# document

id: e89dfc38f2eba26e53b2dec2c17389f0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38267
content:
"Precursors Atmospheric compounds that are not greenhouse \r\ngases (GHGs) or aerosols, but that have an effect on GHG or aerosol \r\nconcentrations by taking part in physical or chemical processes \r\nregulating their production or destruction rates."


id: aee3801455f8fe2ecafa5701ace47715
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28012
content:
"Plankton Free-floating organisms living in the upper layers \r\nof aquatic systems. Their distribution and migration are primarily \r\ndetermined by water currents. A distinction is made between \r\nphytoplankton, which depend on photosynthesis for their energy \r\nsupply, and zooplankton, which feed on phytoplankton, other \r\nzooplankton, and bacterioplankton."


id: 6ffb842c98c53f2400c43a2801aff7aa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16957
content:
"Predictability The extent to which future states of a system \r\nmay be predicted based on knowledge of current and past states \r\nof the system. Because knowledge of the climate system's past and \r\ncurrent states is generally imperfect, as are the models that utilize \r\nthis knowledge to produce a climate prediction, and because the \r\nclimate system is inherently non-linear and chaotic, predictability of \r\nthe climate system is inherently limited. Even with arbitrarily accurate \r\nmodels and observations, there may still be limits to the predictability \r\nof such a non-linear system (AMS, 2021). See also Climate prediction\r\nand Prediction quality/skill."


id: f4533c10fc4e3bc388d7419f554ca6b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40358
content:
"Plant evaporative stress Plant evaporative stress in both \r\ncrops and natural vegetation can result from the combination of \r\na high atmospheric evaporative demand and limited available water \r\nto supply this demand by means of evapotranspiration, further \r\nenhancing agricultural and ecological drought."


id: b19f494506a17110e16557bd1714eed7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28472
content:
"Prediction quality/skill Measures of the success of a prediction \r\nagainst observationally based information. No single measure can \r\nsummarize all aspects of forecast quality, and a suite of metrics is \r\nconsidered. Metrics will differ for forecasts given in deterministic and \r\nprobabilistic form. See also Climate prediction and Predictability."


id: 1f117171ee9415765ee573e3d523ff0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2673
content:
"Pleistocene The Pleistocene Epoch is the earlier of two epochs in \r\nthe Quaternary System, extending from 2.59 Ma to the beginning of \r\nthe Holocene at approximately 11.7 ka."


id: 59178ba05683ed81cdd9b478ceb0e153
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12915
content:
"Pliocene The Pliocene Epoch is the more recent of two epochs of \r\nthe Neogene Period within the Cenozoic Era. It extends from 5.33 Ma \r\nto the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch at 2.59 Ma. The Neogene \r\nPeriod precedes the current geological period, the Quaternary Period, \r\nwhich is one of several ice ages that have occurred during Earth's \r\ngeological history. It encompasses the mid-Pliocene warm period \r\n(MPWP), also known as the Piacenzian warm period, which occurred \r\nfrom approximately 3.3 to 3.0 Ma. The MPWP, in turn, encompasses \r\nthe interglacial episode, marine isotope stage (MIS) KM5c, which \r\npeaked at 3.205 Ma, when orbital forcing was similar to modern \r\n(Haywood et al., 2016)."


id: 37dd18966cbd374f5dcfcd5c52025575
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7038
content:
"Primary production The synthesis of organic compounds \r\nby plants and microbes, on land or in the ocean, primarily by \r\nphotosynthesis using light and carbon dioxide (CO2) as sources \r\nof energy and carbon respectively. It can also occur through \r\nchemosynthesis, using chemical energy, for example, in deep \r\nsea vents."


id: b9ee2e093ef0f1f2ba01c72b3123b857
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29933
content:
"Gross primary production (GPP)\r\nThe total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis over a specified \r\ntime period."


id: c70c44bb03508cc2515eb622cdf29217
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32334
content:
"Polar amplification Polar amplification describes the \r\nphenomenon where surface temperature change at high latitudes \r\nexceeds the global average surface temperature change. The terms \r\nArctic amplification or Antarctic amplification are used when \r\ndescribing the phenomenon occurring at one of the poles."


id: e12e58497d67c57d0bac3216429806da
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36884
content:
"The amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis minus the amount lost \r\nby respiration over a specified time period."


id: e988579a6c14ce51ae8ce0814bb4df6f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38440
content:
"Probability density function (PDF) A probability density \r\nfunction is a function that indicates the relative chances of occurrence \r\nof different outcomes of a variable. The function integrates to unity \r\nover the domain for which it is defined and has the property that \r\nthe integral over a sub-domain equals the probability that the \r\noutcome of the variable lies within that sub-domain. For example, \r\nthe probability that a temperature anomaly defined in a particular \r\nway is greater than zero is obtained from its PDF by integrating \r\nthe PDF over all possible temperature anomalies greater than zero. \r\nProbability density functions that describe two or more variables \r\nsimultaneously are similarly defined."


id: 63f6ed4cf390b6b4aeeb35cfb4c48668
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14877
content:
"Pollen analysis A technique of both relative dating and \r\nenvironmental reconstruction, consisting of the identification \r\nand counting of pollen types preserved in peat, lake sediments and \r\nother deposits."


id: af164910c8bbeb3e42baf5d9d4459b79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28051
content:
"Pool, carbon and nitrogen A  reservoir  in the Earth system \r\nwhere elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, reside in various \r\nchemical forms for a period of time. See also Reservoir, Sequestration, \r\nSequestration potential, Sink, Source and Uptake."


id: d89f3887cdc426cc0e224164a813b7aa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35403
content:
"Process-based model Theoretical concepts and computational \r\nmethods that represent and simulate the behaviour of real-world \r\nsystems derived from a set of functional components and their \r\ninteractions with each other and the system environment, through \r\nphysical and mechanistic processes occurring over time."


id: ae4fbcbebb7a2e2c82ee51eff3ddcac7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27897
content:
"Pre-industrial (period) The multi-century period prior to the \r\nonset of large-scale industrial activity around 1750. The reference \r\nperiod 1850-1900 is used to approximate pre-industrial global mean \r\nsurface temperature (GMST). See also Industrial revolution."


id: f0b9d07f11d0b62c2401ec58d9410bd7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39720
content:
"Projection A potential future evolution of a quantity or set of \r\nquantities, often computed with the aid of a model. Unlike predictions, \r\nprojections are conditional on assumptions concerning, for example, \r\nfuture socio-economic and technological developments that may "


id: 656082e4bba64a33d20ef891851e11f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15106
content:
"Precipitable water The total amount of atmospheric water \r\nvapour in a vertical column of unit cross-sectional area. It is commonly "


id: 1c5be56da01b869d2906e83b33e22ffc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2177
content:
"system that occur in operational analyses. Although continuity is \r\nimproved, global reanalyses still suffer from changing coverage and \r\nbiases in the observing systems."


id: ecd59dd01d726cad836e6cb81e7e497b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39035
content:
"Proxy A proxy climate indicator is any biophysical property of \r\nmaterials formed during the past that is interpreted to represent \r\nsome combination of climate-related variations back in time. \r\nClimate-related data derived in this way are referred to as proxy data, \r\nand time series of proxy data are proxy records. Examples of proxy \r\ntypes include pollen assemblages, tree ring widths, speleothem and \r\ncoral geochemistry, and various data derived from marine sediments \r\nand glacier ice. Proxy data can be calibrated to provide quantitative \r\nclimate information."


id: 69b28d62cc57a86277ef6fa15e2b83f5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15862
content:
"Reasons for concern (RFCs) Elements of a classification \r\nframework, first developed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, \r\nwhich aims to facilitate judgements about what level of climate \r\nchange may be dangerous (in the language of Article 2 of the \r\nUNFCCC; UNFCCC, 1992) by aggregating risks from various sectors, \r\nconsidering hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities, capacities to adapt, \r\nand the resulting impacts."


id: 4bd53b7f7959ab5f07bb323efae19d4b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10603
content:
"Reconstruction (of climate variable) Approach to \r\nreconstructing the past temporal and spatial characteristics \r\nof a  climate variable from predictors. The predictors can be \r\ninstrumental data if the reconstruction is used to infill missing data \r\nor proxy data if it is used to develop paleoclimate reconstructions. \r\nVarious techniques have been developed for this purpose: linear \r\nmultivariate regression-based methods and non-linear Bayesian \r\nand analogue methods."


id: 480904fbf83cc9750efa0884417d8ad0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9893
content:
"Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) A near-periodic oscillation of \r\nthe equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the \r\ntropical stratosphere with a mean period of around 28 months. The \r\nalternating wind maxima descend from the base of the mesosphere \r\ndown to the tropopause and are driven by wave energy that \r\npropagates up from the troposphere."


id: 2df9155785d85fa854a6ed56c8bc6d85
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5365
content:
"Reference period A time period of interest, or a period over \r\nwhich some relevant statistics are calculated. A reference period can \r\nbe used as a baseline period or as a comparison to a baseline period. "


id: 3014bf221994b2224c15706cf8262c41
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5723
content:
"Quaternary The Quaternary Period is the last of three periods that \r\nmake up the Cenozoic Era (66 Ma to present), extending from 2.58 Ma \r\nto the present, and includes the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs."


id: 8666a8afb385d121e8f818f6c4e81d66
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20810
content:
"Radiative forcing The change in the net, downward minus \r\nupward, radiative flux (expressed in W m-2) due to a change in \r\nan external driver of climate change, such as a change in the \r\nconcentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the concentration of volcanic \r\naerosols or the output of the Sun. The stratospherically adjusted \r\nradiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held \r\nfixed at their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric \r\ntemperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical \r\nequilibrium. Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in \r\nstratospheric temperature is accounted for. The radiative forcing once \r\nboth stratospheric and tropospheric adjustments are accounted for is \r\ntermed the effective radiative forcing."


id: 7ad04ca733be75d63975b916a279a03c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18810
content:
"A time period against which differences are calculated (e.g., expressed \r\nas anomalies relative to a baseline). "


id: 9b4ef2b428a28baf1418f4d3c62d90b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24571
content:
"Reforestation Conversion to forest of land that has previously \r\ncontained forests but that has been converted to some other use. \r\n[Note: For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such \r\nas afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the 2006 \r\nIPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and \r\ntheir 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United \r\nNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC, 2006, \r\n2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, b).] See also Afforestation, Deforestation, \r\nAnthropogenic removals and Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)."


id: 184a12e67d1ec38f66e1042d17b1fc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1477
content:
"Radiative response (of the climate system) The net top-of\u0002atmosphere radiative flux that opposes a change in radiative forcing\r\nas a result of climate feedbacks. Typical units: W m-2. See also Earth's \r\nenergy budget and Climate feedback parameter."


id: c68daf16e33eaca897d02d293779ebe5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32234
content:
"Region Land and/or ocean area characterized by specific \r\ngeographical and/or climatological features. The climate of a region \r\nemerges from a multi-scale combination of its own features, remote \r\ninfluences from other regions, and global climate conditions."


id: 471c7f1bc97d3229f95d1e5854b70239
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9711
content:
"Rapid dynamical change (of glaciers or ice sheets) Changes \r\nin glacier or ice sheet mass controlled by changes in flow speed and \r\ndischarge rather than by accumulation or ablation. This can result in \r\na rate of mass change larger than that due to any imbalance between \r\naccumulation and ablation. Rapid dynamical change may be initiated \r\nby a climatic trigger, such as incursion of warm ocean water beneath \r\nan ice shelf, or thinning of a grounded tide-water terminus, which \r\nmay lead to reactions within the glacier system that may result in \r\nrapid ice loss."


id: 5dd9930ac84f12d411abf72d4c5f3650
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13814
content:
"Regional climate model (RCM) A climate model at higher \r\nresolution over a limited area. Such models are used in downscaling\r\nglobal climate results over specific regional domains."


id: 697fbca56b30b485a6ddc0b27ff22b61
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15826
content:
"Relative humidity The ratio of actual water vapour pressure to \r\nthat at saturation with respect to liquid water or ice at the same \r\ntemperature. See also Specific humidity."


id: f1500b5d9b6756a0020fd56e7bf10048
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39837
content:
"Reanalysis Reanalyses are created by processing past \r\nmeteorological or oceanographic data using fixed state-of-the\u0002art weather forecasting or ocean circulation models with data \r\nassimilation techniques. They are used to provide estimates of \r\nvariables such as historical atmospheric temperature and wind or \r\noceanographic temperature and currents, and other quantities. Using \r\nfixed data assimilation avoids effects from the changing analysis "


id: 9806afe3faa55b1de25b930ffb87066
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23963
content:
"and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the \r\nhazards. Hazards, exposure and vulnerability may each be subject \r\nto uncertainty in terms of magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, \r\nand each may change over time and space due to socio-economic \r\nchanges and human decision-making (see also risk management, \r\nadaptation and mitigation)."


id: d53656fae8c923b878a53d09b7b3e3f6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34835
content:
"Reservoir A component or components of the climate system\r\nwhere a greenhouse gas (GHG) or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is \r\nstored (UNFCCC Article 1.7 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also Pool, carbon \r\nand nitrogen, Sequestration, Sequestration potential, Sink, Source \r\nand Uptake."


id: 3168017f37dbf68645e62c26f29c2134
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5937
content:
"Resilience The capacity of interconnected social, economic \r\nand ecological systems to cope with a hazardous event, trend or \r\ndisturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their \r\nessential function, identity and structure. Resilience is a positive \r\nattribute when it maintains capacity for adaptation, learning and/\r\nor transformation (Arctic Council, 2016). See also Hazard, Risk\r\nand Vulnerability."


id: e4ae4268b18c7d748459b27d699f7a94
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37516
content:
"In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the \r\npotential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), \r\nor from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other \r\nsocietal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals \r\n(SDGs) (see also risk trade-off). Risks can arise, for example, from \r\nuncertainty in implementation, effectiveness or outcomes of climate \r\npolicy, climate-related investments, technology development or \r\nadoption, and system transitions. See also Hazard and Impacts \r\n(consequences, outcomes)."


id: 4c9d212c4ee27cbe5056cc98d38b0aa4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10747
content:
"Resolution In climate models, this term refers to the physical \r\ndistance (metres or degrees) between each point on the grid used to \r\ncompute the equations. Temporal resolution refers to the time step \r\nor time elapsed between each model computation of the equations."


id: e466b993de6b94aab685ec1f3c7db16d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37476
content:
"Risk assessment The qualitative and/or quantitative scientific \r\nestimation of risks. See also Risk management and Risk perception."


id: 478fd98b49d4a5d77662dba9523d83bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9808
content:
"Respiration The process whereby living organisms convert \r\norganic matter to carbon dioxide (CO2), releasing energy and \r\nconsuming molecular oxygen."


id: 108347e62a749cde7722d77247cc0e47
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 93
content:
"Risk framework A common framework for describing and \r\nassessing risk across all three Working Groups is adopted to promote \r\nclear and consistent communication of risks and to better inform risk \r\nassessment and decision-making related to climate change."


id: 3e34affcda199c4f002dc7832ab1d151
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8122
content:
"Response time or adjustment time In the context of climate\r\nvariations, the response time or adjustment time is the time needed \r\nfor the climate system or its components to re-equilibrate to a new \r\nstate, following a forcing resulting from external processes. It is \r\nvery different for various components of the climate system. The \r\nresponse time of the troposphere is relatively short, from days to \r\nweeks, whereas the stratosphere reaches equilibrium on a time \r\nscale of typically a few months. Due to their large heat capacity, \r\nthe oceans have a much longer response time: typically decades, \r\nbut up to centuries or millennia. The response time of the strongly \r\ncoupled surface-troposphere system is, therefore, slow compared \r\nto that of the stratosphere, and mainly determined by the oceans. \r\nThe biosphere may respond quickly (e.g., to droughts), but also very \r\nslowly to imposed changes. "


id: 81f6857376a9ee12a8deac2f77548cc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19986
content:
"Risk management Plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce \r\nthe likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, \r\nbased on assessed or perceived risks. See also Risk assessment\r\nand Risk perception."


id: 560eb0511fc66b040ffdce6fb6eade91
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12412
content:
"Risk perception The subjective judgement that people make \r\nabout the characteristics and severity of a risk. See also Risk \r\nassessment and Risk management."


id: 591e073be55f3786af068a6146120cd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12923
content:
"Risk trade-off The change in the portfolio of risks that occurs when \r\na countervailing risk is generated (knowingly or inadvertently) by an \r\nintervention to reduce the target risk (Wiener and Graham, 2009)."


id: 4ef9116f9ba0f5a7b8f8d3a8ce84e8e2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11178
content:
"In the context of lifetimes, response time or adjustment time (Ta) is \r\nthe time scale characterizing the decay of an instantaneous pulse \r\ninput into the reservoir. See Response time or adjustment time (Ta )\r\nunder Lifetime."


id: b624db861eba9a2b8e2479d012239fd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29264
content:
"Rock glacier A debris landform (mass of rock fragments and finer \r\nmaterial that contains either an ice core or an ice-cemented matrix) \r\ngenerated by a former or current gravity-driven creep of permafrost\r\nin mountain slopes (Harris et al., 1988; Giardino et al., 2011; IPA-RG, \r\n2020). It is detectable in the landscape due to the occurrence of (i) \r\na steep slope delimiting the terminal part, (ii) generally well-defined \r\nlateral margins in a continuation of the front, and (iii) transversal \r\nor longitudinal ridges and furrows (ridge and furrow topography). \r\nThese are geomorphological indicators of the occurrence of \r\npermafrost conditions. Although it is an ice storage feature, it is not \r\na type of glacier since it does not originate at the surface by the \r\nrecrystallization of snow."


id: ed04396904369a68e2b2add8e6b41f48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39068
content:
"Return period An estimate of the average time interval between \r\noccurrences of an event (e.g., flood or extreme rainfall) of (or below/\r\nabove) a defined size or intensity."


id: 876ed3c9196516a866ff67facf1bc09a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20984
content:
"Return value The highest (or, alternatively, lowest) value of \r\na given variable, on average occurring once in a given period of time \r\n(e.g., in 10 years)."


id: 24e43fba069f75085b746380dbc060ce
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3681
content:
"Risk The potential for adverse consequences for human or \r\necological systems, recognizing the diversity of values and objectives \r\nassociated with such systems. In the context of climate change, \r\nrisks can arise from potential impacts of climate change as well as \r\nhuman responses to climate change. Relevant adverse consequences \r\ninclude those on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, \r\nsocial and cultural assets and investments, infrastructure, services \r\n(including ecosystem services), ecosystems and species."


id: 65d3069a0fb63ccfdde5a2f39aed0a53
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15173
content:
"Runoff The flow of water over the surface or through the \r\nsubsurface, which typically originates from the part of liquid \r\nprecipitation and/or snow/ice melt that does not evaporate, transpire \r\nor refreeze, and returns to water bodies."


id: 66114943a73becfa972b66b415a07850
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15217
content:
"Scenario A plausible description of how the future may develop \r\nbased on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions \r\nabout key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change (TC), "


id: a67e5de7b96e11af76f7e624a4053c8a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26510
content:
"assuming no anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (climate \r\nchange attribution) or no climate change (impact attribution).]"


id: d349201342f45e7a168a5decf18a9ed9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34517
content:
"prices) and relationships. Note that scenarios are neither predictions \r\nnor forecasts, but are used to provide a view of the implications of \r\ndevelopments and actions. See also Pathways and Scenario storyline\r\n(under Storyline)."


id: 2d12f8006d1ae97323e75fa12c04d1bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5208
content:
"A scenario that describes a plausible future in terms of population, \r\ngross domestic product (GDP), and other socio-economic factors \r\nrelevant to understanding the implications of climate change."


id: f192f136d18c4dfb9e0395325d41125f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39885
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of atmospheric \r\nconcentrations of substances that are radiatively active (e.g., \r\ngreenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols, tropospheric ozone), plus \r\nhuman-induced land-cover changes that can be radiatively active \r\nvia albedo changes, and often used as input to a climate model to \r\ncompute climate projections."


id: 3cdd5710a3b184367c957c02923f1f1b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7891
content:
"Sea ice Ice found at the sea surface that has originated from \r\nthe freezing of seawater. Sea ice may be discontinuous pieces (ice \r\nfloes) moved on the ocean surface by wind and currents (pack ice), \r\nor a motionless sheet attached to the coast (land-fast ice). Sea ice \r\nconcentration is the fraction of the ocean covered by ice. Sea ice less \r\nthan one year old is called first-year ice. Perennial ice is sea ice that \r\nsurvives at least one summer. It may be subdivided into second-year \r\nice and multi-year ice, where multi-year ice has survived at least \r\ntwo summers."


id: 85e5e35c20b477f27a1e7d8f8f321560
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20702
content:
"A plausible representation of the future development of emissions of \r\nsubstances that are radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse gases (GHGs) \r\nor aerosols), plus human-induced land-cover changes that can be \r\nradiatively active via albedo changes, based on a coherent and \r\ninternally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such \r\nas demographic and socio-economic development, technological \r\nchange, energy and land use) and their key relationships. \r\nConcentration scenarios, derived from emission scenarios, are often \r\nused as input to a climate model to compute climate projections."


id: 70be7d14a1821c49a7ec23b075f9a068
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17096
content:
"Sea ice area is the area covered by sea ice. In contrast to sea ice \r\nextent, it is a linear measure of sea ice coverage that does not depend \r\non grid resolution."


id: fb88d1a0393ca3159803808930e78fbb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41626
content:
"Sea ice extent (SIE) Sea ice extent is calculated for gridded data \r\nproducts as the total area of all grid cells with sea ice concentration\r\nabove a given threshold, usually 15 %. It hence is a grid-dependent, \r\nnon-linear measure of sea ice coverage."


id: 8efeefae7211357572bca359beeb35ea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22352
content:
"A plausible description of the future that describes how the (studied) \r\nsystem responds to the implementation of mitigation policies and \r\nmeasures."


id: 9d5eb79c054ce0c1b0b890ccac3d535
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24918
content:
"[Note 1: In many types of climate change research, reference \r\nscenarios reflect specific assumptions about patterns of socio\u0002economic development and may represent futures that assume \r\nno climate policies or specified climate policies, for example those \r\nin place or planned at the time a study is carried out. Reference \r\nscenarios may also represent futures with limited or no climate \r\nimpacts or adaptation, to serve as a point of comparison for futures \r\nwith impacts and adaptation. These are also referred to as baseline \r\nscenarios in the literature."


id: b1c31e8f85e13b4705950e57c89f4b0f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28486
content:
"Note 2: Reference scenarios can also be climate policy or impact \r\nscenarios, which in that case are taken as a point of comparison \r\nto explore the implications of other features, for example, of delay, \r\ntechnological options, policy design and strategy or to explore \r\nthe effects of additional impacts and adaptation beyond those \r\nrepresented in the reference scenario."


id: d361d898a58b46fadbc11b0201b14e7d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34535
content:
"Note 3: The term business as usual scenario has been used to describe \r\na scenario that assumes no additional policies beyond those currently \r\nin place and that patterns of socio-economic development are \r\nconsistent with recent trends. The term is now used less frequently \r\nthan in the past. "


id: 6a0a50806e7a7736fe4c112a00968d6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15927
content:
"The change in local mean sea surface height with respect to the \r\nterrestrial reference frame; it is the sea level change observed with \r\ninstruments from space. See also Altimetry."


id: 99d9630c8e3023096b87045bc0244fff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24295
content:
"Thermosteric sea level change (where thermosteric sea level rise may \r\nalso be referred to as thermal expansion) occurs as a result of changes \r\nin ocean temperature: increasing temperature reduces ocean density \r\nand increases the volume per unit of mass."


id: 27d3c83fb937df012914c4685186bf6f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4199
content:
"The increase or decrease in the volume of the ocean divided by \r\nthe ocean surface area. It is the sum of changes in ocean density \r\nthrough temperature changes (global mean thermosteric sea level \r\nchange) and changes in the ocean mass as a result of changes in the \r\ncryosphere or land water storage (barystatic sea level change)."


id: 90ad1d03ac425a3bf7f5ffd01102fbd9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22660
content:
"Sea level equivalent (SLE) The SLE of a mass of water, ice, or \r\nwater vapour is that mass, converted to a volume using a density of \r\n1000 kg m-3, and divided by the present-day ocean surface area of \r\n3.625 x 1000 m2. Thus, 362.5 Gt of water mass added to the ocean \r\ncorrespond to 1 mm of global mean sea level rise. "


id: 46b24a324527c5a4fa7264e1b8424b65
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9642
content:
"Sea surface temperature (SST) The subsurface bulk \r\ntemperature in the top few metres of the ocean, measured by ships, \r\nbuoys and drifters. From ships, measurements of water samples \r\nin buckets were mostly switched in the 1940s to samples from \r\nengine intake water. Satellite measurements of skin temperature \r\n(uppermost layer; a fraction of a millimetre thick) in the infrared or \r\nthe top centimetre or so in the microwave are also used, but must be \r\nadjusted to be compatible with the bulk temperature."


id: 7608b38836187dc0dacdd6fe0d2a1371
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17996
content:
"Semi-empirical model Model in which calculations are based \r\non a combination of observed associations between variables and \r\ntheoretical considerations relating variables through fundamental \r\nprinciples (e.g., conservation of energy). For example, in sea level \r\nstudies, semi-empirical models refer specifically to transfer functions \r\nformulated to project future global mean sea level (GMSL) change, \r\nor contributions to it, from future global surface temperature change \r\nor radiative forcing."


id: aeb78882c805eef0ff8344d5cca6c101
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27977
content:
"Halosteric sea level change occurs as a result of salinity variations: \r\nhigher salinity leads to higher density and decreases the volume per \r\nunit of mass. Although both processes can be relevant on regional to \r\nlocal scales, only thermosteric changes impact the global mean sea \r\nlevel (GMSL) change, whereas the global mean halosteric change is \r\nnegligible (Gregory et al., 2019)."


id: 4b8f855127c9f1e604a18b2e75910655
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10556
content:
"Change in sea level relative to a datum (such as present-day mean \r\nsea level) at spatial scales smaller than 10 km."


id: ab754497c4342d9da1cce4ebc796eeba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27394
content:
"Sensible heat flux The turbulent or conductive flux of heat from \r\nthe Earth's surface to the atmosphere that is not associated with \r\nphase changes of water; a component of the surface energy budget. \r\nSee also Latent heat flux."


id: 4abfe72a0377b730cb7d0b3cff60997a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10392
content:
"Change in mean sea level relative to the geoid associated with \r\ncirculation and density-driven changes in the ocean. Ocean dynamic \r\nsea level change is regionally varying but by definition has a zero \r\nglobal mean and conventionally is inverse-barometer corrected (i.e., the \r\neffect of the hydrostatic depression of the sea surface by atmospheric \r\npressure changes is removed). Changes in ocean currents occur due to \r\nvariations in heating and cooling, variability in winds and changes in \r\nseasonally to annually averaged air temperature and humidity."


id: 812c140f105375109cd1dcda9b13c2a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19859
content:
"Sequestration The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. \r\nSee also Pool, carbon and nitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration potential, \r\nSink, Source and Uptake."


id: 3c792e3cec651bdf0dded543f7b3b769
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7831
content:
"Sequestration potential The quantity of greenhouse gases that \r\ncan be removed from the atmosphere by anthropogenic enhancement \r\nof sinks and stored in a pool. See Mitigation potential for different \r\nsubcategories of sequestration potential. See also Pool, carbon and \r\nnitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, Source and Uptake."


id: d4d7d8b7c47d6013714949a1d0f4f2ff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34762
content:
"The change in local mean sea surface height (SSH) relative to the \r\nlocal solid surface, that is, the sea floor, as measured by instruments \r\nthat are fixed to the Earth's surface, such as tide gauges. This \r\nreference frame is used when considering coastal impacts, hazards\r\nand adaptation needs."


id: e64b1aa3fc338b65eaf6c2d1adde8dec
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37819
content:
"Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) A set of chemically \r\nreactive compounds with short (relative to carbon dioxide (CO2)) \r\natmospheric lifetimes (from hours to about two decades) \r\nbut characterized by different physiochemical properties and \r\nenvironmental effects. Their emission or formation has a significant \r\neffect on radiative forcing over a period determined by their \r\nrespective atmospheric lifetimes. Changes in their emissions can also \r\ninduce long-term climate effects via, in particular, their interactions "


id: 1c34870b5f2cbd9b266df7fe42a30796
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2152
content:
"Steric sea level change is caused by changes in ocean density and \r\nis  composed of thermosteric sea level change and halosteric sea \r\nlevel change."


id: ed97097573a421f1c7d74767ea0c8497
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39159
content:
"with some biogeochemical cycles. SLCFs are classified as direct or \r\nindirect, with direct SLCFs exerting climate effects through their \r\nradiative forcing and indirect SLCFs being the precursors of other \r\ndirect climate forcers. Direct SLCFs include methane (CH4 ), ozone \r\n(O3 ), primary aerosols and some halogenated species. Indirect \r\nSLCFs are precursors of ozone or secondary aerosols. SLCFs can be \r\ncooling or warming through interactions with radiation and clouds. \r\nThey are also referred to as near-term climate forcers. Many SLCFs \r\nare also air pollutants. A subset of exclusively warming SLCFs is \r\nalso referred to as short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including \r\nmethane, ozone, and black carbon (BC)."


id: e3ff08e83c517af6e970455069f333c5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37406
content:
"Soil moisture Water stored in the soil in liquid or frozen form. \r\nRoot-zone soil moisture is of most relevance for plant activity."


id: c4555a7e3b6dbfaff457a0ffa81e701
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31839
content:
"Soil temperature The temperature of the soil. This can be \r\nmeasured or modelled at multiple levels within the depth of the soil."


id: 950011240a888c96ccad942542d8a7ac
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23420
content:
"Solar activity General term collectively describing a variety of \r\nmagnetic phenomena on the Sun such as sunspots, faculae (bright \r\nareas), and flares (emission of high-energy particles). It varies on \r\ntime scales from minutes to millions of years. The solar cycle, with an \r\naverage duration of 11 years, is an example of a quasi-regular change \r\nin solar activity."


id: e473907136026f1d4b13e56d631f507c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37484
content:
"Significant wave height The average trough-to-crest height of \r\nthe highest one-third of the wave heights (sea and swell) occurring in \r\na particular time period."


id: 3505df94025f16a9cdae2d2d0e1d050a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6574
content:
"Simple climate model (SCM) A broad class of lower\u0002dimensional models of the energy balance, radiative transfer, carbon \r\ncycle, or a  combination of such physical components. SCMs are \r\nalso suitable for performing emulations of climate-mean variables \r\nof Earth system models (ESMs), given that their structural flexibility \r\ncan capture both the parametric and structural uncertainties across \r\nprocess-oriented ESM responses. They can also be used to test \r\nconsistency across multiple lines of evidence with regard to climate \r\nsensitivity ranges, transient climate responses (TCRs), transient \r\nclimate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCREs) and carbon \r\ncycle feedbacks. See also Emulators and Earth system model of \r\nintermediate complexity (EMIC)."


id: 422db44a7b79369bb9ed1ad222d85eaa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8846
content:
"Solar cycle (11-year) A quasi-regular modulation of solar activity\r\nwith varying amplitude and a period of between 8 and 14 years."


id: e866395e1e17b2b48da4bf29868c3332
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38220
content:
"Solar radiation Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun \r\nwith a spectrum close to that of a black body with a temperature of \r\n5770 K. The radiation peaks in visible wavelengths. When compared \r\nto the terrestrial radiation it is often referred to as shortwave \r\nradiation. See also Insolation and Total solar irradiance (TSI)."


id: 15a882a9d14746c9bfdf4113abfe51df
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1026
content:
"Solar radiation modification (SRM) Refers to a range of \r\nradiation modification measures not related to greenhouse gas \r\n(GHG) mitigation that seek to limit global warming. Most methods \r\ninvolve reducing the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching \r\nthe surface, but others also act on the longwave radiation budget by \r\nreducing optical thickness and cloud lifetime."


id: 6eefb69de6ccd210b20f30dd32f02b67
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16788
content:
"Sink Any process, activity or mechanism which removes \r\na  greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas \r\nfrom the atmosphere (UNFCCC Article 1.8 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also \r\nPool, carbon and nitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, Sequestration \r\npotential, Source and Uptake."


id: cc9064baf1ed6f8678cb1160915a649e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33312
content:
"One of several radiation modification approaches to counter the \r\nwarming caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this approach, it \r\nis proposed to reduce the amount of cirrus clouds by injecting ice \r\nnucleating substances in the upper troposphere. The reduction in \r\ncirrus clouds is expected to increase the amount of longwave cooling \r\nto space resulting in a planetary cooling. Although cirrus cloud \r\nthinning primarily affects the longwave radiation budget of our \r\nplanet, it is often identified as one of the solar radiation modification \r\n(SRM) approaches in the literature."


id: cdc8f790cedd709ab62e3c2c7f81ba53
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33531
content:
"Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Small Island \r\nDeveloping States (SIDS), as recognized by the United Nations \r\nOHRLLS (UN Office of the High Representative for the Least \r\nDeveloped Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small \r\nIsland Developing States), are a distinct group of developing countries \r\nfacing specific social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities \r\n(UN-OHRLLS, 2011). They were recognized as a special case both for \r\ntheir environment and development at the Rio Earth Summit in Brazil \r\nin 1992. Fifty-eight countries and territories are presently classified \r\nas SIDS by the UN OHRLLS, with 38 being UN member states and \r\n20 being Non-UN Members or Associate Members of the Regional \r\nCommissions (UN-OHRLLS, 2018)."


id: 1b8200ce20fa2f702c176ed89d3761a1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2027
content:
"One of several solar radiation modification (SRM) approaches to \r\nincrease the planetary albedo. In this approach, it is proposed to \r\ninject sea salt aerosols into persistent marine low clouds. This is \r\nexpected to increase the cloud droplet concentration of these clouds \r\nand their reflectivity."


id: 99332d0e2f3fd8b58ceab58734c62508
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24168
content:
"Snow cover Snow cover refers to all the snow that has \r\naccumulated on the ground at a given time (UNESCO/IASH/\r\nWMO, 1970)."


id: f45b4f233967899f4694c46f6394ae8a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40369
content:
"One of several solar radiation modification (SRM) approaches to \r\nincrease the planetary albedo. In the approach, it is proposed to \r\ninject highly reflective aerosols such as sulphates into the lower \r\nstratosphere. This is expected to increase the fraction of solar \r\nradiation deflected to space resulting in a planetary cooling."


id: e29158ef53d8f6521bf5f3b260da307
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37165
content:
"How long snow continuously remains on the land surface, or the \r\nperiod between snow-on and snow-off dates."


id: 27b75df2a63a7c7e66107e8b3c18dc5a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4174
content:
"Solubility pump A physicochemical process that transports \r\ndissolved inorganic carbon from the ocean's surface to its interior. The \r\nsolubility pump is primarily driven by the solubility of carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) (with more CO2 dissolving in colder water) and the large-scale, \r\nthermohaline patterns of ocean circulation."


id: e6fd0f1e058046f8486197cd2b11cb85
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37926
content:
"the term storyline is used both in connection to scenarios as related \r\nto a future trajectory of the climate and human systems or to a \r\nweather or climate event. In this context, storylines can be used \r\nto describe plural, conditional possible futures or explanations \r\nof a current situation, in contrast to single, definitive futures or \r\nexplanations."


id: 3beadbc8279835f271a94cdd8fae47cd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7735
content:
"Source Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, \r\nan aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere\r\n(UNFCCC Article 1.9 (UNFCCC, 1992)). See also Pool, carbon and \r\nnitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, Sequestration potential, Sink \r\nand Uptake."


id: 1e61e1a77deaf90b588e8ea0ed1f6ac7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2545
content:
"A self-consistent and plausible unfolding of a physical trajectory of \r\nthe climate system, or a weather or climate event, on time scales \r\nfrom hours to multiple decades (Shepherd et al., 2018). Through this, \r\nstorylines explore, illustrate and communicate uncertainties in the \r\nclimate system response to forcing and in internal variability."


id: c3370e4b4cbf205580aef37c39369580
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31618
content:
"A narrative description of a scenario (or  family of scenarios), \r\nhighlighting the main scenario characteristics, relationships between \r\nkey driving forces and the dynamics of their evolution."


id: 7d71b4a7c40bdb478e6e6da88ea7e78f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19237
content:
"South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) A band of low\u0002level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation ranging from the \r\nwest Pacific warm pool south-eastwards towards French Polynesia. \r\nIt is one of the most significant features of subtropical Southern \r\nHemisphere climate. It shares some characteristics with the Inter\u0002tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), but is more extratropical in nature, \r\nespecially east of the International Date Line."


id: 1039c540fcaa35bfb6fde55e285ccd34
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41
content:
"Stratification Process of forming of layers of (ocean) water \r\nwith different properties such as salinity, density and temperature \r\nthat act as barrier for water mixing. The strengthening of near\u0002surface stratification generally results in warmer surface waters, \r\ndecreased oxygen levels in deeper water, and intensification of ocean \r\nacidification (OA) in the upper ocean."


id: 436f00cda7da55f61b3c4b38caab8f07
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9085
content:
"Stratosphere The highly stratified region of the atmosphere \r\nabove the tropopause, extending to about 50 km altitude. See \r\nalso Troposphere."


id: 7483d0fb3beb26ffb19888940fbfef19
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17734
content:
"Specific humidity The specific humidity specifies the ratio of \r\nthe mass of water vapour to the total mass of moist air. See also \r\nRelative humidity."


id: 20bd22cfcf10efefa4a99a4bbbd8f4f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2979
content:
"Stadial or stade A brief period of regional climatic cooling during \r\na glacial or interglacial interval, often characterized by transient \r\nglacial advances. Stadials are generally of short duration (hundreds \r\nto a few thousand years) compared to glacial or interglacial \r\nintervals (lasting many thousands to tens of thousands of years). \r\nOne example of a regional stadial event is based on millennial scale \r\ncooling recorded by oxygen isotope ratios in Greenland ice cores, \r\nthe so called \"Greenland Stadials\" (Johnsen et al., 1992). See also \r\nInterstadial or interstade."


id: de452ff367d79e8291bc60cc764942d2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36364
content:
"Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) Stratosphere-\r\ntroposphere exchange (STE) is understood as the flux of air or trace \r\nconstituents across the tropopause, including both directions: the \r\nstratosphere to troposphere transport (STT) and troposphere to \r\nstratosphere transport (TST). STE is one of the key factors controlling \r\nthe budgets of ozone, water vapour and other substances in both the \r\ntroposphere and the lower stratosphere."


id: 67b4ee580c5cf339bfb9e0cd542d1b11
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15515
content:
"Stratospheric ozone Stratospheric ozone describes the ozone \r\n(O3 ) that resides in the stratosphere, the region of the atmosphere\r\nwhich exists between 10 and 50 kilometres above the surface of the \r\nearth. Ninety percent of total-column ozone resides in the stratosphere. \r\nSee also Ozone layer and Ozone-depleting substances (ODSs)."


id: e804cab89c17cee58ec65424640ef541
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38133
content:
"Storm surge The temporary increase, at a particular locality, \r\nin the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions \r\n(low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is \r\ndefined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal \r\nvariation alone at that time and place. See also Sea level change (sea \r\nlevel rise/sea level fall) and Extreme sea level (ESL)."


id: c401b65271b9d80e12e1dafdbba2f8f3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31767
content:
"Stratospheric polar vortex A large-scale region of cold air \r\npoleward of approximately 60 degrees that is contained by a strong \r\nwesterly jet from the tropopause (8-10 km) to the stratopause \r\n(50-60 km) and that forms in each hemisphere during the winter \r\nhalf-year. Planetary waves can temporarily disrupt the vortex, \r\nproducing easterly winds and rapid warming over polar regions in the \r\nstratosphere, and leading to substantial weakening or breakdown of \r\nthe vortex."


id: 6122ae63a382f1cbbca9cfb21984eb83
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14385
content:
"Storm tracks Originally, a term referring to the tracks of \r\nindividual cyclonic weather systems, but now often generalized \r\nto refer to the main regions where the tracks of extratropical \r\ndisturbances occur as sequences of low (cyclonic) and high \r\n(anticyclonic) pressure systems."


id: 3445574b9eebe4839eade0eaaec04fd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6435
content:
"Stratospheric sounding unit (SSU) A three-channel infrared \r\nsounder on operational U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites. The three channels \r\nare used to determine profiles of temperature in the stratosphere \r\n(AMS, 2021)."


id: d5ebc684612ce52db5be903fe160f1e8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34953
content:
"Storyline A way of making sense of a situation or a series of \r\nevents through the construction of a set of explanatory elements. \r\nUsually, it is built on logical or causal reasoning. In climate research, "


id: 101927302cd16ff33b1ba9b941e138b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20
content:
"Streamflow Water flow within a river channel, for example, \r\nexpressed in m3 s-1. A synonym for river discharge."


id: 3e2cd0d8ffef065075a2713fbc503ec6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8114
content:
"those derived from the temporal variation of the main modes of \r\nclimate variability). They can also be obtained from principal \r\ncomponent analysis, singular value decomposition/maximum \r\ncovariance analysis, clustering based on spatial recurrence \r\ncriteria, etc. See also Section Atlas.3.1 of the AR6 WGI report and \r\nTeleconnection."


id: 616b4c7893afd1b3000521c8e0269e31
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14439
content:
"Subduction Ocean process in which surface waters enter the \r\nocean interior from the surface mixed layer through Ekman pumping \r\nand lateral advection. The latter occurs when surface waters are \r\nadvected to a region where the local surface layer is less dense and \r\ntherefore must slide below the surface layer, usually with no change \r\nin density."


id: 313372620f664aeb678146fc8ebbf329
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5907
content:
"Temperature overshoot Exceedance of a specified global \r\nwarming level, followed by a decline to or below that level during \r\na specified period of time (e.g., before 2100). Sometimes the \r\nmagnitude and likelihood of the overshoot is also characterized. \r\nThe overshoot duration can vary from one pathway to the next, but \r\nin most overshoot pathways in the literature and as referred to as \r\novershoot pathways in the AR6, the overshoot occurs over a period \r\nof at least one decade and up to several decades. See also Pathways."


id: 5b94a5576601049b2f9f9cf0c2e9dd2d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13360
content:
"Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) A phenomena of rapid \r\nwarming in the stratosphere at high latitudes (sometimes more than \r\n50degC in 1-2 days) that can cause breakdown of stratospheric polar \r\nvortices."


id: 6ae7d67c9f7836cd50b0c93c8bf64b15
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16096
content:
"Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) SF6, a greenhouse gas (GHG), is \r\nmainly used in heavy industry to insulate high-voltage equipment \r\nand to assist in the manufacturing of cable-cooling systems and \r\nsemiconductors."


id: 3464fe80c8a53590fe874f4a7c1a1f98
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6453
content:
"Terrestrial radiation Radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, \r\nthe atmosphere and clouds. It is also known as thermal infrared or \r\nlongwave radiation and is to be distinguished from the near-infrared \r\nradiation that is part of the solar spectrum. Infrared radiation, in \r\ngeneral, has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) longer \r\nthan the wavelength of the red light in the visible part of the spectrum. \r\nThe spectrum of terrestrial radiation is almost entirely distinct from \r\nthat of shortwave or solar radiation because of the difference in \r\ntemperature between the Sun and the Earth-atmosphere system."


id: 8d44b98cc7aa47b472841cad9c870069
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22036
content:
"Sunspots Dark areas on the Sun where strong magnetic fields \r\nreduce the convection, causing a temperature reduction of about \r\n1500 K compared to the surrounding regions. The number of sunspots \r\nis higher during periods of higher solar activity and varies in particular \r\nwith the solar cycle."


id: f7b45e32168efa84092270b11b4611ce
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40953
content:
"Surface air temperature See Land surface air temperature \r\n(LSAT) and Global mean surface air temperature (GSAT)."


id: acc65f8ce8fa9b7b786ca5d7b2c0e092
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27638
content:
"Thermal expansion See Steric sea level change (under Sea level \r\nchange (sea level rise/sea level fall))."


id: b5c60dc3288f05ac258c039b02017ded
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29206
content:
"Thermocline The layer of maximum vertical temperature gradient \r\nin the ocean, lying between the surface ocean and the abyssal ocean. \r\nIn subtropical regions, its source waters are typically surface waters \r\nat higher latitudes that have subducted (see Subduction) and moved \r\nequatorward. At high latitudes, it is sometimes absent, replaced by \r\na halocline, which is a layer of maximum vertical salinity gradient."


id: 7a8435208642ece264c449863a35bb18
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18746
content:
"Surface temperature See Global mean surface air temperature \r\n(GSAT), Global mean surface temperature (GMST), Land surface air \r\ntemperature (LSAT) and Sea surface temperature (SST)."


id: cbec3138e16b1c22cb685f8a39436a8d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33204
content:
"Surprises A class of risk that can be defined as low-likelihood but \r\nwell-understood events and events that cannot be predicted with \r\ncurrent understanding (see Section 1.4.4.3 in AR6 WGI Chapter 1)."


id: 539fff0c06d608d0ceeeb13628baf045
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11985
content:
"Thermokarst Process by which characteristic landforms result \r\nfrom thawing of ice-rich permafrost or melting of massive ice \r\n(IPA, 2005)."


id: d487700c28cd2942b66986284c2dcdbd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34714
content:
"Talik A layer or body of unfrozen ground in a permafrost area \r\ndue to a local anomaly in thermal, hydrological, hydrogeological or \r\nhydrochemical conditions (IPA, 2005)."


id: 2061e1d4c209ccbc813c7b9cdff8b7dc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2917
content:
"Tide gauge A device at a coastal or deep-sea location that \r\ncontinuously measures the level of the sea with respect to the \r\nadjacent land. Time averaging of the sea level so recorded gives the \r\nobserved secular changes of the relative sea level."


id: 25f99e823d40a3d6aaefd1f0ee412cb2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3859
content:
"Teleconnection Association between climate variables at \r\nwidely separated, geographically fixed locations related to each \r\nother through physical processes and oceanic and/or atmospheric \r\ndynamical pathways. Teleconnections can be caused by several \r\nclimate phenomena, such as Rossby wave-trains, mid-latitude jet and \r\nstorm track displacements, fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional \r\nOverturning Circulation (AMOC), fluctuations of the Walker \r\ncirculation, etc. They can be initiated by modes of climate variability, \r\nthus providing the development of remote climate anomalies at \r\nvarious temporal lags. See also Teleconnection pattern."


id: 6875aa4f1dc78268cd75088c743ba448
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15647
content:
"Time of emergence (ToE) Time when a specific anthropogenic\r\nsignal related to climate change is statistically detected to emerge \r\nfrom the background noise of natural climate variability in a reference \r\nperiod, for a specific region (Hawkins and Sutton, 2012). See also \r\nEmergence (of the climate signal)."


id: 3dc0211695cfee4c131dcf8b0988e69
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8027
content:
"Teleconnection pattern Spatial structure of climate anomalies\r\nthat are linked to each other through teleconnection processes or \r\nthat are the large-scale fingerprint of modes of climate variability. \r\nTeleconnection patterns can be visualized using correlation and/or \r\nregression maps of climate variables with some climate indices (i.e., "


id: c1aa71d82123e28917d19f02033fc6f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31372
content:
"Tipping point A critical threshold beyond which a system \r\nreorganizes, often abruptly and/or irreversibly. See also Tipping \r\nelement, Irreversibility and Abrupt change."


id: 483b67d06120777e820c4e2897d1f86c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9919
content:
"Total alkalinity Total Alkalinity (AT) is a measurable parameter of \r\nthe seawater acid-base system which, when expressed in micromoles \r\nper kilogram of seawater, is a conservative variable both on mixing \r\nand for changes in temperature and/or pressure. Changes in total \r\nalkalinity in the oceans can result from a variety of biogeochemical \r\nprocesses that affect the acid-base composition of the seawater \r\nitself. However, its value is not affected by the exchange of carbon \r\ndioxide gas between seawater and the atmosphere. Measurements of \r\ntotal alkalinity can thus be used to help study these biogeochemical \r\nprocesses and can also be used to help calculate the state of the \r\nseawater acid-base system. Total alkalinity is most commonly \r\nmeasured using an acidimetric titration technique that determines \r\nhow much acid is required to titrate a seawater sample to a specified \r\nequivalence point."


id: 27e345528bf06feb4e47d598ff5342b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4213
content:
"Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) The Atlantic Meridional Mode \r\n(AMM) refers to the interannual to decadal variability of the cross\u0002equatorial sea surface temperature gradients and surface wind \r\nanomalies in the tropical Atlantic. It modulates the strength and \r\nlatitudinal shifts of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), \r\nwhich impacts regional rainfall over Northeast Brazil and Atlantic \r\nhurricane activity. See Section AIV.2.5 in Annex IV of the AR6 \r\nWGI report."


id: 707b5efa125cfab55d9d415e216e2395
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17045
content:
"Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM) An equatorial coupled mode in the \r\nAtlantic similar to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific, \r\nand therefore sometimes referred to as the Atlantic Nino. The AZM \r\nis associated with sea surface temperature anomalies near the \r\nequatorial Atlantic and rainfall disturbances over the African monsoon \r\ndomain. Its variations are mostly observed in the interannual scale. It \r\nis called also Atlantic equatorial mode. See Section AIV.2.5 in Annex \r\nIV of the AR6 WGI report."


id: 887f189a4acfa9725414d67c71fdc10f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21178
content:
"Total solar irradiance (TSI) The total amount of solar radiation\r\nin watts per square metre received outside the Earth's atmosphere\r\non a surface normal to the incident radiation and at the Earth's mean \r\ndistance from the Sun. Reliable measurements of solar radiation can \r\nonly be made from space, and the precise record extends back only \r\nto 1978. Variations of a few tenths of a percent are common, usually \r\nassociated with the passage of sunspots across the solar disk. The \r\nsolar cycle variation of TSI is of the order of 0.1% (AMS, 2021). See \r\nalso Insolation."


id: 5dbfd2d791f4a53f64f965f8b452f932
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13783
content:
"Tropical cyclone The general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale \r\ndisturbance that originates over tropical oceans. Distinguished from \r\nweaker systems (often named tropical disturbances or depressions) \r\nby exceeding a threshold wind speed. A tropical storm is a tropical \r\ncyclone with one-minute average surface winds between 18 and \r\n32 m s-1. Beyond 32 m s-1, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane, \r\ntyphoon, or cyclone, depending on geographic location."


id: 6ca587638d67ccda4b7aa962634c4532
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16401
content:
"Tropopause The boundary between the troposphere and the \r\nstratosphere. It ranges from 8-9 km at high latitudes to 15-16 km \r\nin the tropics."


id: b4c15bce0e8e7ec295eafb2457e2a2d8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29053
content:
"Trace gas A minor constituent of the atmosphere, next to \r\nnitrogen and oxygen that together make up 99% of all volume. \r\nThe most important trace gases contributing to the greenhouse \r\neffect are carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous \r\noxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), \r\nhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and water \r\nvapour (H2O)."


id: 75b90414b7df6d7060561dade36fac84
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17942
content:
"Troposphere The lowest part of the atmosphere, below the \r\ntropopause, where clouds and weather phenomena occur. In the \r\ntroposphere, temperatures generally decrease with height. See \r\nalso Stratosphere."


id: 47269e4b78b171b2bd8c5ba7c9f322a7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9718
content:
"Tree rings Concentric rings of secondary wood evident in a cross \r\nsection of the stem of a woody plant. The difference between the \r\ndense, small-celled late wood of one season and the wide-celled \r\nearly wood of the following spring enables the age of a tree to be \r\nestimated, and the ring widths or density can be related to climate\r\nparameters such as temperature and precipitation."


id: 3da9f06b7b989840781115c8569cb735
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8018
content:
"Typological regions Regions of the Earth that share one or more \r\nspecific features (known as 'typologies'), such as geographic location \r\n(e.g., coastal), physical processes (e.g., monsoons), and biological \r\n(e.g., coral reefs, tropical forests), geological (e.g., mountains) or \r\nanthropogenic (e.g., megacities) formation, and for which it is useful \r\nto consider the common climate features. Typological regions are \r\nsmaller than climatic zones (e.g., a mountain region) and can be \r\ndiscontinuous (e.g., a group of megacities affected by the urban heat \r\nisland effect, or monsoon regions)."


id: 77995620a7263e4bc83bf0181189d5bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18245
content:
"Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) A generic term to describe \r\nthe climate variability of the tropical Atlantic which is dominated \r\nat interannual to decadal time scales by two main climate modes: \r\nthe Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM) and the Atlantic Meridional Mode \r\n(AMM). The Atlantic Zonal Mode, also commonly referred to as the \r\nAtlantic Nino or Atlantic equatorial mode, is associated with sea \r\nsurface temperature anomalies near the equator, peaking in the \r\neastern basin, while the Atlantic meridional mode is characterized \r\nby an inter-hemispheric gradient of sea surface temperature \r\nand wind anomalies. Both modes are associated with significant \r\nteleconnections over Africa and South America."


id: 6cec8c68bf0cebc6e182ed9c8cef61ef
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:44
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16440
content:
"Uncertainty A state of incomplete knowledge that can result \r\nfrom a lack of information or from disagreement about what is \r\nknown or even knowable. It may have many types of sources, \r\nfrom imprecision in the data to ambiguously defined concepts \r\nor  terminology, incomplete understanding of critical processes, or \r\nuncertain projections of human behaviour. Uncertainty can therefore \r\nbe represented by quantitative measures (e.g., a probability density \r\nfunction) or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the judgement "


id: 75ab980c3caf919fa95135770bbe0dc4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17931
content:
"of a team of experts) (see Moss and Schneider, 2000; IPCC, 2004; \r\nMastrandrea et al., 2010). See also Confidence and Likelihood."


id: bf0c6843e177fb0c1ee6c9df20484b32
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30883
content:
"Vertical land motion (VLM) The change in height of the land \r\nsurface or the sea floor and can have several causes in addition \r\nto elastic deformation associated with contemporary changes in \r\ngravity, rotation and viscoelastic solid Earth deformation (GRD) and \r\nviscoelastic deformation associated with glacial isostatic adjustment \r\n(GIA). Subsidence (sinking of the land surface or sea floor) can, for \r\ninstance, occur through compaction of alluvial sediments in deltaic \r\nregions, removal of fluids such as gas, oil, and water, or drainage \r\nof peatlands. Tectonic deformation of the Earth's crust can occur as \r\na result of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. See also Sea level \r\nchange (sea level rise/sea level fall)."


id: 26e475eeebd83bf2e67fbb5c361bf1c2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4002
content:
"A situation of deep uncertainty exists when experts or stakeholders \r\ndo not know or cannot agree on: (1) appropriate conceptual models \r\nthat describe relationships among key driving forces in a system; \r\n(2) the probability distributions used to represent uncertainty about \r\nkey variables and parameters; and/or (3) how to weigh and value \r\ndesirable alternative outcomes (Lempert et al., 2003)."


id: eeed5841be75de8a59ee8a3dd809725f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39403
content:
"Uncertainty arising from a statistical or physical model-based \r\ninterpolation of a field between available estimates to create a more \r\nspatio-temporally complete estimate."


id: 861fd915a11754585461a37cdd78b515
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20745
content:
"Very short-lived halogenated substances (VSLSs) Very \r\nshort-lived halogenated substances (VSLSs) are considered to include \r\nsource gases (very short-lived halogenated substances present in \r\nthe atmosphere in the form they were emitted from natural and \r\nanthropogenic sources), halogenated product gases arising from \r\nsource gas degradation, and other sources of tropospheric inorganic \r\nhalogens. VSLSs have tropospheric lifetimes of around 0.5 years \r\nor less."


id: 33c598cce47063e38700189f1acef15b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6350
content:
"Uncertainty arising from incomplete or uneven availability of \r\nmeasurements in either space or time or both."


id: 1ff1c05478a7135f8ca2de5a61236bda
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2832
content:
"Uncertainty arising from data fitting to a time-series with potential \r\nnon-linear and autorogressive character."


id: 9739c2e2618db86d4243abaa42c9367c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23799
content:
"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Important class of organic \r\nchemical air pollutants that are volatile at ambient air conditions. \r\nOther terms used to represent VOCs are hydrocarbons (HCs), reactive \r\norganic gases (ROGs) and non-methane volatile organic compounds \r\n(NMVOCs). NMVOCs are major contributors - together with nitrogen \r\noxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) - to the formation of \r\nphotochemical oxidants such as ozone (O3 )."


id: c6085ae46655d0b1238429b62d1251aa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32151
content:
"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change \r\n(UNFCCC) The UNFCCC was adopted in May 1992 and opened \r\nfor signature at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It entered \r\ninto force in March 1994 and as of September 2020 had 197 Parties \r\n(196 States and the European Union). The Convention's ultimate \r\nobjective is the 'stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the \r\natmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic \r\ninterference with the climate system' (UNFCCC, 1992). The provisions \r\nof the Convention are pursued and implemented by two further \r\ntreaties: the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement."


id: c37311ccc53a8f567ce4b499729344a8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31664
content:
"Organic gas-phase compounds emitted from terrestrial and aquatic \r\necosystems that are critical in ecology and plant physiology, from \r\nabiotic and biotic stress functions to integrated components of \r\nmetabolism. BVOCs are important in atmospheric chemistry as \r\nprecursors for ozone (O3 ) and secondary organic aerosol formation. \r\nOther terms used to represent BVOCs are hydrocarbons (HCs), \r\nreactive organic gases (ROGs) and non-methane volatile organic \r\ncompounds (NMVOCs)."


id: 9efc9cf16f56abde23905457eb41e4d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25199
content:
"Uptake The transfer of substances (such as carbon) or energy (e.g., \r\nheat) from one compartment of a system to another; for example, \r\nin the Earth system from the atmosphere to the ocean or to the \r\nland. See also Pool, carbon and nitrogen, Reservoir, Sequestration, \r\nSequestration potential, Sink and Source."


id: 1030bc2f128d2c5657fc48bca920a431
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35
content:
"Vulnerability The propensity or predisposition to be adversely \r\naffected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and \r\nelements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of \r\ncapacity to cope and adapt. See also Exposure, Hazard and Risk."


id: d8b6ae1067d56aa7c60696689f7695c4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35422
content:
"Upwelling region A region of an ocean where cold, typically \r\nnutrient-rich waters well up from the deep ocean."


id: 5bb3e3509dd02b820783007afc6d9154
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13386
content:
"Urban heat island (UHI) The relative warmth of a city compared \r\nwith surrounding rural areas, associated with heat trapping due to \r\nthe close proximity of tall buildings, the heat-absorbing properties \r\nof urban building materials, reduced ventilation, and heat generated \r\ndirectly from human activities. See also Urbanization."


id: 5fda90777a30482d43677bef79b159f5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14172
content:
"Walker circulation Direct thermally driven zonal overturning \r\ncirculation in the atmosphere over the tropical Pacific Ocean, with \r\nrising air in the western and sinking air in the eastern Pacific."


id: 975bbbaae90a21d61af2a9b425c0b165
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23833
content:
"Urbanization In the WGI report, urbanization is used to mean the \r\nprocess of soil sealing with the change of natural land cover to built \r\nenvironment and urban areas, together with its associated albedo\r\nchanges, and increased surface runoff and elevated warming. See \r\nalso Urban heat island (UHI)."


id: da010e5f14ffa6b454b184c2afb04d8b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35658
content:
"Water mass A body of ocean water with identifiable properties \r\n(temperature, salinity, density, chemical tracers) resulting from its \r\nunique formation process. Water masses are often identified through \r\na vertical or horizontal extremum of a property such as salinity. North \r\nPacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water \r\n(AAIW) are examples of water masses."


id: f8fd891705a6174907fffbb953d5a470
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41167
content:
"Ventilation The exchange of ocean properties with the \r\natmospheric surface layer such that property concentrations are \r\nbrought closer to equilibrium values with the atmosphere (AMS, \r\n2021), and the processes that propagate these properties into the \r\nocean interior."


id: d7ed0d727049cc233397c1475a848025
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35295
content:
"economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne \r\npollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems \r\nin a climate of peace and political stability' (UN-Water, 2013)."


id: 35ef549262500d6e10fbb3976a1bdd46
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6737
content:
"Weathering The gradual removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide \r\n(CO2) through dissolution of silicate and carbonate rocks. Weathering \r\nmay involve physical processes (mechanical weathering) or chemical \r\nactivity (chemical weathering)."


id: 962c028f3ef2aa541de4e011a2db436
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23616
content:
"Well-mixed greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas (GHG) that has \r\nan atmospheric lifetime long enough (greater than several years) to \r\nbe homogeneously mixed in the troposphere, and as such the global \r\naverage mixing ratio can be determined from a network of surface \r\nobservations. For many well-mixed greenhouse gases, measurements \r\nmade in remote regions differ from the global mean by <15%."


id: 68d5ec7b9796fbdf99328ff4cb75e47c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15708
content:
"Wetland Land that is covered or saturated by water for all or part \r\nof the year (e.g., peatland)."


id: 9c0732adbdc814dde79595c947ddce21
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24701
content:
"Younger Dryas The period from approximately 12.9 to 11.7 ka \r\n(thousand years before 1950), during the last deglacial transition, \r\ncharacterized by a temporary return to colder conditions in many \r\nlocations, especially around the North Atlantic. See also Stadial and \r\nLast deglacial transition."


id: 94349777e5f907a2d38a295a7c7232f3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23282
content:
"land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf/reporting-and-accounting\u0002of-lulucf-activities-under-the-kyoto-protocol."


id: d33bd5781668ae4d41c7e67744dec158
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34508
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex VIII: Acronyms. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working \r\nGroup I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, \r\nV., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M.  Huang, K. \r\nLeitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge \r\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2257-2266."


id: 250db5d61d44a2d29ae0d43ad79ce72d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3714
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex IX: Contributors to the IPCC Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report. In Climate Change 2021: The \r\nPhysical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel \r\non Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, \r\nM.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou \r\n(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2267-2286."


id: 8fa60c4b30937d087095764812987946
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22483
content:
"ALEXANDER, Lisa V.\r\nClimate Change Research Centre \r\nand University of New South Wales\r\nAustralia"


id: 2d2bdcf7bcf0160fd62602815b80bb20
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5230
content:
"ALEXANDROV, Georgii A.\r\nA.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmopsheric \r\nPhysics \r\nRussian Federation "


id: c9937b3571b4bc93359bd9a5187bf3c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32790
content:
"ALLAN, Richard P.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nand National Centre for Earth Observation \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


id: 44361416d19989e8d1e0828957e19499
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9237
content:
"BAMBER, Jonathan L.\r\nUniversity of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: d30aa97524533713c41c66a30d35c975
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34473
content:
"BURKE, Eleanor J.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: c2777b2f8ab4c9177f4ec8a250cc56cd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31495
content:
"BYRNE, Michael P.\r\nUniversity of St Andrews\r\nand University of Oxford \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: f79ca4206789c2f5365cdef934b61218
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40935
content:
"BETTS, Richard A.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nand University of Exeter \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 73ecfe733bf7c0e2478e2373454455d1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17641
content:
"COLLINS, William D.\r\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory \r\nand University of California, Berkeley \r\nUnited States of America "


id: 3e7243a9c7e523375df776d6aa9a8e2e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8169
content:
"CHRISTENSEN, Hannah M.\r\nUniversity of Oxford \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: ee02ca54b014d640b4afde08f93e3e05
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39250
content:
"COOPER, Owen R.\r\nUniversity of Colorado, Boulder\r\nNOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 137f915ffe52219fed4e71fde14261a0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 641
content:
"COFINO, Antonio S.\r\nDepartment of Applied Mathematics \r\nand Computer Science \r\nUniversity of Cantabria \r\nSpain "


id: 2b4c2dc37c41d005cc9e2ff020ede1a6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4865
content:
"COX, Peter M.\r\nUniversity of Exeter \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 29137aebbaf60f7b71a5fdb184d933ab
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4433
content:
"DOMINGUES, Catia M.\r\nUniversity of Tasmania\r\nInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies \r\n(IMAS) \r\nAustralia \r\nand Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems \r\nCooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland)"


id: 37c45c9e78550bfe7267eaacf24b7629
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7018
content:
"DARON, Joseph D.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nand Faculty of Science, University of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


id: 39f08728b0d87c5f66cde842fcb08a55
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7403
content:
"DENISOV, Sergey N.\r\nA.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmopsheric \r\nPhysics RAS \r\nRussian Federation "


id: a82d81e5c296eaaba34734ef889e9ebb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26805
content:
"DLUGOKENCKY, Ed J.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 3c14dc736597c3cb69d06674cf6b1f3c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7760
content:
"DOBLAS REYES, Francisco J.\r\nCatalan Institution for Research and \r\nAdvanced Studies (ICREA) \r\nand Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) \r\nSpain "


id: 2038a78173e87af81f5f1987d4878444
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2884
content:
"DRIJFHOUT, Sybren S.\r\nUniversity of Utrecht \r\nand University of Southampton \r\nThe Netherlands "


id: f857f3bd1431fab3b7ba2d0e8b7c1e9a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"DUNN, Robert J.H.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"FEELY, Richard A.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


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content:
"EDWARDS, Tamsin L.\r\nKings College London \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 2273ae637b4f47b1b200d02b0e47583d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 3282
content:
"FOSTER, Gavin L.\r\nUniversity of Southampton\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


id: 18de8e958131b42792aab05f66800c23
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 1592
content:
"FOWLER, Hayley J.\r\nNewcastle University \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 9785d670543303d392d2202df884919e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 23872
content:
"GRIFFITHS, Paul T.\r\nCambridge University \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 489ed1aba5ce78d01b52ccc1220c954a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 9993
content:
"GIDDEN, Matthew J.\r\nInternational Institute for Applied Systems \r\nAnalysis (IIASA) \r\nAustria "


id: f91ed66df6f2d47d747eaac6dec934c0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 41190
content:
"GREGORY, Jonathan M.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nand Met Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 38896
content:
"HAYWOOD, Alan M.\r\nUniversity of Leeds \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: a9ee526187f5808684aca4abc642b705
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 27117
content:
"HEWITT, Helene T.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain and \r\nNorthern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 19677
content:
"HILL, Emma M.\r\nEarth Observatory of Singapore \r\nand Asian School of the Environment \r\nSingapore "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 9030
content:
"HARRIS, Glen R.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 16622
content:
"HOLLAND, Marika M.\r\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research \r\n(NCAR)\r\nUnited States of America "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 6615
content:
"HORTON, Benjamin P.\r\nEarth Observatory of Singapore\r\nNanyang Technological University \r\nSingapore "


id: d01c5da1e74ac0c027a5a5197d14f9b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 33968
content:
"JACKSON, Laura C.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 881
content:
"HURST, Dale F.\r\nUniversity of Colorado Boulder \r\nand National Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


id: a8d0c40fe526d4db80b8f874143b83d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26911
content:
"ILES, Carley E.\r\nCenter for International Climate Research \r\n(CICERO) \r\nNorway\r\nLaboratoire des sciences du climat \r\net de l'environnement (LSCE) \r\nFrance"


id: 3661e9bbf4ab5c037f4fa73b5160607
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6803
content:
"JONES, Richard G.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 1622087fc90e79e841dd89641227c4c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1107
content:
"ISLAM, A.K.M Saiful \r\nSaiful Bangaldesh University of Engineering \r\nand Technology (BUET) \r\nBangladesh "


id: 3dd487b4bd305a8bd6cf55affa3cd004
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8046
content:
"LAMBOLL, Robin D.\r\nImperial College London \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: b6a9ba8379cbcb922abe720b1283653c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 29339
content:
"LAMPTEY, Benjamin L.\r\nAfrican Centre of Meteorological \r\nApplications for Development (ACMAD) \r\nNiger "


id: a39ec371289f62519342a9e67681292e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 25991
content:
"MARSHALL, Gareth J.\r\nBritish Antarctic Survey \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: e644e81299475e08e0d111fa0c1e3ea6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37815
content:
"MCCLYMONT, Erin L.\r\nDurham University \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 4a665b08e798df41551af4aa6c54500e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 10327
content:
"LUNT, Daniel J.\r\nUniversity of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: c863ab7f131045d64f7aa7096d49f7e9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"MCINNES, Kathleen L.\r\nComonwealth Scientic and Industrial \r\nOrganization (CSIRO) \r\nAustralia "


id: 5de1af87f38b086e307682666fc5743b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 13817
content:
"MCMANUS, Jerry F.\r\nDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia \r\nUniversity \r\nUnited States of America "


id: 4ece0ba61b8c073d829fb5fb8caafdc7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 11146
content:
"MEARNS, Linda O.\r\nNational Center for Atmospheric \r\nResearch (NCAR)\r\nUnited States of America "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8599
content:
"NNAMCHI, Hyacinth C.\r\nUniversity of Nigeria \r\nNigeria \r\nand GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean \r\nResearch Kiel \r\nGermany"


id: a72babfc437fa3125ca1714317a833bc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 26625
content:
"OSBORN, Timothy J.\r\nUniversity of East Anglia \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 6a05d948f74fd83f315dde9ed777319d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 15921
content:
"PHILLIPS, Adam S.\r\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research \r\n(NCAR)\r\nUnited States of America "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 5527
content:
"OSPREY, Scott M.\r\nUniversity of Oxford \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: eb74f7d02cbaaa8cabace7abe008cbe8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38781
content:
"PICKERING, Mark D.\r\nUniversity of Southampton \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 9b741218105d896cdff12df54f51286e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 24602
content:
"PALMER, Matthew D.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nand University of Bristol \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: c365b835800eb5bdacd1ae640af670e8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 31649
content:
"POLASHENSKI, Chris \r\nU.S. Army Cold Regions Research \r\nand Engineering Laboratory\r\nand Dartmouth College\r\nUnited States of America "


id: 6b878e8e133c47269e776a596f41198e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16220
content:
"PRIESTLEY, Matthew D.K.\r\nUniversity of Exeter \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


id: 69790545869b176a10e52e6f6cf27e72
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 15825
content:
"ROBERTS, Malcolm J.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16158
content:
"SENEVIRATNE, Sonia I.\r\nInstitute for Atmospheric and Climate \r\nScience\r\nETH Zurich \r\nSwitzerland "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23200
content:
"SCHIEMANN, Reinhard K.H.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 36061
content:
"SHEPHERD, Theodore G.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22187
content:
"SCHURER, Andrew P.\r\nUniversity of Edinburgh \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33668
content:
"SHONK, Jonathan K.P.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 990
content:
"SLANGEN, Aimee B.A.\r\nRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea \r\nResearch (NIOZ)\r\nThe Netherlands "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 28952
content:
"SWEET, William V.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27090
content:
"TAYLOR, Richard G.\r\nUniversity College London \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38778
content:
"TOKARSKA, Katarzyna B.\r\nInstitute for Atmospheric and Climate \r\nScience\r\nETH Zurich \r\nSwitzerland "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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content:
"VOSE, Russell S.\r\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \r\nAdministration (NOAA)\r\nUnited States of America "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35932
content:
"WILCOX, Laura J.\r\nUniversity of Reading \r\nand National Centre for Atmospheric \r\nScience\r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland) "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19952
content:
"ZOLINA, Olga \r\nP.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS \r\nRussian Federation \r\nand Universite Grenoble Alpes \r\nFrance"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 28647
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Annex X: Expert Reviewers of the IPCC Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report. In Climate Change 2021: \r\nThe Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental \r\nPanel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. \r\nGoldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, \r\nand B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2287-2338."


id: 6fc404ac6e92c560caecd4e4892f1cd8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 16923
content:
"A. JARA, Ignacio \r\nPast Global Changes (PAGES) \r\nEarly Career Network (ECN) \r\nCenter for Advanced Studies \r\nin Arid Zones (CEAZA) \r\nChile"


id: 11462cedf2297c8aba1f0b8f6a32446b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 233
content:
"CABRERIZO, Marco J. \r\nAssociation of Polar Early Career \r\nScientist (APECS)\r\nPermafrost Young Research Network (PYRN)\r\nUniversidade de Vigo \r\nSpain"


id: a9abe27f508039d1b54200b1da0fb469
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27068
content:
"FUGLESTVEDT, Jan S.\r\nIPCC WGI Vice-Chair\r\nCICERO Center for International Climate \r\nResearch\r\nNorway"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2925
content:
"GARCIA-GARCIA, Almudena \r\nPast Global Changes (PAGES) \r\nEarly Career Network (ECN) \r\nSt. Francis Xavier University \r\nCanada"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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content:
"GOESSLING, Helge F.\r\nAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar \r\nand Marine Research (AWI) \r\nGermany"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33495
content:
"GOULD, W. John\r\nNational Oceanography Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"ISLAM, A.K.M Saiful\r\nBangladesh University of Engineering \r\nand Technology (BUET) \r\nBangladesh"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18303
content:
"JONES, Gareth S.\r\nMet Office Hadley Centre \r\nUnited Kingdom (of Great Britain \r\nand Northern Ireland)"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11246
content:
"LANGEBROEK, Petra M.\r\nNorwegian Research Centre (NORCE) \r\nand Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research \r\nNorway"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40927
content:
"MAEZUMI, S. Yoshi\r\nPast Global Changes (PAGES) \r\nEarly Career Network (ECN) \r\nUniversity of the West Indies\r\nand University of Amsterdam \r\nJamica"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"PALMEIRO, Froila M. \r\nYESS (Young Earth System Scientists \r\ncommunity)\r\nBarcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) \r\nSpain"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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content:
"SANCHEZ, Maria E.\r\nAssociation of Polar Early Career Scientist \r\n(APECS)\r\nPermafrost Young Research Network (PYRN)\r\nUniversity of Saskatchewan \r\nCanada"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"SHORT GIANOTTI, Daniel J.\r\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) \r\nUnited States of America"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18391
content:
"STEINER, Andrea K.\r\nWegener Center for Climate and Global \r\nChange, University of Graz \r\nAustria"


id: 22e60d406318fb4858d6e00b72a54c61
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3344
content:
"SU, Danielle I.\r\nAPSO ECS \r\nLaboratoire d'oceanographie et du climat - \r\nexperimentations et approches numeriques \r\n(LOCEAN) \r\nFrance"


id: 4481b2be2a3c0770ab30027fd8cd8d07
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9284
content:
"IPCC, 2021: Index. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the \r\nSixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, \r\nS.L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. \r\nMatthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, \r\nUnited Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2339 -2391."


id: 2081b7f1aede2dd0cad5e140649b618d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2941
content:
"Abrupt climate change*. See also Tipping \r\npoints*/elements*\r\nAtlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation \r\ncollapse, 1148, 1214\r\nbiogeochemical cycle, 739\r\ndefinition of, 202, 739\r\nEarth system model projections, 741\r\nforest dieback, 740\r\nfrom solar radiation modification, 1059\r\nfrom water cycle change, 1148\r\ngreening of Sahara and Sahel amplification, 1150\r\nin Earth's history, 202\r\nin water cycle, 1059, 1148, 1148-1151, 1151\r\npotential irreversibility of, 633\r\nsimulation of, 979, 983, 1010\r\ntipping point thresholds, 106, 630\r\nwater cycle changes, 1059\r\nAbltlbl fittil (AGFP)1012"


id: 660d6fc73976b55f1671c3406e6c7d82
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15213
content:
"Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP), \r\ninitialized prediction use in, 569\r\nDecarbonization strategies, 822\r\nDeep uncertainty*, 202\r\nDeforestation*. See also Afforestation*/\r\nreforestation*\r\nbiome shifts and die-back changes, 724\r\ncontribution to hot extremes, 1553\r\ncontribution to warming, 1547\r\neffects in Amazon, 1149\r\neffects in mid-latitudes, 310, 1552"


id: 3f8aad059ad2107c0319d6847d2fec82
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8368
content:
"Ice. See Snow and ice\r\nIce (cirrus) clouds, 951. See also Cirrus cloud \r\nthinning* (CCT)\r\nIce core* proxies\r\natmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and \r\nN2O, 685\r\ndecadal trends in atmospheric sulphur loading, \r\n846\r\nfor Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability \r\nreconstructions, 2177\r\nmid- and high-latitude aerosol deposition, 308"


id: d370ed05424a816f2796bb85132bb5e1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34538
content:
"selection of indicators of, 314\r\ntropical modes, 1104\r\nZonal modes, 2156\r\nModoki events, 2162\r\nMoisture transport\r\nflux enhancement with warming, 601\r\ninto weather systems with warmer climate, 1057\r\nsurface air temperature and relative humidity \r\ncoupling, 596\r\nMonoterpenes\r\ndirect CO2 inhibition of, 831\r\ndriver for production of, 831\r\nemissions of, 831\r\nMonsoon*. See Global monsoon* (GM) and\r\nRegional monsoons\r\nMonte Carlo approach/analysis, 747, 867, 954\r\nMontreal Protocol* on Substances that Deplete \r\nthe Ozone Layer, 304, 821\r\nMortality-related heat stress, 1793. See also\r\nHeat stress*"


id: 9cca4862542f61233b0ae368baaae32e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24824
content:
"features and drivers, 1994\r\nNorthern Annular Mode (NAM). See also North \r\nAtlantic Oscillation*/Northern Annular \r\nMode* (NAO/NAM)\r\nattribution of observed seasonal trends to \r\nforcing, 492\r\nboreal winter mode of, 2157\r\nboreal wintertime surface projections for, 609\r\nCMIP simulations of, 587\r\ndefined, 489\r\nfixed latitude-based zonal estimations, 2158\r\nin Northern Hemisphere extratropical \r\natmosphere, 578\r\nmodel reproduction of spatial features, 427\r\nphysical mechanisms of changes in, 578\r\nrelevance as mode of variability, 2156\r\nscenario-projections for boreal wintertime \r\nchanges, 556\r\nNorthern Australia (NAU), climatic features of, \r\n1986\r\nNorthern Central America (NCA)\r\nareas included in, 1991\r\nclimatic features of, 1991, 2004"


id: ab415b6aea2a6d231ac7abb17d4b497c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27356
content:
"in climate-carbon feedbacks, 681, 729\r\nnitrogen-limitation in oxygen-depleted waters, \r\n719\r\norganic carbon fixed by, 729\r\nremoval of dissolved CO2 from ocean surface, \r\n720\r\nPrimary sea spray particles, 832\r\nPrincipal component analysis (PCA), 2155\r\nProbabilistic projections, 169, 576\r\nProxy-based reconstructions. See Paleoclimate \r\n(proxy) reconstructions"


id: 23801af671f74f0c9d1bff4bf8d5c8b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3447
content:
"methodologies for attribution, 1414\r\nmodel improvement and added value, 1395\r\nmodelling progress since AR5, 1942\r\nmodel projections of warming to 1.5degC, 188\r\nmodel types and chains used in, 1388-1395\r\nmodes of variability and teleconnections, \r\n113-114"


id: a9014d373b1ad6e56188e2e6f27dc7bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26944
content:
"2179\r\nregional influence of North Atlantic Oscillation/\r\nNorth Annular Mode, 2158\r\nremote effects of modes of variability, 2155\r\nSouthern Annular Mode links to Asian \r\nprecipitation, 2161\r\nteleconnection association with modes of \r\nvariability, 1962\r\ntropical Atlantic-El Nino-Southern Oscillation, \r\n611\r\nmperature change\r\n1.5degC warming effects, 613\r\nannual mean surface temperature, 17\r\nassessment of trends, 327\r\natmosphere and surface in deep past, 314\r\nattribution of to human influence, 431\r\nchange in variability of, 597\r\ncontribution of forcing agents (2019 relative to \r\n1750), 961\r\ndataset developments for, 327\r\nEarth's surface temperature, history and key \r\nfindings, 316\r\neffects of emissions, 866\r\neffects on water vapour content, 1526\r\nemergence of change over historical period, 51\r\nfor post-glacial period, 315\r\nfree atmosphere during instrumental period, 327\r\nglobal scale hot and cold extremes since 1950, \r\n1517"


id: bee283ebc453f9f112723bb0068cd9d3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30849
content:
"Surface air temperature* (SAT). See also global \r\nmean surface temperature* (GMST) and\r\nglobal surface air temperature* (GSAT)\r\nannual mean near-surface (1995-2014), 434\r\nanomalies in CMIP6 models and observations, \r\n441\r\nCMIP projections by scenarios, 571-572\r\ncoupling of relative humidity over land and \r\ntemperature, 596\r\nland temperature changes, 82\r\nnet negative CO2 emissions effect on, 30\r\nobserved and simulated change in, 17\r\nresponse to aerosol changes, 856\r\nstandard deviation of averaged zonal-mean, 436\r\nSurface albedo\r\nenhancement of, 624\r\nestimates of feedback, 970\r\nfactors determining, 970\r\nSurface-albedo feedback, 970, 971\r\nSurface humidity\r\natmospheric climate indicator, 312\r\nCMIP projections for, 601\r\nmonitoring, 330\r\ntrends in, 331\r\nSurface mass balance* (SMB)\r\nGreenland Ice Sheet loss, 1254"


id: 11f35d6ca18059cd74504a85c6dd0632
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 346
content:
"The boundaries of the data and the designations used do not imply official endorsement, acceptance or the expression of any opinion whatsoever \r\non the part of the IPCC or the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the \r\ndelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries."


id: 75161f9132063e44859769d7542b0138
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17837
content:
"Please use the following reference to cite the whole report: \r\nIPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the \r\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, \r\nS. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, \r\n3056 pp., doi:10.1017/9781009325844."


id: 3b603fca6d69cdd6a1bde45344a84bfc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7633
content:
"Front cover artwork: A Borrowed Planet - Inherited from our ancestors. On loan from our children. by Alisa Singer www.environmentalgraphiti.org \r\n(c) 2022 Alisa Singer"


id: 330c44b57ca11bd681313c26e28ed21
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6246
content:
"representing a wide range of disciplines. WMO and UNEP are proud \r\nthat so many of the experts belong to their communities and networks. \r\nWe express our deep gratitude to all authors, review editors and expert \r\nreviewers for devoting their knowledge, expertise and time especially \r\ngiven the challenges created by the Covid pandemic. We would like \r\nto thank the staff of the Working Group II Technical Support Unit, the \r\nWGII Science Advisor and the IPCC Secretariat for their dedication. "


id: 447c35ff95b745206d18bb1b336cf1e4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9278
content:
"As an intergovernmental body jointly established in 1988 by the \r\nWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations \r\nEnvironment Programme (UNEP), the IPCC has provided policymakers \r\nwith the most authoritative and objective scientific and technical \r\nassessments. Beginning in 1990, this series of IPCC Assessment Reports, \r\nSpecial Reports, Technical Papers, Methodology Reports and other \r\nproducts have become standard works of reference. "


id: 50403552cf65b4aadd7b85946d2d8af8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11404
content:
"We would particularly like to thank Dr Hoesung Lee, Chairman of the \r\nIPCC, for his direction of the IPCC and we express our deep gratitude to \r\nDr Hans-Otto Portner and Dr Debra Roberts, the Co-Chairs of Working \r\nGroup II for their tireless leadership throughout the development and \r\nproduction of this report. "


id: f0656de2a09c307adff1aa17a71b955a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39674
content:
"This Working Group II contribution to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment \r\nReport contains important new scientific, technical and socio-economic \r\nknowledge that can be used to produce information and services for \r\nassisting society to act to address the challenges of climate change. \r\nThe timing is particularly significant, as this information provides a \r\nnew impetus, through clear assessment findings, to inform the first \r\nGlobal Stocktake under the United Nations Framework Convention on \r\nClimate Change."


id: 91d71d5b91e1cca7236a5cd6c7dd6034
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Climate change is a long-term challenge, but the need for urgent \r\naction now is clear. The conclusion of the report's Summary for \r\nPolicymakers summarizes this succinctly. 'The cumulative scientific \r\nevidence is unequivocal: climate change is a threat to human well\u0002being and planetary health. Any further delay in concerted anticipatory \r\nglobal action on adaptation and mitigation will miss a brief and rapidly \r\nclosing window of opportunity to secure a livable and sustainable \r\nfuture for all.' We couldn't agree more."


id: db9abf6b0b230146837a165476298c0c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35928
content:
"This report consists of a short Summary for Policymakers, a Technical \r\nSummary, eighteen Chapters, seven Cross-Chapter Papers, five Annexes \r\nincluding the Global to Regional Atlas, as well as online Supplementary \r\nMaterial. "


id: 81df748f81c72185202e87bfe318ab62
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The introductory chapter (Chapter 1) provides the reader with the \r\nframing and context of the report and highlights key concepts used \r\nthroughout the report."


id: 83abf2913f6f61a349e61cd0bde24e73
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"The sectoral chapters (Chapters 2-8) cover risks, adaptation and \r\nsustainability for systems impacted by climate change. They assess \r\nimpacts, risks, adaptation options and limits and the interactions of \r\nrisks and responses for climate resilient development for ecosystems, \r\nwater, food, cities, human health, communities and livelihoods. "


id: 573faeae197059d001cc482b3c67e8cc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"The regional chapters (Chapters 9-15) assess the observed impacts \r\nand projected risks at regional and sub-regional levels for Africa, Asia, \r\nAustralasia, Central and South America, Europe, North America and \r\nSmall Islands. They assess adaptation options including limits, barriers \r\nand adaptive capacity, as well as the interaction of risks and responses \r\nfor climate resilient development. "


id: 25b1ed4a7dde43f9aad972f732b6a27f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and \r\nbiodiversity, and human societies, and integrates knowledge more \r\nstrongly across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences \r\nthan earlier IPCC assessments. The assessment of climate change \r\nimpacts and risks as well as adaptation is set against concurrently \r\nunfolding non-climatic global trends e.g., biodiversity loss, overall \r\nunsustainable consumption of natural resources, land and ecosystem \r\ndegradation, rapid urbanisation, human demographic shifts, social and \r\neconomic inequalities and a pandemic. "


id: 7143666e5dd4519ffefb824c52061c8b
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content:
"The Cross-Chapter Papers (1-7) consider additional regionalisation's \r\nincluding polar regions, tropical forests, deserts, mountains and the \r\nMediterranean, as well as highlighting the topics of biodiversity \r\nhotspots and cities by the sea. The cross-chapter papers assess observed \r\nimpacts and projected risks of climate change, vulnerability, adaptation \r\noptions and, where applicable, climate resilient development. "


id: e70143b21f94b915e1426c4a11216ac6
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content:
"Working Group II introduces several new components in its latest \r\nreport: These include the novel cross-chapter papers which provide \r\nfocused assessments and updates from the special reports and include \r\ncoverage of topics such as biodiversity hotspots, cities and settlements \r\nby the sea, deserts and desertification, mountains, tropical forests as \r\nwell as the Mediterranean and polar regions. Another new component \r\nis an atlas that presents data and findings on observed climate change \r\nimpacts and projected risks from global to regional scales, thus offering \r\neven more insights for decision makers. The Working Group II Report is \r\nbased on the published scientific and technical literature accepted for \r\npublication by 1 September 2021. "


id: 5ac7ab1708c75f52511ba93d8303c684
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The synthesis chapters (Chapters 16-18) address sustainable devel\u0002opment pathways integrating adaptation and mitigation. They assess \r\nkey risks across sectors and regions (Chapter 16) and decision-making \r\noptions for managing risk (Chapter 17) and the ways climate impacts \r\nand risks hinder climate resilient development in different sectoral and \r\nregional contexts as well as the pathways to achieving climate resilient \r\ndevelopment (Chapter 18). "


id: b2fa833afcc6014865356f53d68506b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"This Working Group II contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment \r\nReport represents the combined efforts of hundreds of experts in the \r\nscientific, technological and socio-economic fields of climate science \r\nand has been prepared in accordance with rules and procedures \r\nestablished by the IPCC. A scoping meeting for the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport was held in May 2017 and the outlines for the contributions \r\nof the three Working Groups were approved at the 46th Session \r\nof the Panel in September 2017. Governments and IPCC observer \r\norganisations nominated experts for the author team. The team of 231 \r\nCoordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors plus 39 Review Editors \r\nselected by the Working Group II Bureau was accepted at the 55th "


id: 3c266eb197a07d63fb77934b5e84ddae
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"During the process of scoping and approving the outline of its Sixth \r\nAssessment Report, the IPCC focussed on those aspects of the current \r\nknowledge of climate change that were judged to be most relevant to \r\npolicymakers. In this report, Working Group II examines the impacts \r\nof climate change on nature and people around the globe. It explores \r\nfuture impacts at different levels of warming and the resulting risks, \r\nand offers options to strengthen nature's and society's resilience to \r\nongoing climate change, to fight hunger, poverty, and inequality and \r\nkeep Earth a place worth living on - for current as well as for future \r\ngenerations."


id: 82beae19ab75a3ecdda4373f2a76fc41
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content:
"and the Government of Germany. We also note with appreciation the \r\nadditional support for inclusivity training provided by the International \r\nCentre for Integrated Mountain Development. The support provided by \r\nmany governments as well as through the IPCC Trust Fund for the many \r\nexperts participating in the process is also noted with appreciation. "


id: 9d6e83e399b7670539c8dbb51503e489
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Session of the IPCC Bureau in January 2018. In addition, more than \r\n675 Contributing Authors provided draft text and information to the \r\nauthor teams at their request. Drafts prepared by the authors were \r\nsubject to two rounds of formal review and revision followed by a final \r\nround of government comments on the Summary for Policymakers. A \r\ntotal of 62,418 written review comments were submitted by more than \r\n1600 individual expert reviewers and 51 governments. The Review \r\nEditors for each chapter monitored the review process to ensure that \r\nall substantive review comments received appropriate consideration. \r\nThe Summary for Policymakers was approved line-by-line and the \r\nunderlying report was then accepted at the 12th Session of IPCC \r\nWorking Group II from 14 to 27 February 2022."


id: 6a14f95a45480c9b6eaf8bb678515f4
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The staff of the IPCC Secretariat based in Geneva provided a wide \r\nrange of support for which we would like to thank Abdalah Mokssit, \r\nSecretary of the IPCC, Deputy Secretaries, Ermira Fida and Kerstin \r\nStendahl, and their colleagues Jesbin Baidya, Laura Biagioni, Annie \r\nCourtin, Oksana Ekzarkho, Judith Ewa, Joelle Fernandez, Jennifer \r\nLew Schneider, Jonathan Lynn, Andrej Mahecic, Nina Peeva, Sophie \r\nSchlingemann, Mxolisi Shongwe, Melissa Walsh, and Werani Zabula. "


id: f480684455859b8c0cd728f5b89c853f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The report production was managed by the Technical Support Unit of \r\nIPCC Working Group II, through the generous financial support of the \r\nGerman Federal Ministry for Education and Research and the Alfred \r\nWegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. \r\nAdditional funding from the Governments of Germany, Norway and \r\nNew Zealand supports the Working Group II Technical Support Unit \r\noffice in Durban, South Africa. Without the support of all these bodies \r\nthis report would not have been possible."


id: 4e75602799d4a491e4a92bec3c2c4ef2
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"We express our deepest appreciation for the expertise and commitment \r\nshown by the Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors throughout \r\nthe process. They were ably helped by the many Contributing Authors \r\nwho supported the drafting or the report. The Review Editors were \r\ncritical in assisting the author teams and ensuring the integrity of \r\nthe review process. We are grateful to the Chapter Scientists who \r\nsupported the chapter and cross-chapter paper teams in the delivery of \r\nthe report. We would also like to thank all the expert and government \r\nreviewers who submitted comments on the drafts. "


id: 572d4c1b910eaaa551203412e9a47575
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"This Report could not have been prepared without the dedication, \r\ncommitment, and professionalism of the members of the Working \r\nGroup II Technical Support Unit and Science Advisor: Melinda Tignor, \r\nElvira Poloczanska, Katja Mintenbeck, Andres Alegria, Marlies Craig, \r\nSandra Gotze, Tijama Kersher, Stefanie Langsdorf, Sina Loschke, \r\nPhilisiwe Manqele, Vincent Moller, Anka Muhle, Komila Nabiyeva, \r\nAlmut Niebuhr, Andrew Okem, Este Prentzler, Bardhyl Rama, Jussi \r\nSavolainen, and Stefan Weisfeld. Additional contributions from Daniel \r\nBelling, Wolfgang Dieck, Bastian Maus, Maike Nicolai, Jan Petzold, \r\nHanna Scheuffele, and Nora Weyer are recalled with appreciation. The \r\nsupport provided by Nina Hunter and Michelle North is also recognized."


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"The production of the report was guided by members of the Working \r\nGroup II Bureau. We would like to thank our colleagues who supported \r\nand advised us in the development of the report: Working Group II Vice\u0002Chairs Andreas Fischlin, Mark Howden, Carlos Mendez, Joy Jacqueline \r\nPereira, Roberto A. Sanchez-Rodriguez, Sergey Semenov, Pius Yanda, \r\nand Taha M. Zatari. Our appreciation also goes to Ko Barrett, Thelma \r\nKrug, and Youba Sokona, Vice Chairs of IPCC, who ably supported us \r\nduring the planning process and approval. "


id: 4be5b84da6c9924883dbaab7e26fc72a
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"Our sincere thanks go to the hosts and organizers of the Scoping \r\nMeeting, the four Lead Author Meetings, and the Working Group II \r\nSession. We gratefully acknowledge the support from the United \r\nNations Economic Commission for Africa; the Government of South \r\nAfrica and the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment; \r\nthe Government of Nepal and the International Centre for Integrated \r\nMountain Development; the Government of Portugal, the Center for \r\nMarine Sciences, and the University of Algarve; the Government of \r\nGuatemala and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources; "


id: 3304665c7e886a6e2c65f43f4542619b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"Our warmest thanks go to the collegial and collaborative support \r\nprovided by Working Group I and Working Group III Co-Chairs, \r\nVice-Chairs and Technical Support Units. In addition, the following \r\ncontributions are gratefully acknowledged: le-tex publishing services \r\nGmbH (copyedit and layout), Marilyn Anderson (index)."


id: 52fcb0bd32a7bb53de5358dc5a03021c
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"And a final, special thank you to the colleagues, family and friends who \r\nsupported us through the many long hours and days spent at home \r\nand away from home while producing this report. "


id: b508e273c0e73e84efbdc228c0786a89
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"Chapter 2, 'Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and their \r\nservices', and Cross-Chapter Paper 3, 'Deserts, semi-arid areas \r\nand desertification' of the Working Group II contribution to the \r\nIPCC Sixth Assessment Report are dedicated to the memory of \r\nRebecca Harris, who was one of the Lead Authors."


id: 8c35a4df7709d8f2d6ef0d496854e222
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"The chapter on Africa of the Working Group II Contribution to \r\nthe Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel \r\non Climate Change (IPCC), is dedicated to the memory of Bob \r\nScholes who was one of the Review Editors for the chapter."


id: 84af204764f86d9a7fa275ad29298a10
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"Bob, one of the world's leading climate change scientists, was a \r\nProfessor of Systems Ecology, a Director of the Global Change \r\nInstitute and a Distinguished Professor at the University of \r\nthe Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Known for \r\nhis towering intellect and insatiable curiosity, Bob published \r\nwidely in the fields of savanna ecology, earth observation \r\nand global change. As a well-respected member of the global \r\nresearch community he played a major role in the IPCC as a Lead \r\nAuthor and Co-ordinating Lead Author during the third, fourth \r\nand fifth assessment cycles and as Co-Chair of the IPBES Land \r\nDegradation and Ecosystem Assessment. He was also a leading \r\nfigure in African scientific circles and undertook multidisciplinary \r\nresearch to support policy development, risk assessment and \r\ndevelopment planning in South Africa and on the continent. "


id: a5264c1310f787dc444225dbd51aba9
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"Bec was the Director of the Climate Futures Program at the Univer\u0002sity of Tasmania. This award-winning team is globally recognised \r\nfor its impacts and adaptation work including for the skiing and \r\nwine industries, biosecurity threats to agriculture, and what cli\u0002mate change meant for Tasmanian fire management. Bec helped \r\nboth government and industry partners better assess their expo\u0002sure to climate risk, and develop adaptation solutions. A highlight \r\nis the work that she launched in 2020: Australia's Wine Future: A \r\nClimate Atlas. Bec oversaw this multidisciplinary climate model\u0002ling and adaptation project (2016-2020) involving 15 researchers \r\nfrom six organisations, bringing national recognition to her work. "


id: 9573d11c6e95c2a923fd26d6dc904d06
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"Prior to starting her PhD studies relatively late in life, Bec worked \r\nin invertebrate and botanical biodiversity assessment, island \r\nbiogeography and disturbance ecology. In the short decade-long \r\nresearch career, Bec authored 66 publications, won numerous \r\nresearch contracts and consultancy projects and in 2016 was \r\nawarded a prestigious Humboldt Fellowship. "


id: a7f77921c5d8a88e3f2c72fcc5e620fa
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"Bob was acutely aware of the need to build a more equitable \r\nand just society and was always generous with his knowledge \r\nand wisdom. He will be remembered as a remarkable role model, \r\ninspirational teacher and a thoughtful mentor to both students \r\nand colleagues. He was a son of African soil and dedicated \r\nmuch of his life to preserving Africa's natural heritage for future \r\ngenerations. But he was also at home anywhere on Earth - truly \r\na person of the planet. Bob lived life to its fullest, as was evident \r\nin his love of gourmet cooking. "


id: 4d2e518541fc951b481e2d9bc9e0e42a
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"Bec also supervised many honours and PhD students over the \r\nlast decade and was a mentor and sponsor for many early career \r\nresearchers. She was particularly passionate about supporting \r\nwomen in science. She was an inspiring lecturer and was also \r\ncommitted to enhancing community climate literacy as an avenue \r\nfor making change. She had a talent for translating the complex \r\nscience work she undertook for non-expert audiences in a way \r\nthat was clear and impactful."


id: 8b6ba42c845dd8218474e7a61c065cdf
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"Bob's loss is felt deeply by all who knew him, and he will be \r\nremembered as a multi-talented and passionate scientist who \r\nmotivated everyone to avoid complacency, think critically and to \r\nuse their knowledge to improve the world. "


id: a784cdce0df3969a0e74f266b28c911c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"Drafting Contributing Authors: Rita Adrian (Germany), Marlies Craig (South Africa), \r\nFrode Degvold (Norway), Kristie L. Ebi (USA), Katja Frieler (Germany), Ali Jamshed (Germany/\r\nPakistan), Joanna McMillan (German/Australia), Reinhard Mechler (Austria), Mark New (South \r\nAfrica), Nicholas P. Simpson (South Africa/Zimbabwe), Nicola Stevens (South Africa)"


id: 87632b34d8a15965c23c8cbb0efdaae6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, \r\nA. Alegria, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation \r\nand Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel \r\non Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, \r\nS. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, \r\nNY, USA, pp. 3-33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001."


id: a22e80c4b3a46768818052c871f0f4f2
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"This Summary for Policymakers (SPM) presents key findings of the Working Group II (WGII) contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of \r\nthe IPCC1\r\n. The report builds on the WGII contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCC, three Special Reports2, and the Working \r\nGroup I (WGI) contribution to the AR6 cycle."


id: 652d09fa695d18c99e134cba626e30e0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"This report recognizes the interdependence of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity3\r\n, and human societies (Figure  SPM.1) and integrates \r\nknowledge more strongly across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences than earlier IPCC assessments. The assessment of climate \r\nchange impacts and risks as well as adaptation is set against concurrently unfolding non-climatic global trends e.g., biodiversity loss, overall \r\nunsustainable consumption of natural resources, land and ecosystem degradation, rapid urbanisation, human demographic shifts, social and \r\neconomic inequalities and a pandemic."


id: 6406b6f8148ac7869e9743dc7f3061f5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"The scientific evidence for each key finding is found in the 18 chapters of the underlying report and in the 7 cross-chapter papers as well as the \r\nintegrated synthesis presented in the Technical Summary (hereafter TS) and referred to in curly brackets {}. Based on scientific understanding, key \r\nfindings can be formulated as statements of fact or associated with an assessed level of confidence using the IPCC calibrated language4\r\n. The WGII \r\nGlobal to Regional Atlas (Annex I) facilitates exploration of key synthesis findings across the WGII regions."


id: eba1a90ecddc02ab912a3eaaf2a33817
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"The concept of risk is central to all three AR6 Working Groups. A risk framing and the concepts of adaptation, vulnerability, exposure, resilience, \r\nequity and justice, and transformation provide alternative, overlapping, complementary, and widely used entry points to the literature assessed \r\nin this WGII report."


id: 1377d8cd41b0d4d6f73ded8eb35f8a50
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"Across all three AR6 working groups, risk5\r\n provides a framework for understanding the increasingly severe, interconnected and often irreversible \r\nimpacts of climate change on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human systems; differing impacts across regions, sectors and communities; and \r\nhow to best reduce adverse consequences for current and future generations. In the context of climate change, risk can arise from the dynamic \r\ninteractions among climate-related hazards6\r\n (see Working Group I), the exposure7 and vulnerability8 of affected human and ecological systems. \r\nThe risk that can be introduced by human responses to climate change is a new aspect considered in the risk concept. This report identifies 127 \r\nkey risks9\r\n. {1.3, 16.5}"


id: 138d03c3786476555fa9193ad40a368e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"The vulnerability of exposed human and natural systems is a component of risk, but also, independently, an important focus in the literature. \r\nApproaches to analysing and assessing vulnerability have evolved since previous IPCC assessments. Vulnerability is widely understood to differ \r\nwithin communities and across societies, regions and countries, also changing through time."


id: 9d9bace9aeace2444a413bc7debb1340
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"Adaptation10 plays a key role in reducing exposure and vulnerability to climate change. Adaptation in ecological systems includes autonomous \r\nadjustments through ecological and evolutionary processes. In human systems, adaptation can be anticipatory or reactive, as well as incremental "


id: 6e0529dde1143cbc6bf2ec1b11deed52
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"and/ or transformational. The latter changes the fundamental attributes of a social-ecological system in anticipation of climate change and its \r\nimpacts. Adaptation is subject to hard and soft limits11."


id: ea10a03586f0bdbbc84a40d62eb7c84
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"Resilience12 in the literature has a wide range of meanings. Adaptation is often organized around resilience as bouncing back and returning to \r\na previous state after a disturbance. More broadly the term describes not just the ability to maintain essential function, identity and structure, \r\nbut also the capacity for transformation."


id: 8f1d2f1485647c254446c5ad5bd25503
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"This report recognises the value of diverse forms of knowledge such as scientific, as well as Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge in \r\nunderstanding and evaluating climate adaptation processes and actions to reduce risks from human-induced climate change. AR6 highlights \r\nadaptation solutions which are effective, feasible13, and conform to principles of justice14. The term climate justice, while used in different ways in \r\ndifferent contexts by different communities, generally includes three principles: distributive justice which refers to the allocation of burdens and \r\nbenefits among individuals, nations and generations; procedural justice which refers to who decides and participates in decision-making; and \r\nrecognition which entails basic respect and robust engagement with and fair consideration of diverse cultures and perspectives."


id: d59c03ada04cc8a5c08f6c8725aad7a6
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"Effectiveness refers to the extent to which an action reduces vulnerability and climate-related risk, increases resilience, and avoids maladaptation15."


id: 4ec796d873ebb5a76455fc7e807acea5
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"This report has a particular focus on transformation16 and system transitions in energy; land, ocean, coastal and freshwater ecosystems; urban, \r\nrural and infrastructure; and industry and society. These transitions make possible the adaptation required for high levels of human health and \r\nwell-being, economic and social resilience, ecosystem health17, and planetary health18 (Figure SPM.1). These system transitions are also important \r\nfor achieving the low global warming levels (Working Group III) that would avoid many limits to adaptation11. The report also assesses economic \r\nand non-economic losses and damages19. This report labels the process of implementing mitigation and adaptation together in support of \r\nsustainable development for all as climate resilient development20."


id: 7381b3921950757ccff8b2e67ae63c20
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"Assessments of climate risks consider possible future climate change, societal development and responses. This report assesses literature \r\nincluding that based on climate model simulations that are part of the fifth and sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase \r\n(CMIP5, CMIP6) of the World Climate Research Programme. Future projections are driven by emissions and/or concentrations from \r\nillustrative Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)21 and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)22 scenarios, respectively23. \r\nClimate impacts literature is based primarily on climate projections assessed in AR5 or earlier, or assumed global warming levels, though \r\nsome recent impacts literature uses newer projections based on the CMIP6 exercise. Given differences in the impacts literature regarding "


id: bcebd1c251415c783773e20cf48b1e4e
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"A common set of reference years and time periods are adopted for assessing climate change and its impacts and risks: the reference \r\nperiod 1850-1900 approximates pre-industrial global surface temperature, and three future reference periods cover the near-term \r\n(2021-2040), mid-term (2041-2060) and long-term (2081-2100). {CCB CLIMATE}"


id: 237026582dafcb82dbd3118228c660b1
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"Common levels of global warming relative to 1850-1900 are used to contextualize and facilitate analysis, synthesis and communication \r\nof assessed past, present and future climate change impacts and risks considering multiple lines of evidence. Robust geographical \r\npatterns of many variables can be identified at a given level of global warming, common to all scenarios considered and independent of \r\ntiming when the global warming level is reached. {16.5, CCB CLIMATE, WGI AR6 Box SPM.1, WGI AR6 4.2, WGI AR6 CCB11.1}"


id: e5785457b5a0b1bfc996b5241caac0fc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"WGI assessed the increase in global surface temperature is 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]24 degC in 2011-2020 above 1850-1900. The estimated \r\nincrease in global surface temperature since AR5 is principally due to further warming since 2003-2012 (+0.19 [0.16 to 0.22] degC).25\r\nConsidering all five illustrative scenarios assessed by WGI, there is at least a greater than 50% likelihood that global warming will reach \r\nor exceed 1.5degC in the near-term, even for the very low greenhouse gas emissions scenario26. { WGI AR6 SPM A1.2, WGI AR6 SPM B1.3, \r\nWGI AR6 Table SPM.1, WGI AR6 CCB 2.3}"


id: 26fc808e854fccb28f775a6ca9809b8f
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"Since AR5, the knowledge base on observed and projected impacts and risks generated by climate hazards, exposure and vulnerability has \r\nincreased with impacts attributed to climate change and key risks identified across the report. Impacts and risks are expressed in terms of their \r\ndamages, harms, economic, and non-economic losses. Risks from observed vulnerabilities and responses to climate change are highlighted. \r\nRisks are projected for the near-term (2021-2040), the mid (2041-2060) and long term (2081-2100), at different global warming levels and \r\nfor pathways that overshoot 1.5degC global warming level for multiple decades27. Complex risks result from multiple climate hazards occurring \r\nconcurrently, and from multiple risks interacting, compounding overall risk and resulting in risks transmitting through interconnected systems \r\nand across regions."


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"Figure SPM.2 |  Observed global and regional impacts on ecosystems and human systems attributed to climate change. Confidence levels reflect uncertainty \r\nin attribution of the observed impact to climate change. Global assessments focus on large studies, multi-species, meta-analyses and large reviews. For that reason they can be \r\nassessed with higher confidence than regional studies, which may often rely on smaller studies that have more limited data. Regional assessments consider evidence on impacts \r\nacross an entire region and do not focus on any country in particular. "


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content:
"(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is \r\nsufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology \r\nand detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1)."


id: 8f905409feba866b001feb1db927adcd
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"* Mortality projections include demographic trends but do not include future efforts to improve air quality that reduce ozone concentrations."


id: b2f81255d2ef3badaab83cccd6e9d83f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"Absence of risk diagrams does not imply absence of risks within a \r\nregion. The development of synthetic diagrams for Small Islands, Asia and Central and \r\nSouth America was limited due to the paucity of adequately downscaled climate projections, \r\nwith uncertainty in the direction of change, the diversity of climatologies and socioeconomic\r\ncontexts across countries within a region, and the resulting few numbers of impact and risk \r\nprojections for different warming levels."


id: aa2c963d2feb788b01435a9f2d2242e7
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"Figure SPM.3 |  Synthetic diagrams of global and sectoral assessments and examples of regional key risks. Diagrams show the change in the levels of impacts and \r\nrisks assessed for global warming of 0-5degC global surface temperature change relative to pre-industrial period (1850-1900) over the range. "


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"(a) Global surface temperature changes in degC relative to 1850-1900. These changes were obtained by combining CMIP6 model simulations with observational constraints based \r\non past simulated warming, as well as an updated assessment of equilibrium climate sensitivity (Box SPM.1). Changes relative to 1850-1900 based on 20-year averaging periods \r\nare calculated by adding 0.85degC (the observed global surface temperature increase from 1850-1900 to 1995-2014) to simulated changes relative to 1995-2014. Very likely ranges \r\nare shown for SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0 (WGI AR6 Figure SPM.8). Assessments were carried out at the global scale for (b), (c), (d) and (e). "


id: 1857d02082ea97167dba5830472e113e
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"Risks for (c) terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and (d) ocean ecosystems. For c) and d), diagrams shown for each risk assume low to no adaptation. The transition to a very high \r\nrisk level has an emphasis on irreversibility and adaptation limits. "


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"(e) Climate-sensitive human health outcomes under three scenarios of adaptation effectiveness. The assessed projections were based on a range of scenarios, including SRES, \r\nCMIP5, and ISIMIP, and, in some cases, demographic trends. The diagrams are truncated at the nearest whole oC within the range of temperature change in 2100 under three SSP \r\nscenarios in panel (a). "


id: fbbe3b961d6fdba69466a8de98b26463
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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"Adaptation, in response to current climate change, is reducing climate risks and vulnerability mostly via adjustment of existing systems. Many \r\nadaptation options exist and are used to help manage projected climate change impacts, but their implementation depends upon the capacity and \r\neffectiveness of governance and decision-making processes. These and other enabling conditions can also support climate resilient development \r\n(Section D)."


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"45 The term 'response' is used here instead of adaptation because some responses, such as retreat, may or may not be considered to be adaptation."


id: a09dfe4bbf002595ddd797aa2343d94a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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content:
"Climate resilient development integrates adaptation measures and their enabling conditions (Section C) with mitigation to advance sustainable \r\ndevelopment for all. Climate resilient development involves questions of equity and system transitions in land, ocean and ecosystems; urban \r\nand infrastructure; energy; industry; and society and includes adaptations for human, ecosystem and planetary health. Pursuing climate resilient \r\ndevelopment focuses on both where people and ecosystems are co-located as well as the protection and maintenance of ecosystem function at \r\nthe planetary scale. Pathways for advancing climate resilient development are development trajectories that successfully integrate mitigation and \r\nadaptation actions to advance sustainable development. Climate resilient development pathways may be temporarily coincident with any RCP \r\nand SSP scenario used throughout AR6, but do not follow any particular scenario in all places and over all time."


id: 18f89110478d78e95d8484c8e8790a15
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"Figure SPM.5 |  Climate resilient development (CRD) is the process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation measures to support sustainable \r\ndevelopment. This figure builds on Figure SPM.9 in AR5 WGII (depicting climate resilient pathways) by describing how CRD pathways are the result of cumulative societal choices \r\nand actions within multiple arenas. "


id: 7197f85bc2c07c8c4f10ac2ad64ebd9d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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"Panel (a) Societal choices towards higher CRD (green cog) or lower CRD (red cog) result from interacting decisions and actions by diverse government, private sector \r\nand civil society actors, in the context of climate risks, adaptation limits and development gaps. These actors engage with adaptation, mitigation and development actions in \r\npolitical, economic and financial, ecological, socio-cultural, knowledge and technology, and community arenas from local to international levels. Opportunities for climate resilient \r\ndevelopment are not equitably distributed around the world. "


id: d3b535d1922b8690dcbae73c5299f690
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"Panel (b) Cumulatively, societal choices, which are made continuously, shift global development pathways towards higher (green) or lower (red) climate resilient development. \r\nPast conditions (past emissions, climate change and development) have already eliminated some development pathways towards higher CRD (dashed green line). "


id: b0587e417367df018cf187e50479506f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Panel (c) Higher CRD is characterised by outcomes that advance sustainable development for all. Climate resilient development is progressively harder to achieve with global \r\nwarming levels beyond 1.5degC. Inadequate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 reduces climate resilient development prospects. There is a \r\nnarrowing window of opportunity to shift pathways towards more climate resilient development futures as reflected by the adaptation limits and increasing climate risks, considering \r\nthe remaining carbon budgets. (Figure SPM.2, Figure SPM.3) {Figure TS.14b, 2.6, 3.6, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 16.4, 16.5, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, Box 18.1, \r\nFigure 18.1, Figure 18.2, Figure 18.3, CCB COVID, CCB GENDER, CCB HEALTH, CCB INDIG, CCB SLR, WGI AR6 Table SPM.1, WGI AR6 Table SPM.2, SR1.5 Figure SPM.1}"


id: f4a70091f801ae4ab0233013a27807b8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"Pathways towards climate resilient development overcome  jurisdictional and organizational barriers, and  are founded on  societal \r\nchoices that accelerate and deepen key system transitions  (very high confidence). Planning processes and decision analysis tools \r\ncan help identify 'low regrets' options47 that enable mitigation and adaptation in the face of change, complexity, deep uncertainty \r\nand divergent views (medium confidence). {1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.7, 3.6, 4.8, 5.14, 6.4, 7.4, 8.5, 8.6, Box 8.7, 9.4, Box 9.2, 10.6, 11.8, 12.5, \r\n13.11, 14.7, 15.6, 15.7, 17.2-17.6, 18.2-18.4, CCP2.3-2.4, CCP3.4, CCP4.4, CCP5.4, CCP6.4, CCP7.6, CCB DEEP, CCB HEALTH, CCB \r\nINDIG, CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR}"


id: 4184ac51ba13367cb50e56d84fa918cf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Contributing Authors: Andres Alegria (Germany/Honduras), Delavane Diaz (USA), Kristie L. Ebi \r\n(USA), Siri H. Eriksen (Norway), Katja Frieler (Germany), Ali Jamshed (Germany/Pakistan), Shobha \r\nMaharaj (Germany/Trinidad and Tobago), Robert McLeman (USA), Joanna McMillan (Germany/\r\nAustralia), Adelle Thomas (Bahamas)"


id: 8f458e3c7cb86ec3b2bd163b29f73901
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22414
content:
"future and aligns efforts globally to prioritise ending extreme poverty, \r\nprotect the planet and promote more peaceful, prosperous and \r\ninclusive societies. Since AR5, several new international conventions \r\nhave identified climate change adaptation and risk reduction as \r\nimportant global priorities for sustainable development, including the \r\nSendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), the finance\u0002oriented Addis Ababa Action Agenda, and the New Urban Agenda. The \r\nConvention on Biological Diversity and its Aichi targets recognise that \r\nbiodiversity is affected by climate change, with negative consequences \r\nfor human well-being, but biodiversity, through ecosystem services, \r\ncontributes to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. {1.1.2}"


id: 1fbd138c61c3eb83831b4e20ead6d082
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"This technical summary is structured in five sections: Section A \r\n'Introduction', Section B 'Observed Impacts and Adaptation', Section \r\nC 'Projected Impacts and Risks', Section D 'Contribution of Adaptation \r\nto Solutions' and Section E 'Climate Resilient Development'. Each \r\nsection includes several headline statements followed by several \r\nbullet points providing details about the underlying assessments. All \r\nfindings and figures are supported by and traceable to the underlying \r\nreport, indicated by references {in curly brackets} to relevant sections \r\nof chapters and cross-chapter papers."


id: c4473bc6a89ad5a2bc1cfa6368c368ca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 31819
content:
"Interdisciplinary climate change assessment, which has played a \r\nprominent role in science-society interactions on the climate issue \r\nsince 1988, has advanced in important ways since AR5. Building on \r\na substantially expanded scientific and technical literature, this AR6 \r\nreport emphasises at least three broad themes. (Figure TS.2) {1.1.4}"


id: 8c1453bc8169ff10aff72bb1cb9b33b2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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vector_id: 21813
content:
"Since AR5, climate action has increased at all levels of governance, \r\nincluding among non-governmental organisations, small and large \r\nenterprises, and citizens. Two international agreements--the United \r\nNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris \r\nAgreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development--\r\njointly provide overarching goals for climate action. The 2030 Agenda \r\nfor Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 by UN member states, \r\nsets out 17 SDGs, frames policies for achieving a more sustainable "


id: 4d4a4c4f708d4b928fb45ef37ee26c1c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10879
content:
"First, this AR6 assessment has an increased focus on risk and solution \r\nframeworks. The risk framing can move beyond the limits of single \r\nbest estimates or most likely outcomes and include high-consequence \r\noutcomes for which probabilities are low or in some cases unknown. "


id: 6db6dc8c873d58da6a6e44b64e527033
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16562
content:
"It is very likely that the number of cold\r\ndays and nights has decreased and the \r\nnumber of warm days and nights has \r\nincreased on the global scale. "


id: 9b99294445a3d298788027a6282a22fd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24629
content:
"In this report, the risk framing for the first time spans all three \r\nworking groups, includes risks from the responses to climate change, \r\nconsiders dynamic and cascading consequences, describes with more \r\ngeographic detail risks to people and ecosystems, and assesses such \r\nrisks over a range of scenarios. The focus on solutions encompasses the \r\ninterconnections among climate responses, sustainable development \r\nand transformation--and the implications for governance across scales \r\nwithin the public and private sectors. The assessment therefore includes \r\nclimate-related decision-making and risk management, climate resilient \r\ndevelopment pathways, implementation and evaluation of adaptation, \r\nand also limits to adaptation and loss and damage. Specific focal \r\nareas reflect contexts increasingly important for the implementation of \r\nresponses, such as cities. {1.3.1, 1.4.4, 16, 17, 18}"


id: a4ecad2fc351f2580618c8f568e7d103
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26237
content:
"progress. In this report, expanded attention is given to inequity in \r\nclimate vulnerability and responses, the role of power and participation \r\nin processes of implementation, unequal and differential impacts \r\nand climate justice. The historic focus on scientific literature has also \r\nbeen increasingly accompanied by attention to and incorporation of \r\nIndigenous knowledge, local knowledge, and associated scholars. \r\n{1.3.2, 1.4.1, 17.5.2}"


id: 7af1b4d1ec44ff6e4766f0b262de20d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18831
content:
"Third, AR6 has a more extensive focus on the role of transformation in \r\nmeeting societal goals. {1.5}"


id: a81d743d67f4f7f6bbbdbc06459016b6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"Second, emphases on social justice, equity and different forms of \r\nexpertise have emerged. As climate change impacts and implemented \r\nresponses increasingly occur, there is heightened awareness of the \r\nways that climate responses interact with issues of justice and social "


id: 8d9fca406aac291dfd0975ddf569ab0b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22111
content:
"This box provides an overview of key definitions and concepts relevant to the WGII AR6 assessment, with a focus on those updated or \r\nnew since AR5."


id: 965297f33e4539144669df5e32f2011a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"Risk in this report is defined as the potential for adverse consequences for human or ecological systems, recognising the diversity of \r\nvalues and objectives associated with such systems. In the context of climate change impacts, risks result from dynamic interactions \r\nbetween climate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system. In the context of \r\nclimate change responses, risks result from the potential for such responses not to achieve the intended objective(s) or from potential \r\ntrade-offs or negative side-effects. Risk management is defined as plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or \r\nmagnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks. {1.2.1, Annex II: Glossary}"


id: bf5c55d545288286ffd4db4e596c3d18
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Resilience in this report is defined as the capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend \r\nor disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure while also maintaining \r\nthe capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation. Resilience is an entry point commonly used, although under a wide spectrum \r\nof meanings. Resilience as a system trait overlaps with concepts of vulnerability, adaptive capacity and, thus, risk, and resilience as a \r\nstrategy overlaps with risk management, adaptation and transformation. Implemented adaptation is often organised around resilience \r\nas bouncing back and returning to a previous state after a disturbance. {1.2.1, Annex II: Glossary}"


id: dfda23bb1df48a392470841b29c88c8b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"WGI assessed increase in global surface temperature is 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]4 degC in 2011-2020 above 1850-1900. The estimated increase \r\nin global surface temperature since AR5 is principally due to further warming since 2003-2012 (+0.19 [0.16 to 0.22]degC).5\r\n Considering \r\nall five illustrative scenarios assessed by WGI, there is at least a greater than 50% likelihood that global warming will reach or exceed \r\n1.5degC in the near-term, even for the very low greenhouse gas emissions scenario6\r\n. {WGI AR6 SPM A1.2, WGI AR6 SPM B1.3, WGI AR6 \r\nTable SPM.1, WGI AR6 CCB2.3}"


id: f000207d1e8e9f92ea59a27d880790cd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39604
content:
"hazards have become more frequent in all world regions, with \r\nwidespread consequences. Regional increases in temperature, aridity \r\nand drought have increased the frequency and intensity of fire. The \r\ninteraction between fire, land use change, particularly deforestation, \r\nand climate change, is directly impacting human health, ecosystem \r\nfunctioning, forest structure, food security and the livelihoods of \r\nresource-dependent communities."


id: e7af7e47023d29130a06cc1455213799
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38067
content:
"This section reports on how worldwide climate change is increasingly \r\naffecting marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem \r\nservices, water and food security, settlements and infrastructure, \r\nhealth and well-being, and economies and culture, especially through \r\ncompound stresses and events. It refers to the increasing confidence \r\nsince AR5 that detected impacts are attributable to climate change, \r\nincluding the impacts of extreme events. It illustrates how compound "


id: 4ac0dbc4dd5caf4388a70a62687d2fcd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 10395
content:
"Figure TS.3 |  Observed global and regional impacts on ecosystems and human systems attributed to climate change. Confidence levels reflect uncertainty in \r\nattribution of the observed impact to climate change. Global assessments focus on large studies, multi-species, meta-analyses and large reviews. For that reason they can be \r\nassessed with higher confidence than regional studies, which may often rely on smaller studies that have more limited data. Regional assessments consider evidence on impacts \r\nacross an entire region and do not focus on any country in particular."


id: 5f5cf0dcd35e4feb1bcba7006321bb2c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
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content:
"ortality projections include demographic trends but do not include future efforts to improve air quality that reduce ozone concentrations."


id: de3dbf550e1b5f03a395ded6b0b74b93
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 36360
content:
"Figure TS.4 |  Synthetic diagrams of global and sectoral assessments and examples of regional key risks. Diagrams show the change in the levels of impacts and \r\nrisks assessed for global warming of 0-5degC global surface temperature change relative to pre-industrial period (1850-1900) over the range."


id: e1f494b7b70ee1a4ce3d67da1e22a296
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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content:
"(a) Global surface temperature changes in degC relative to 1850-1900. These changes were obtained by combining CMIP6 model simulations with observational constraints based \r\non past simulated warming, as well as an updated assessment of equilibrium climate sensitivity (Box TS.2). Changes relative to 1850-1900 based on 20-year averaging periods are \r\ncalculated by adding 0.85degC (the observed global surface temperature increase from 1850-1900 to 1995-2014) to simulated changes relative to 1995-2014. Very likely ranges \r\nare shown for SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0 (WGI AR6 Figure SPM.8). Assessments were carried out at the global scale for (b), (c), (d) and (e)."


id: d1f17315eb5570965a6d62d7e99cac19
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content:
"For (c) and (d), diagrams shown for each risk assume low to no adaptation. The transition to a very high risk level has an emphasis on irreversibility and adaptation limits.\r\n(e) Climate-sensitive human health outcomes under three scenarios of adaptation effectiveness. The assessed projections were based on a range of scenarios, including SRES, \r\nCMIP5, and ISIMIP, and, in some cases, demographic trends. The diagrams are truncated at the nearest whole degC within the range of temperature change in 2100 under three SSP \r\nscenarios in panel (a)."


id: d49a1b15c646ab4190b37a8462f27724
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34724
content:
"TS.C.3.4 Climate change is projected to increase malnutrition \r\nthrough reduced nutritional quality, access to balanced food \r\nand inequality (high confidence). Increased CO2 concentrations \r\npromote crop growth and yield but reduce the density of important \r\nnutrients in some crops (high confidence) with projected increases in \r\nundernutrition and micronutrient deficiency, particularly in countries \r\nthat currently have high levels of nutrient deficiency (high confidence) \r\nand regions with low access to diverse foods (medium confidence). \r\nMarine-dependent communities, including Indigenous Peoples and \r\nlocal peoples, will be at increased risk of malnutrition due to losses of \r\nseafood-sourced nutrients (medium confidence).  {3.5.3, 5.2.2, 5.4.2, "


id: b8b6bd5487095e72eab67678bd3a0a42
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"TS.C.3.3 Climate change will increasingly add significant \r\npressure and regionally different impacts on all components \r\nof food systems, undermining all dimensions of food security \r\n(high confidence). Extreme weather events will increase risks \r\nof food insecurity via spikes in food prices, reduced food diversity \r\nand reduced income for agricultural and fishery livelihoods (high \r\nconfidence), preventing achievement of the UN SDG 2 ('Zero Hunger') \r\nby 2030 in regions with limited adaptive capacities, including Africa, \r\nsmall island states and South Asia (high confidence). With about 2degC \r\nwarming, climate-related changes in food availability and diet quality "


id: d94862251ec596a0ed5ff5fd5a5ed8f1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"the risk of food-borne disease outbreaks, including Salmonella and \r\nCampylobacter infections (medium confidence). Warming supports \r\nthe growth and geographical expansion of toxigenic fungi in crops \r\n(medium confidence) and potentially toxic marine and freshwater algae \r\n(medium confidence). Food safety risks in fisheries and aquaculture \r\nare projected through harmful algal blooms (high confidence), \r\npathogens (e.g., Vibrio) (high confidence), and human exposure to \r\nelevated bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants and mercury \r\n(medium confidence). {3.5.5, 3.6.2, 4.5.3, 5.12.4, Box  5.10, 7.3.1, \r\n9.10.2, Figure 9.32, 10.4.7, Figure 10.11, 11.3.6, 13.7.1, Figure 13.24, \r\n14.5.4, 14.5.6, 15.3.4, CCP6.2.6, CCB MOVING PLATE}"


id: 2673b30f290163e0f500116d961194a8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3932
content:
"will triple at 3degC compared to 1.5degC warming, in particular in central \r\nand southern Europe and urban areas (high confidence). {6.2.2, 7.3.1, \r\n8.4.5, 9.10.2, Figure  9.32, Figure  9.35, 10.4.7, Figure  10.11, 11.3.6, \r\n11.3.6, Table 11.14, 12.3.4, 12.3.8, Figure 12.6, 13.7.1, Figure 13.23, \r\n14.5.6, 15.3.4, 16.5.2}"


id: b54fb2f5975782df685dab9d61f10d30
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29134
content:
"TS.C.6.7 The burden of several non-communicable diseases is \r\nprojected to increase under climate change (high confidence).\r\nCardiovascular disease mortality could increase by 18.4%, 47.8% and \r\n69.0% in the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s respectively under RCP4.5, and \r\nby 16.6%, 73.8% and 134% under RCP8.5 compared to the 1980s \r\n(high confidence). Future risks of respiratory disease associated with \r\naeroallergens and ozone exposure are expected to increase (high \r\nconfidence). {7.3.1, 10.4.7, 11.3.6, 12.3.4, 13.7.1}"


id: 3a28c6aea86600a74b0b4cbc43a36a63
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7438
content:
"TS.C.7 Migration patterns due to climate change are difficult \r\nto project as they depend on patterns of population growth, \r\nadaptive capacity of exposed populations and socioeconomic \r\ndevelopment and migration policies (high confidence). In many \r\nregions, the frequency and/or severity of floods, extreme storms \r\nand droughts is projected to increase in coming decades, es\u0002pecially under high emissions scenarios, raising future risk of \r\ndisplacement in the most exposed areas (high confidence). \r\nUnder all global warming levels, some regions that are pres\u0002ently densely populated will become unsafe or uninhabitable, \r\nwith movement from these regions occurring autonomously \r\nor through planned relocation (high confidence). {4.5.7, 7.3.2, \r\nBox 9.8, 15.3.4, CCB MIGRATE}"


id: 70ae98d8e65e73b9f2521d2950cc61e5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17085
content:
"TS.C.6.6 Higher temperatures and heavy rainfall events are \r\nprojected to increase rates of water-borne and food-borne \r\ndiseases in many regions (high confidence). At 2.1degC, thousands \r\nto tens of thousands of additional cases of diarrhoeal disease are \r\nprojected, mainly in central and east Africa (medium confidence). \r\nMorbidity from cholera will increase in central and east Africa (medium \r\nconfidence), and increased schistosomiasis risk is projected for eastern \r\nAfrica (high confidence). In Asia and Africa, 1degC warming can cause \r\na 7% increase in diarrhoea, an 8% increase in E. coli and a 3% to \r\n11% increase in deaths (medium confidence). Warming increases "


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 23900
content:
"TS.C.8.2 Indigenous Peoples and local communities will \r\nexperience changes in cultural opportunities (low to medium \r\nconfidence). Cultural heritage is already being impacted by climate \r\nchange and variability, for example in Africa, Small Island Developing \r\nStates and the Arctic, where heritage sites are exposed to future \r\nclimate change risk (high confidence). Coastal erosion and sea level \r\nrise are projected to affect natural and cultural coastal heritage sites \r\nspread across 36 African countries and all Arctic nations. Frequent \r\ndrought episodes will lower groundwater tables and gradually expose \r\nhighly valued archaeological sites to salt weathering and degradation. \r\nCoastal inundation and ocean acidification will intensify impacts on \r\nsacred sites, including burial grounds, and the corrosion of shipwrecks \r\nand underwater ruins. {3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 4.5.8, 9.12., 2.1.2, \r\n11.4.1, 11.4.2, 13.8.1.3, 13.8.2, Box 13.2, 14.4, CCP6.2.7, CCP2.2}"


id: 496870f64f1bd0f58066141324956214
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10136
content:
"7.2.6, 7.3.2, 15.3.4, 4.6.9, 5.14.1, 5.14.2, 7.3.2, 7.4.5, 8.2.1, Box 8.1, \r\nBox 9.8, CCP 6.3.2, CCB MIGRATE}"


id: 18113aae85d7690e372ff4b883f97119
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1444
content:
"TS.C.7.2 Estimates of displacement from rapid-onset extreme \r\nevents exist; however, the range of estimates is large as they \r\nlargely depend on assumptions made about future emissions \r\nand socioeconomic development trajectories (high confidence). \r\nUncertainties about socioeconomic development are reflected in the \r\nwide range of projected population displacements by 2050 in Central \r\nand South America, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia due to climate \r\nchange, ranging from 31 million to 143 million people (high confidence). \r\nProjections of the number of people at risk of future displacement \r\nby sea level rise range from tens of millions to hundreds of millions \r\nby the end of this century, depending on the level of warmings and \r\nassumptions about exposure (high confidence). (Figure TS.9 URBAN) \r\n{4.5.7, 7.3.2, 7.3.2, 7.3.2, 9.9.4, CCP2.2.1, CCP2.2.2, CCB MIGRATE, \r\nCCB SLR, Figure AI.42}"


id: 389a3844ae173e0a67bf0fdc4de80721
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7163
content:
"TS.C.8.3 Climate change increases risks of violent conflict, \r\nprimarily intrastate conflicts, by strengthening climate-sensitive \r\ndrivers (medium confidence). Climate change may produce severe \r\nrisks to peace within this century through climate variability and extremes, \r\nespecially in contexts marked by low economic development, high \r\neconomic dependence on climate-sensitive activities, high or increasing \r\nsocial marginalisation and fragile governance (medium confidence). The \r\nlargest impacts are expected in weather-sensitive communities with \r\nlow resilience to climate extremes and high prevalence of underlying \r\nrisk factors (medium confidence). Trajectories that prioritise economic \r\ngrowth, political rights and sustainability are associated with lower \r\nconflict risk (medium confidence). {4.5.6, 7.3.3, 16.5.2}"


id: f8239e211d58af57ea8d187e3692fd64
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41031
content:
"TS.C.7.3 As climate risk intensifies, the need for planned \r\nrelocations will increase to support those who are unable to \r\nmove voluntarily (medium confidence). Planned relocation will \r\nbe increasingly required as climate change undermines livelihoods, \r\nsafety and overall habitability, especially for coastal areas and small \r\nislands (medium confidence). This will have implications for traditional \r\nlivelihood practices, social cohesion and knowledge systems that have \r\ninherent value as intangible culture as well as introduce new risks for \r\ncommunities by amplifying existing and generating new vulnerabilities \r\n(high confidence). {4.6.8, 15.3.4, 14.4, CCP2.3.5, CCB FEASIB, CCB \r\nMIGRATE}"


id: de47f251b2f9db0a940929f953687d87
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36368
content:
"TS.C.8 Under an inequality scenario (SSP4) by 2030, the number \r\nof people living in extreme poverty will increase by 122 million \r\nfrom currently around 700 million (medium confidence). Future \r\nclimate change may increase involuntary displacement, but \r\nsevere impacts also undermine the capacity of households to use \r\nmobility as a coping strategy, causing high exposure to climate \r\nrisks, with consequences for basic survival, health and well\u0002being (high confidence). The COVID-19 pandemic is expected \r\nto increase the adverse consequences of climate change since \r\nthe financial consequences have led to a shift in priorities and \r\nconstrain vulnerability reduction (medium confidence). {7.3.2, \r\n8.1.1, 8.3.2, 8.4.4, 8.4.5, 9.11.4, Box  9.8, 16, Table  16.9, CCB \r\nCOVID, CCB ILLNESS, CCB MOVING SPECIES}"


id: 683de933ba3de0a113135b57909b2106
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15610
content:
"TS.C.8.1 Even with current, moderate climate change, vulnerable \r\npeople will experience a further erosion of livelihood security \r\nthat can interact with humanitarian crises, such as displacement \r\nand involuntary migration (high confidence) and violence and \r\narmed conflict, and lead to social tipping points (medium \r\nconfidence). Under higher emissions scenarios and increasing \r\nclimate hazards, the potential for societal risks also increases\r\n(medium confidence). Lessons from COVID-19 risk management have \r\nimplications for managing urban climate change risk (limited evidence, \r\nhigh agreement). {4.5.1, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.7, 4.5.8, 6.1.1, 6.3, 6.4, 8.2.1, \r\n8.3, 8.4.4, 9.11.4}"


id: b2915f240b81cf8c87aa40805ac011c4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28655
content:
"TS.C.9.1 An additional 2.5  billion people are projected to \r\nlive in urban areas by 2050, with up to 90% of this increase \r\nconcentrated in the regions of Asia and Africa (high confidence).\r\nBy 2050, 64% and 60% of Asia's and Africa's population respectively \r\nwill be urban. Growth is most pronounced in smaller and medium\u0002sized urban settlements of up to one million people (high confidence). \r\n{4.5.4, 6.1, 6.1.4, 6.2, 9.9.1, 10.4.6}"


id: 564076024cc0bb0c8a06e40b30e58f0f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12442
content:
"TS.C.9.4 The characteristics of coastal cities and settlements \r\nmeans that climate-driven risks to people and infrastructure \r\nin many of them are already high and will get progressively \r\nworse over the 21st century and beyond (high confidence). \r\nThese risks are driven by disproportionately high exposure of multiple \r\nassets, economic activities and large coastal populations concentrated \r\nin narrow coastal zones. Climate change risks, including sea level rise, \r\ninteract in intricate ways with non-climatic drivers of coastal change, \r\nsuch as land subsidence, continued infrastructure development in \r\ncoastal floodplains, the rise of asset values and landward development \r\nadversely impacting coastal ecosystems, to shape future risk in coastal \r\nsettlements (high confidence). (Figure TS.9 URBAN) {3.4.2, 6.2, 6.3, 7.4, \r\n9.9.4, 10, 11.3.5, Box 11.4, 13.6.1, 14.5.5, Box 14.4, 15.3.4, 15.3.4, \r\nCCP7.1, CCP2.2, CCP2.3, CCB SLR}"


id: 2e6a79dc800b7c389d9bff30fab28b32
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5441
content:
"TS.C.10 Across sectors and regions, market and non-market \r\ndamage and adaptation costs will be lower at 1.5degC compared \r\nto 3degC or higher global warming levels (high confidence). \r\nSome recent estimates of projected global economic damage \r\nfrom climate impacts are higher than previous estimates and \r\ngenerally increase with global average temperature (high \r\nconfidence). However, the spread in the estimates of the \r\nmagnitude of this damage is substantial and does not allow for \r\nrobust range to be established (high confidence). Non-market, \r\nnon-economic damage and adverse impacts on livelihoods will \r\nbe concentrated in regions and populations that are already \r\nmore vulnerable (high confidence). Socioeconomic drivers and \r\nmore inclusive development will largely determine the extent \r\nof this damage (high confidence). {4.4.4, 4.7.5, 9.11.2, 10.4.6, \r\n11.5.2, 13.10.2, 13.10.3, 14.5.8, Box 14.6, 16.5.2, 16.5.3}"


id: 4492eb2098220ebf2fcfe540cda23a5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9297
content:
"TS.C.10.2 Estimates of global economic damage generally \r\nincrease non-linearity with warming and some are larger than \r\nprevious estimates (high confidence). Some recent estimates have "


id: 45432b79141ec9b3b509316b48aedd4a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9412
content:
"major threats for many areas, such as coastal cities (medium to\r\nhigh confidence). Some compound and cascading impacts occur \r\nlocally, some spread across sectors and socioeconomic and \r\nnatural systems, while others can be driven by events in other \r\nregions, for instance through trade and flows of commodities \r\nand goods through supply chain linkages (high confidence). \r\n(Figure TS.10 COMPLEX RISK) {1.3.1, 2.3, 2.5.5, 6.2, 4.4, 4.5.1, \r\n11.5.1, Box  11.1, 13.10.3, Figure  14.10, 14.5.4, 11.5.1, 11.6, \r\nBox  11.7, Figure Box  11.1.2, Table  11.14, Box  14.5, CCP2.2.5, \r\nCCP6.2.3, CCB EXTREMES, CCB INTEREG}"


id: 833c34a08cf5c861a14356f93e5c1e38
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20214
content:
"TS.C.11.1 Escalating impacts of climate change on terrestrial, \r\nfreshwater and marine life will further alter the biomass of \r\nanimals (medium confidence), the timing of seasonal ecological \r\nevents (high confidence) and the geographic ranges of \r\nterrestrial, coastal and ocean taxa (high confidence), disrupting \r\nlife cycles (medium confidence), food webs (medium confidence) \r\nand ecological connectivity throughout the water column \r\n(medium confidence). For example, cascading effects on food webs \r\nhave been reported in the Baltic due to detrimental oxygen levels \r\n(high confidence). (Figure TS.5 ECOSYSTEMS, Figure TS.10 COMPLEX \r\nRISK) {2.4.3, 2.4.5, 2.5.4, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 13.3.1, 13.4.1, 14.5.2, CCP2.2, \r\nCCP5.3.2, WGI AR6 2.3.4}"


id: 8c4504ef71b5b5da9d2f2f0fc5bbc32c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21853
content:
"TS.C.10.3 Even at low levels of warming, climate change will \r\ndisrupt the livelihoods of tens to hundreds of millions of \r\nadditional people in regions with high exposure and vulnerability \r\nand low adaptation in climate-sensitive regions, ecosystems and \r\neconomic sectors (high confidence). If future climate change under \r\nhigh emissions scenarios continues and increases risks, without strong \r\nadaptation measures, losses and damage will likely be concentrated \r\namong the poorest vulnerable populations (high confidence). {8.4.5, \r\n9.11.4, Box 15.2, 16.5.3}"


id: e25848b53fd1ec04aa108c81f7688ce7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37111
content:
"TS.C.10.4 Potential socioeconomic futures, in terms of \r\npopulation, economic development and orientation towards \r\ngrowth, vary widely and these drivers have a large influence on \r\nthe economic costs of climate change (high confidence). Higher \r\ngrowth scenarios along higher warming levels increase exposure to \r\nhazards and assets at risk, such as sea level rise for coastal regions, \r\nwhich will have large implications for economic activities, including \r\nshipping and ports (high confidence). The high sensitivity of developing \r\neconomies to climate impacts will pose increasing challenges to \r\neconomic growth and performance, although projections depend as \r\nmuch or more on future socioeconomic development pathways and \r\nmitigation policies as on warming levels (medium confidence). {9.11.2, \r\n11.4, 13.2.1, 16.5.3, CCB SLR, CWGB ECONOMIC}"


id: 77a2dde45e4d5f1c2f2877fe19a3f150
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18252
content:
"TS.C.10.5 Large non-market and non-economic losses are \r\nprojected, especially at higher warming levels (high confidence). \r\nThis wide range of effects underscore the impact of climate change on \r\nwelfare and the adverse effects on vulnerable populations (medium \r\nconfidence). Including as many of these impacts in decision-making \r\nas possible, and as part of the social cost of carbon, will improve \r\nevaluation of the overall and distributional effects of climate \r\nmitigation and adaptation actions as well as in more comprehensively \r\ninternalising climate impacts. {1.5.1, 4.5.8, 4.7.5, 8.4.1, 8.4.5, Map 8.8, \r\n16.5.2, Box 14.6, CWGB ECONOMIC}"


id: 5cd808a1946c7bb8edd1bcab917cbcee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13600
content:
"TS.C.11.3 Compound hazards increasing with global warming \r\ninclude increased frequency of concurrent heatwaves and \r\ndroughts (high confidence), dangerous fire weather (medium \r\nconfidence) and floods (medium confidence), resulting in \r\nincreased and more complex risks to agriculture, water \r\nresources, human health, mortality, livelihoods, settlements \r\nand infrastructure. Extreme weather events result in cascading and \r\ncompounding risks that affect health and are expected to increase \r\nwith warming (very high confidence). Compound climate hazards \r\ncan overwhelm adaptive capacity and substantially increase damage \r\n(high confidence); for example, heat and drought are  projected to \r\nsubstantially reduce agricultural production, and although irrigation \r\ncan reduce this risk, its feasibility is limited by drought. (Figure TS.10 \r\nCOMPLEX RISK) {4.2.5, 6.2.5, 7.1.3, 7.1.4,7.2.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3, "


id: 5fd7d9f658a77be3452c301ba9f136e3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14168
content:
"TS.C.11 Compound, cascading risks and transboundary risks give \r\nrise to new and unexpected types of risks (high confidence). \r\nThey exacerbate existing stressors and constrain adaptation \r\noptions (medium confidence). They are projected to become "


id: 3ee0fe69563a3df67b5020cb185c336a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8248
content:
"confidence). These phenomena exacerbate self-reinforcing feedbacks \r\nbetween emissions from high-carbon ecosystems (which currently store \r\naround 3030-4090 GtC) and increasing global temperatures. Complex \r\ninteractions of climate change, land use change, carbon dioxide fluxes \r\nand vegetation changes, combined with insect outbreaks and other \r\ndisturbances, will regulate the future carbon balance of the biosphere, \r\nprocesses incompletely represented in current Earth system models. \r\nThe exact timing and magnitude of climate-biosphere feedbacks \r\nand potential tipping points of carbon loss are characterised by large \r\nuncertainty, but studies of feedbacks indicate increased ecosystem \r\ncarbon losses can cause large future temperature increases (medium \r\nconfidence). {2.5.2, 2.5.2, 2.5.3, Figure  2.10, Figure  2.11, Table  2.4, \r\nTable 2.5, Table 2.S. 2, Table 2.S. 4, Table 5.4, Figure 5.29, WGI AR6 5.4}"


id: 48a7de56a3884b596e8e82d16605a7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10002
content:
"confidence), but risk for RFC2 would have transitioned to a high \r\nrisk at 1.5degC and RFC1 would be well into the transition to very \r\nhigh risk (high confidence). Remaining below 2degC warming (but \r\nabove 1.5degC) would imply that risk for RFC3 through RFC5 would be \r\ntransitioning to high, and risk for RFC1 and RFC2 would be transitioning \r\nto very high (high confidence). By 2.5degC warming, RFC1 will be at very \r\nhigh risk (high confidence), and all other RFCs will have begun their \r\ntransitions to very high risk, with medium confidence for RFC2, RFC3 and \r\nRFC4, and low confidence for RFC5. (Table TS.1) {16.6.3, Figure 16.15}"


id: e48ecb6601b6435ca415a64056920a6b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37497
content:
"TS.C.12.3 While the RFCs represent global risk levels for \r\naggregated concerns about 'dangerous anthropogenic \r\ninterference with the climate system', they represent a great \r\ndiversity of risks, and in reality, there is not one single dangerous \r\nclimate threshold across sectors and regions.  RFC1, RFC2 and \r\nRFC5 include risks that are irreversible, such as species extinction, \r\ncoral reef degradation, loss of cultural heritage or loss of a small island \r\ndue to sea level rise. Once such risks materialise, the impacts would \r\npersist even if global temperatures subsequently declined to levels \r\nassociated with lower levels of risk in an 'overshooting' scenario, for \r\nexample where temperatures increase over 'well below 2degC above \r\npre-industrial' for multi-decadal time spans before decreasing  (high \r\nconfidence). (Figure TS.4, see also TS.C.13) {16.6.3, Figure 16.15}"


id: 6ed075c18f3dba0c0910ab88adc1f228
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16766
content:
"TS.C.13.3 Extinction of species is an irreversible impact of \r\nclimate change whose risk increases sharply with rises in global \r\ntemperature (high confidence). Even the lowest estimates of species \r\nextinctions (9% lost) are 1000  times the natural background rates \r\n(medium confidence). Projected species extinctions at future global \r\nwarming levels are consistent with projections from AR4, but assessed \r\non many more species with much greater geographic coverage and a \r\nbroader range of climate models, giving higher confidence. (see also \r\nTS.C.1) {2.5.1, Figure 2.6, Figure 2.7, Figure 2.8, CCP1, CCB DEEP}"


id: 9edc97d4edaf93ae019c0497ee3818d6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25176
content:
"TS.C.13 Warming pathways that imply a temporary temperature \r\nincrease over 'well below 2degC above pre-industrial' for multi\u0002decadal time spans imply severe risks and irreversible impacts \r\nin many natural and human systems (e.g., glacier melt, loss \r\nof coral reefs, loss of human lives due to heat) even if the \r\ntemperature goals are reached later (high confidence). {2.5.2, \r\n2.5.3, 4.6.1}"


id: 5c7efb01aca8519257c5c82b83373c18
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13533
content:
"TS.C.13.1 Projected warming pathways may entail exceeding \r\n1.5degC or 2degC around mid-century. Even if the Paris temperature \r\ngoal is still reached by 2100, this 'overshoot' entails severe risks \r\nand irreversible impacts on many natural and human systems (e.g., \r\nglacier melt, loss of coral reefs, loss of human life due to heat) (high \r\nconfidence). {2.5, 3.4, 16.6, WGI AR6 SPM}"


id: 25508959c344b02a383b19f54537974c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3753
content:
"TS.C.13.2 Overshoot substantially increases risk of carbon \r\nstored in the biosphere being released into the atmosphere due \r\nto increases in processes such as wildfires, tree mortality, insect \r\npest outbreaks, peatland drying and permafrost thaw  (high "


id: 3514a6b96a2d8a35beb3810a80b332d2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6582
content:
"Table TS.1 |  Updated assessment of risk level transitions for the five reasons for concern (RFC) {16.6.3}"


id: 37a96dcbf4b7eb0eb40f7db6641be15e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7001
content:
"Adaptation options can be facilitated by actions\r\nwhich increase the solution space such as\r\nconsideration of local knowledge, new regulations \r\nand incentives but also decrease due to climatic \r\nand non-climatic stressors and maladaptation."


id: 387b4f9ef44b5ba1cbe6e6531c3ab3a5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7152
content:
"i. Networks of Protected Areas combined with zoning increase resilience.\r\nii. Assisted migration and evolution might reduce extirpation and extinction.\r\niii. Adaptation and mitigation increase space for nature and benefit society.\r\niv. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS)."


id: 2b6efeea646451a025dcd3b6cdc2adcc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4891
content:
"(a) The frequency of climated-related food production losses in crops, livestocks, fisheries and aquacultures has been increasing over \r\nthe last decades."


id: 4790b3ea7fbb3055759c795291d8c0e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9809
content:
"(b) By the late 21st century the share of the global land area and population* affected by combinations of agricultural, ecological and \r\nhydrological droughts is projected to increase substantially."


id: 375fb57f34556e3414515caf390003b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6955
content:
"Most regions have already experienced negative \r\nimpacts on the water cycle and agricultural \r\nproductivity. "


id: 9bfe77c2b70fdf8c3d17848bdd107d06
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24696
content:
"Current beneficial outcomes, co-benefits with mitigation, and \r\nmaladaptive outcomes of responses and future effectiveness of \r\nadaptation and residual risk under different levels of global \r\nwarming."


id: bef58fdc86fca5205534b8d1ce8c08f1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30866
content:
"The large size of the pie chart and the strong representation of heat waves is caused by the signi\bcant number of deaths from a single event in a single \r\ncountry. This single extreme outlier affected the overall average mortality per event in Asia.\r\n*"


id: 3463e6513b6f00df759f7d2ba9823286
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6452
content:
"poor populations residing in informal settlements are highly vulnerable to climate hazards given their housing characterist\r\nation in marginal lands and high-risk areas."


id: c69b6958668db5fd630e1cceb8eebc95
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32244
content:
"Figure TS.9 URBAN | (a) The regions shown are reflecting the original dataset from UN Habitat and vary from IPCC regions. {6.1.4, 9.9.3, 10.4.6, 12.5.5) (b) Heat is a growing \r\nhealth risk due to increasing urbanization and rising temperature extremes. Within cities the urban heat island effect elevates temperatures further, with some populations in cities \r\nbeing disproportionately at risk including low income communities in informal settlements, children, the elderly, disabled, people who work outdoors and ethnic minorities. The \r\ndata does not consider heatwaves which are also projected to increase and can cause thousands of deaths in higher latitudes. {6.1.4, 7.2.4, 7.3.1, 10.4.6, 13.6.1, Annex I: Global \r\nto Regional Atlas}"


id: 7dbbdd8cf469d5db17be988ed5ca0f06
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19295
content:
"Nature-based solutions and social policy as innovative domains of adaptation show how some of the limitations of grey infrastructure can be mediated. A mixture \r\nof the three categories has considerable future scope in adaptation strategies and building climate resilience in cities and settlements."


id: 448b8f27b3b618b38e1da1f1f8b53ca7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9291
content:
"(c) The size of the circle represents the number of people at risk per IPCC region and the colours show the timing of risk based on projected population change and sea level rise \r\nunder SSP2-4.5. Darker colours indicate earlier in setting risks. The left side of the circles shows absolute projected population at risk and the right side the share of the population \r\nin percentage. {Figure 13.6, Figure 15.3, Figure CCP2.4, Annex I: Global to Regional Atlas). (d) The figure is based on Table 6.6 which is an assessment of 21 urban adaptation \r\nmechanisms. Supplementary Material 6.3 provides a detailed analysis including definitions for each component of climate resilient development and the evidences. {6.3.1, 6.3.2, \r\n6.3.3, Table 6.6, SM6.3}"


id: f15e2f8e9ccab5947f227b43aebfc8b1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39848
content:
"Figure TS.10 COMPLEX RISK | Compound, cascading and transboundary impacts for humans and ecosystems result from exposure to the complex interactions \r\nof (1) multiple climatic hazards, including with non-climatic stressors (as seen in panels a, b, c, d), (2) multiple vulnerabilities compounding the effect of risks \r\n(as seen in panel a, b, c), and (3) multiple impacts/risks that compound and cascade to spread across sectors and boundaries (panels b, c, d, e, f)"


id: be81ca25c50376944a6307c2de79532e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30778
content:
"(a) Climate and land use change result in cumulative impacts on traditional, semi-nomadic Sami reindeer herding. Impacts cascade due to a lack of access to key ecosystems, \r\nlakes and rivers, thereby increasing costs and threatening traditional livelihoods, food security, cultural heritage, and mental health. {Box 7.1, Figure Box 9.7.1, 13.8.1.2, Box 13.2, \r\nFigure 13.14. Table SM13.7, Figure 16.2, Figure CCP6.7}"


id: 690f1dc25226b7ef777391075ee559ea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15751
content:
"(b) Risks compound from deforestation, wildfires, urbanization, and climate change in Amazonia impacts biodiversity, livelihoods, medicinal, spiritual, and cultural sites; increasing \r\nmigration patterns, loss of place-based attachments, and culture, causing health problems and mental and emotional distress of vulnerable traditional communities and Indigenous \r\nPeople dependent on the forest ecosystem. {Box 8.7, Figure Box 9.7.1, 12.4, Figure 12.11, Table 12.6, Figure 16.2}"


id: 14753f71431bd5d57e1ccab424cd7cff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 823
content:
"(c) Complex pathways from climate hazards to malnutrition in subsistence farming households. The factors involved in and the probable impacts of weather variables on food \r\nyields and of production on malnutrition. {Figure 1.3, Figure 1.4, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.12.3, 5.12.4, Box 5.10, Figure 5.2, 7.2.2, 7.3.1, Figure Box 9.7.1, 13.5.1, 13.5.2, 13.10.2, 16.5.2, \r\n16.5.3, Figure 16.2}"


id: 95e850d24e3a4ea7cab3d2eb3a7b0fe9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23572
content:
"(d) Risk compounds and amplifies through cascading effects due to interconnectedness of island systems. Loss of marine, coastal, terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services \r\ncan cause submergence of reef islands, increase water insecurity, destroy settlements and infrastructure, degrade health and well-being, reduce economy and livelihoods, and result \r\nin loss of cultural resources and heritage. {15.3.4.9, Figure Box 15.1, Figure 15.5, Figure 16.2}"


id: 4176b38041407e8a5837fdac2612b3d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8709
content:
"(e) Climate impacts can cascade through interconnected infrastructure in cities and settlements impacting on social well-being and economic activities, spreading loss and risk \r\nthrough lost economic productivity disrupting the distribution of goods and provision of basic services, spreading widely, into rural places and across international borders as supply \r\nchains, financial investment and remittance flows are disrupted. {6.1.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.4, Figure 6.2, Figure 16.2, Figure CCB INTEREG.1}"


id: 52d11e20bf916fee40aa624f7dffab2b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"(f) Cascading, compounding and transboundary impacts on people's mortality and physical and mental health, economic activity, built assets, ecosystems and mass species \r\nmortality and with smoke and ash transported to New Zealand affecting air quality and glaciers, arising from the \"Black Summer\" fires of 2019-2020 which burned over a \r\nfive-month period in eastern and southern Australia. Fire weather is projected to worsen across Australasia. {Figure  1.3, Figure  1.4, 11.3.1.3, Box  11.1, Figure Box  11.1.2, \r\nFigure 16.2, WGI AR6 Figure SPM.9}"


id: 1272663e4cca058df923115c723b7099
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 446
content:
"political commitment, persistent and consistent action across scales of \r\ngovernment and upfront mobilisation of human and financial capital \r\nare key (high confidence), even when the benefits are not immediately \r\nvisible. {3.6.5, 4.8, 6.3.5, 11.7, 12.5.7, 13.2.2, 13.8, 13.11, 14.7.2, 15.7, \r\nCCP2.3, CCP2.4, CCP7.5, CCB DEEP, CCB FEASIB, CCB GENDER}"


id: d69f999bb31bc6a32c6e2084e1b5d54e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35064
content:
"TS.D.2.1 Adaptation limits can be differentiated into hard and \r\nsoft limits. Soft limits are those for which no further adaptation \r\noptions are feasible currently but might become available in the future. \r\nHard limits are those for which existing adaptation options will cease \r\nto be effective and additional options are not possible. Hard limits will \r\nincreasingly emerge at higher levels of warming (high confidence). \r\nAdaptation limits are shaped by constraints that can or cannot be \r\novercome by adaptation actions and by the speed with which climate \r\nimpacts unfold. Evidence and signals of the thresholds at which \r\nconstraints result in limits is still sparse and, in human systems, are \r\nexpected to remain contested even with increasing knowledge (high \r\nconfidence). {2.4.2, 2.6.1, 4.7.4, Box  4.2, Box  4.3, 15.3.4, 15.5.4, \r\n16.4.1, 16.4.2, 16.4.3, CCB EXTREMES}"


id: 7a2fec310093ca110f7699a16fc7c286
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"TS.D.1.7 Closing the adaptation gap requires moving beyond \r\nshort-term planning to develop long-term, concerted pathways \r\nand enabling conditions for ongoing adaptation to ensure \r\ntimely and effective implementation (high confidence). Inclusive, \r\nequitable and just adaptation pathways are critical for climate resilient \r\ndevelopment. Such pathways require consideration of SDGs, gender \r\nand Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge and practices. The \r\nsuccess of adaptation will depend on our understanding of which \r\nadaptation options are feasible and effective in their local context \r\n(high confidence). Long lead times for nature-based and infrastructure \r\nsolutions or planned relocation will require implementation in the \r\ncoming decade to reduce risks in time. To close the adaptation gap, "


id: 646d55e119d3ac1fcb05a7e2bbb5adcd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14944
content:
"7 Ecosystem-based adaptation is defined as the use of ecosystem management activities to increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to climate change."


id: b24aa0ddca9c883dddd047372aeee178
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28604
content:
"knowledge, focusing on the most vulnerable small-scale producers, \r\nanticipating risks of maladaptation in decision-making for long-lived \r\nactivities, including infrastructure decisions, and the impact of trade\u0002offs and co-benefits (high confidence). (Figure TS.11a) {2.6.5, 2.6.6, \r\n2.6.7, 4.7.6, 4.8, Box 4.8, 5.9.2, Table 5.21, 5.9.2, 5.9.4, 5.13.3, 5.14.2, \r\n5.13.3, 6.2.7, 7.4.2, 8.2.2, 8.3.3, 8.10, 10.6.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.7.12, \r\n15.5.4, Figure 15.7, 17.5.1, 17.5.2, 17.6, CCP1.3, CCP5.4.2, CCP5.4.2, \r\nCCB INTEREG, CCB NATURAL}"


id: 122e81d41ce7a2a49d8359e66029ddeb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 391
content:
"plans have been implemented, and of these fewer still are being \r\ndeveloped and evaluated through consultation and co-production with \r\ndiverse and marginalised urban communities (medium confidence). \r\n{4.6.5, 6.3.3, 6.3.4, 6.3.5, CCP2.3, CCP2.4, 12.5.5, 13.2.2, 13.6.2, \r\n13.11.3, 14.5.5, 15.3.4, 15.5.4, 15.6.1, 16.4.2, CCB FEASIB}"


id: aa483f6e2d5bdf1dbc4818639039f60b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27190
content:
"TS.D.6.7 City and infrastructure planning approaches that \r\nintegrate adaptation into everyday decision-making are \r\nsupported by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: \r\nthe Paris Agreement, SDGs, New Urban Agenda and Sendai \r\nFramework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The 2030 Agenda provides \r\na global framework for city- and community-level action to align \r\nNationally Determined Contributions, national adaptation plans and the "


id: f1c56285a48c92c7ea6592863abd0e9c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39922
content:
"will become insufficient to limit risks for marine ecosystems and \r\ntheir services such as food provision, coastal protection and carbon \r\nsequestration (high confidence). (Figure TS.11a) {3.4.2, 3.5.5, 3.6.3, \r\nBox 3.4, 14.5.2, CCB SLR}"


id: 988f117a07215ad450bfc665c172379d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24053
content:
"SDGs. City and local action can complement--and at times go further \r\nthan--national and international interventions (high confidence). \r\nAdaptation policy that focuses on informality and sub-serviced \r\nor inadequately serviced neighbourhoods and supports inclusive \r\nurbanisation by considering the social and economic root causes of \r\nunequal vulnerability and exposure can contribute to the broader goals \r\nof the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and reduce vulnerability \r\nto non-climatic risks, including pandemic risk (high confidence). More \r\ncomprehensive and clearly articulated global ambitions for city and \r\ncommunity adaptation will contribute to inclusive urbanisation by \r\naddressing the root causes of social and economic inequalities that \r\ndrive social exclusion and marginalisation, so that adaptation can \r\ndirectly support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (high \r\nconfidence). {6.1.1, 6.2.3, 6.4.1, Table 6.2, 12.5.5, 12.5.7}"


id: f85c0ff0dad291bb1da144bb64bf83f1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41062
content:
"TS.D.7.3 A wide range of adaptation options exists for reducing \r\nthe ongoing multi-faceted coastal risks in cities and settlements \r\n(very high confidence). A mix of infrastructure, nature-based, \r\ninstitutional and sociocultural interventions can best address the \r\nrisks. The options include vulnerability-reducing measures, avoidance \r\n(e.g., disincentivising developments in high-risk areas and addressing \r\nexisting social vulnerabilities), hard and soft protection (e.g., sea walls, \r\ncoastal wetlands), accommodation (e.g., elevating houses), advance \r\n(e.g., building up and out to sea) and staged, managed retreat (e.g., \r\nlandward movement of people and development) interventions (very \r\nhigh confidence). (Figure TS.9 URBAN) {3.6.2, 3.6.3, 11.3.5, Box 11.6, \r\n12.5.5, 13.2, 14.5.2, 15.5.1, 15.5.2, 15.5.3, 15.5.4, 15.5.5, 15.5.7, 17.2, \r\nCCP2.3, CCP2.4, CCB FEASIB, CCB SLR}"


id: 1a69d254358662e6cc61b27ee711501f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1848
content:
"TS.D.7 The ability of societies and ecosystems to adapt to current \r\ncoastal impacts to address present and future coastal risks under \r\nfurther acceleration of sea level rise depends on immediate and \r\neffective mitigation and adaptation actions that keep options \r\nopen to further adapt (high confidence). Adaptation pathways \r\nbreak adaptation planning into manageable steps based on near\u0002term, low-regret actions and aligning adaptation choices with \r\nsocietal goals that account for changing risk, interests and values, \r\nuncertain futures and the long-term commitment to adapting to \r\nsea level rise (high confidence). In charting adaptation pathways, \r\nreconciling divergent  interests and values  is a priority (high \r\nconfidence). (Figure TS.9 URBAN) {11.7.3, 13.10, 14.5.2, Box 14.4, \r\nCCP2.3, CCP2.4, CCB DEEP, CCB SLR}"


id: dbe9dc0efaf1b0fd68569f6416c78210
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35974
content:
"TS.D.7.4 Implementation of coastal adaptation can be delayed \r\nby competing public and private interests, trade-offs among \r\ndevelopment and conservation objectives, legacy development, \r\npolicy inconsistencies, contradictory short- and long-term \r\nobjectives and uncertainties on the timing and scale of impacts \r\n(high confidence). Local government barriers to coastal adaptation \r\ncould lead to courts' becoming de facto decision makers for local \r\nadaptation, and this could be compounded by legislative shortcomings \r\nand fragmentation, insufficient leadership, lack of coordination \r\nbetween governance levels and disagreement about financial \r\nresponsibility (high confidence). {11.7.3, 15.5.6, CCP2.4}"


id: 52b665eed8fb4a81bb16d1f5c2c474eb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11826
content:
"TS.D.7.2 Adaptation for coastal ecosystems requires space, \r\nnetworks and sediment to keep up with sea level rise (high \r\nconfidence). With higher warming, faster sea level rise and increasing \r\nhuman pressures due to coastal development, the ability to adapt \r\ndecreases (high confidence). Adaptation options, such as providing \r\nsufficient space for a coastal system to migrate inland, when combined \r\nwith ambitious and urgent mitigation measures, can reduce impacts, \r\nbut they depend on the type of coastline and patterns of coastal \r\ndevelopment (high confidence). With rapid sea level rise, these options "


id: 5273a01c47d275b62664166df1bee0ca
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11791
content:
"TS.D.7.6 Prospects for addressing climate change compounded \r\ncoastal hazard risk depend on the extent to which societal \r\nchoices, and associated governance processes and practices, \r\naddress the drivers and root causes of exposure and social \r\nvulnerability (very high confidence). Many drivers and root \r\ncauses of coastal risk are historically and institutionally embedded \r\n(very high confidence). When national and local authorities work \r\nwith their communities, sustained risk reduction in the exposure and "


id: 8f25febd4227db2defb2d9809c96c385
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22385
content:
"A significant adaptation gap exists for human health and well-being \r\nand for responses to disaster risks (very high confidence). Most Nation\u0002ally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement from low- and \r\nmiddle-income countries identify health as a priority concern (very high \r\nconfidence). Effective governance institutions, arrangements, funding \r\nand mandates are key for adaptation to climate-related health risks\r\n(high confidence). {4.6.4, 5.12.5, 5.14, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, Table  7.2, \r\n9.10.3, 10.4.7.3, 11.3.6, 12.5.6, 13.7.2, CCB ILLNESS, CCB COVID}"


id: 214d571e0374a7008a3d9fe1b5d019e8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3077
content:
"vulnerability of those most at risk is more likely (high confidence). \r\nDrawing on multiple knowledge systems helps in co-designing and \r\nco-producing more acceptable, effective and enduring responses. \r\nReconciling divergent worldviews, values and interests can unlock the \r\nproductive potential of conflict for transitioning towards pathways \r\nthat foster climate resilient development, generate equitable \r\nadaptation outcomes and remove governance constraints (high \r\nconfidence). Shared understanding and locally appropriate responses \r\nare enabled by deliberate experimentation, innovation and social \r\nlearning (medium confidence). External assistance and government \r\nsupport can enhance community capabilities to reduce coastal hazard \r\nrisk (high confidence). {15.6.1, 17.2, CCP2.4, Table CCP2.1}"


id: 435f35099835415925f5b8fcaf89903d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9072
content:
"TS.D.8 With proactive, timely and effective adaptation, many \r\nrisks for human health and well-being could be reduced and some \r\npotentially avoided (very high confidence). Building adaptive \r\ncapacity through sustainable development and encouraging safe \r\nand orderly movements of people within and between states \r\nrepresent key adaptation responses to prevent climate-related \r\ninvoluntary migration (high confidence). Reducing poverty, \r\ninequity and food and water insecurity and strengthening \r\ninstitutions in particular reduce the risk of conflict and supports \r\nclimate resilient peace (high confidence). (Figure TS.8 HEALTH) \r\n{2.6.4, 4.6.4, Box 4.4, 5.12.5, 5.14, Box 6.3, 7.4.1, 8.4.4, 9.10.3, \r\n10.4.7, 11.3.6, 12.5.6, 12.5.7, Table  12.9, 13.7.2, Figure  13.25, \r\n14.5.6, Table 14.5, CCB ILLNESS}"


id: 4e4fef07123cff83e093264d92121e7d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11050
content:
"TS.D.8.1 National planning on health and climate change is \r\nadvancing, but the comprehensiveness of strategies and plans \r\nneed to be strengthened to reduce future risks, and implement\u0002ing action on key health and climate change priorities remains \r\nchallenging (high confidence). The COVID-19 pandemic demon\u0002strated the value of coordinated planning across sectors, safety nets \r\nand other capacities in societies to cope with a range of shocks and \r\nstresses and to alleviate system-wide risks to health (high confidence)."


id: a68dca7f462280d08ea4efe811542da7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26516
content:
"TS.D.8.4 Despite acknowledgement of the importance of \r\nhealth adaptation as a key component, action has been slow \r\nsince AR5 (high confidence). Building climate resilient health \r\nsystems will require multi-sectoral, multi-system and collaborative \r\nefforts at all governance scales (very high confidence). Globally, "


id: 78af4adf0ff64b550f4db407856f3bf5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18425
content:
"decision-making may lead to more successful outcomes (medium \r\nconfidence). {4.6.8, 7.4.4, 9.3.1, 12.5.8, 15.5.3, CCP5.4.2, CCB FEASIB, \r\nCCB MIGRATE}"


id: fa998a104a049f738d699a3818036691
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41463
content:
"health systems are poorly resourced in general, and their capacity to \r\nrespond to climate change is weak, with mental health support being \r\nparticularly inadequate (very high confidence). The health sectors in \r\nsome countries have focused on implementing incremental changes \r\nto policies and measures to respond to impacts (very high confidence). \r\nAs the likelihood of dangerous risks to human health continues to \r\nincrease, there is a greater need for transformational changes to \r\nhealth and other systems (very high confidence). This highlights an \r\nurgent and immediate need to address the wider interactions between \r\nenvironmental change, socioeconomic development and human health \r\nand well-being (high confidence). {7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 9.10.3, Box 9.7, \r\n11.3.6.3, 13.7.2, 14.5.6, CCP6.2.6, Figure CCP6.3}"


id: e7fce8169f6bce2231946e72e748e5d5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38127
content:
"TS.D.8.8 Meeting SDGs supports adaptive capacity that in turn \r\nsupports individuals, households and community manage climate \r\nrisks and supports peace (high confidence). By addressing vulner\u0002ability, improving livelihoods and strengthening institutions, meeting \r\nthe SDGs reduces the risks of armed conflict and violence (medium \r\nconfidence). Formal institutional arrangements for natural resource \r\nmanagement and environmental peacebuilding, conflict-sensitive \r\nadaptation and climate-sensitive peacebuilding and gender-sensitive \r\napproaches offer potential new avenues to build peace in conflict\u0002prone regions vulnerable to climate change (medium confidence). \r\nHowever, there is currently insufficient evidence on their success and \r\nfurther monitoring and evaluation is required. (Figure  TS.11b) {4.8, \r\n7.4.6, Box 9.9, 16.3.2, CCB GENDER}"


id: cb5def4851848533e2523b77286d8bef
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33109
content:
"TS.D.8.5 Financial constraints are the most referenced barrier \r\nto health adaptation, and therefore scaling up financial \r\ninvestments remains a key international priority (very high \r\nconfidence). Financial support for health adaptation is currently less \r\nthan 0.5% of overall dispersed multilateral climate finance projects \r\n(high confidence). This level of investment is insufficient to protect \r\nhuman health and health systems from most climate-sensitive health \r\nrisks (very high confidence). Adaptation financing often does not reach \r\nplaces where the climate sensitivity of the health sector is greatest\r\n(high confidence). {7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 9.10.3}"


id: aa3ff4a2a5a29e6e493cd734b2456fa8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27184
content:
"TS.D.9 Adaptation actions consistent with climate justice address \r\nnear- and long-term risks through decision-making processes \r\nthat attend to moral and legal principles of fairness, equity and \r\nresponsibility including to historically marginalised communities \r\nand that distribute benefits, burdens and risks equitably (high \r\nconfidence). Concepts of justice, consent and rights-based deci\u0002sion-making, together with societal measures of well-being, are \r\nincreasingly used to legitimate adaptation actions and evaluate \r\nthe impacts on individuals and ecosystems, diverse communities \r\nand across generations (medium confidence). Applying these \r\nprinciples as part of monitoring and evaluating the outcomes \r\nof adaptation, particularly during system transitions, provide a \r\nbasis for ensuring that the distribution of benefits and costs are \r\nidentified (medium confidence). {1.4.1, 4.8, 5.10.4, 5.12.3, 6.1.5, \r\n6.3.6, 12.5.7, 14.7.2, 17.5.1, CCB FEASIB, CCB GENDER}"


id: 859d4d36fbaf3393377dbfea94648326
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20649
content:
"TS.D.9.1 Near-term adaptation responses influence future \r\ninequalities, poverty, livelihood security and well-being (high \r\nconfidence). Adaptation and mitigation approaches that exacerbate \r\ninequitable access to resources and fail to address injustice increase \r\nsuffering, including water and food insecurity and malnutrition rates for \r\nvulnerable groups that rely directly or indirectly on natural resources for \r\ntheir livelihoods (high confidence). {1.4.1, 5.12.3, 5.13.3, 6.3.6, 8.6.2, \r\nBox 9.3, 12.5.7, 18.1}"


id: faed51bb0cc4c03ca7f91cd945545ce1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41530
content:
"TS.D.9.2 Under an inequality scenario (SSP4), the number of \r\npeople living in extreme poverty could increase by more than \r\n100  million (medium confidence). There is medium evidence \r\nand low agreement about the adaptation impacts of derivative\u0002based insurance products. Insurance solutions are difficult for low\u0002income groups to access (medium confidence). Formal insurance \r\npolicies come with risks when implemented in a stand-alone manner, \r\nincluding risks of maladaptation (medium confidence). {5.13.5, \r\n5.14.1, 9.8.4, 9.11.4}"


id: b6d7d8178d278751fbf5aa69b73b1c71
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29368
content:
"TS.D.8.7 Improving the feasibility of planned relocation and \r\nresettlement is a high priority for managing climate risks (high \r\nconfidence). Residents of small island states do not view relocation \r\nas an appropriate or desirable means of adapting to the impacts of \r\nclimate change (high confidence). Previous disaster- and development\u0002related relocation has been expensive and contentious, posed multiple \r\nchallenges for governments and amplified existing ones and generated \r\nnew vulnerabilities for the people involved (high confidence).  In \r\nlocations where permanent, government-assisted relocation becomes \r\nunavoidable, active involvement of local populations in planning and "


id: 56dae77db3660b3ef58c72c2f3cf29c9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12529
content:
"TS.D.9.3 Climate-induced changes are not experienced equally \r\nacross genders, income levels, classes, ethnicities, ages or "


id: 7e346a6b3a49b6a118bffbb0d943f79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19372
content:
"confidence). Water-related adaptation in the energy sector is highly \r\neffective up to 1.5degC but declines with increasing warming (medium \r\nconfidence). {4.6.2, 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 4.7.3, Figure 4.28, Figure 4.29, 13.6.2, \r\n15.7, 18.3, CCP5.4.2, CCB FEASIB}"


id: 853a9bace6150f653366d13b16cd7254
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20579
content:
"TS.D.11 Deep-rooted transformational adaptation opens new \r\noptions for adapting to the impacts and risks of climate change \r\n(high confidence) by changing the fundamental attributes of \r\na system, including altered goals or values and addressing \r\nthe root causes of vulnerability. AR6 focuses on five system \r\ntransitions to a just and climate resilient future: societal, energy, \r\nland and ocean ecosystems, urban and infrastructure, and \r\nindustrial. These transitions call for transformations in existing \r\nsocial and social-technological and environmental systems that \r\ninclude shifts in most aspects of society. Managing transition \r\nrisk is a critical element of transforming society, increasingly \r\nacknowledging the importance of transparent, informed and \r\ninclusive decision-making and evaluation, including a role for \r\nIndigenous knowledge and local knowledge. (Figure TS.11a, b) \r\n{1.2.1, 1.4.4, 1.5.1, 3.6.4, 4.7.1, 6.1.1, 6.4, Box 6.6, 11.4, 14.7.2, \r\n18.3, Figure 18.3, CCB FEASIB}"


id: 6a1bde096b4f2abc16dc76af2b79d3ef
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15947
content:
"TS.D.11.4 Adaptation can require system-wide transformation \r\nof ways of knowing, acting and lesson-drawing to rebalance \r\nthe relation between human and nature (high confidence).\r\nIndigenous knowledge and local knowledge, ecosystem-based \r\nadaptation and community-based adaptation are often found together \r\nin effective adaptation strategies and actions and together can generate \r\ntransformative sustainable changes, but they need the resources, legal \r\nbasis and an inclusive decision process to be most effective (medium \r\nconfidence). Governance measures that transparently accommodate \r\nscience and Indigenous knowledge can act as enablers of such co\u0002production. {1.3.3, 2.6.5, 2.6.7, 5.14.1, 5.14.2, 6.4.7, 9.12, Box 9.1, 11.3.3, \r\n11.4.1, 11.4.2, 11.5.1, 11.6, Box 11.3, Box 11.7, 12.5.8, 14.4, Box 14.7, \r\n15.5.4, 15.5.5, 17.2.2, 17.3.1, 17.4.4, CCP6.3.2, CCP 6.6, CCP6.4.3}"


id: 3dbe7a047d8828c668e44cd4c7056051
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8026
content:
"TS.D.11.5 Factors motivating transformative adaptation actions \r\ninclude risk perception, perceived efficacy, sociocultural norms \r\nand beliefs, previous experiences of impacts, levels of education \r\nand awareness (medium confidence). Risk responsibilities across \r\nthe globe are unclear and unevenly defined (high confidence). In \r\nthe face of climate change, assigning risk responsibilities facilitates \r\nupgrading and supporting adaptation efforts (risk governance). There \r\nare at least two contrasting approaches for pursuing deliberate \r\ntransformation: one seeking rapid, system-wide change and the other a \r\ncollection of incremental actions that together catalyse desired system \r\nchanges (medium confidence). {1.5.2, 6.4.7, 17.2.1, 17.2.2, CCP5.4.2}"


id: ee3da9d2f1256c78ce6fa2e94d35a077
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39288
content:
"they are facilitated by appropriate enabling conditions, including ef\u0002fective governance, policy implementation, innovation and climate and \r\ndevelopment finance, which are currently insufficient (high confidence). \r\n{3.6.4, 15.7, 18.3, 18.4, Table 18.5, CCB FEASIB, CWGB URBAN}"


id: d08a733d628f5850de5513d0e4d65adb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34037
content:
"TS.E.1 Climate resilient development implements greenhouse \r\ngas mitigation and adaptation options to support sustainable \r\ndevelopment. With accelerated warming and the intensification \r\nof cascading impacts and compounded risks above 1.5degC \r\nwarming, there is a sharply increasing demand for adaptation \r\nand climate resilient development linked to achieving \r\nSDGs and equity and balancing societal  priorities. There is \r\nonly limited opportunity to widen the remaining solution \r\nspace and take advantage of  many potentially effective, yet \r\nunimplemented, options for reducing society and ecosystem \r\nvulnerability  (high  confidence).  (Figure  TS.2, Figure  TS.9 \r\nURBAN, Figure TS.11a, Figure TS.13) {1.2.3, 1.5.1, 1.5.2, 1.5.3, \r\n2.6.7, 3.6.5, 4.8, Box 4.7, 7.1.5, 7.4.6, 13.10.2, 13.11, 17.2.1, 18.1, \r\nCCB COVID, CCB FINANCE, CCB HEALTH, CCB NATURAL}"


id: a0f831739bb153d4361a3fb90d4cfc73
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25544
content:
"TS.E.2 Climate action and sustainable development are \r\ninterdependent. Pursued in an inclusive and integrated manner, \r\nthey enhance human and ecological well-being. Sustainable \r\ndevelopment is fundamental to capacity for climate action, \r\nincluding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as well as \r\nenhancing social and ecological resilience to climate change. \r\nIncreasing social and gender equity is an integral part of the \r\ntechnological and social transitions and transformation towards \r\nclimate resilient development. Such transitions in societal \r\nsystems reduce poverty and enable greater equity and agency \r\nin decision-making. They often require rights-based approaches \r\nto protect the livelihoods, priorities and survival of marginalised \r\ngroups including Indigenous Peoples, women, ethnic minorities \r\nand children (high confidence). {2.6.7, 4.8, 6.3.7, 6.4, 6.4.7, 18.2, \r\n18.4, CCB NATURAL}"


id: ba65df438dd501958852799b3317d934
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30012
content:
"adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development interventions \r\nand how they are distributed among different  populations and \r\ngeographies is essential and challenging but also creates the potential \r\nto pursue synergies that benefit human and ecological well-being (high \r\nconfidence). {1.2.1, 18.1, 18.4}"


id: f8fdd40a5c930af1a8c3ad5246723fd6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41169
content:
"TS.E.2.1 Conditions enabling rapid increases and innovative \r\nclimate responses include experience of extreme events or \r\nclimate education influencing perceptions of urgency, together \r\nwith the actions of catalysing agents such as social movements \r\nand technological entrepreneurs. People who have experienced \r\nclimate shocks are more likely to implement risk management \r\nmeasures (high confidence). Autonomous adaptation is very common \r\nin locations where people are more exposed to extreme events \r\nand have the resources and the temporal capacity to act on their \r\nown, for example in remote communities (high confidence).{3.5.2, \r\n4.2.1, 4.6, 4.7.1, 6.4.7, 8.5.2, 9.4.5, 17.4.5, 18.5}"


id: d5b219f270de9a94190bcd652c7ee95d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34910
content:
"TS.E.2.2 A range of policies, practices and enabling conditions \r\naccelerate efforts towards climate resilient development. \r\nDiverse actors including youth, women, Indigenous communities \r\nand business leaders are the agents of societal changes and \r\ntransformations that enable climate resilient development \r\n(high confidence). Greater attention to which actors benefit, fail to \r\nbenefit or are directly harmed by different types of interventions could \r\nsignificantly advance efforts to pursue climate resilient development. \r\n(medium to high confidence). {4.6,  4.7.1,  5.13, 5.14, 6.4.7, 8.4.5, \r\n9.4.5, 17.4, 18.5}"


id: 1145fa8068feb0ada7d9979d34dfb390
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 232
content:
"Figure TS.13 |  Climate resilient development is the process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation measures to support sustainable \r\ndevelopment. This figure builds on Figure SPM.9 in AR5 WGII (depicting climate resilient pathways) by describing how climate resilient development pathways are the result of \r\ncumulative societal choices and actions within multiple arenas."


id: 207a8b84f976a874b1706f767f77d63
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2936
content:
"Panel (a) Societal choices towards higher climate resilient development (green cog) or lower climate resilient development (red cog) result from interacting decisions and actions \r\nby diverse government, private sector and civil society actors, in the context of climate risks, adaptation limits and development gaps. These actors engage with adaptation, \r\nmitigation and development actions in political, economic and financial, ecological, socio-cultural, knowledge and technology, and community arenas from local to international \r\nlevels. Opportunities for climate resilient development are not equitably distributed around the world."


id: 55e2f0abb34bc96d01496111b5b42711
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12381
content:
"Panel (b) Cumulatively, societal choices, which are made continuously, shift global development pathways towards higher (green) or lower (red) climate resilient development. \r\nPast conditions (past emissions, climate change and development) have already eliminated some development pathways towards higher climate resilient development (dashed \r\ngreen line)."


id: c9a83c9ce7e25bc85a06494269597780
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32802
content:
"Panel (c) Higher climate resilient development is characterised by outcomes that advance sustainable development for all. Climate resilient development is progressively harder \r\nto achieve with global warming levels beyond 1.5degC. Inadequate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 reduces climate resilient development \r\nprospects. There is a narrowing window of opportunity to shift pathways towards more climate resilient development futures as reflected by the adaptation limits and increasing \r\nclimate risks, considering the remaining carbon budgets. (Figure TS.3, Figure TS.4) {2.6, 3.6, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 16.4, 16.5, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, Box 18.1, \r\nFigure 18.1, Figure 18.2, Figure 18.3, CCB COVID, CCB GENDER, CCB HEALTH, CCB INDIG, CCB SLR, WGI AR6 Table SPM.1, WGI AR6 Table SPM.2, SR1.5 Figure SPM.1}."


id: 520a4545924b7d34d9eb07d8655ee999
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11707
content:
"TS.E.2.4 Gender-sensitive, equity- and justice-based adaptation \r\napproaches, integration of Indigenous knowledge systems \r\nwithin legal frameworks and the promotion of Indigenous \r\nland tenure rights reduce vulnerability and increase resilience \r\n(high confidence).  Integrating adaptation into social protection \r\nprogrammes can build long-term resilience to climate change (high \r\nconfidence). Nevertheless, social protection programmes can increase \r\nresilience to climate related shocks, even if they do not specifically \r\naddress climate risks (high confidence). Climate adaptation actions \r\nare grounded in local realities so understanding links with SDGs is \r\nimportant to ensure that adaptive actions do not worsen existing \r\ngender and other inequities within society, leading to maladaptation \r\npractices  (high confidence).  {3.6.4,  4.8.3, 4.8.4,  9.4.5, Box  9.1, \r\nBox 9.2, Box 9.7, Box 9.8, Box 9.9, Box 9.10, Box 9.11, 14.4, Box 14.1, \r\n17.5.1, CCP6.3, Box CCP6.2 CCB GENDER}"


id: f70f3b03816261c3b7d94cead04ec5c4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40838
content:
"TS.E.2.5 Water can be either an enabler or a hindrance to success\u0002ful adaptation and sustainable development. Central to equity \r\nissues about water is that it remains a public good (high con\u0002fidence). Overcoming institutional and financial constraints (govern\u0002ance,  institutions, policies), including path dependency, is among the \r\nmost important requirements enabling effective adaptation in the water \r\nsector (high confidence). Water-related challenges, despite reported \r\nadaptation efforts, indicate limits of adaptation in the absence of water \r\nneutral mitigation action (medium confidence). For some regions, such \r\nas small island states, coastal areas and mountainous regions, water \r\navailability already has the potential to become a hard limit on adapta\u0002tion (limited evidence, medium agreement). (Figure TS.6 FOOD-WATER) \r\n{4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.8, 4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 4.7.6, 6.4 case study 6.1, 15.3.4, \r\nCCP5.2.2}"


id: 5e9a4325c702ad6267836479fb08bb82
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13936
content:
"TS.E.2.7  Enabling environments for adaptation that support \r\nequitable sustainable development are essential for those \r\nwith climate-sensitive livelihoods who are often least able to \r\nadapt and influence decision-making (high confidence). Enabling \r\nenvironments share common governance characteristics, including \r\nthe meaningful involvement of multiple actors and assets, alongside \r\nmultiple centres of power at different levels that are well integrated, \r\nvertically and horizontally (high confidence). Enabling conditions \r\nharness synergies, address moral and ethical choices and divergent \r\nvalues and interests and support just approaches to livelihood \r\ntransitions that do not undermine human well-being (medium \r\nconfidence). Climate solutions for health, well-being and the changing "


id: 696242ce6810063e83d68579a97b6c34
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15807
content:
"development (very high confidence). {7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.4.4, 7.4.5, \r\n7.4.6, 9.4.5, 13.11.3, 14.4, Box 14.1, 15.5.5, 17.5.1, CCP6.3, CCP6.4, \r\nBox CCP6.2, CCB GENDER}"


id: 6ff648c73f3f6abb2f4b1561d8483702
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16954
content:
"structure of communities are complex and closely interconnected and \r\ncall for new approaches to sustainable development that consider \r\ninteractions between climate, human and socioecological systems \r\nto generate climate resilient development (high confidence). To \r\naddress regionally specific adaptation and developmental needs, five \r\nkey dimensions of climate resilient development are identified for \r\nAfrica: climate finance, governance, cross-sectoral and transboundary \r\nsolutions, adaptation law and climate services and climate change \r\nliteracy  (high confidence). {4.6,  4.8,  6.4.7,  7.1.7,  8.5.1, 8.5.2, \r\n8.6.3, 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 9.4.4, 9.4.5, 17.4}"


id: 1f3248eb9813d61d6e6de25091bd51fb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2699
content:
"TS.E.2.8 Prevailing ideologies or worldviews, institutions and \r\nsociopolitical relations influence development trajectories \r\nby framing climate narratives and possibilities for action \r\n(medium confidence). The interplay between worldviews and \r\nethics, sociopolitical relations, institutions and human behaviour \r\ninfluence public engagement by individuals and communities. These \r\nopen up opportunities for meaningful engagement and co-production \r\nof pathways towards climate resilient development. The urgency \r\nof climate action is a potential enabler of climate decision-making \r\n(medium confidence). Perceptions of urgency encourage communities, \r\nbusinesses and leaders to undertake climate adaptation and \r\nmitigation measures more quickly and to prioritise climate action (high \r\nconfidence). {1.1.3, 6.4.3, 17.1, 17.4.5, 18.5}"


id: ed979b10c36c7234bf911d4936b29bf8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39161
content:
"TS.E.3.3 Identifying and advancing synergies and co-benefits of \r\nmitigation, adaptation and SDGs has occurred slowly and unevenly \r\n(high confidence). One area of sustained effort is community-based \r\nadaptation planning actions that have potential to be better integrated \r\nto enhance well-being and create synergies with the SDG ambitions \r\nof leaving no one behind (high confidence). Complex trade-offs and \r\ngaps in alignment between mitigation and adaptation over scale and \r\nacross policy areas where sustainable development is hindered or \r\nreversed also remain (medium confidence). Globally, decisions about \r\nkey infrastructure systems and urban expansion drive risk creation and \r\npotential action on climate change (high confidence). {4.7.6, 6.4.1, 6.4.3, \r\n6.4.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.2.3, 6.3, 6.3.5.1, 6.4, 7.4.7, 9.3.2, CCB HEALTH, CWGB \r\nBIOECONOMY}"


id: 90aa4974dc690ba50fd6e98b87d39bfa
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22655
content:
"TS.E.3.1  Societal resilience is strengthened by improving the \r\nmanagement of environmental resources and ecosystem health, \r\nboosting adaptive capabilities of individuals and communities \r\nto anticipate future risks and minimise them and  removing \r\ndrivers of vulnerability to bring together gender justice, equity, \r\nIndigenous and local knowledge systems and adaptation \r\nplanning (very high confidence).  Societal resilience is  founded \r\non  strengthening local democracy, empowering citizens to shape \r\nsocietal choices to support gender and equity inclusive climate resilient "


id: 908f7d48b55588dfd6b7e9edb845bd1a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22641
content:
"TS.E.3.4 Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge are \r\ncrucial for social-ecological system resilience (high confidence). \r\nIndigenous Peoples have been faced with adaptation challenges for \r\ncenturies and have developed strategies for resilience in changing \r\nenvironments that can enrich and strengthen other adaptation \r\nefforts (high confidence). Supporting indigenous self-determination, \r\nrecognising Indigenous Peoples' rights and supporting Indigenous "


id: 328d1926952e8d78d395a4223c176e48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6150
content:
"of national and local economies on natural resources for production \r\nof commodities, weak governance, unequal access to safe water and \r\nsanitation services and a lack of infrastructure and financing, which \r\nreduce adaptation capacity and deepen vulnerability (high confidence). \r\n{3.6.3, 3.6.5, 6.4.3, Figure 6.5, 9.4.1, 11.7, Table 11.14, Table 11.16, \r\n12.1.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.5.5, 12.5.7, Figure 12.2}"


id: c8a58e48ce6d8a56c8c31aa1f8e9f127
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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vector_id: 32619
content:
"TS.E.4.4 Adaptive management in response to ecosystem \r\nchange is increasingly necessary, and more so under higher \r\nemissions scenarios (high confidence). Feedback from monitoring \r\nand assessments of the changing state of planetary conditions and \r\nlocal ecosystems enables proactive adaptation to manage risks and \r\nminimise impacts (medium confidence). Integrated sectoral approaches \r\npromoting climate resilience, particularly for addressing the impacts \r\nof extreme events, are key to effective climate resilient development \r\n(medium confidence). {2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.6, 2.6.7, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.6.3, \r\n3.6.5, Box 3.4, 17.3.2, 17.6, CCB EXTREMES, SR1.5, SRCCL, SROCC}"


id: 22c0ef2886b985294d504f906d4c6073
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3327
content:
"TS.E.5.2 Climate governance arrangements and practices are \r\nenabled when they are embedded in societal systems that advance \r\nhuman well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).\r\nCollective action and strengthened networked collaboration, more \r\ninclusive governance, spatial planning and risk-sensitive infrastructure \r\ndelivery will contribute to reducing risks (medium confidence). Enablers \r\nfor climate governance include better practices and legal reforms, \r\nimproving justice, equity and gender considerations, building human \r\nresource capacity, increased finance and risk transfer mechanisms, \r\neducation and climate change literacy programmes, increased access \r\nto climate information, adequately downscaled climate data and \r\nembedding Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge as well as \r\nintegrating cultural resources into decision-making (high confidence). \r\n{4.8.7, 9.4.5, 15.6.1, 15.6.3, 15.6.4, 15.6.5, 17.4, 17.6}"


id: 7595314a6541554f6ef78071cb1f77db
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17918
content:
"TS.E.4.5 Adaptation cannot prevent all risks to biodiversity and \r\necosystem services (high confidence). Adaptation of conservation \r\nstrategies, by building resilience and planning for unavoidable change, \r\ncan reduce harm but will not be possible in all systems, for example, \r\nfragile ecosystems that reach critical thresholds or tipping points \r\nsuch as coral reefs, some forests, sea ice and permafrost systems. \r\nConservation and restoration will alone be insufficient to protect \r\ncoral reefs beyond 2030 (high confidence) and to protect mangroves \r\nbeyond the 2040s (high confidence). Deep cuts in emissions will be \r\nnecessary to minimise irreversible loss and damage (high confidence). \r\n(Figure TS.5 ECOSYSTEMS) {2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.5.4, 2.6.1, 2.6.6, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, \r\n3.6.3, Figure 3.26, Table SM3.5, Table SM3.6}"


id: 5437c92d675bb8620a06040af38d0f2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12094
content:
"TS.E.5.1 Prevailing governance efforts have not closed the \r\nadaptation gap (very high confidence), in part due to the \r\ncomplex interconnections between climate and non-climate risk \r\nand the limits of the predominant development and governance \r\npractices (high confidence). Institutional fragmentation, under\u0002resourcing of services, inadequate adaptation funding, uneven \r\ncapability to manage uncertainties and conflicting values and reactive \r\ngovernance across competing policy domains collectively lock in \r\nexisting exposures and vulnerabilities, creating barriers and limits to \r\nadaptation, and undermine climate resilient development prospects \r\n(high confidence). This is amplified by inequity, poverty, population \r\ngrowth and high population density, land use change, especially \r\ndeforestation, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, high dependence "


id: 96ca24f808f9f0f1087a3413908e0bc2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23726
content:
"TS.E.5.4 Governance practices for climate resilient development \r\nwill be most effective when supported by formal (e.g., the \r\nlaw) and informal (e.g., local customs and rituals) institutional \r\narrangements providing for ongoing coordination between and \r\nalignment of local to international arrangements across sectors \r\nand policy domains (high confidence). Aligned national and "


id: 130dbc9989aa0e75eae54db72dc52f02
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 567
content:
"international legal and policy instruments can support the development \r\nand implementation of adaptation and climate risk management \r\n(medium confidence) and reduce exposure to key risks (high confidence). \r\nDedicated climate change acts can play a foundational and distinctive \r\nrole in supporting effective climate governance, and are drivers of \r\nsubsequent activity in both developing and developed countries (high \r\nconfidence). The transboundary nature of many climate change risks \r\nand species responses will require transboundary solutions through \r\nmulti-national or regional governance processes on land (medium \r\nconfidence) and at sea (high confidence). {3.6.5, Table 3.28, 4.6.2, 4.6, \r\n6.1, 9.4.3, 9.4.4, Box 9.5, 11.7.1, 11.7.3, 17.2.1, 17.3.2, 17.4.2, 17.5.1, \r\n17.6, 18.4.3, CCP5.4.2, CCP6.3, CCB MOVING PLATE}"


id: c3273d5a852226a5222af4d651b2c970
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31608
content:
"TS.E.6 Accelerating climate change and trends in exposure \r\nand vulnerability underscore  the need for rapid action on \r\nthe range of transformational approaches  to expand the \r\nfuture set of effective, feasible and just solutions (very \r\nhigh confidence).  Transformation towards climate resilient \r\ndevelopment is advanced most effectively when  actors work \r\nin inclusive and enabling ways to reconcile divergent interests, \r\nvalues and worldviews, building on information and knowledge \r\non climate risk and adaptation options derived from different \r\nknowledge systems (high confidence).  Taking action now \r\nprovides the foundation for adaptation to current and future \r\nrisks, for large-scale mitigation measures and for effective \r\noutcomes for both.  (Figure  TS.13) {2.6.7, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.6.5, \r\n7.2.1, 7.3.1, 8.3.3, 8.3.4, 8.4.5, Figure 8.12, 13.3.2, 13.4.2, 13.8, \r\n13.10.2, 18.3.2, Box 18.1, Figure 18.1, Table 18.5, CCB FEASIB, \r\nCCB FINANCE, CCB ILLNESS, CCB NATURAL}"


id: 8b30c622bb039bcd27fb9b7587712eda
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21652
content:
"TS.E.6.2  Climate resilient development pathways depend on \r\nhow contending societal interests, values and worldviews are \r\nreconciled through inclusive and  participatory interactions \r\nbetween governance actors in these arenas of engagement \r\n(high confidence). These interactions occur in many different arenas \r\n(e.g., governmental, economic and financial, political, knowledge, \r\nscience and technology, community) that represent the settings, places \r\nand spaces in which societal actors interact to influence the nature \r\nand course of development. For instance, Agenda 2030 highlights \r\nthe importance of multi-level adaptation governance, including non\u0002state actors from civil society and the private sector. This implies the \r\nneed for wider arenas of engagement for diverse actors to collectively \r\nsolve problems and to unlock the synergies between adaptation and \r\nmitigation and sustainable development (high confidence). {18.4.3}"


id: 865bee290b7434892589f29ba636cb44
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20804
content:
"TS.E.6.3 Managing transition risk is a critical element of \r\ntransforming society (high confidence). System transitions \r\ntowards climate resilient development pose potential risks \r\nto sectors and regions. This implies managing climate risk in the "


id: 80d31f282a6185de4cca16a7b6a74c9a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19798
content:
"event that greenhouse gas mitigation efforts over- or underperform. \r\nIn addition, decision makers should be aware of the financial risks \r\nassociated with stranded assets, technology risks and the risks \r\nto social equity or ecosystem health. By acknowledging, assessing and \r\nmanaging such risks, actors will have a greater likelihood of achieving \r\nsuccess in making development climate resilient. Opportunities exist \r\nto promote synergies between sustainable development, adaptation \r\nand mitigation, but trade-offs are likely unavoidable, and managing \r\ntrade-offs and synergies will be important (high confidence). Climate \r\nresilient development risks and opportunities vary by location with \r\nuncertainty about global mitigation effort and future climates relevant \r\nto local planning (high confidence). {4.7.6, 4.8, 17.4, 17.6, 18.4, 18.5}"


id: 285bdb0c77eb02e5023796a21c618190
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4303
content:
"TS.E.6.4 Prospects for transformation towards climate resilient \r\ndevelopment increase when key governance actors work \r\ntogether in inclusive and constructive ways to create a set of "


id: 3c69e8ba5122ca683ab15d8b8849b9bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7822
content:
"services; living standards; human health; food security; water \r\nsecurity; and peace and mobility (high confidence) (Table TS.\r\nAII.1). The assessment of these RKRs, which is presented in detail in \r\nChapter 16, has also been used to organise the synthetic assessment \r\nof adaptation options in Chapter 17 and is integrated across various \r\nsections in the TS and SPM. {16.5, SM16.2.1, 17.2.1, 17.5.1}"


id: efc65e135f4d4eff6a02ec8a3ac5e414
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"This supplementary material presents the various aggregated risk \r\nassessments applied in the WGII AR6. This includes the key risks \r\nidentified by all the chapters and the way they can be clustered into \r\nRepresentative Key Risks (RKRs) (Section TS.AII.1), with a summary of \r\nthe severity conditions for these RKRs across climate and development \r\npathways, and the interactions among these risks (Section TS.AII.2). \r\nThe assessment of the five Reasons for Concern (RFC), presented in the \r\niconic 'burning embers', provides a complementary cross-cutting impact \r\nand risk assessment. This approach is described in Section TS.AII.3, along \r\nwith a comparison with the RKRs (Section TS.AII.4). The burning embers \r\nfor the global and cross-cutting RFCs are complemented by similar \r\ndepictions for specific regional and thematic concerns (Section SMTS2.1)."


id: c967ec44ddf887a21b1a59d9b8c26d6a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Figure TS.AII.1 presents a synthesis of the severity conditions for RKRs \r\nby the end of this century. As an illustration of the more specific sets of \r\nconditions that result in severe risk for a particular RKR, Figure TS.AII.2 \r\nprovides examples from individual studies of risks to living standards \r\nand the conditions under which they could become severe in terms of \r\naggregate economic output, poverty and livelihoods."


id: e0b922cccaf3cb7944be31c284e07707
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36795
content:
"The assessment of RKRs demonstrates that severe risk is rarely driven \r\nby a single determinant (warming, exposure/vulnerability, adaptation), \r\nbut rather by a combination of conditions that jointly produce the level \r\nof pervasiveness of consequences, irreversibility, thresholds, cascading \r\neffects, likelihood of consequences, temporal characteristics of risk \r\nand systems' ability to respond (medium to high confidence). In other \r\nwords, climate risk is not a matter of changing hazards (or climatic \r\nimpact drivers) only but of the confrontation between changing \r\nhazards and changing socioecological conditions."


id: 34da184277c913638c7f9d651dd4e59a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6541
content:
"Regional and sectoral chapters of this report identified 127 key \r\nrisks that could become severe under particular conditions of \r\nclimate hazards, exposure and vulnerability (Table SMTS.4). These \r\nkey risks are assessed to be potentially severe, that is, relevant to the \r\ninterpretation of dangerous anthropogenic interference (DAI) with the \r\nclimate system, along levels for warming, exposure/vulnerability and \r\nadaptation. Severity has been assessed looking at the magnitude of \r\nadverse consequences, the likelihood of adverse consequences, the \r\ntemporal characteristics of the risk and the ability to respond to the \r\nrisks. Key risks cover scales from the local to the global, are especially \r\nprominent in particular regions or systems and are particularly large for \r\nvulnerable sub-groups, especially low-income populations, and already \r\nat-risk ecosystems (high confidence). {16.5, Table SM16.4}"


id: 87e49603d713e52e9fdb112fa50fc3b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"For most RKRs, potentially global and systemically pervasive risks \r\nbecome severe in the case of high levels of warming, combined with \r\nhigh exposure/vulnerability, low adaptation or both (high confidence). \r\nUnder these conditions there would be severe and pervasive risks to \r\ncritical infrastructure (high confidence), to human health from heat\u0002related mortality, to low-lying coastal areas, aggregate economic \r\noutput and livelihoods (all medium confidence) from armed conflict \r\n(low confidence) and to various aspects of food security (with different "


id: a132b2d5fb424f330788b28ceb1649b2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25584
content:
"probable systemic vulnerabilities and issues in responding to climatic \r\nhazards (high confidence). {16.6.1}"


id: 5f440b50770d983394e7e68fb60d8e89
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14068
content:
"levels of confidence). Severe risks interact through cascading effects, \r\npotentially causing amplification of RKRs over the course of this \r\ncentury (low evidence, high agreement). (Figure  TS.AII.1) {16.5.2, \r\n16.5.4, Figure 16.10}"


id: 16ccc3a0c84618cc43e925a78f57385
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1224
content:
"Multiple feedbacks between individual risks exist that have the \r\npotential to create cascades and then to amplify systemic risks and \r\nimpacts far beyond the level of individual RKRs (medium confidence), \r\nas also reflected in TS.C.11. These are illustrated in Figure TS.AII.3, \r\npanel A at the RKR level, and in Figure TS.AII.3, panel B at the key risk \r\nlevel."


id: 228dd9b99027559a307c1bf8d43aab85
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3296
content:
"For some RKRs, potentially global and systemically pervasive risks \r\nwould become severe even with medium to low warming (i.e., \r\n1.5degC-2degC) if exposure/vulnerability is high and/or adaptation is low \r\n(medium to high confidence). Under these conditions there would be \r\nsevere and pervasive risks associated with water scarcity and water\u0002related disasters (high confidence), poverty, involuntary mobility and \r\ninsular ecosystems and biodiversity hotspots (all medium confidence). \r\n{16.5.2}"


id: a0c7885a978cbc68e36cfe897547699c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25496
content:
"The RFC framework communicates scientific understanding about \r\naccrual of risk in relation to varying levels of warming for five broad \r\ncategories: risk associated with (a) unique and threatened systems, \r\n(b) extreme weather events, (c) distribution of impacts, (d) global \r\naggregate impacts and (e) large-scale singular events. The RFC \r\nframework was first developed during the Third Assessment Report \r\nalong with a visual representation of these risks as 'burning embers' \r\nfigures, and this assessment framework has been further developed \r\nand updated in subsequent IPCC reports including AR5. RFCs reflect \r\nrisks aggregated globally that together inform the interpretation \r\nof dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. \r\n(Figure TS.AII.1) {16.6.2}"


id: 64ee4fbed196834f937fc83957ab1d91
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15031
content:
"All potentially severe risks that apply to particular sectors or groups of \r\npeople at more specific regional and local levels require high exposure/\r\nvulnerability or low adaptation (or both), but they do not necessarily \r\nrequire high warming (high confidence). Under these conditions there \r\nwould be severe, specific risks to low-lying coastal systems, to people \r\nand economies from critical infrastructure disruption, to economic \r\noutput in developing countries and to livelihoods in climate-sensitive \r\nsectors from water-borne diseases, especially in children in low- and \r\nmiddle-income countries, water-related impacts on traditional ways of \r\nlife and involuntary mobility, for example in small islands and low\u0002lying coastal areas (medium to high confidence). {16.5.2}"


id: b7a042fb580a677b915d249e67101404
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29519
content:
"Some severe impacts are already occurring (high confidence) and \r\nwill occur in many more systems before mid-century (medium \r\nconfidence). Tropical and polar low-lying coastal human communities \r\nare experiencing severe impacts today (high confidence), and abrupt \r\necological changes resulting from mass population-level mortality \r\nare already being observed following climate extreme events. Some \r\nsystems will experience severe risks before the end of the century \r\n(medium confidence), for example critical infrastructure affected by \r\nextreme events (medium confidence). Food security for millions of \r\npeople, particularly low-income populations, also faces significant risks \r\nwith moderate to high warming or high vulnerability, with a growing \r\nchallenge by 2050 in terms of providing nutritious and affordable diets \r\n(high confidence). {16.5.2, 16.5.3}"


id: 8586450ced03762ae865c7bc56fea2bd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20633
content:
"The risk transition or 'ember' diagram illustrates the progression \r\nof socioecological risk from climate change as a function of \r\nglobal temperature change, taking into account the exposure and \r\nvulnerability of people and ecosystems, as assessed by literature-based \r\nexpert judgement. The definitions of risk levels used to make the expert \r\njudgements are presented in Table TS.AII.2 {16.6.2}. Further details are \r\nprovided in Section 16.6.3. (Figure TS.4)"


id: d59fade452cf86e749470d62759eb1a9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:45
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34898
content:
"The RKRs and RFCs are complementary methods that aggregate \r\nindividual risks in different ways, as displayed in Figure  TS.AII.4. \r\nThey have differences in scale, transitions, timing and treatment of \r\nvulnerability and adaptation {16.6.2}"


id: 231e2341a66342b12940b4db6ba0c16c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3372
content:
"In specific systems already marked by high exposure and vulnerability, \r\nintensive adaptation efforts will not be sufficient to prevent severe \r\nrisks from occurring under high levels of warming (low evidence, \r\nmedium agreement). This is particularly the case for some ecosystems \r\nand water-related risks (from water scarcity and to Indigenous and \r\ntraditional cultures and ways of life). {16.5.2, 16.5.3}"


id: b73b51db729dc1ac0a8046652dacce34
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29448
content:
"Key risks increase the challenges in achieving global sustainability \r\ngoals (high confidence). The greatest challenges will be from risks \r\nto water (RKR-G), living standards (RKR-D), coastal socioecological \r\nsystems (RKR-A) and peace and human mobility (RKR-H). The most \r\nrelevant goals are zero hunger (SDG 2), sustainable cities and \r\ncommunities (SDG 11), life below water (SDG 14), decent work and \r\neconomic growth (SDG 8), and no poverty (SDG 1). Priority areas \r\nfor regions are indicated by the intersection of hazards, risks and \r\nchallenges, where, in the near term, challenges to SDGs indicate "


id: a6e362bc28fa113cde13b84e56c4d048
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26573
content:
"For details and examples, \r\nsee Table 16.A.12 in the \r\nsupplementary information \r\nassociated with Chapter 16."


id: 9f6a3e5e9a32433b16a22863255f7bce
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25268
content:
"Figure TS.AII.2 |  Illustrative examples from individual studies of risks to living standards and the conditions under which they could become severe in terms \r\nof aggregate economic output, poverty and livelihoods. High, medium and low levels of warming, exposure/vulnerability and adaptation are defined as in Figure TS.AII.1. \r\n{Figure 16.9}"


id: 4af55c409dd996d4693e71c79b4a06ff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10429
content:
"* CIDs are physical climate system conditions (e.g., means, events, extremes) that affect an element of society or ecosystems. lndiced changes are system-depend\u0002ent and can be detrimenlal, beneficial, neutral, or a mixture of each. {WGI AR6 SPM}"


id: 6e2474c48209341b39bdfc11129cb92f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"117\r\nFigure  TS.AII.3 |  Illustration of some connections across key risks. Panel A describes all the cross-RKR risk cascades that are described in RKR assessments \r\n(Sections 16.5.2.3.2 to 16.5.2.3.9). Panel B provides an illustration of such interactions at the key risk level, for example from ecological risk to key dimensions for human societies \r\n(building on Section 16.5.2.2 and Table 16.A.4). The arrows are representative of interactions as qualitatively identified; they do not result from any quantitative modelling exercise. \r\n{Figure 16.11}"


id: 8034ed7d4b7aafe1736d4bba7f62c2ea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19684
content:
"Coordinating Lead Authors: Rawshan Ara Begum (Malaysia/Australia/Bangladesh) and Robert \r\nJ. Lempert (USA)"


id: 2632a8bb84da0976c44458f97a0d1377
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3888
content:
"Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, \r\nR. Sukumar, and P.Wester, 2022: Point of Departure and Key Concepts. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation \r\nand Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel \r\non Climate Change [H.-O. Portner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegria, M. Craig, \r\nS. Langsdorf, S. Loschke, V. Moller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, \r\nNY, USA, pp. 121-196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003."


id: 6df82a957ef5a970b9bdb608acd8bfd
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content:
"Adaptation plays a key role in reducing risks and vulnerability \r\nfrom climate change. Implementing adaptation and mitigation \r\nactions together with the SDGs helps to exploit synergies, \r\nreduce trade-offs and makes all three more effective. From \r\na risk perspective, limiting atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) \r\nconcentrations reduces climate-related hazards while adaptation and \r\nsustainable development reduce exposure and vulnerability to those \r\nhazards. Adaptation facilitates development, which is increasingly \r\nhindered by impacts and risks from climate change. Development \r\nfacilitates adaptation by expanding the resources and capacity to \r\nreduce climate risks and vulnerability. {1.1.3; 1.5.1; 1.5.3}"


id: 5c7598b6682db7103d350f80953ed5ac
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13522
content:
"The IPCC Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment \r\nReport addresses the challenges of climate action in the context \r\nof sustainable development with a particular focus on climate \r\nchange impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. This chapter frames \r\nthe point of departure and key concepts building on the IPCC's Fifth \r\nAssessment Report (IPCC, 2014a, b), the Special Report on Global \r\nWarming of 1.5degC (IPCC, 2018b), the Special Report on the Ocean and \r\nCryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) (IPCC, 2019b), and the \r\nSpecial Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) (IPCC, 2019a); as \r\nwell as the WGI contributions to the Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC, \r\n2021a) and complements the contribution of the WGIII Sixth Assessment \r\nReport, which will be published after this report (IPCC, 2022)."


id: 118c1df6fda0c6c06ed6a5d236075674
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 285
content:
"The concepts of risk and risk management have become \r\nincreasingly central to climate change literature, research, \r\npractice and decision making (medium confidence). Risk, defined \r\nas the potential for adverse consequences for human and ecological \r\nsystems, recognising the diversity of values and objectives associated \r\nwith such systems, provides a framework for understanding the \r\nincreasingly severe, interconnected and often irreversible impacts \r\nof climate change; how these impacts differentially affect different \r\nregions, sectors and populations; how to allocate resources best to \r\nmanage the resulting risks and how to evaluate the responses that \r\nreduce residual risks for current and future generations, economies \r\nand ecosystems. {1.2.1; 1.3.1; 1.4.2}"


id: 6cf1fdc4a0f6d6d2d871ebb80d53531e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16447
content:
"The concepts of adaptation, vulnerability, resilience and \r\nrisk provide overlapping, alternative entry points for the \r\nclimate change challenge (high confidence). Vulnerability is \r\na component of risk, but also an important focus independently, \r\nimproving understanding of the differential impacts of climate change \r\non people of different gender, race, wealth, social status and other \r\nattributes. Vulnerability also provides an important link between \r\nclimate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Resilience, which can \r\nrefer to either a process or outcome, encompasses not just the concept \r\nof maintaining essential function, identity and structure, but also \r\nmaintaining a capacity for transformation. Such transformations bring \r\nforth questions of justice, power and politics. {1.2.1; 1.4.1}"


id: a96c293affa25c974b6c76cd3f27e4e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27030
content:
"Since AR5, climate action has grown in salience worldwide across \r\nall levels of government as well as among non-governmental \r\norganisations, small and large enterprises, and citizens (high \r\nconfidence). At the international level the Paris Agreement and the \r\nSustainable Development Goals (SDGs), along with other targets and \r\nframeworks, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, \r\nthe Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Aichi targets, the Addis \r\nAbaba Action Agenda for finance and the New Urban Agenda, provide \r\noverarching goals and policy context. These agreements also provide \r\npolicy goals used by this IPCC Report to assess climate action across \r\nall levels of society. {1.1.2; 1.4.1; 1.4.3}"


id: 74487040ee6e9ccc5a4d9ec59730fa57
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17692
content:
"IPCC's assessments have grown and changed substantially over \r\nthe last three decades. Compared to earlier IPCC assessments, this \r\nreport emphasises a common risk-solution framing across all three \r\nWorking Groups. This report focuses on solutions for risk reduction and \r\nadaptation; provides more integration across the natural and social \r\nsciences; applies a more comprehensive risk framework; assesses \r\nadaptation directly in the context of sectoral or regional risks; engages \r\nwith different forms of knowledge, including Indigenous knowledge \r\nand local knowledge; and includes an increasing focus on equity and \r\njustice. {1.1.4; 1.4.2; Cross-Chapter Box ADAPT in Chapter 1}"


id: 6611fec9fe7be81a0cb951a24a4295b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15218
content:
"Increasingly, impacts are detected and attributed to the changing \r\nclimate. Improved understanding of deep history (palaeoclimate "


id: 16f59b4f3903c7345df9ec538dfbd142
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1259
content:
"and perspectives. This report considers all three principles in the \r\nassessment of adaptation options and evaluates the extent to which \r\nbetter outcomes are obtained by choosing just ones. Since potential \r\ntrade-offs exist among the principles, adaptation assessments will \r\nin general involve normative judgements, as well as science-based \r\nevidence. {1.4.1.1}"


id: 5d505b25d193fb56ffe1880ac271f9be
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13698
content:
"and biotic responses) suggests that past climate changes \r\nhave already caused substantial ecological, evolutionary and \r\nsocioeconomic impacts (high confidence). Many recent impacts \r\nare not detected, due to a shortage of monitoring and robust \r\nattribution analysis (high confidence). Detection and attribution \r\nassessments inform risk assessment by demonstrating the sensitivity \r\nof a system to climate change, and they can inform loss and damage \r\nestimates including those involved in potential climate litigation \r\ncases. Robust detection and attribution methods now exist and play a \r\nsignificant role in increasing awareness and willingness to act among \r\ndecision makers and the general population. {1.3.2.1; Cross-Working \r\nGroup Box ATTRIBUTION in Chapter 1; Cross-Chapter Box  PALEO in \r\nChapter 1}"


id: a2500607fbfdbf7fa9e5dedb968181a0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25784
content:
"Concepts of justice and measures of well-being are increasingly \r\nused to evaluate the extent to which climate change adaptation \r\nis equitable and effective (medium confidence). AR6 employs \r\nevaluation frameworks based on both single and multi-criteria to \r\nassess adaptation effectiveness and consistency with principles of \r\njustice. Single criteria frameworks aggregate many attributes into a \r\none number or ranking, often quantified using benefit-cost analysis \r\nor measures of social welfare. Existing decision processes often favour \r\nsuch single criteria, which also correlate well with many measures of \r\nsocial progress and sustainable development.Multi-criteria frameworks \r\nsimultaneously report several different biophysical and socioeconomic \r\nattributes, which provides more information on potential trade-offs \r\nand synergies and can engage with emerging concepts of well-being. \r\n{1.4.1.1; 1.4.1.2}"


id: e232f6126c05e21cbd743968097c464
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37077
content:
"Narratives play an important role in communicating climate \r\nrisks and motivating solutions. A narrative describes a chronological \r\nchain of events, often with a premise and conclusions. In the AR6, as \r\nin previous IPCC assessments, climate change scenarios and related \r\nnarratives (also called storylines) are central in the analysis, synthesis \r\nand communication of climate change impacts and of adaptation \r\nand mitigation responses. AR6 employs narratives to describe the \r\nassumptions, evolution and driving forces for the representative \r\nconcentration pathways (RCPs) and shared socioeconomic pathways \r\n(SSPs) and links these to global warming levels (GWLs) as a complement \r\nto RCPs and SSPs for framing impacts (Cross-Chapter Box CLIMATE \r\nin Chapter 1). Narratives can also be enablers of transformation by \r\ncommunicating societal goals and the actions needed to achieve them \r\n{1.2.2; 1.3.3; 1.5.2}"


id: 26ccef08effd316adadd42323cf9d956
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3984
content:
"The concepts of enablers, catalysts and the solution space help \r\nAR6 assess ways to speed the implementation and expand the \r\nrange of adaptation solutions. Many potential solutions have not \r\nyet been implemented, despite the gap between current and adequate \r\nlevels of adaptation. Enablers enhance the feasibility of adaptation \r\noptions and include governance, finance and knowledge. Catalysts \r\naccelerate and motivate the adaptation decision making process. \r\nThe concept of solution space--defined as the space within which \r\nopportunities and constraints determine why, how, when and who \r\nadapts to climate risks--helps this in assessing how human choices \r\nand exogenous changes can expand and contract the set of effective, \r\nfeasible and just solutions. {1.4.2}"


id: 9d267110efcafa78d8cd68c50f2e88d8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24886
content:
"AR6 highlights adaptation solutions and the extent to which \r\nthey are successful and adequate at reducing climate risk, \r\nincreasing resilience and pursuing other climate-related societal \r\ngoals. For adaptation, a solution is defined as an option which is \r\neffective, feasible and conforms to principles of justice. Effectiveness \r\nrefers to the extent to which an action is anticipated or is observed to \r\nreduce climate-related risk. Feasibility refers to the extent to which a \r\nmeasure is considered possible and desirable in a particular context. \r\nA successful action is one observed to be effective, feasible and just. \r\nAdequacy refers to a set of solutions that together are sufficient to \r\navoid dangerous, intolerable, or severe climate risks. {1.4}"


id: 84108a5b91ec73a62fe38b4bcaf2f0a2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20392
content:
"Effective governance, adaptation finance and nature-based \r\nsolutions are important enablers for expanding the solutions \r\nspace and reducing adaptation gaps (high confidence). Actors at \r\nmany scales and in many sectors are already adapting, and can take \r\nadditional and more significant adaptation action. These actors include \r\nindividuals and households, communities, governments at all levels, \r\nprivate sector businesses, non-governmental organisations, religious \r\ngroups and social movements. Many forms of adaptation (depending \r\non the type of climatic risk and societal context) are likely to be more \r\neffective, cost-efficient and potentially also more equitable when \r\norganised collectively. Stronger governance and adaptation finance \r\ncapabilities are usually associated with more ambitious adaptation \r\nplans and more effective implementation of such plans. {1.4.2; 1.5.2}"


id: 25cca76c0e86dc3bdf6f80df4a54ac34
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3832
content:
"Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge (IK and LK) can \r\nprovide important understanding for acting effectively on \r\nclimate risk and can help diversify knowledge that may enrich \r\nadaptation policy and practice (high confidence). Indigenous \r\nPeoples have been faced with adaptation challenges for centuries and \r\nhave developed strategies for resilience in changing environments \r\nthat can enrich and strengthen current and future adaptation efforts. \r\nValuing IK and LK is also important for recognition, a key component \r\nof climate justice. {1.3.2.3}"


id: a1168e56d1f3e7f10202761553004fa2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25563
content:
"Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of adaptation refers to a \r\nbroad range of activities necessary for tracking adaptation \r\nprogress over time, improving adaptation effectiveness and \r\nsuccessful iterative risk management. Monitoring usually refers \r\nto continuous information gathering, whereas evaluation denotes \r\nmore comprehensive assessments of effectiveness and equity, often \r\nresulting in recommendations for decision makers. In some literatures, \r\nM&E refers solely to efforts undertaken after implementation. In "


id: 94b27515c21a1b475a8e4080b7317b26
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23365
content:
"AR6 highlights three principles of climate justice: distributive \r\njustice, procedural justice and recognition. Distributive justice \r\nrefers to the allocation of burdens and benefits among individuals, \r\nnations and generations. Procedural justice refers to who decides and \r\nparticipates in decision making. Recognition entails basic respect and \r\nrobust engagement with and fair consideration of diverse cultures "


id: 7fc1186f0085ba0e1facc5bed7ed4c5c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19613
content:
"other literatures, M&E refers both to efforts conducted before and \r\nafter implementation. Since AR5, a growing literature provides initial \r\ninventories of adaptation plans and implementation worldwide, but \r\ninformation on effectiveness remains scare (high confidence). {1.4.3; \r\nCross-Chapter Box ADAPT in Chapter 1}"


id: ec2413bd377306a387e1571138f636e7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38916
content:
"Key concepts in this report provide a framework for assessing \r\nthe urgency of climate change adaptation. Adaptation is urgent to \r\nthe extent that soft adaptation limits are currently being approached \r\nor exceeded and that achieving levels of adaptation adequate to \r\naddress these soft limits requires action at a speed and scale faster \r\nthan that represented by current trends (high confidence). In addition, \r\nadaptation is urgent to the extent that any needed expansion of the \r\nfuture solution space requires near-term strengthening and expansion \r\nof enablers, such as governance, finance and information. {1.1.3; 1.4.4; \r\n1.5.1}"


id: 88d1b480908b1787435db48863de55e3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21235
content:
"This report employs the climate resilient development concept \r\nto inform co-ordinated implementation of adaptation and mit\u0002igation solutions to support sustainable development for all.\r\nAs a transformation that emerges from the choices of many different \r\nactors, climate resilient development follows no single or preferred \r\npathway and no single best combination of adaptation, mitigation \r\nand sustainable development strategies. All pathways involve complex \r\ntrade-offs and synergies among different actions. The climate resilient \r\ndevelopment concept helps assess the extent to which solutions cur\u0002rently exist to meet societal goals or the extent to which an expanded \r\nsolution space is required. The concept also helps assess the role of \r\nvarious actors, including governments, citizens, civil society, knowledge \r\ninstitutions, media, investors and businesses as well as the need for \r\narenas of engagement in which they can interact. {1.2.3; 1.5.2; 1.5.3}"


id: 7f234ad731494b176914fc7eca6a50f4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19520
content:
"AR6 highlights the role of transformation in meeting the Paris \r\nAgreement, the SDGs and other policy goals. Transformation, \r\nand the related term transition, are pluralistic concepts, embracing \r\nthe idea of major, fundamental changes in society or natural systems \r\nas opposed to changes that are minor, marginal or incremental. AR6 \r\nhas a particular focus on transformational adaptation, which changes \r\nthe fundamental attributes of a socioeconomic system in anticipation \r\nof climate change and its impacts. AR6 describes transitions in five \r\nsystems: energy, land and ecosystems, urban and infrastructure, \r\nindustrial and societal. In the past, transformations of such scale have \r\nbeen associated not only with technological and economic changes, \r\nbut also with shifts in most aspects of society. {1.2.1.3; 1.4.4; 1.5.1}"


id: 452933ecad9a8cc15c3c5a5c29fc1b05
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9395
content:
"population (Gerten et  al., 2019; van Vliet et  al., 2017); technology \r\nreshaping the workplace through automation (Schwab, 2017) and \r\ninformation dissemination through social media (Mavrodieva et  al., \r\n2019; Pearce et al., 2019); and increasing inequalities due to gender, \r\npoverty, age, race and ethnicity (Cross-Chapter Box GENDER in Chapter \r\n18). Economic inequality grows within nations even as it has narrowed \r\namong them (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020). \r\nInternational polycentric governance and non-state actors play an \r\nimportant role (Beck and Mahony, 2018; Sections 1.4.2 and 17.1.2.1). \r\nIn 2020 and 2021, a global pandemic dramatically affected the lives of \r\nmost of the world's population, likely accelerating many of the changes \r\nalready underway (Cross-Chapter Box COVID in Chapter 7)."


id: 43526292056e8cde09310ae2e0341a4d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9057
content:
"The point of departure for this AR6 Working Group II report thus lies \r\nin rapid and significant changes in our climate and our world, growing \r\nattentiveness to those changes, a gap between current climate action \r\nand that needed to address policy goals, and a growing literature that \r\nimproves understanding and informs potential responses. This chapter \r\ndefines key concepts and the connections among them useful for \r\ncomprehending and evaluating these changes, the risks they generate, \r\nand options for incremental and transformative solutions that could \r\nreduce climate-related risks, impacts and vulnerability."


id: 4a2322dc7c6626e3d36c193f571c6454
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10285
content:
"Since AR5, governments, businesses and civil society have increasingly \r\nresponded with planning and actions aimed at reducing current and \r\nfuture risks from climate change (Section 1.1.2, Chapters 16 and 17). \r\nConcern with climate change has increasingly motivated actions by \r\ngovernments, the private sector and civil society (Hale et  al., 2021; \r\nSection 18.4.3). As described in this report, however, current climate \r\npolicies and actions alone are not sufficient to meet stated policy goals \r\n(Section 1.1.3) (high confidence)."


id: dddf024c3a9830ac86a9514650331951
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36293
content:
"The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 by \r\nUN member states, sets out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), \r\nframes policies for achieving a more sustainable future and aligns efforts \r\nglobally to prioritise ending extreme poverty, protecting the planet and \r\npromoting more peaceful, prosperous and inclusive societies. SDG 13 \r\n('Climate Action') provides benchmarks to align the Paris Agreement's \r\ncall to 'strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in \r\nthe context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty'. \r\nSince AR5, several new international conventions have identified climate \r\nchange adaptation and risk reduction as important global priorities for \r\nsustainable development, including the Sendai Framework for Disaster "


id: 2ddedf10c6fff85703a2544e7bf22c3a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5350
content:
"This report addresses the challenges of climate action in the context \r\nof sustainable development. Climate action takes place in a world \r\nalready undergoing some of the most rapid and significant societal \r\nand environmental change in decades (IPCC, 2018b; Box 1.1). These \r\ninclude species and ecosystems loss due to land and sea use change \r\nand pollution (IPBES, 2019a); a growing and urbanising world "


id: 48687d20515a611fb3cfb5ab727ae931
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9951
content:
"actions (Hale et al., 2021). Climate change litigation is gaining salience \r\nfor both governments and corporations as the number of cases filed \r\naround the world grew from 834 between 1986 and 2014 to 1,006 \r\nsince 2015 and growing (Setzer and Higham, 2021)."


id: 7ce3425aaede5613c626d384af416b43
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19166
content:
"Adaptation to climate change plays a key role in reducing climate\u0002related risks along with mitigation and sustainable development. \r\nFrom a risk perspective (Section 1.2), emission reductions and carbon \r\nremoval can both reduce GHG forcing and thus climate-related hazards, \r\nwhile adaptation and sustainable development reduce exposure and \r\nvulnerability to those hazards."


id: 63846ef6d55151b256f60456b4a0d270
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14804
content:
"Important synergies and trade-offs exist among adaptation and \r\nmitigation actions (Section  1.5, Chapter 18). Limiting atmospheric \r\nconcentrations of GHGs reduces the extent of adaptation needed to \r\nkeep risk within tolerable levels (Section  1.3, Chapter 16). From a \r\nglobal perspective, understanding adaptation and its limits can inform \r\njudgements about the best balance among levels of mitigation and \r\nadaptation. Such judgements underlie the mitigation goals of the \r\nParis Agreement. From a more local perspective, there is a wide range \r\nof mitigation scenarios (Cross-Chapter Box  CLIMATE in Chapter 1), "


id: 7a9a951b34fc93a7f7a819b15806f647
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18765
content:
"At the national level, over 2,315 laws and policies that address climate \r\nchange now exist in 196 countries and a number of territories as of \r\nMay 2021 (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the \r\nEnvironment and Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, 2021). Sub\u0002national and non-state actors, including city and state governments \r\nand firms and investors, have also increasingly launched climate "


id: b72a008c95cf548ef44781bc89f3214f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29436
content:
"The IPCC WGII AR6 builds upon key findings of the IPCC AR5, three subsequent special reports and the simultaneous assessment of \r\nthe IPCC WGI and WGIII AR6. The findings and assessment approaches adopted across these reports have implications for the point of \r\ndeparture in the WGII AR6. They include the strong recognition of the urgency for climate action, the enhanced focus on risk and the \r\naim to connect the search for near-term climate solutions with longer-term transitions. Headline conclusions of the IPCC AR5 include the \r\nfollowing, directly quoted (IPCC, 2014a):"


id: ade6475b8e31ca76f400e03c898f62b8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27838
content:
"Compared to previous IPCC assessments of impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, the IPCC WGII AR5 assessment highlighted new data \r\nfor attributing observed climate changes and impacts (Cramer et al., 2014; IPCC, 2014c), a more formal approach to risk (IPCC, 2014c; \r\nJones et al., 2014), and an expanded assessment of adaptation (Chambwera et al., 2014; IPCC, 2014c; Klein et al., 2014a; Mimura et al., \r\n2014; Noble et al., 2014)."


id: e267d318ffef50741e127d3f5dc10ebd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37124
content:
"At the time of the IPCC AR5, very few scientific studies relevant to the impacts of global warming of 1.5degC above pre-industrial levels \r\nwere available. In 2018, the IPCC concluded a Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5degC levels and related global GHG \r\nemission pathways, following an invitation expressed in the Decision text of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015a). The report assessed \r\navailable literature on global warming of 1.5degC and on comparisons between global warming of 1.5degC and 2degC above pre-industrial \r\nlevels. It also addressed possible pathways for achieving the ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement. Key findings from this report include \r\nthe following, directly quoted (IPCC, 2018c):"


id: 16144a3059a8c32923fb9d5893dbf551
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1098
content:
"In 2019, a Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) was published, motivated by the observation that \r\nmany of the world's people most exposed to risks caused by climate change live in the mountains or near the coast. Key findings include \r\nthe following, directly quoted (IPCC, 2019c):"


id: 15e359ee399833151fbaf604294e439c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"Also in 2019, IPCC published a Special Report on Climate Change and Land, addressing GHG fluxes in land-based ecosystems, land use \r\nand sustainable land management in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation, desertification, land degradation and food \r\nsecurity. Key findings include the following, directly quoted (IPCC, 2019c):"


id: 3f3a3935c78a3b2a7245b2bfbd432c7c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"In 2021, IPCC Working Group 1 published its Sixth Assessment Report on The Physical Science Basis. Key findings from the report include \r\nthe following, directly quoted from its Summary for Policymakers (SPM) quoted (IPCC, 2019c):"


id: 337efeb87a5e38291b34fed1c6d5bef6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"Other assessment processes also inform the IPCC AR6. For example, a recent joint workshop between the Intergovernmental Science\u0002Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and IPCC, the first of its kind, made key observations relevant to the work \r\nof IPCC WGII AR6 (Portner et al., 2021). In this broad context, the workshop explored diverse facets of the interaction between climate \r\nand biodiversity, from current trends to the role and implementation of nature-based solutions and the sustainable development of \r\nhuman society. Key highlights of the workshop include the following, directly quoted from the workshop report:"


id: 67a27641509e39b38592226bc47f261b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"In response, adaptation efforts have increased significantly since AR5 \r\n(Sections 16.3; 17.2; 17.5.2; Cross-Chapter Box ADAPT in Chapter 1). \r\nAssessing the adequacy and effectiveness of these efforts as called for in \r\nArticle 7 of the Paris Agreement remains challenging (Section 1.3.2.2), \r\nbecause much adaptation is not recorded in the literature and because \r\nassessment depends on judgements of effectiveness (Section 1.4.1.2), \r\njudgements about societal goals including climate justice \r\n(Section  1.4.1.1), and expectations about future GHG concentration \r\npathways and other socioeconomic conditions (Section  16.5, Cross\u0002Chapter Box DEEP in Chapter 17)."


id: e4fbaa7684dac3457de895a6c9481c53
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"including those which meet or miss the Paris Agreement goals, and \r\novershoot scenarios in which global mean temperature exceed targets \r\nfor several decades before dropping to desired levels. Such scenarios \r\ninform assessments of the level of adaptation that may be required \r\n(Section 1.4; Chapter 17)."


id: 292dced84b5e41301f855c380db9899c
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"Adaptation and sustainable development are also interlinked \r\n(Section 18.1). Adaptation facilitates development, which is hindered \r\nby impacts and risks from climate change. Development facilitates \r\nadaptation by expanding the resources and capacity available to \r\nmanage climate risks. Viewed from a climate justice perspective, some \r\nargue that a more just society is more capable of successful adaptation, \r\nwhile others argue that only adaptation that results in a more just \r\nsociety can be judged successful (Section 1.4.1; Chapter 18)."


id: 966ebfea0632eb3ed2b7081bc29a8804
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"Two concepts--adaptation gaps and limits to adaptation--help frame \r\nthis report's assessment of the extent to which current adaptation \r\nefforts are adequate to meet societal goals. Adaptation gaps are \r\ndefined as 'the difference between actually implemented adaptation \r\nand a societally set goal, determined largely by preferences related to \r\ntolerated climate change impacts and reflecting resource limitations \r\nand competing priorities' (UNEP et  al., 2021). Limits to adaptation \r\ndescribe the extent to which no plausible level of adaptation can meet \r\nsocietal goals (Section 1.4.4). Within the limits, adaptation gaps can be \r\nclosed by increased and more successful adaptation actions. Beyond \r\nthe limits, only mitigation can close adaptation gaps."


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"Numerous climate-related impacts already cause severe damage in \r\nmany places and are projected to increase in the future (Chapter \r\n16). Adaptation can reduce these risks, often significantly, but limits \r\nto adaptation have already been reached or are being approached \r\nin some sectors and regions (Sections  16.3.1; 16.4). While natural \r\nsystems worldwide are changing in response to climate change, many \r\nare not adapting sufficiently quickly to retain their resilience in the \r\nface of current and projected future climate change (Section 16.4). \r\nFor human systems, numerous lines of evidence suggest that \r\nin many regions and sectors current infrastructure, settlement \r\npatterns, policies, practices and institutions remain inadequate for \r\ncurrent changes in climate conditions (Section 16.2). Inadequate or \r\ninsufficient adaptation to current conditions is called an adaptation \r\ndeficit."


id: 1cc6dcf0c488855cd7fc6d63a14129f
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"Interdisciplinary climate change assessment, which has played a \r\nprominent role in science-society interactions on the climate issue \r\nsince 1988, has advanced in important ways since AR5 (Mitchell et al., \r\n2006; Mach and Field, 2017; Oppenheimer et al., 2019). Building on a \r\nsubstantially expanded scientific and technical literature (Burkett et al., \r\n2014; Minx et  al., 2017), this AR6 report emphasises at least three \r\nbroad themes."


id: e4b23d9066340fc84b3fa19b6de74afa
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"emphasise such integration, and the chapter teams in the present \r\nreport integrate disciplinary perspectives and also science-policy \r\ninteractions inherent in climate change impacts, adaptation and \r\nvulnerability. There has been increasing real-time assessment of the \r\nassessment process itself, including interpersonal dynamics and how \r\nthey shape key findings (Oppenheimer et al., 2019). Additionally, best \r\npractices are being adopted from applied decision and policy analysis, \r\ndecision support and co-production, in order to increase assessment \r\nrelevance and usability for decision making (Hall et al., 2019; Mach \r\net al., 2019). Methods of integration in this report include systematic \r\nreview, meta-analysis, multi-criteria integration and expert elicitation \r\n(see synthesis in Chapter 16). The emphasis on knowledge for action \r\nhas also included the role of public communication, stories and \r\nnarratives within assessment and associated outreach (Section 1.2.2)."


id: 166a9e405a7d4c5bca24b6093c6ce6b1
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"This section introduces key concepts used in this report and the \r\nconnections between them that present different entry points for \r\nunderstanding climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability."


id: 91fd46617fedc1fa89a0a91286f54db7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"Second, emphases on social justice and different forms of expertise \r\nhave emerged (Sections 1.4.1.1; 17.5.2). As climate change impacts \r\nand implemented responses increasingly occur, there is heightened \r\nawareness of the ways that climate responses interact with issues of \r\njustice and social progress. In this report, there is expanded attention \r\nto inequity in climate vulnerability and responses, the role of power \r\nand participation in processes of implementation, unequal and \r\ndifferential impacts, and climate justice. The historic focus on scientific \r\nliterature has also been increasingly accompanied by attention to and \r\nincorporation of Indigenous knowledge (IK), local knowledge (LK) and \r\nassociated scholars (Section 1.3.2.3; Chapter 12)."


id: 445c1a851bed5512d58be1d7ed0deb9c
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"Many actors from different research and practice communities engage \r\nwith understanding and responding to climate risk. Not surprisingly, \r\nthere thus exist alternative, overlapping and complementary entry \r\npoints to the discussion widely used throughout the literature and this \r\nreport."


id: 40b6c0c75b074dcfe08bef6671418268
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"Third, AR6 has a more extensive focus on the role of transformation in \r\nmeeting societal goals (Section 1.5)."


id: 9acd38805d39c19f19fd79deec45083b
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"The concepts of risk and risk management have in recent years \r\nbeen central to climate change research and practice related to \r\nimpacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. The concepts provide a \r\nframework for understanding climate change and its increasingly \r\nsevere, interconnected and irreversible impacts. They support the \r\nimplementation of solutions that reduce adverse consequences, pursue \r\nopportunities and enable beneficial outcomes for people, economies \r\nand nature (IPCC, 2014c; IPCC, 2018c). All three AR6 Working Groups \r\nnow apply a common risk framework (IPCC, 2020)."


id: d8357c7000e29cc856c58bb806a5f045
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"To support these three themes, this report assesses literature with \r\nan increasing diversity of topics and geographical areas covered. \r\nThe diversity is encompassed through sectoral and regional chapters \r\n(Chapters 2-15), as well as cross-chapter papers and boxes. The \r\nliterature also increasingly evaluates the lived experiences of climate \r\nchange--the physical changes underway, the impacts for people \r\nand ecosystems, the perceptions of the risks, and adaptation and \r\nmitigation responses planned and implemented. In particular, scientific \r\ncapabilities to attribute individual extreme weather and climate events \r\nto GHG emissions have gone from hypothetical to standard and routine \r\nover the last three decades, and societal perceptions of these events \r\nand their impacts for people and ecosystems are now being studied as \r\nwell (Figure 1.1; Cross-Working Group Box ATTRIBUTION in Chapter 1; \r\nsee synthesis in Chapter 16)."


id: c5cceb822270a31757dd79a09c57c301
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Additional concepts--adaptation, vulnerability, exposure, resilience \r\nand transformation--also provide important framings for the climate \r\nchange challenge."


id: 7c6d3886c5de1e8d659dafa39341a16
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"Figure 1.2 displays the connections among many of the key concepts \r\nused in this report. This chapter, the Summary for Policymakers, \r\nTechnical Summary and sectoral and regional chapters are organised \r\naround the concepts of risks (Section 1.3), solutions (Section 1.4) and \r\ntransformation (Section 1.5)."


id: 4a1a1d962f931980710cba0d54959ffa
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"Finally, climate change assessment has become increasingly integrative \r\nacross multiple disciplines within the natural and social sciences. \r\nThis report's chapters combine experts across Working Groups \r\nand disciplines, such as natural and social sciences, engineering, \r\nhumanities, law, and business administration. In this assessment cycle, \r\nthe special reports (Allen et al., 2018; IPCC, 2019a; IPCC, 2019b) all "


id: a2c54e787d2d685987124dab3a30e418
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"Key concepts that contribute to an understanding of risk include its \r\ncomponents hazards, exposure, and vulnerability (Section 1.2.1.1); the \r\nrecognition that risks may be complex and cascading (Section 1.3.1.2); \r\nand the reasons for concern framework used to summarise the most "


id: 510271cf72d19c0642bbec1e37c385ea
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"policy-relevant risks (Section 1.3.1.1). Key concepts that contribute to \r\nan understanding of feasible, effective, and just solutions (1.4.1) include \r\nthe enablers of governance, finance and knowledge (Section  1.4.2); \r\nTransformation is supported by systems transitions in energy, land, \r\ninfrastructure, industry and society (Section 1.5.1), which if successful \r\ncan contribute to climate resilient development (Section 1.5)."


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"(Section  1.2.1.3). Resilience (Section  1.3.1.4) is a broad concept, \r\nencompassing both outcomes and processes, an ability to maintain \r\nessential function and an ability to transform."


id: ee33c2c4bf1d5620bcd17f7e5c6b691d
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"The ball and cup diagrams (Holling, 1973) in Figure 1.2 indicate that \r\nthe current coupled human and natural system is not resilient, nor \r\ndoes it meet societal goals of equity, well-being and ecosystem health. \r\nSome types of transformation may prove inevitable (Section  1.5.1), \r\neither a deliberate transformation that results in a more resilient state \r\nconsistent with societal goals or a forced transformation to a system \r\nstate inconsistent with the goals."


id: 27825d9801db338b3c8da3a698478966
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"The centre of Figure 1.2 shows societal goals of equity, health, well\u0002being and climate justice as articulated by the Paris Agreement, SDGs, \r\nand other policies and plans (Section 1.4.1). The limits to adaptation \r\n(Section  1.4.4), potential for maladaptation (Sections  1.4.2; 17.5.2) \r\nand loss and damage (Section  1.4.4.2) present barriers to reaching \r\nthese goals."


id: 57c8e07e5f3824af5a820cea588ce7eb
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"Risk in this report is defined as the potential for adverse consequences \r\nfor human or ecological systems, recognising the diversity of values \r\nand objectives associated with such systems. In the context of climate \r\nchange impacts, risks result from dynamic interactions between \r\nclimate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the \r\naffected human or ecological system. In the context of climate change "


id: cb610447ee802be423c7f11340619a7c
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"The concept of vulnerability can provide a unique window into the \r\neffects of climate change on different communities, individuals and \r\necosystems, in particular as human systems are affected by race, \r\ngender, wealth inequalities and other attributes (Section 1.2.1.2). The \r\nconcept of adaptation can provide a unique window into the process \r\nof adjustment to climate change by human and natural systems "


id: cefe1c12e532f76d19083a98fe1f733f
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"in SROCC, IPCC, 2019b). In these circumstances, risk assessment can \r\noccur through tools used for risk management across contexts, such \r\nas insurance, business, social protection, security and policy planning, \r\nand decision making can be iterative and support dynamic adaptive \r\npathways through time (Jones and Preston, 2011; Watkiss et al., 2015; \r\nAven, 2016; see also Section 17.3.2)"


id: 5f95bd984041f465c3df549c8a7cdac
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"responses, risks result from the potential for such responses not \r\nachieving the intended objective(s), or from potential trade-offs or \r\nnegative side effects (see Annex II: Glossary). Risk management is \r\ndefined as plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood \r\nand/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on \r\nassessed or perceived risks (see Annex II: Glossary)."


id: cbc99bf6f316230b012ecfdd568a5720
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Iterative risk management (Vervoort and Gupta, 2018) emphasises \r\nthat anticipating and responding to climate change does not consist \r\nof a single set of judgements at a single point in time, but rather an \r\n'ongoing cycle of assessment, action, reassessment, learning and \r\nresponse (USGCRP, 2018). It is consistent with most approaches \r\napplied for implementing adaptation (Jones and Preston, 2011; \r\nJones et al., 2014). For instance, the Paris Agreement is organised as \r\na polycentric process (see Section 1.4) of iterative risk management \r\nin which national governments pledge to take specific actions. Those \r\nactions are monitored and assessed, and nations asked to update their \r\npledges in light of that assessment."


id: 2bda07e0a9924c063b1b9403722d6434
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Risk framing supports connections with solutions (Jones and Preston, \r\n2011; Mach et al., 2016; Adger et al., 2018). First, risk framing connects \r\nthe present with the future. (Papathoma-Kohle et al., 2016). For instance, \r\nwhether wildfire or drought, recent experiences have demonstrated \r\nlimits to current response capacities relevant to future preparedness \r\n(e.g., evacuation of large communities on tight time frames or water \r\nmanagement simultaneously responsive to intensifying drought and \r\nflooding). Second, risk framing emphasises that uncertainties and \r\ncomplex interactions are integral to decision making (Jones et  al., \r\n2014; Dawson, 2015). The uncertainties include high-impact, low\u0002probability outcomes and deep uncertainties for which core processes \r\nare not understood and meaningful probabilities cannot be applied \r\n(Adler et al., 2016; see also Section 17.2.1; Cross-Chapter Box DEEP \r\nin Chapter 17; Chapter 7 in SRCCL, IPCC, 2019a; Cross-Chapter Box 5 "


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"Vulnerability is also a link between the climate risk and disaster risk \r\ncommunities, recognising complementarities and differences between \r\nthese communities. Disaster risk management is the set of processes \r\nthat improve understanding of disaster risk, foster disaster risk reduction \r\nand transfer, and promote continuous improvement in disaster \r\npreparedness, response and recovery practices, increasing human security, \r\nwell-being and sustainable development (see Annex II: Glossary). Climate \r\nrisk and disaster risk are increasingly addressed together, bridging the "


id: 51a1e37cd7b163b4cbb5ad98c6003baf
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"emphasises assessment of observed adaptation-related responses to \r\nclimate change, governance and decision making in adaptation, and \r\nthe role of adaptation in reducing key risks and global-scale reasons \r\nfor concern, as well as limits to such adaptation (e.g., Chapters 16 \r\nand 17). The assessment approach includes adaptation needs, options, \r\nplanning and implementation across sectors and regions, as well as \r\nadaptation opportunities, constraints and also limits (Eisenack et al., \r\n2014; Klein et al., 2014b; Oberlack and Eisenack, 2014; Lehmann et al., \r\n2015; Roggero, 2015; Herrmann and Guenther, 2017; Oberlack, 2017; \r\nSieber et al., 2018; Moser et al., 2019b; Capela Lourenco et al., 2019; \r\nThaler et al., 2019; Russel et al., 2020; see also Chapters 16 and 17)."


id: c8304697086a6925f10da0cfd6e6f54
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"Since AR5, more adaptation has progressed (IPCC, 2014a; Lesnikowski \r\net al., 2016; see also Sections 16.2.5 and 17.2) and the focus of activity \r\nhas expanded to include social, institutional and governance dimensions \r\nbeyond engineered and technical options and to decision processes \r\nbeyond technocratic, linear framings (IPCC, 2014a; see also Chapter 17). \r\nAdaptation includes increasing attention to implementation, M&E and \r\nlearning through time, not just planning processes (Section 17.3 and \r\n17.5.1). On the one hand, an important advance has been recognition \r\nof generalised capacities, such as resources and knowledge, necessary \r\nfor the feasibility of effective adaptation. Adaptation thereby strongly \r\noverlaps with risk management and with the building of resilience and \r\nsustainable development (Chapters 17 and 18)."


id: 3bbd07bf7a808bde36d918615339d5bb
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"In much of the literature, resilience encompasses not just maintaining \r\nessential function, identity and structure, but also maintaining a capacity \r\nfor adaptation, learning and transformation. Since the earliest framings \r\nof resilience around stability and persistence, ecology and allied fields \r\nhave come to recognise that while systems are often persistent in \r\nthe face of disturbance, disturbance also creates opportunity for \r\ntransformation and the emergence of new pathways (Section  1.5.2; \r\nFolke, 2006; Allen and Holling, 2010; Folke et al., 2010; Gelcich et al., \r\n2010; Stockholm Resilience Center, 2015; Doppelt, 2017). Across this \r\nliterature, disturbance is framed as outside the system in question, for \r\nwhich the time frames and spatial scales of disturbances, impacts and \r\nresponses are central to outcomes (Bene et al., 2011; Brown, 2014; \r\nHamborg et al., 2020). Endogenous processes of transformation are "


id: 704a018570a94c875334999357640ab3
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"The IPCC assessment of adaptation has evolved through time. The \r\nWGII AR4 included one chapter dedicated to adaptation, the WGII \r\nAR5 expanded to four and the WGII AR6 mainstreams adaptation \r\ncomprehensively throughout the report. Adaptation science is rapidly \r\nevolving, including evaluation of adaptation effectiveness, feasibility, \r\nimplementation and maladaptation, although major knowledge \r\ngaps persist in modelling and analysis (Cross-Chapter Box ADAPT in \r\nChapter 1; Chapter 16; Section 1.4; Holman et al., 2019). The WGII AR6 "


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"presented as emergent, characterised by thresholds and, as a result, \r\nvery difficult to anticipate (Scheffer et al., 2001; Walker and Meyers, \r\n2004; Suding and Hobbs, 2009; Scheffer et  al., 2012; Hughes et  al., \r\n2013; Scheffer et  al., 2015). In the last 5  years (2016-2020), the \r\nconcept of resilience has gained prominence as a core theme in the \r\nclimate change adaptation literature (Nalau and Verrall, 2021)."


id: 442ef7887329ef2721e74200808113ea
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The concepts of narratives, storylines, scenarios and pathways play an \r\nimportant role in this report. While distinct concepts, they are inter\u0002related and sometimes confused."


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"A narrative is a story with a chronological order or, when cast in \r\nthe form of an argument, with premises and conclusions (Roe, 1991; \r\nAdger et al., 2001). Narratives enable people to envision what various \r\npotential futures may mean for environments and livelihoods, and in \r\nthis way facilitate the development of scenarios for the future (Miller \r\net al., 2015). Narratives can also play a key role in enabling collective \r\naction (Section 1.5) by helping disparate groups co-create a common \r\nvision of a desirable future and achieve a common understanding of "


id: c443c87aa4193098af2cdc2822bf160
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content:
"Scenarios are defined in IPCC reports as plausible descriptions of how \r\nthe future may develop, based on a coherent and internally consistent \r\nset of assumptions about key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological "


id: 94ab3868afdc75930b1796922ca5d176
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"This Cross-Chapter Box sets out common climate dimensions to contextualise and facilitate AR6 WGII analyses, presentation, synthesis \r\nand communication of assessed, observed and projected climate change impacts across WGII chapters and cross-chapter papers. \r\n'Common climate dimensions' are defined as common global warming levels (GWLs), time periods and levels of other variables, as \r\nneeded by WGII authors for consistent communications. The set of climate variable ranges given below was derived from the AR6 WGI \r\nreport and supporting resources, and helps to contextualise and inform the projection of potential future climate impacts and key risks. \r\nThe information enables the mapping of climate variable levels to climate projections and vice versa, with ranges of results provided to \r\ncharacterise the physical uncertainties relevant to assessing climate impacts risk."


id: 98e9ba6f55404d2a6913de623f780d80
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"To explore and investigate climate futures, climate change projections are developed using sets of different input projections. These \r\nconsist of sets of projections of GHG emissions, aerosols or aerosol precursor emissions, land use change, and concentrations designed to \r\nfacilitate evaluation of a large climate space and enable climate modelling experiments. For AR5 (and the Coupled Model Intercomparison \r\nProject (CMIP) 5 climate model experiments), the input projections were referred to as representative concentration pathways (RCPs). \r\nFor AR6 (and the CMIP6 climate model experiments), new sets of inputs are used and referred to as SSP scenarios, where SSP refers to \r\nsocioeconomic assumptions called the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)."


id: 151d9778086f16eaec2d57dcfb7bbec
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"The RCPs are a set of four trajectories that span a large radiative forcing range, defined as increased energy input at surface level in Watts \r\nper square metre, ranging from 2.6 W m-2 (RCP2.6) to 8.5 W m-2 (RCP8.5) by the end of the 21st century, with RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 as \r\nintermediate scenarios, and RCP2.6 a peak and decline scenario reaching 3 W m-2 before 2100. A range of emissions scenarios compatible \r\nwith each specific RCP was also assessed in AR5 (Ciais et al., 2013)."


id: ffd4d7e1b6e71677438958e8bd178181
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"A core set of five SSP scenarios, namely SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5, was selected in the AR6 WGI report to fill \r\ncertain gaps identified in the RCPs (see WGI Cross-Chapter Box 1.4 in Chapter 1 (Chen et al., 2021)). The first number in the label is the \r\nparticular set of socioeconomic assumptions driving the emissions and other climate forcing inputs taken up by climate models and the \r\nsecond number is the radiative forcing level reached in 2100. WG1 Cross-Chapter Box 1.4 in Chapter 1 provides a comparison of this \r\ncore set of SSP scenarios with scenarios used in previous reports, with SSP1-1.9 a low overshoot scenario consistent with limiting global \r\naverage warming to 1.5degC, and SSP1-2.6 a scenario consistent with limiting warming to 2degC."


id: 97960090a888e2a42a7cdd1a204cb5cc
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content:
"Also of importance to the impact literature and the WGII report are SSP-RCP combinations, that is, studies that employ climate outcomes \r\nbased on RCPs and socio-economic assumptions based on SSPs. SSPs can be paired with a range of different RCPs because SSPs can be \r\ncombined with mitigation policy assumptions to produce a range of emissions pathways. In addition to the SSPs, there are many other \r\nemissions pathways and societies consistent with any global mean temperature outcome. These represent uncertainty and broad ranges \r\nof possibilities that affect climate change exposure and vulnerability (Rose and and M. Scott, 2020; Rose and Scott, 2018). Furthermore, \r\nthere are large uncertainties in translating emissions scenarios into concentration pathways due to uncertainties in climate-carbon cycle \r\nfeedbacks (Jones et al., 2013; Booth et al., 2017)."


id: 5e782db1bf8560057c6fc41c34b5cdd3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"The common climate dimensions can be used as a dimension of integration for impact studies in WGII, for example by providing a \r\ncommon framework for comparison of projected impacts for different studies (Figure Cross-Chapter Box CLIMATE.1). Moreover, GWL \r\nbands are needed in WGII to map the diverse temperature levels found across WGII's literature. The GWL's also facilitate integration \r\nwith WGIII's global emissions projections categorisation by global mean temperature (WGIII Chapter 3)."


id: ce3d06e8e7bd3cda509986a54069882
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Table Cross-Chapter Box CLIMATE.1 |  GWL ranges by time periods for CMIP5 (RCP) and CMIP6 (SSP) climate projections (20-year averages). Temperature anomalies \r\nrelative to 1850-1900. Full ranges for CMIP raw results (across all models and ensemble runs) and WGI AR6 assessed very likely (5-95%) ranges. Sources: Hauser et al. \r\n(2019); WGI SPM (IPCC, 2021a); Table SPM.1"


id: e15255bb41be24568126d0ab875fbd79
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"To contextualise reported impacts by warming level for the influence of other determinants of risk, where appropriate and feasible (e.g., \r\nlevel of exposure/vulnerability, level of adaptation, time period), common time periods for the past and future can be aligned with WGI's \r\nhistorical and projected time windows. Given differences in available literature, WGII chapters and CCPs (cross-chapter papers) \r\ncontextualise impacts with respect to exposure, vulnerability and adaptation as appropriate."


id: c3f685effac342bd48efcbadf49ca82e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"The revised historical warming rate does not necessarily contribute to a change in timing of estimated impacts. It depends on how \r\nimpacts are calculated relative to climate. Because the revised historical warming results in a redefinition of the 1.5degC GWL relative to \r\nthe modern time period (1995-2014) rather than a different level of overall change (Figure Cross-Chapter Box CLIMATE.2 in Chapter 1), \r\nimpacts assessed relative to the modern time period are unaffected. There are, in effect 'old' and 'new' definitions of the 1.5degC GWL with \r\ndifferent levels of impacts, and the impacts assessed for the 'old' 1.5degC GWL now apply to a different level of global warming. However, \r\nthe timing of impacts assessed relative to pre-industrial (e.g., aggregate economic impact estimates), are affected and we are closer to \r\nimpact levels associated with 1.5degC and 2degC."


id: 1f757839ab6e3e2ce12fe8d8a1758559
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"To illustrate with a worked example: in SR1.5, the historical warming between 1850-1900 and the modern period of 2006-2015 was \r\nassessed as 0.87degC, implying that the 1.5degC GWL would be accompanied by impacts associated with 0.63degC warming from the modern \r\nperiod. However, AR6 WGI (Gulev et al., 2021) revised the assessment of warming between 1850-1900 and 2006-2015 to 0.94degC, implying \r\nthat the 1.5degC GWL would be accompanied by a slightly lower level of impacts associated with only 0.56degC warming from the modern \r\nperiod. So, while the redefined 1.5degC GWL would be reached earlier, it would also be accompanied by a lower level of impacts (Figure Cross\u0002Chapter Box CLIMATE.2 in Chapter 1). The impacts associated with the 'old' 1.5degC GWL would now be seen at 1.57degC global warming \r\nrelative to 1850-1900, reached at the time of the 'old' 1.5degC GWL, if the same future level of warming were to be used as in SR1.5."


id: 9783aaf91c2e0bb0103d5f81da638af1
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content:
"However, in addition to this redefinition of the historical warming rate, the assessed future warming in AR6 is also slightly faster than the \r\ncontinuation of reported recent warming used in SR1.5. This means that both the 'old' and 'new' 1.5degC GWLs are projected to be reached \r\nearlier than they would have been using the SR1.5 method. This and the revised historical warming diagnosis contribute approximately \r\nequally to the assessment of 1.5degC global warming being reached about 10 years earlier than projected in SR1.5."


id: 494cfec7b8cf05dc7c5d5b2e082d46f9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Central estimates of impacts associated with a specifically defined 1.5degC GWL could therefore be considered to be projected to be\r\nreached approximately 5  years earlier than implied by SR1.5. However, uncertainties in regional climate responses at a given GWL \r\nare large (Cross-Chapter Box CLIMATE in Chapter 1, Table CLIMATE.3a) and natural climate variability occurs in parallel with ongoing \r\nwarming, so the potential for impacts higher than central estimates could be a more urgent consideration for risk assessments and \r\nadaptation planning than the earlier projected timing of reaching 1.5degC (high confidence). It should also be noted that individual years \r\nmay exceed 1.5degC above 1850-1900 sooner, but this is not the same as exceedance of the 1.5degC GWL which refers to the 20-year mean."


id: 20c41dc42e973f7bade5662cbeccc018
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content:
"change, prices) and relationships (Annex II: Glossary). Scenarios are \r\nneither predictions nor forecasts but rather 'foresights', which imply \r\nenvisioning challenging futures (Vervoort and Gupta, 2018). Scenarios \r\nare used to provide a view of the potential consequences and implications \r\nof developments and actions in a 'what-if' mode of exploring the future \r\n(AR6 WGIII Section  1.5.1; AR6 WGI Section  1.6.1, Chen et  al., 2021). \r\nThey may be presented as numerical or mental models. Climate change \r\nscenarios are generated by climate modellers to highlight possible \r\nalternative GHG emission pathways and are used to develop and \r\nintegrate projections of emissions and their climate change impacts \r\nand for analysing and contrasting climate policy choices. Cross-Chapter \r\nBox CLIMATE in Chapter 1 describes scenarios used in this report."


id: c18259cdd9af042ebaea669acaad979b
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content:
"Understanding of climate change has advanced in important ways \r\nthat shape the AR6 assessment. This section describes advances in the \r\nunderstanding of the complex nature of climate change risks, the deep \r\nintegration of social sciences, and increased utilisation of IK and LK. \r\nThese multi-faceted dimensions of understanding climate change and \r\nevaluating risks are introduced here."


id: 11aedb79f73fe27a74b876cc89f0d1a8
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content:
"Since AR5, understanding of the nature of climate risk has advanced \r\nsubstantially. AR6 assesses the serious, complex and cascading \r\nclimate risks unfolding across sectors and regions. These risks are \r\nshaped by many societal factors including cultural norms and social \r\npractice, socioeconomic development, underlying physical and social \r\nvulnerability, and societal responses themselves (Section  1.2.1.1). \r\nThroughout, there is increased attention to the important role of \r\ndifferent forms of knowledge, especially IK and LK, in the understanding \r\nand the management of the changing climate."


id: caa19741c3aa25e29a49332b5b0782c7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Greater understanding of climate-related risks is emerging; however, \r\nthere are important shortcomings in the information for some regions \r\nand sectors, and for developing versus developed countries. These risks \r\nassume significance in interaction with the cultures, values, ethics, \r\nidentities, experiences, and knowledge systems of affected communities \r\nand societies, as well as their governance, finances, capabilities and "


id: a66129dcd15776036011590395420ad3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"The key risk assessment conveys increasing urgency given the growing \r\nvisibility of climate change impacts in the current world (Sections 1.1; \r\n16.1). Representative key risks emerging across sectors and regions \r\ninclude risks to coastal socio-ecological systems and terrestrial and \r\nocean ecosystems; risks associated with critical infrastructure, networks \r\nand services; risks to living standards and human health; risks to food \r\nand water security; and risks to peace and migration (Section 16.5). \r\nCompared to the AR5, the emphasis on human dimensions of key \r\nclimate-related risks has continued and increased, for instance, the \r\npotentially severe impacts for cultural heritage (IPCC, 2014c; Pachauri \r\net  al., 2014; see also Section  16.4). These human dimensions are \r\nessential for understanding vulnerability, impacts and risks central to \r\nensuring human well-being, human security, sustainable development \r\nand poverty reduction in a changing climate."


id: c2002749c40c4ccd3d1db41fa9b62941
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content:
"This report evaluates key risks--potentially severe risks--meriting \r\nsociety's full attention globally and regionally across sectors, in order \r\nto inform judgements about dangerous anthropogenic interference \r\nwith the climate system (Oppenheimer et al., 2014; Mach et al., 2016; \r\nsee also Sections 16.1.2; 16.4; WGI Section 1.2.4.1). As described detail \r\nin Chapter 16, evaluation of key risks is based on expert judgement \r\napplied to all relevant lines of evidence, with a focus on the role of \r\nsocietal values in determining the importance of a risk. Specific criteria \r\nconsidered relate to the magnitude of adverse consequences, including \r\nthe potential for irreversibility, thresholds, or cascading effects; the \r\nlikelihood of adverse consequences; the timing of the risk; and the \r\nability to respond to the risk (Section 16.5.1)."


id: 6d225611aa9f3c42a8cae11dbb3cde8a
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"Figure 1.4 |  Increasingly complex climate-related risks. Risk results from interactions among the determinants of risk--hazard, vulnerability, and exposure, shaped by \r\nresponses--which can interact in complex ways. Different risks and responses can compound in single a) or multiple b) directions, cascade (e.g., with one event triggering another; \r\nc), and aggregate (e.g., with independent determinants of risks co-occurring; d). This complex nature of risk is central in the AR6 assessment. Figure adapted from Simpson et al. \r\n(2021)."


id: 1250d5be62bfdd00c1abc654ff117adf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"The AR6 assessment incorporates the inherently complex nature \r\nof climate risk, vulnerability, exposure and impacts, which include \r\nfeedbacks, cascades, non-linear behaviour and the potential for surprise \r\n(Figures 1.3; 1.4). Many different overlapping and complementary terms \r\nand methods are used to evaluate and understand complex climate risk \r\nrelevant to this report, such as aggregated, compounding or cascading \r\nrisks, all of which are considered here as relevant to complex climate \r\nrisk (Pescaroli and Alexander, 2018; Simpson et. al. 2021)."


id: b242e711f77d685b059c0c5955656075
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Another core area of complexity in climate risk is the behaviour \r\nof complex systems, which includes multiple stressors unfolding \r\ntogether, cascading or compounding interactions, and non-linear \r\nresponses and the potential for surprises (Kopp et  al., 2017; Clarke \r\net al., 2018; Yokohata et al., 2019). Risks and responses, including their \r\ndeterminants, can all interact dynamically in shaping the complexity \r\nof climate risk (Figure 1.4). The combined effects of multiple stressors \r\nor compound hazards and risks are unlikely to be assessed through "


id: c8c92dd2c66bc84d1aebd9b72d002de
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content:
"The dynamic nature of risk and its determinants is one important \r\ndimension of complexity. The risk of climate change impacts can be \r\nusefully understood as resulting from dynamic interactions among \r\nclimate-related hazards, the exposure and vulnerability of affected "


id: 66bbdf288081618c004f55b691911e6c
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Figure 1.5 |  Risk in IPCC assessment through time. (a) An explicit risk framing emerged in the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters \r\nto Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) and WGII AR5 (IPCC, 2014a, b). (b) In the current assessment, the role of responses in modulating the determinants of risk is a \r\nnew emphasis (the 'wings' of the hazard, vulnerability, and exposure 'propellers' represents the ways in which responses modulate each of these risk determinants). (c) As the risk \r\nassessment spans Working Groups, the differential role of risk determinants for risk related to impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability versus risk related to mitigation becomes an \r\nincreasingly important feature of climate risk assessment as well as management."


id: 90037bffbfc80cf26bba7f434b85ec0f
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content:
"responses, given limits to adaptation at sectoral and regional levels \r\n(Section 1.4, 16.1, 16.4). In some cases, the losses will be irreversible."


id: d74cf3ed659388d8e0c5b97f705b7bb3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35181
content:
"simple addition of the independent effects and instead require system \r\napproaches to understanding risk. While some components may cancel \r\neach other out, others may nonlinearly increase risk. Nonlinearities can \r\nresult from abrupt climate changes, tipping points or thresholds in \r\nresponses, alternative stable states, low-probability/high-consequence \r\noutcomes or events that cannot be predicted based on current \r\nunderstanding (WGI Section 1.4.4.3)."


id: 5c6d8f791e170d13be3ce7bac420e23e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Due to these complexities, the challenge of assessing risks of climate \r\nchange is not well bounded, will be framed differently by individuals \r\nand groups, involves large and deep uncertainties, and will have \r\nunclear solutions and pathways to solutions (Rittel and Webber, \r\n1973; Renn, 2008; see also Sections  1.5.2; 17.2.1). Challenges also \r\ninclude the degree to which time is running out, there is no central \r\nauthority, those seeking the solutions are also causing the problem, \r\nand the present is favoured over the future (Sun and Yang, 2016; see \r\nalso Section 17.2.1). Both the needs for and the limits to adaptation \r\nresponses fundamentally depend on progress achieved in reducing GHG \r\nemissions and limiting the magnitude of climate change that occurs, \r\ninterlinked with socioeconomic development trajectories and the many \r\nsocial and political factors shaping climate risks and responses."


id: 88d7a7149bf75e96b8050eece0596844
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Multiple, diverse sources of information underlie our understanding of \r\nclimate risks and response, including climate change science, diverse \r\nsocial sciences and IK and LK."


id: 1335d40563b9cc2f09eeef5ecf684fe0
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"transdisciplinary and hence utilises a variety of methods to derive new \r\nknowledge (Orlove et al., 2020)."


id: e0302345ee58e2da1fdddf15d015b73c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
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vector_id: 36690
content:
"Anthropogenic climate change is unequivocal and ongoing. The \r\ndetection of specific changes in the climate and their diverse impacts \r\non people and nature is advancing, with robust attribution of climate \r\nchange to GHG emissions as well as to other contributing factors (e.g., \r\nsocioeconomic development, land use change). In the AR6, advances \r\ninclude an increasing ability to link individual extreme weather \r\nand climate events to emissions of GHGs, increasing identification \r\nof impacts for societies and economies and strong linkages in the \r\nattribution methods across Working Groups (Cross-Working Group \r\nBox: ATTRIBUTION in Chapter 1)."


id: 3d869b2cf806ca2af77472d75811f624
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Impacts occurring today can be put into context through understanding \r\nof long-term changes on Earth, introduced in Cross-Chapter \r\nBox  PALEO in Chapter 1. Climate has always varied and changed \r\nin the past, and this change often caused substantial ecological, \r\nevolutionary and socioeconomic impacts. Adaptation of ecosystems \r\nand societies occurred through responses as diverse as migration to \r\nmass extinction. Humankind is at the verge of leaving the Holocene \r\nclimatic envelope, in which all human achievement since the advent \r\nof agriculture has occurred. In some systems, the changes and losses \r\nwill be irreversible."


id: 39f64b9b2afc9935ceb882ccbb902c11
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Such experience-based and practical knowledge is obtained over \r\ngenerations through observing and working directly within various \r\nenvironments. Knowledge may be place based and rooted in local \r\ncultures, especially when it reflects the beliefs of long-settled \r\ncommunities who have strong ties to their natural environments (Orlove \r\net al., 2010). Other times, knowledge may be embedded in institutions \r\nor oral traditions that mobilise them across contexts, for example, as \r\nmigrant populations bring their knowledge across different regions, \r\nand have global relevance. Scientific insights often confirm IK and LK \r\n(Ignatowski and Rosales, 2013), but IK and LK also provides specific, \r\nalternative ways to understand environmental change. This includes \r\ntacit and embodied aspects of knowledge (Mellegard and Boonstra, "


id: 88a9252013da31b06b0512ab5a14a296
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"These three areas are deeply embedded in the social sciences and reflect \r\nfundamental questions of how and why humans and their institutions \r\nact and respond (Chapter 17). In the past two decades, these basic \r\nissues have been applied to research of climate change, dynamic risk \r\nand adaptation. Underlying this analysis, particularly of root drivers, \r\nbarriers and enablers, are assertions regarding the foundational \r\nproperties of individual and collective behaviour (i.e., self-interest, \r\noptimisation, rationality, bounded rationality), how they are structured \r\nand how these properties can be revealed. This literature draws on \r\nseveral academic disciplines, including anthropology, economics, \r\ngeography, political science, psychology, sociology and urban studies. \r\nClimate change social science research is often interdisciplinary or "


id: 34dd1fee707a39b5e68258513468774b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"However, at the same time, they may have specific characteristics so \r\nthat they cannot be reduced to each other or subsumed by each other, \r\nand they all have relevance to understanding the interactions between \r\nsociety and climate (Bremer et al., 2019)."


id: 1856a7bb5214ec9c54f23cf0bc4594b1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"2020) that may be crucial to foster local action and that are not easily \r\ncaptured in scientific knowledge (including cultural indicators, scales and \r\ninterconnectedness between ecosystems). Multiple knowledge systems \r\n(i.e. IK, LK, disciplinary knowledge, technical expertise) may coevolve in \r\niterative and interactive processes whereby they influence each other. "


id: b9a3632533f39d6a5e512f340dbe58da
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Authors: Pandora Hope (Australia), Wolfgang Cramer (France/Germany), Maarten van Aalst (Netherlands), Greg Flato (Canada), Katja \r\nFrieler (Germany), Nathan Gillett (Canada/UK), Christian Huggel (Switzerland), Jan Minx (Germany), Friederike Otto (UK /Germany), \r\nCamille Parmesan (France/ UK /USA), Joeri Rogelj (UK /Belgium), Maisa Rojas (Chile), Sonia I. Seneviratne (Switzerland), Aimee Slangen \r\n(the Netherlands), Daithi Stone (New Zealand), Laurent Terray (France), Robert Vautard (France), Xuebin Zhang (Canada)"


id: eea195bc060f0d7c30eaf79259a65284
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Changes in the climate system are becoming increasingly apparent, as are the climate-related impacts on natural and human systems. Attri\u0002bution is the process of evaluating the contribution of one or more causal factors to such observed changes or events. Typical questions ad\u0002dressed by the IPCC are, for example: 'To what degree is an observed change in global temperature induced by anthropogenic GHG and aero\u0002sol concentration changes or influenced by natural variability?' or 'What is the contribution of climate change to observed changes in crop \r\nyields that are also influenced by changes in agricultural management?' Changes in the occurrence and intensity of extreme events can also \r\nbe attributed, addressing questions such as: 'Have human GHG emissions increased the likelihood or intensity of an observed heat wave?'"


id: 5de1fc22836f6859360f3e076e48715e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"This Cross-Working Group Box briefly describes why attribution studies are important. It also describes some new developments in the \r\nmethods used and provides recommendations for interpretation."


id: 85f201f8530f25387733cec770ece3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Attribution studies serve to evaluate and communicate linkages associated with climate change, for example: between the human-induced \r\nincrease in GHG concentrations and the observed increase in air temperature or extreme weather events (WGI Chapters 3, 10 and 11); or \r\nbetween observed changes in climate and changing species distributions and food production (e.g., Verschuur et al., 2021; WGII Chapter 2 \r\nand others, summarised in Chapter 16) or between climate change mitigation policies and atmospheric GHG concentrations (WGI Chapter 5; \r\nWGIII Chapter 14). As such, they support numerous statements made by the IPCC (IPCC, 2013; IPCC, 2014c; WGI Section 1.3, Appendix 1A)."


id: e0f1e2a34d5560a7b90b424996175ded
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Attribution assessments can also serve to monitor mitigation and assess the efficacy of applied climate protection policies (e.g., Nauels \r\net al., 2019; Banerjee et al., 2020; WGI Section 4.6.3), inform and constrain projections (Gillett et al., 2021; Ribes et al., 2021; WGI \r\nSection 4.2.3) or inform loss and damages estimates and potential climate litigation cases by estimating the costs of climate change \r\n(Huggel et al., 2015; Marjanac et al., 2017; Frame et al., 2020). These findings can thus inform mitigation decisions, as well as risk \r\nmanagement and adaptation planning (e.g., Climate & Development Knowledge Network, 2017)."


id: 2c0222073e258beca43588f742cf98e4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"There are many attribution approaches, and several methods are detailed below. In physical and biological systems, attribution often builds \r\non the understanding of the mechanisms behind the observed changes and numerical models are used, while in human systems other \r\nmethods of evidence-building are employed. Confidence in the attribution can be increased if more than one approach is used and the \r\nmodel is evaluated as fit for purpose (Hegerl et al., 2010; Vautard et al., 2019; Otto et al., 2020a; Philip et al., 2020; WGI Section 1.5). Finally, \r\nappropriate communication of the attribution assessment and the accompanying confidence in the result is needed (e.g., Lewis et al., 2019)."


id: 5fa2c2aa80fbe3dd7e2555c6cdabf05d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"Specific regional conditions and responses may simplify or complicate attribution on those scales. For example, some human forcings, \r\nsuch as regional land use change or aerosols, may enhance or reduce regional signals of change (Lejeune et al., 2018; Undorf et al., 2018; \r\nBoe et al., 2020; Thiery et al., 2020; see also WGI Sections 10.4.2; 11.1.6; 11.2.2). In general, regional climate variations are larger than \r\nthe variations in global mean climate, adding additional uncertainty to attribution (e.g., in regional sea level change, WGI Section 9.6.1). \r\nThese statistical limitations may be reduced by 'process-based attribution', focusing on the physical processes known to influence the \r\nresponse to external forcing and internal variability (WGI Section 10.4.2)."


id: b40c1c25e4778aa6e11f68194fbba7c9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"The attribution of observed changes to climate-related drivers across a diverse set of sectors, regions and systems is part of each chapter \r\nin the WGII contribution to the AR6 and is synthesised in WGII Chapter 16 (Section 16.2). The number of attribution studies on climate \r\nchange impacts has grown substantially since AR5, generally leading to higher confidence levels in attributing the causes of specific \r\nimpacts. New studies include the attribution of changes in socioeconomic indicators, such as economic damages due to river floods (e.g., \r\nSchaller et al., 2016; Sauer et al., 2021), the occurrence of heat-related human mortality (e.g., Vicedo-Cabrera et al., 2018; Sera et al., \r\n2020) or economic inequality (e.g., Diffenbaugh and Burke, 2019)."


id: c5e3d836bb961422422a5e8d7fde8cb5
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"Impact attribution does not always involve attribution to anthropogenic climate forcing. However, a growing number of studies include \r\nthis aspect (e.g., Diffenbaugh and Burke, 2019, for the attribution of economic inequality between countries; Frame et al., 2020, for the \r\nattribution of damages induced by Hurricane Harvey; or Schaller et al., 2016, for flood damages)."


id: 1ceea45ce453098337093906abb53be9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Authors: Wolfgang Kiessling (Germany, Chapter 3, Cross-Chapter Paper 1), Timothy A. Kohler (USA, Chapter 14), Wolfgang Cramer (France, \r\nChapter 1, Cross-Chapter Paper 4), Gusti Anshari (Indonesia, Chapter 2), Jo Skeie Hermansen (Norway, CA Chapter 1), Darrell S. Kaufman \r\n(USA, WG 1, Chapter 2), Guy Midgley (South Africa, Chapter 16), Nussaibah Raja (Mauritius, CA Chapter 3), Daniela N. Schmidt (UK/\r\nGermany, Chapter 13), Nils Chr. Stenseth (Norway, Chapter 1), Sukumar Raman (India, Chapter 1)"


id: 8947df1c5a86b211c596e19e2549086e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Understanding how Earth's biota have responded to past climate dynamics is essential to understanding current and future climate\u0002related risks, as well as the adaptive capacity and vulnerabilities of ecosystems and the human livelihoods depending on them. Here we \r\nassess climate impacts on long geological time scales (Cross-Chapter Box PALEO in Chapter 1, Figure PALEO.1), as well as for the last \r\n70 kyr of Homo sapiens' existence (Cross-Chapter Box PALEO in Chapter 1, Figure PALEO.2). Climate responses of natural and human \r\nsystems are intertwined through the physiological limits of wild animals, livestock, plants and humans, subject to a slow evolutionary \r\ndynamic (Portner, 2021; Sections 2.6.1; 3.3)."


id: 9751c96a42fe6895a510ac3ed725bb3f
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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"Organismic traits associated with extinctions during ancient climate changes help identify present-day vulnerabilities and conservation \r\npriorities (Barnosky et al., 2017; Calosi et al., 2019; Reddin et al., 2020; Chapters 2; 3; Cross-Chapter Paper 1). Marine invertebrates and \r\nfishes are at greater extinction risk in response to warming than terrestrial ones because of reduced availability of thermal refugia in \r\nthe sea (Pinsky et al., 2019) (high confidence). Terrestrial plants showed reduced extinction during past rapid warming compared to \r\nanimals (high confidence), although they readily adjusted their ranges and reorganised vegetation types (Yu et al., 2015; Lindstrom, 2016; \r\nHeimhofer et al., 2018; Slater et al., 2019; Huurdeman et al., 2021)."


id: 172ab7accba12624381492bef6ac76c1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Early human evolution (beginning ~2.1 Ma) occurred in a highly variable climate characterised by glacial-interglacial cycles. This \r\nvariability may have favoured key hominin adaptations such as bipedality, increased brain size, complex sociality, and more diverse \r\ntools (Potts, 1998; Potts et al., 2020) (medium confidence), but extinctions of five species of Homo have also been attributed partly \r\nto climate change (Raia et al., 2020) (low confidence). The 'out-of-Africa' dispersal of anatomically modern humans may have been \r\ndriven by climate variability ( Timmermann and Friedrich, 2016; Tierney et al., 2017) (medium confidence, low agreement). Most late \r\nPleistocene megafaunal extinctions are attributed to direct and indirect human impacts (Sandom et al., 2014), although some were \r\nlikely accelerated by climate change (Wan and Zhang, 2017; Westaway et al., 2017; Carotenuto et al., 2018; Saltre et al., 2019) (low \r\nconfidence)."


id: 1cb6205de88e764e93e2ecb28f47667
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"Figure Cross-Chapter Box PALEO.1 |  Biological responses to six well-known ancient rapid warming events (hyperthermals) over the last 300 million \r\nyears. Temperature anomalies (mean temperature difference to pre-industrial 1850-1900, solid orange curve) derived from climate modelling (300-66 Ma) (Haywood \r\net al., 2019) and deep-sea proxy data (66-0.1 Ma) (Hansen et al., 2013). Temperature peaks underneath the grey bars indicate well-known hyperthermals with temperature \r\nanomalies derived from temperature-sensitive proxy data (Foster et al., 2018). Error bars indicate uncertainties in peak warming events (ranges in the literature). Insets \r\nshow observed impacts to the biosphere. Q, Quaternary."


id: 3ae26a58cbacade978de7344920f6d2a
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content:
"Climate change not only impacts past ecosystems and societies but also the remains they have left. The progressive loss of archaeological \r\nand historical sites and natural archives of paleo environmental data (WGI Chapter 2) constitutes often-overlooked impacts of climate \r\nchange (Cross-Chapter Box SLR in Chapter 3; Anderson et al., 2017; Hollesen et al., 2018; Climate Change Cultural Heritage Working \r\nGroup International, 2019). These archives include peat bogs and coastal archives lost to sea level rise, droughts and fires, degradation \r\nthrough permafrost thaw, and dissolution. The ancient cultural diversity documented by such sites is an important resource for future \r\nadaptation (Rockman and Hritz, 2020; Burke et al., 2021). Since many of these sites constitute anchors for IK, their loss is not just data \r\nlost to science, it also interrupts intergenerational transmission of knowledge (Green et al., 2009)."


id: 80fca12012738804d061fb6792a1e71e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"Figure Cross-Chapter Box PALEO.2 |  Humankind is embarking on a trajectory beyond the global temperatures experienced since at least the advent \r\nof agriculture. Global surface temperature change for the last 70,000 years (relative to 1850-1900; data from WGI Chapter 2) alongside projections (with 5-95% \r\nrange; WGI Chapter 4) and major events in human societies. Global climatic parameters do not always capture regional variability of importance to specific societies. The \r\n'Orbis Spike' represents a pronounced dip in atmospheric CO2 from the Law Dome ice core (Antarctica) (MacFarling Meure et al., 2006) marking the globalisation in biota \r\nand trade of the Columbian Exchange and population declines and afforestation in the Americas. This, and the 1964 14C peak, have been suggested as possible markers \r\nfor the onset of the Anthropocene (Lewis and Maslin, 2015). Population trends from United Nations (2019)."


id: b34535d1741222824af3c2f3fced25be
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"IPCC, directly involve Indigenous researchers (Yumagulova et al., 2019) \r\nto ensure ethical and equitable engagement with IK. Such partnership \r\nwith and leadership of Indigenous Peoples on climate research is also \r\nconsistent with the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples \r\n(e.g., Bawaka Country et al., 2015; Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, 2018; Cross\u0002Chapter Box INDIG in Chapter 18)."


id: ff911738ea023acd42800b0887853853
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
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content:
"As climate change is a multi-scale phenomenon, from the local to the \r\nglobal, the assessment of climate risks and climate change impacts \r\nis strongly spatial, with a focus on regional climate change. The term \r\n'regions' is used in different ways throughout the AR6 assessment as \r\nthe use of the term varies across disciplines and context."


id: 59f14029a91ec7023d1d0a0be13eb749
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"First, there are chapters dedicated to regional assessment in AR6 \r\nWGII (Chapters 9-14 and Cross-Chapter Papers 4 and 6). Within \r\nthe content of these and other chapters of AR6, the term region \r\nis often used to describe continental and sub-continental regions, \r\noceanic regions, hemispheres, or more specific localities within these \r\ngeographic areas. Building on the continental domains defined in AR5 \r\nWGII and to ensure consistency with WGI Chapter 12 (Ranasinghe \r\net  al., 2021) and the WGI Atlas (Gutierrez et  al., 2021), AR6 WGII \r\nuses a continental set of regions, namely Africa, Asia, Australasia, \r\nEurope, North America, Central and South America, Small Islands, \r\nPolar Regions and the Ocean."


id: b693569413e921880823e7682bcf5b6b
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"Second, the term regions is used to categorise areas around the globe \r\nwith common topographical characteristics or biological characteristics. \r\nFor example, Chapter 2 introduces regions in its discussion of biomes, \r\nas in arid, grassland, savanna, tundra, tropical, temperate and boreal \r\nforested regions. Chapter 3 adds reference to an area's orientation \r\nwith bodies of water, using terms such as deltaic, coastal, intercoastal, \r\nfreshwater and salty. In addition, Cross-Chapter Paper 2 uses a \r\ncoastal region typology based on physical geomorphology considering \r\nelevation, coastal type and topography (see Cross-Chapter Paper 2, p. \r\n5; Barragan and de Andres, 2015; Kay and and Adler, 2017; Haasnoot \r\net al., 2019a)."


id: a8c2656083f493c3ae4c256f44708698
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"Third, CCPs are dedicated to typological regions, defined in the Annex \r\nII: Glossary as regions that share one or more specific features (known \r\nas 'typologies'), such as geographic location (e.g., coastal), physical \r\nprocesses (e.g., monsoons), biological (e.g., coral reefs, tropical forests, \r\ndeserts), geological (e.g., mountains) or anthropogenic (e.g., megacities), \r\nand for which it is useful to consider the common climate features. \r\nTypological regions are generally discontinuous (such as monsoon areas, \r\nmountains, deserts and megacities) and are specifically used to integrate \r\nacross similar climatological, geological and human domains."


id: caedce0158d327c855999e7c2467262c
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"Understanding climate risks across regions also requires consideration \r\nof the capabilities of developing countries and scientists across country \r\ncontexts in conducting climate assessments. Substantial unevenness \r\nof available climate observations, risks assessments and scientific \r\nliterature across regions and country capacities substantially challenges \r\na globally comprehensive assessment (Connelly et al., 2018)."


id: 23b3080065c853c9054e99dd2e9d8cd0
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content:
"It is very likely (90-100%) that the number\r\nof cold days and nights has decreased and \r\nthe number of warm days and nights has\r\nincreased on the global scale. "


id: ed17bdeb98ca3a8e12cb26785b8f6f46
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"Figure 1.6 |  The IPCC AR5 and AR6 framework for applying expert judgement in the evaluation and characterisation of assessment findings. This illustration \r\ndepicts the process assessment authors apply in evaluating and communicating the current state of knowledge. Guidance for the application of this framework is described in full \r\ndetail in Mastrandrea et al. (2010). In addition to scientific knowledge, IK and LK is central to understanding and acting effectively on climate risk (Section 1.3.2.3). The diagram \r\nin this figure is reproduced from Mach et al. (2017)."


id: 7a851750c6f1a291641b639fb0dcc04
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content:
"was increased comparability of assessment conclusions across the full \r\nspectrum of the physical science basis of climate change and resulting \r\nimpacts, risks and responses (Mach et al., 2017)."


id: d00678c65bff734b4af7ee7205511fe0
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"Since 1990, IPCC assessments have included designated terms and \r\nother approaches for communicating the expert judgements made \r\nby authors (Mastrandrea and Mach, 2011). The goal of such methods \r\nhas been consistent treatment of uncertainties in assessing and \r\ncommunicating the current state of knowledge. Because terms such \r\nas 'probable' or 'likely' hold very different meanings to different \r\npeople, a standardised approach is essential for enabling consistent \r\ninterpretation (WGI Section  1.2.3.1). Since its 2001 assessment, \r\nIPCC authors have applied common guidance on expert judgement \r\nacross the Working Groups (Moss and Schneider, 2000; IPCC, 2005). \r\nThe AR5, iteratively building from past IPCC guidance, was the first \r\nreport to apply a single framework consistently across the Working \r\nGroups and their diverse topics and associated disciplines (Figure 1.3; \r\nMastrandrea et al., 2010; Mastrandrea and Mach, 2011). The outcome "


id: d9e37b31722fb3ac50b166b7bc9445d3
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"This framework for expert judgement is again being applied in the AR6 \r\nand associated special reports in the assessment cycle (Mastrandrea \r\net  al., 2010; see also WGI Box  1.1). Under the framework, the \r\nassessment of scientific understanding and uncertainties begins with \r\nevaluation of evidence and agreement--especially the type, amount, \r\nquality and consistency of evidence and the degree of agreement \r\n(steps 1-3 in Figure 1.6). Evidence assessed can reflect observations, \r\nexperimental results, process-based understanding, statistical analyses \r\nor model outputs. Evidence is most robust when it consists of multiple \r\nlines of consistent, independent and high-quality evidence. The \r\ndegree of agreement considers the extent of established, competing \r\nor speculative explanations for a given topic or phenomenon across \r\nthe scientific community. Together, this evaluation of evidence and "


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"agreement forms a traceable account for each key finding in the \r\nassessment. Subsequently, the framework proceeds to evaluation of \r\nlevels of confidence, which integrate evidence and agreement (steps \r\n3-5 in Figure 1.6). Confidence reflects qualitative judgements of the \r\nvalidity of findings. It thereby facilitates, more readily, comparisons \r\nacross assessment conclusions. Increasing evidence and agreement \r\ncorresponds to increasing confidence (step 4 in Figure 1.6)."


id: 50543900c4e84a289968de86375bb637
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"AR6 highlights the concept of solutions, defined as effective, feasible \r\nand just means of reducing climate risk, increasing resilience and \r\npursuing other climate-related societal goals. This section introduces \r\nkey concepts used in this report to assess the goals associated with \r\nadaptation, its process and governance, its implementation, M&E and \r\nits limits."


id: ad9024a860e3fd8bc558cf1949e802f1
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"If uncertainties can be quantified, the framework involves a further \r\noption of characterising assessment findings with likelihood terms \r\nor more precise presentations of probability (steps 5-6 in Figure 1.6). \r\nThe relevant probabilities can pertain to single events or broader \r\noutcomes. Probabilistic judgements can be based on statistical or \r\nmodelling analyses, elicitation of expert views or other quantitative \r\nanalyses. Where appropriate, authors can present probability more \r\nprecisely with complete probability distributions or percentile ranges, \r\nalso considering tails of distributions important for risk management. \r\nUsually, likelihood assignments are underpinned by high or very high \r\nconfidence in the findings."


id: 8513000b0cf2cf1bc88ae26335f41fbc
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"The term 'solutions' has various synonyms used across this and previous \r\nIPCC reports, including options, measures, actions and responses. All \r\ndenote policies, technologies, processes, investments or other activities \r\nundertaken in reaction to or with the intent of addressing some aspect \r\nof climate change (Chapter 17). The term 'solutions' has drawbacks, \r\nsuggesting a finality, that is, the problem is solved. Solving climate \r\nchange in this sense is not likely for the foreseeable future. In addition, \r\nthe word 'solutions' sometimes denotes a narrow set of responses, \r\nsuch as 'technical solution', as opposed to more wide-ranging actions \r\nthat might be involved in a transition to resilience. Nonetheless, AR6 \r\nhighlights the term 'solutions' because, compared to these other terms, \r\nwhen acted upon or incorporated in policy, it denotes effectiveness \r\nand some degree of progress at achieving desired goals."


id: 3396c8c942378bf66192a2213b21986e
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"Confidence is often most applicable in characterising key findings in \r\nWGII assessment (Mach et al., 2017). This tendency results from the \r\ndiverse lines of evidence across disciplines relevant to climate change \r\nimpacts, adaptation and vulnerability. By contrast, likelihood is more \r\ncommon in WGI assessment."


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"Assessing successful adaptation is, however, difficult (Cross-Chapter \r\nBox ADAPT in Chapter 1). WGIII Section  1.6 summarises four broad \r\nanalytic frameworks--aggregate efficiency, ethics and equity, transition \r\ndynamics, and psychology and politics--relevant to mitigation and \r\nconcludes that failure to integrate understanding across them has \r\nbeen a fundamental reason for inadequate progress to date in reducing \r\nGHG emissions. While the four analytic frameworks used in WGIII also \r\nall contribute to the understanding of adaptation, an integrated view \r\nremains elusive because adaptation differs strongly from mitigation. In \r\nparticular, the goals of adaptation are harder to define and measure \r\nthan those for mitigation. The feasibility, effectiveness and success of \r\nmany adaptation actions depend more strongly on context. A different, \r\noften more diffuse, set of actors are involved, and it is often hard to \r\ndistinguish what activities count as adaptation."


id: d9cbf41095e8543552ee4085e7930fa6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35613
content:
"Given these challenges, this report provides an assessment of adaptation \r\nsolutions based on the attributes justice, feasibility and effectiveness, \r\nas shown in Figure 1.7."


id: 59ed22d3eec488f8045e4745880053cb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13068
content:
"A solution is just when its outcomes, the process of implementing the \r\naction and the process of choosing the action respects principles of \r\ndistributive, procedural and recognitional justice (Section  1.4.1.1). \r\nAny assessment of justice depends on an understanding of potential \r\noutcomes of alternative options (Chapter 16), as well as processes \r\nof decision making (Chapter 17). Consideration of justice necessarily \r\nintroduces normative elements into any assessment of what constitutes \r\na solution."


id: 36caebebe1570e6e88af8848731583d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6865
content:
"A solution is effective to the extent it reduces climate risk. Effectiveness \r\ncan refer to whether an adaptation-related action reduces risk \r\n(Section 1.4.1.2; Chapter 16) or the extent to which an action achieves its \r\nintended outcomes within a stated time frame (Chapter 17). Effectiveness \r\ncan also include measures of economic efficiency, assessment of net "


id: 4d9ed61bb1f2e255363f470077d7b127
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10935
content:
"hes. ebidrpinanen, arvemibepenepsanned\nreese een eee aera\nSee ee\norhlashstalnnciaad de trnheenyieitil\n\f"


id: 7098465df3ffeb4b8d583864673a5f44
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17066
content:
"pelts alr lhl te ar rier daa\nSeeger eee Ven\nren att er ec eee\nPee eens\n\nMee cee eet ee ca\npoyrnior topes. pentrant\n\f"


id: 49f635d4c6f43a0205ffd3fafa21f4c2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10257
content:
"Figure 1.7 |  Assessing adaptation solutions and success. A solution is defined as an adaptation option which is effective, feasible and conforms to principles of justice. \r\nThese attributes can be assessed ex ante during adaptation planning. During implementation, the overall success of a response can be judged via monitoring and evaluation of \r\nthese attributes. Adaptation unfolds as an iterative learning process of assessment, implementation, monitoring, adjustment and learning. A set of responses is adequate to the \r\nextent that they sufficiently reduce climate risk to levels considered tolerable. Adaptation may not fully avoid residual risks, but the more adequate the response, the less residual \r\nrisk remains. Adaptation also has limits beyond which it is no longer possible to avoid intolerable risks and impacts."


id: d7664a39b655f798f0653b348bf38dcf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35200
content:
"A solution is feasible to the extent it is considered possible and \r\ndesirable, taking into consideration barriers, enablers, synergies \r\nand trade-offs (Section 1.4.2). AR6 assesses the feasibility of a wide \r\nrange of adaptation options (Cross-Chapter Box  FEASIB in Chapter \r\n18), building on the approach of the SR1.5 report, which uses five \r\ndimensions of feasibility: geophysical, environmental-ecological, \r\ntechnological, economic, sociocultural, institutional. In addition, \r\nfeasibility can also refer to a specific set of actions, so that feasibility \r\nin any particular situation may depend on specific conditions of \r\ngovernance capacity, financial capacity, public opinion, interest "


id: 44f20e492dfc2c99d341235b0fd6a80e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 9359
content:
"benefits over costs and the extent to which an action enhances broader \r\nand multi-dimensional measures of societal well-being (Section 1.4.1.2). \r\nAssessments of effectiveness will often involve uncertainty, which may \r\naffect judgements about the comparative effectiveness and justice \r\nof alternative options (Chapters 16; 17; Cross-Chapter Box  DEEP in \r\nChapter 17). Assessment of effectiveness also involves consideration of \r\nmaladaptation (Section 1.4.2.4) in which an action, often inadvertently, \r\nincreases risk or vulnerability for some or all affected individuals or \r\ncommunities."


id: 573366b2fa52bc80015525bb72d75e67
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12594
content:
"climate justice compared to general scholarship and debate on justice \r\nprinciples (Chu and Michael, 2018; Benjaminsen et al., 2021)."


id: 90e66ad53a7e86b57374ed4d5aa8e755
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:21:46
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22703
content:
"group pressure, and the distribution of political and economic power \r\n(Chapter 17). For instance, a particular jurisdiction may find either \r\nof two options feasible when implemented alone but might lack the \r\ncapacity to implement them both at the same time. Feasibility can be \r\na context-dependent and time-varying attribute. Many solutions, for \r\ninstance those that seek to unlock financing or build public support for \r\ncertain actions, aim at increasing the feasibility of future adaptation \r\nresponses (Sections 1.4.2; 1.5)."


