(LUC) and of industrial processes (e.g., cement production). It is the \r\nprincipal anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earth's \r\nradiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other GHGs are \r\nmeasured and therefore has a global warming potential (GWP) of 1."


id: fc1d9eb2c67c77ee6440ccc8fe77c8cf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41719
content:
"Organic material excluding the material that is fossilised or embedded \r\nin geological formations. Biomass may refer to the mass of organic \r\nmatter in a specific area (ISO, 2014). See also Bioenergy and Biofuel."


id: 77feb1d1ce23022dc8cd07e554058b38
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18318
content:
"Global-scale zones, generally defined by the type of plant life that they \r\nsupport in response to average rainfall and temperature patterns. For \r\nexample, tundra, coral reefs or savannas (IPBES, 2019)."


id: d3bbceaf1583ae64b1db3f06a20215d9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34596
content:
"The increase of plant photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in \r\nresponse to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. \r\nWhether this increased photosynthesis translates into increased plant \r\ngrowth and carbon storage on land depends on the interacting effects \r\nof temperature, moisture and nutrient availability."


id: 9dc207520f299e54b8ccfec8c5f6c4e6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24989
content:
"The part of the Earth system comprising all ecosystems and living \r\norganisms, in the atmosphere, on land (terrestrial biosphere) or in the \r\noceans (marine biosphere), including derived dead organic matter, \r\nsuch as litter, soil organic matter and oceanic detritus."


id: d865a25ac692ec24abf630aab462c86b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35370
content:
"Anthropogenic activities removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the \r\natmosphere and durably storing it in geological, terrestrial or ocean \r\nreservoirs, or in products. It includes existing and potential anthropogenic\r\nenhancement of biological or geochemical CO2 sinks and direct air \r\ncarbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS) but excludes natural CO2\r\nuptake not directly caused by human activities. See also Afforestation."


id: f180958eb2db3526d32f71149b9e9bbc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39874
content:
"Biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that \r\nare amenable to management. Coastal blue carbon focuses on rooted \r\nvegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal marshes, mangroves and "


id: fa7d89cf8ff846e0d4aebc737274a173
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41436
content:
"properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades \r\nor longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes \r\nor external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic \r\neruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition \r\nof the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the United Nations \r\nFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, \r\ndefines climate change as: 'a change of climate which is attributed \r\ndirectly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of \r\nthe global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate \r\nvariability observed over comparable time periods'. The UNFCCC thus \r\nmakes a distinction between climate change attributable to human \r\nactivities altering the atmospheric composition and climate variability\r\nattributable to natural causes. See also Climate variability, Detection,\r\nAttribution and Ocean acidification (OA)."


id: 478dec35a2490ca7d2b65bbf55bd09ee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9805
content:
"Measure of the exclusive total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or accumulated \r\nover the life stages of a product (Wiedmann and Minx, 2008)."


id: 4a360b1ff59ade92c7323d81ac4aa6a2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10298
content:
"Cascading impacts from extreme weather/climate events occur when \r\nan extreme hazard generates a sequence of secondary events in natural \r\nand human systems that result in physical, natural, social or economic \r\ndisruption, whereby the resulting impact is significantly larger than the \r\ninitial impact. Cascading impacts are complex and multi-dimensional, \r\nand are associated more with the magnitude of vulnerability than with \r\nthat of the hazard (modified from Pescaroli & Alexander, 2015)."


id: e14d240958b82198c8b42b99f3a35f6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36901
content:
"Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event)\r\nThe occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or \r\nbelow) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range \r\nof observed values of the variable.\r\nBy definition, the characteristics of what is called extreme weather \r\nmay vary from place to place in an absolute sense. When a pattern of \r\nextreme weather persists for some time, such as a season, it may be \r\nclassified as an extreme climate event, especially if it yields an average \r\nor total that is itself extreme (e.g., high temperature, drought or heavy \r\nrainfall over a season). For simplicity, both extreme weather events and \r\nextreme climate events are referred to collectively as climate extremes."


id: d3d909ccaf4fb8b0251e862eef750be8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34611
content:
"Cities are open systems, continually exchanging resources, products \r\nand services, waste, people, ideas and finances with the hinterlands \r\nand broader world. Cities are complex, self-organising, adaptive \r\nand constantly evolving. Cities also encompass multiple actors \r\nwith varying responsibilities, capabilities and priorities, as well as \r\nprocesses that transcend the institutional sector-based approach \r\nto city administration. Cities are embedded in broader ecological, \r\neconomic, technical, institutional, legal and governance structures \r\nthat enable or constrain their systemic function, which cannot be \r\nseparated from wider power relations. Urban processes of a physical, \r\nsocial and economic nature are causally interlinked, with interactions \r\nand feedbacks that result in both intended and unintended impacts on \r\nemissions. See also City region, Peri-urban areas and Urban."


id: e1dc7bbd0ed39a9bee700fe33ad24647
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37018
content:
"An interaction in which a perturbation in one climate quantity causes \r\na change in a second and the change in the second quantity ultimately \r\nleads to an additional change in the first. A negative feedback is one in \r\nwhich the initial perturbation is weakened by the changes it causes; a \r\npositive feedback is one in which the initial perturbation is enhanced. \r\nThe initial perturbation can either be externally forced or arise as part \r\nof internal variability."


id: 864e2076931b95ce536df6cca35b6bd0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20785
content:
"The areal extent of an individual city's material associations and \r\neconomic or political influence. The city region concept accepts \r\nthat rural livelihoods and land uses can be incorporated within the \r\nfunctional activities of a city. This will include dormitory settlements, \r\nsources for critical inputs of water, some food, and waste disposal. See \r\nalso Region, Cities, Urban and Urban systems."


id: 6dd24820ef170760f73c859557a3121c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16583
content:
"There is no agreed definition of climate finance. The term climate \r\nfinance is applied to the financial resources devoted to addressing \r\nclimate change by all public and private actors from global to local \r\nscales, including international financial flows to developing countries\r\nto assist them in addressing climate change. Climate finance aims to \r\nreduce net greenhouse gas emissions and/or to enhance adaptation\r\nand increase resilience to the impacts of current and projected climate \r\nchange. Finance can come from private and public sources, channelled \r\nby various intermediaries, and is delivered by a range of instruments, \r\nincluding grants, concessional and non-concessional debt, and internal \r\nbudget reallocations."


id: 45a0ee57814b0d485825a46f4f834cb3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9466
content:
"In a narrow sense, climate is usually defined as the average weather \r\n-or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean \r\nand variability of relevant quantities- over a period of time ranging \r\nfrom months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period \r\nfor averaging these variables is 30  years, as defined by the World \r\nMeteorological Organization (WMO). The relevant quantities are most \r\noften surface variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind. \r\nClimate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, \r\nof the climate system."


id: d836be6ecd3103b68cdac6f69faa0af6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35339
content:
"Climate information\r\nInformation about the past, current or future state of the climate system\r\nthat is relevant for mitigation, adaptation and risk management. It may \r\nbe tailored or \"co-produced\" for specific contexts, taking into account \r\nusers' needs and values."


id: 8f0be9f1e1c2bd01bc415e5ca8226c6e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22365
content:
"A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using \r\nstatistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its "


id: 6140e6d85dde81ecaa4d01b197a388f7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14410
content:
"but different initial conditions characterise the uncertainty associated \r\nwith internal climate variability, whereas multi-model ensembles \r\nincluding simulations by several models also include the effect of \r\nmodel differences. Perturbed parameter ensembles, in which model \r\nparameters are varied in a systematic manner, aim to assess the \r\nuncertainty resulting from internal model specifications within a single \r\nmodel. Remaining sources of uncertainty unaddressed with model \r\nensembles are related to systematic model errors or biases, which may \r\nbe assessed from systematic comparisons of model simulations with \r\nobservations wherever available."


id: 1631b84724ab0bc4684ae034d6ed5388
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1114
content:
"Climate literacy encompasses being aware of climate change, its \r\nanthropogenic causes and implications."


id: 5ccc69faab5134c4254b0315f91e8493
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13589
content:
"A qualitative or quantitative representation of the climate system based \r\non the physical, chemical and biological properties of its components, \r\ntheir interactions and feedback processes and accounting for some of \r\nits known properties. The climate system can be represented by models\r\nof varying complexity; that is, for any one component or combination \r\nof components, a spectrum or hierarchy of models can be identified, \r\ndiffering in such aspects as the number of spatial dimensions, the \r\nextent to which physical, chemical or biological processes are explicitly \r\nrepresented, or the level at which empirical parametrisations are \r\ninvolved. There is an evolution towards more complex models with \r\ninteractive chemistry and biology. Climate models are applied as a \r\nresearch tool to study and simulate the climate and for operational \r\npurposes, including monthly, seasonal and interannual climate \r\npredictions. See also Earth system model (ESM)."


id: ca9418c5596b18e52c0e9c16ab592eba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32983
content:
"The global system consisting of five major components: the atmosphere, \r\nthe hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere\r\nand the interactions between them. The climate system changes in \r\ntime under the influence of its own internal dynamics and because of \r\nexternal forcings such as volcanic eruptions, solar variations, orbital \r\nforcing, and anthropogenic forcings such as the changing composition \r\nof the atmosphere and land-use change."


id: d57b5d6bf211fff6864ff5bcb29eb8e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34875
content:
"Deviations of some climate variables from a given mean state (including \r\nthe occurrence of extremes, etc.) at all spatial and temporal scales\r\nbeyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be intrinsic, \r\ndue to fluctuations of processes internal to the climate system (internal \r\nvariability), or extrinsic, due to variations in natural or anthropogenic\r\nexternal forcing (forced variability)."


id: 909c5abd7cfb20c0c39482a2a8d94624
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22650
content:
"A climate prediction or climate forecast is the result of an attempt \r\nto produce (starting from a particular state of the climate system) \r\nan estimate of the actual evolution of the climate in the future, for \r\nexample, at seasonal, interannual or decadal time scales. Because the \r\nfuture evolution of the climate system may be highly sensitive to initial \r\nconditions, such predictions are usually probabilistic in nature."


id: 8cd9df4f8af47eb91c13b924d021faaa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21968
content:
"The speed at which isolines of a specified climate variable travel across \r\nlandscapes or seascapes due to changing climate. For example, climate \r\nvelocity for temperature is the speed at which isotherms move due to \r\nchanging climate (km yr-1) and is calculated as the temporal change \r\nin temperature (degC yr-1) divided by the current spatial gradient in \r\ntemperature (degC km-1). It can be calculated using additional climate\r\nvariables such as precipitation or can be based on the climatic niche \r\nof organisms."


id: 146aae6c6035ad3a4686e6a78e572dc8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 814
content:
"Simulated response of the climate system to a scenario of future \r\nemissions or concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols\r\nand changes in land use, generally derived using climate models. \r\nClimate projections depend on an emission/concentration/radiative \r\nforcing scenario, which is in turn based on assumptions concerning, \r\nfor example, future socioeconomic and technological developments \r\nthat may or may not be realised."


id: 16368adc0e2dd88ba1d2d63a9a05e3b5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1122
content:
"In the WGII report, climate resilient development refers to the process \r\nof implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation measures \r\nto support sustainable development for all."


id: 7b2ee0466863f00992a2d14b20a5b5e8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18866
content:
"A climate refugium is a geographic area that has had a stable climate\r\non evolutionary time scales, or that is projected to have a stable \r\nclimate into the future. See also Refugium."


id: 63265c15f4b82d3537d3d322dda6a6ae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14739
content:
"Climate services involve the provision of climate information in such \r\na way as to assist decision-making. The service includes appropriate \r\nengagement from users and providers, is based on scientifically \r\ncredible information and expertise, has an effective access mechanism \r\nand responds to user needs (Hewitt et al. 2012)."


id: d677e5664c82aa1018e503c847ea57e5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35039
content:
"An approach to agriculture that aims to transform and reorient \r\nagricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure \r\nfood security in a changing climate by sustainably increasing \r\nagricultural productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience\r\nto climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas \r\nemissions, where possible (FAO, 2018)."


id: 79ab5ee4f169b19d92fbb45a505993e6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18607
content:
"A group of parallel model simulations characterising historical climate\r\nconditions, climate predictions or climate projections. Variation of \r\nthe results across the ensemble members may give an estimate of \r\nmodelling-based uncertainty. Ensembles made with the same model "


id: a4176ea712f1069fbf43606a82d2819d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26062
content:
"Climatic driver (Climate driver)\r\nA changing aspect of the climate system that influences a component \r\nof a human or natural system."


id: baa0058ba88526039d7ed983780ddb8f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30048
content:
"The robustness of a finding based on the type, amount, quality and \r\nconsistency of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, \r\nmodels, expert judgment) and on the degree of agreement across \r\nmultiple lines of evidence. In this report, confidence is expressed \r\nqualitatively (Mastrandrea et al., 2010)."


id: 5d53f6b39a0008ed2c902b400aa80212
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13708
content:
"Climatic impact-drivers (CIDs) are physical climate system conditions \r\n(e.g., means, events, extremes) that affect an element of society or \r\necosystems. Depending on system tolerance, CIDs and their changes \r\ncan be detrimental, beneficial, neutral, or a mixture of each across \r\ninteracting system elements and regions."


id: ddf5b02ccdd565f03b7c826e4cc46f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36313
content:
"A farming system that promotes minimum soil disturbance (e.g., by \r\nusing no-till practices), maintenance of a permanent soil cover and \r\ndiversification of plant species. It aims to prevent land degradation\r\nand regenerate degraded lands by enhancing biodiversity and natural \r\nbiological processes above and below the ground surface that \r\ncontribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and improved \r\nand sustained crop production (FAO, 2016)."


id: afdd278c542978584422dcbc0e3f525
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28179
content:
"A positive effect that a policy or measure aimed at one objective has \r\non another objective, thereby increasing the total benefit to society or \r\nthe environment. Co-benefits are also referred to as ancillary benefits. \r\nSee also Trade-off and Adverse side-effect."


id: 2270189681c7c1d76643e9e7cb54a208
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3279
content:
"The use of available skills, resources and opportunities to address, \r\nmanage and overcome adverse conditions, with the aim of achieving \r\nbasic functioning of people, institutions, organisations and systems in \r\nthe short to medium term (UNISDR, 2009; IPCC, 2012a)."


id: adda9fc684e6f0ef02f79c82f7d98682
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27828
content:
"The land near to the sea. The term 'coastal' can refer to that land (e.g., \r\nas in 'coastal communities'), or to that part of the marine environment \r\nthat is strongly influenced by land-based processes. Thus, coastal seas \r\nare generally shallow and near-shore. The landward and seaward limits \r\nof the coastal zone are not consistently defined, neither scientifically \r\nnor legally. Thus, coastal waters can either be considered as equivalent \r\nto territorial waters (extending 12 nautical miles/22.2 km from mean \r\nlow water), or to the full exclusive economic zone, or to shelf seas, with \r\nless than 200 m water depth."


id: bebb2ac1f373b4741321d6e92357020e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30822
content:
"The ability of people, institutions, organisations and systems, using \r\navailable skills, values, beliefs, resources and opportunities, to address, \r\nmanage and overcome adverse conditions in the short to medium term \r\n(UNISDR, 2009; IPCC, 2012a). See also Resilience."


id: 6bec55c16ad671cbd2ee920224f715e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16284
content:
"Loss of coral pigmentation through the loss of intracellular symbiotic \r\nalgae (known as zooxanthellae) and/or loss of their pigments."


id: bd2730fe8ffd8765d4b9076d612456bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30531
content:
"Coastal erosion, sometimes referred to as shoreline retreat, occurs \r\nwhen a net loss of sediment or bedrock from the shoreline results in \r\nlandward movement of the high-tide mark."


id: 4d5a0a6a911de40ef9e11c7039de0b46
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10888
content:
"An underwater ecosystem characterised by structure-building stony \r\ncorals. Warm-water coral reefs occur in shallow seas, mostly in the \r\ntropics, with the corals (animals) containing algae (plants) that depend \r\non light and relatively stable temperature conditions. Cold-water coral \r\nreefs occur throughout the world, mostly at water depths of 50-500 m. \r\nIn both kinds of reef, living corals frequently grow on older, dead \r\nmaterial, predominantly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Both \r\nwarm- and cold-water coral reefs support high biodiversity of fish and \r\nother groups, and are considered to be especially vulnerable to climate \r\nchange."


id: 1f7bd3246e6e80df132240cf828b17c9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2749
content:
"Illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises \r\nthrough transmission of that agent or its products from an infected \r\nperson, animal or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or \r\nindirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector or the \r\ninanimate environment. Communicable disease pathogens include \r\nbacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and prions."


id: 24dcb6ed9cc0b933849fffab88dd38c1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3680
content:
"Monetary assessment of all negative and positive impacts associated \r\nwith a given action. Cost-benefit analysis enables comparison of \r\ndifferent interventions, investments or strategies and reveals how \r\na given investment or policy effort pays off for a particular person, \r\ncompany or country. Cost-benefit analyses representing society's \r\npoint of view are important for climate change decision-making, but \r\nthere are difficulties in aggregating costs and benefits across different \r\nactors and across timescales. See also Discounting."


id: 74f220170561f1d3ce4f15c6bc685c07
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17810
content:
"The terms 'compound events', 'compound extremes' and 'compound \r\nextreme events' are used interchangeably in the literature and this \r\nreport and refer to the combination of multiple drivers and/or hazards\r\nthat contributes to societal and/or environmental risk (Zscheischler \r\net al., 2018)."


id: f19bcbd6bf685d6995ee3e6e4fcfcf1e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39890
content:
"A climate modelling activity from the World Climate Research \r\nProgramme (WCRP) which coordinates and archives climate model \r\nsimulations based on shared model inputs by modelling groups from \r\naround the world. The CMIP3 multi-model data set includes projections\r\nusing Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) scenarios. \r\nThe CMIP5 data set includes projections using the Representative \r\nConcentration Pathways (RCP). The CMIP6 phase involves a suite of \r\ncommon model experiments as well as an ensemble of CMIP-endorsed \r\nModel Intercomparison Projects (MIPs)."


id: dde51d5a613aa373b4f7e7cb0f16a5ad
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36300
content:
"The components of the Earth system at and below the land and ocean\r\nsurface that are frozen, including snow cover, glaciers, ice sheets, ice \r\nshelves, icebergs, sea ice, lake ice, river ice, permafrost and seasonally \r\nfrozen ground."


id: 116ef5a6481ec36587711ddc677380a1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 266
content:
"Impacts on material and ecological aspects of culture and the lived \r\nexperience of culture, including dimensions such as identity, community \r\ncohesion and belonging, sense of place, worldview, values, perceptions \r\nand tradition. Cultural impacts are closely related to ecological impacts, \r\nespecially for iconic and representational dimensions of species and \r\nlandscapes. Culture and cultural practices frame the importance and \r\nvalue of the impacts of change, shape the feasibility and acceptability \r\nof adaptation options, and provide the skills and practices that enable \r\nadaptation."


id: 561073b53ca173c290e02c33a7906b83
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12414
content:
"Microscopic (2-200 um) unicellular photosynthetic algae that live in \r\nsurface waters of lakes, rivers and oceans and form shells of opal. In \r\nthe global ocean, marine diatom species distribution is primarily driven \r\nby nutrient availability. On regional scales, their species distribution in \r\nocean sediment cores can be related to past sea surface temperatures."


id: 2bc48c0c16cb41aba7eeb6e4aec37eb7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4960
content:
"The kinds of food that follow a particular pattern that a person or \r\ncommunity eats (FAO, 2014)."


id: 1309b835b29bc555f76ca73d6455fbc8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 561
content:
"A 'serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any \r\nscale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, \r\nvulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: \r\nhuman, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts' \r\n(UNGA, 2016). See also Exposure, Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability."


id: 55379e010a5bf52fdfe824b3d0ceb993
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12269
content:
"Social processes for designing, implementing and evaluating strategies, \r\npolicies and measures that promote and improve disaster preparedness, \r\nresponse and recovery practices at different organisational and societal \r\nlevels."


id: 716291a2be346a953f21bc198482723a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17202
content:
"Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting \r\nfrom many factors, including climatic variations and human activities \r\n(UNCCD, 1994)."


id: e49138cdbea183159e1a28c304ece5e4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37499
content:
"The likelihood over a specified time period of severe alterations in \r\nthe normal functioning of a community or a society due to hazardous \r\nphysical events interacting with vulnerable social conditions, leading \r\nto widespread adverse human, material, economic or environmental \r\neffects that require immediate emergency response to satisfy critical \r\nhuman needs and that may require external support for recovery."


id: e72a548a12d3875c118d124459ac5043
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37969
content:
"Detection of change is defined as the process of demonstrating that \r\nclimate or a system affected by climate has changed in some defined \r\nstatistical sense, without providing a reason for that change. An identified \r\nchange is detected in observations if its likelihood of occurrence by \r\nchance due to internal variability alone is determined to be small, for \r\nexample, <10%."


id: 72398341720235f0222480c4944a979e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17336
content:
"Agricultural and ecological drought (depending on the affected \r\nbiome): a period with abnormal soil moisture deficit, which \r\nresults from combined shortage of precipitation and excess \r\nevapotranspiration, and during the growing season impinges on \r\ncrop production or ecosystem function in general."


id: a57079bdb9448377a1fe0fcaed44eda
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26335
content:
"Processes for designing, implementing and evaluating strategies, \r\npolicies and measures to improve the understanding of current and \r\nfuture disaster risk, foster disaster risk reduction and transfer, and \r\npromote continuous improvement in disaster preparedness, prevention \r\nand protection, response and recovery practices, with the explicit \r\npurpose of increasing human security, well-being, quality of life and \r\nsustainable development (SD)."


id: 9b6fe4ebf3a4c90b6da6ed3bf8e8f4a7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24601
content:
"Denotes both a policy goal or objective, and the strategic and \r\ninstrumental measures employed for anticipating future disaster risk; \r\nreducing existing exposure, hazard or vulnerability; and improving \r\nresilience."


id: 21d3f692b73e36c9336bcd4e17536a83
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3170
content:
"The set of technical and institutional capacities to forecast, predict and \r\ncommunicate timely and meaningful warning information to enable \r\nindividuals, communities, managed ecosystems and organisations \r\nthreatened by a hazard to prepare to act promptly and appropriately \r\nto reduce the possibility of harm or loss. Dependent upon context, EWS \r\nmay draw upon scientific and/or indigenous knowledge, and other \r\nknowledge types. EWS are also considered for ecological applications, \r\nfor example, conservation, where the organisation itself is not \r\nthreatened by hazard but the ecosystem under conservation is (e.g., \r\ncoral bleaching alerts), in agriculture (e.g., warnings of heavy rainfall, \r\ndrought, ground frost and hailstorms) and in fisheries (e.g., warnings \r\nof storms, storm surges and tsunamis) (UNISDR 2009; IPCC, 2012a)."


id: 553736945e1630bffa93f9c667f2eda6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12268
content:
"A mathematical operation that aims to make monetary (or other) \r\namounts received or expended at different times (years) comparable \r\nacross time. If the discount rate is positive, future values are given less \r\nweight than those today. The choice of discount rate(s) is debated as it \r\nis a judgement based on hidden and/or explicit values."


id: b19829b16dcd22a747cded155b00f7a2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28469
content:
"A coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) \r\nin which a representation of the carbon cycle is included, allowing \r\nfor interactive calculation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) or \r\ncompatible emissions. Additional components (e.g., atmospheric \r\nchemistry, ice sheets, dynamic vegetation, nitrogen cycle, but also \r\nurban or crop models) may be included."


id: fda5a8fe2395be79b59dfe602d05abc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41977
content:
"A method that derives local- to regional-scale information from \r\nlarger-scale models or data analyses. Two main methods exist: dynamical \r\ndownscaling and empirical/statistical downscaling. The dynamical \r\nmethod uses the output of regional climate models, global models\r\nwith variable spatial resolution or high-resolution global models. The \r\nempirical/statistical methods are based on observations and develop \r\nstatistical relationships that link the large-scale atmospheric variables \r\nwith local/regional climate variables. In all cases, the quality of the driving \r\nmodel remains an important limitation on the quality of the downscaled \r\ninformation. The two methods can be combined, for example, applying \r\nempirical/statistical downscaling to the output of a regional climate \r\nmodel, consisting of a dynamical downscaling of a global climate model."


id: b782e36d368a309af605bec9953de978
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29493
content:
"Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) are located at the \r\neastern (landward) edges of major ocean basins in both hemispheres, \r\nwhere equatorward winds drive upwelling currents that bring cool, \r\nnutrient-rich (and often oxygen-poor) waters from the deep ocean to \r\nthe surface near the coast."


id: 5d0bf4e0a5fc48641af64dcf1bca4072
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13638
content:
"A functional unit consisting of living organisms, their non-living \r\nenvironment and the interactions within and between them. The \r\ncomponents included in a given ecosystem and its spatial boundaries \r\ndepend on the purpose for which the ecosystem is defined: in some \r\ncases, they are relatively sharp, while in others they are diffuse. \r\nEcosystem boundaries can change over time. Ecosystems are nested \r\nwithin other ecosystems, and their scale can range from very small \r\nto the entire biosphere. In the current era, most ecosystems either \r\ncontain people as key organisms or are influenced by the effects of \r\nhuman activities in their environment. See also Ecosystem services and\r\nEcosystem health."


id: f491b994c604d246bdf5b91a7d344d01
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40402
content:
"Any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a \r\nchange in a system (adapted from MA, 2005). See also Climatic driver."


id: 623e0d33e1e73f34fcae3a0f04f5ddc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14561
content:
"An exceptional period of water shortage for existing ecosystems and the \r\nhuman population (due to low rainfall, high temperature and/or wind)."


id: 69c5df717bf0cee4442bb8966075e350
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15876
content:
"A very lengthy and pervasive drought, lasting much longer than \r\nnormal, usually a decade or more."


id: 2e512e5238b91506d025c10563f52ee8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5423
content:
"Ecosystem health is a metaphor used to describe the condition of \r\nan ecosystem, by analogy with human health. Note that there is no \r\nuniversally accepted benchmark for a healthy ecosystem. Rather, the \r\napparent health status of an ecosystem is judged on the ecosystem's "


id: 9240a3c8ec647872773a4c57e5443da3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22954
content:
"resilience to change, with details depending upon which metrics are \r\nemployed in judging it and which societal aspirations are driving the \r\nassessment (following IPBES 2019)."


id: fff1636533ab983cc5fef21c79951682
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42423
content:
"Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), precursors of GHGs and \r\naerosols caused by human activities. These activities include \r\nthe burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land-use \r\nchanges (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste \r\nmanagement and industrial processes."


id: e873d2371167428c9ee91e08d0a13ef9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38234
content:
"Ecological processes or functions having monetary or non-monetary \r\nvalue to individuals or society at large. These are frequently classified \r\nas (1) supporting services such as productivity or biodiversity\r\nmaintenance, (2) provisioning services such as food or fibre, (3) \r\nregulating services such as climate regulation or carbon sequestration\r\nand (4) cultural services such as tourism or spiritual and aesthetic \r\nappreciation. See also Ecosystem and Ecosystem health."


id: f75216829ee97f375ad34facca299274
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40891
content:
"Emissions of greenhouse gases (in particular, carbon dioxide), \r\nother trace gases and aerosols resulting from the combustion of \r\nfuels from fossil carbon deposits such as oil, gas and coal."


id: c03ad8fbfec2b8a5f1e7c86ceb83f707
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31122
content:
"Non-CO2 emissions included in this report are all anthropogenic \r\nemissions other than CO2 that result in radiative forcing. These \r\ninclude short-lived climate forcers, such as methane (CH4), some \r\nfluorinated gases, ozone (O3) precursors, aerosols or aerosol \r\nprecursors, such as black carbon and sulphur dioxide, respectively, \r\nas well as long-lived greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) \r\nor other fluorinated gases. The radiative forcing associated with \r\nnon-CO2 emissions and changes in surface albedo is referred to as \r\nnon-CO2 radiative forcing."


id: 5f0c512e0416cff13650ec34a4a5fdf2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14023
content:
"Enabling conditions (for adaptation and mitigation options)\r\nConditions that enhance the feasibility of adaptation and mitigation \r\noptions. Enabling conditions include finance, technological innovation, \r\nstrengthening policy instruments, institutional capacity, multi-level \r\ngovernance and changes in human behaviour and lifestyles."


id: 6a1bc61229a3dd23e037ff8fc458c932
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15946
content:
"Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy services for cooking \r\nand heating, lighting, communications and productive uses (with \r\nspecial reference to Sustainable Development Goal 7) (AGECC, 2010)."


id: 1c7581c4b27e006a52c4cff5acdc7e56
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2194
content:
"Emergence of a climate change signal or trend refers to when a \r\nchange in climate (the 'signal') becomes larger than the amplitude \r\nof natural or internal variations (defining the 'noise'), This concept is \r\noften expressed as a signal-to-noise ratio, and emergence occurs at \r\na defined threshold of this ratio (e.g., S/N > 1 or 2). Emergence can \r\nrefer to changes relative to a historical or modern baseline (usually at \r\nleast 20 years long) and can also be expressed in terms of time (time \r\nof emergence) or in terms of a global warming level. Emergence is \r\nalso used to refer to a time when we can expect to see a response of \r\nreducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (emergence with respect \r\nto mitigation). Emergence can be estimated using observations and/\r\nor model simulations."


id: 206a7688e775df7b0dacdbe1f1171af8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2922
content:
"The ratio of output or useful energy or energy services or other \r\nuseful physical outputs obtained from a system, conversion process, \r\ntransmission or storage activity to the input of energy (measured as \r\nkWh kWh-1, tonnes kWh-1 or any other physical measure of useful \r\noutput like tonne-km transported). Energy efficiency is often described \r\nby energy intensity."


id: 3ba467ade78cfe76756da737cd234759
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7678
content:
"The goal of a given country, or the global community as a whole, \r\nto maintain an adequate, stable and predictable energy supply. \r\nMeasures encompass safeguarding the sufficiency of energy resources \r\nto meet national energy demand at competitive and stable prices \r\nand the resilience of the energy supply; enabling the development \r\nand deployment of technologies; building sufficient infrastructure to \r\ngenerate, store and transmit energy supplies and ensuring enforceable \r\ncontracts of delivery."


id: eaef9299d72ad8fcd0d3a8b2f9532d32
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38696
content:
"The presence of people; livelihoods; species or ecosystems; environ\u0002mental functions, services, and resources; infrastructure; or economic, \r\nsocial, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely \r\naffected."


id: 2db420e35af1d909bba0f3a8615f132e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5332
content:
"The energy system comprises all components related to the production, \r\nconversion, delivery and use of energy."


id: b71c34bdca13325f3e628184331fa56a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29426
content:
"A principle that ascribes equal worth to all human beings, including \r\nequal opportunities, rights and obligations, irrespective of origins. See \r\nalso Equity and Fairness."


id: 7073c077bbc7d9d4f177bea32f2bd969
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17042
content:
"Externalities arise from a human activity, when agents responsible for \r\nthe activity do not take full account of the activity's impact on others' \r\nproduction and consumption possibilities, and no compensation exists \r\nfor such impacts. When the impact is negative, they are external \r\ncosts. When positive they are referred to as external benefits. See also \r\nCo-benefits."


id: 8a9647d9823a95830412d167291b58ca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21555
content:
"Uneven opportunities and social positions, and processes of dis\u0002crimination within a group or society, based on gender, class, eth\u0002nicity, age and (dis)ability, often produced by uneven development. \r\nIncome inequality refers to gaps between the highest and lowest \r\nincome earners within a country and between countries."


id: 3a833eaf4ecf6e59073f60c4e7b9c4e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7499
content:
"A population, species or more inclusive taxonomic group has gone \r\nextinct when all its individuals have died. A species may go extinct \r\nlocally (population extinction), regionally (e.g., extinction of all \r\npopulations in a country, continent or ocean) or globally (IPBES, 2019). \r\nSee also Extirpation."


id: 7480da740bf5ec5d1aa8ebded9ed4223
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17732
content:
"The principle of being fair and impartial, and a basis for understanding \r\nhow the impacts and responses to climate change, including costs \r\nand benefits, are distributed in and by society in more or less equal \r\nways. Often aligned with ideas of equality, fairness and justice and \r\napplied with respect to equity in the responsibility for, and distribution \r\nof, climate impacts and policies across society, generations and gender, \r\nand in the sense of who participates and controls the processes of \r\ndecision-making."


id: cd7a5a37e30faab9fd386d80fc3611d7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33482
content:
"The disappearance of a species from an area, sometimes also referred \r\nto as local extinction. Its use implies that the species still occurs \r\nelsewhere. See also Extinction."


id: 5e74a4b407212dc511ede1792253f452
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13907
content:
"The occurrence of an exceptionally low or high local sea surface \r\nheight, arising from (a combination of) short-term phenomena (e.g., \r\nstorm surges, tides and waves). Relative sea level changes affect \r\nextreme sea levels directly by shifting the mean water levels and \r\nindirectly by modulating the propagation of tides, waves and/or surges \r\ndue to increased water depth. In addition, extreme sea levels can be \r\ninfluenced by changes in the frequency, tracks or strength of weather \r\nsystems and storms, or due to anthropogenically induced changes such \r\nas the modification of coastlines or dredging. In turn, changes in any \r\nor all of the contributions to extreme sea levels may lead to long-term \r\nrelative sea level changes. Alternate expressions for ESL may be used \r\ndepending on the processes resolved."


id: c3dbd2ce702da9759ecf3816032bcd89
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31736
content:
"Ethics involves questions of justice and value. Justice is concerned with \r\nright and wrong, equity and fairness, and, in general, with the rights to \r\nwhich people and living beings are entitled. Value is a matter of worth, \r\nbenefit or good."


id: e2b17d7449dae2b0cddbb6964d682738
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37184
content:
"Over-enrichment of water by nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. \r\nIt is one of the leading causes of water quality impairment. The two \r\nmost acute symptoms of eutrophication are hypoxia (or oxygen \r\ndepletion) and harmful algal blooms."


id: 2ec3a4b2f51aeb12092fc25e9524bc01
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5504
content:
"Extreme still water level (ESWL) refers to the combined contribution \r\nof relative sea level change, tides and storm surges. Wind-waves also \r\ncontribute to coastal sea level via three processes: infragravity waves \r\n(lower-frequency gravity waves generated by wind waves), wave setup \r\n(time-mean sea level elevation due to wave energy dissipation) and \r\nswash (vertical displacement up the shore-face induced by individual \r\nwaves). Extreme total water level (ETWL) is the ESWL plus wave setup. \r\nWhen considering coastal impacts, swash is also important, and \r\nextreme coastal water level (ECWL) is used. See also Sea level change \r\n(sea level rise/sea level fall)"


id: 2c612c3b656fec801129458893600d02
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5076
content:
"The combined processes through which water is transferred to the \r\natmosphere from open water and ice surfaces, bare soil and vegetation \r\nthat make up the Earth's surface."


id: 3aa8e12dc74337e2451d3aee191e8fd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7525
content:
"Data and information used in the scientific process to establish findings. \r\nIn this report, the degree of evidence reflects the amount, quality and \r\nconsistency of scientific/technical information on which the Lead \r\nAuthors are basing their findings. See also Agreement, Confidence, \r\nLikelihood and Uncertainty."


id: f1d9d5427477f0699551b154e6b58d28
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39936
content:
"An event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions \r\nof 'rare' vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare \r\nas or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of a probability density \r\nfunction estimated from observations. By definition, the characteristics \r\nof what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an \r\nabsolute sense. See also Heatwave and Climate extreme."


id: c052b9b6014f1cb185187981d94fe764
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31139
content:
"Economic and/or physical access to food. Economic access is \r\ndetermined by disposable income, food prices and the provision of \r\nand access to social support. Physical access is determined by the \r\navailability and quality of land and other infrastructure, property \r\nrights or the functioning of markets."


id: ac826db11bd67c1c33b2b5782110058a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27590
content:
"An extreme/heavy precipitation event is an event that is of very high \r\nmagnitude with a very rare occurrence at a particular place. Types of \r\nextreme precipitation may vary depending on its duration, hourly, daily \r\nor multi-days (e.g., 5 days), though all of them qualitatively represent \r\nhigh magnitude. The intensity of such events may be defined with \r\nblock maxima approach such as annual maxima or with peak over \r\nthreshold approach, such as rainfall above 95th or 99th percentile at \r\na particular space."


id: b3cb31fa15603a5ace72fbc70c095042
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28874
content:
"The way in which the body uses the various nutrients in food. \r\nIndividuals achieve sufficient energy and nutrient intake through \r\ngood care and feeding practices, food preparation, diet diversity \r\nand intrahousehold distribution of food. Combined with biological \r\nutilisation of the food consumed, energy and nutrient intake \r\ndetermine the nutrition status of individuals."


id: 297f69fdf0480ee33b5eb1893395a20
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4520
content:
"Impartial and just treatment without favouritism or discrimination in \r\nwhich each person is considered of equal worth with equal opportunity. \r\nSee also Equality and Equity."


id: b7715867ef7845b5866bcf07b7057185
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29487
content:
"The stability of the other three dimensions over time. Even if \r\nindividuals' food intake is adequate today, they are still considered \r\nfood-insecure if periodically they have inadequate access to food, \r\nrisking deterioration of their nutrition status. Adverse weather \r\nconditions, political instability or economic factors (unemployment, \r\nrising food prices) may have an impact on individuals' food security\r\nstatus."


id: 6ec61414def82ed29fafa634a8d04f49
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16759
content:
"In this report, feasibility refers to the potential for a mitigation or \r\nadaptation option to be implemented. Factors influencing feasibility\r\nare context dependent, temporally dynamic and may vary between \r\ndifferent groups and actors. Feasibility depends on geophysical, \r\nenvironmental-ecological, technological, economic, socio-cultural and \r\ninstitutional factors that enable or constrain the implementation of an \r\noption. The feasibility of options may change when different options are \r\ncombined, and increase when enabling conditions are strengthened. \r\nSee also Enabling conditions (for adaptation and mitigation options)."


id: b549214b60e4bb7bc9d17f84fa348ec
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29132
content:
"All the elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, \r\ninstitutions, etc.) and activities that relate to the production, processing, \r\ndistribution, preparation and consumption of food, and the output of \r\nthese activities, including socio-economic and environmental outcomes \r\n(HLPE, 2017). [Note: While there is a global food system (encompassing \r\nthe totality of global production and consumption), each location's food \r\nsystem is unique, being defined by that place's mix of food produced \r\nlocally, nationally, regionally or globally.]"


id: 90ba1e15163dad73bc55f0fb0d67ab02
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22667
content:
"Weather conditions conducive to triggering and sustaining wildfires, \r\nusually based on a set of indicators and combinations of indicators \r\nincluding temperature, soil moisture, humidity and wind. Fire weather\r\ndoes not include the presence or absence of fuel load."


id: f5cd16b16e69a6795089363510ce9fc1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40605
content:
"The overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other water \r\nbody, or the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally \r\nsubmerged. Floods can be caused by unusually heavy rain, for example \r\nduring storms and cyclones. Floods include river (fluvial) floods, flash \r\nfloods, urban floods, rain (pluvial) floods, sewer floods, coastal floods, \r\nand glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF)."


id: 444887f610236a8c1abc1d7f58472668
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9252
content:
"Illnesses transmitted through the consumption of unsafe or \r\ncontaminated food. That contamination can come from a variety of \r\nsources, including contaminated water (adapted from UNEP, 2018)."


id: 5d36c4e7cd92ea7022b5afc8e4a2153a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13674
content:
"A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many definitions of the term \r\nforest are in use throughout the world, reflecting wide differences in \r\nbio-geophysical conditions, social structure and economics. See also \r\nAfforestation, Deforestation and Reforestation"


id: 46bde0e929664816bc49a03893575369
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9651
content:
"A movement (flow) of matter (e.g., water vapour, particles), heat or \r\nenergy from one place to another, or from one medium (e.g., land\r\nsurface) to another (e.g., atmosphere)."


id: c8410a976e35d0faf4f1fd5ff00086e3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32542
content:
"[Note: For a discussion of the term forest in the context of national \r\nGHG inventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG \r\nInventories and their 2019 Refinement, and information provided by \r\nthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC \r\n2006, 2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, 2021b).]"


id: 947176c5d03d856c9e0ac9a5319e5c40
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23323
content:
"A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social \r\nand economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets \r\ntheir dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. \r\nThe four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilisation and \r\nstability. The nutritional dimension is integral to the concept of food \r\nsecurity (FAO, 2018/ 2009)."


id: 7e19e9beeff915461f436b73d767b4f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19357
content:
"A reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce ecosystem services\r\nsuch as carbon storage and wood products as a result of anthropogenic\r\nand environmental changes."


id: 3ec25e15ade940c49670cd6c62e8cf66
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8232
content:
"Physical availability of food. Food availability addresses the supply \r\nside of food security and is determined by the levels of food \r\nproduction, stocks and net trade."


id: 3215b2cb5aab7153909d71563424dded
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6069
content:
"and related to regional monsoons throughout the report are provided \r\nby WGI AR6 Annex V (IPCC 2021b)."


id: 59907386df064d936228e7b261f0d266
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12993
content:
"The upper limit of the closed upper montane forest or forest at high \r\nlatitudes. It is less elevated or less poleward than the tree line."


id: b98435034933ea2144bc5b6556dd31ee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29850
content:
"Global warming refers to the increase in global surface temperature \r\nrelative to a baseline reference period, averaging over a period \r\nsufficient to remove interannual variations (e.g., 20 or 30  years). A \r\ncommon choice for the baseline is 1850-1900 (the earliest period of \r\nreliable observations with sufficient geographic coverage), with more \r\nmodern baselines used depending upon the application. See also \r\nClimate change and Climate variability."


id: a98d5e62767a57d25baef6775aa5093e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27051
content:
"Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)/Glacier lake outburst\r\nA sudden release of water from a glacier lake, including any of the \r\nfollowing types: a glacier-dammed lake, a pro-glacial moraine-dammed \r\nlake or water that was stored within, under or on the glacier."


id: a20768c2af4d08651425d12fcca47ee8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:22:07
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25745
content:
"The structures, processes and actions through which private and \r\npublic actors interact to address societal goals. This includes formal \r\nand informal institutions and the associated norms, rules, laws and \r\nprocedures for deciding, managing, implementing and monitoring \r\npolicies and measures at any geographic or political scale, from global \r\nto local."


