# document

id: b23fcd868fee604f1707044b642df5c4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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"[...] of validation (Cai et al., 2018). Using countries as a unit of analysis \r also masks significant sub-national variation (Otto et  al., 2015; \r Mohammadpour et  al., 2019). Individual indices therefore 'fail to \r convene a robust guidance for policy makers' (Muccione et al., 2017: \r 4) and should not present the sole basis for policy decisions (Brooks \r et al., 2005; Leiter and Pringle, 2018). Due to their limitations (Singh \r et  al., 2017), the OECD suggests that indices are primarily used for \r 'initiating discussion and stimulating public interest' (OECD, 2008: 13)."


id: c3f83083bcbb451f1b098e61e8a0f43c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"developing national adaptation M&E systems, although less than half \r are yet reporting on implementation (Leiter, 2021b; Table 17.8). Country\u0002specific adaptation M&E systems vary considerably regarding their \r legal mandate, purpose, content, involved actors and types of reporting \r (Hammill et al., 2014a; EEA, 2015; Leiter, 2015; Leiter et al., 2017a; EEA, \r 2020). In most cases, they focus primarily on monitoring implementation \r rather than assessing outcomes, although some are linked to national \r climate risk or vulnerability assessments (e.g., in Germany and the UK) \r (EEA, 2018). At least 15 countries have published evaluations of national \r adaptation plans which help inform the development of successive \r adaptation plans or strategies (Table 17.8). Nevertheless, there is only \r limited empirical evidence of the ability of M&E systems to facilitate \r action or increase the level of ambition of revised policies. More research \r [...]"


id: a2d39652966642b5073fb86f3d4925b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25864
content:
"[...] is needed to determine the quality of national adaptation M&E systems \r and how well they support the policy cycle."


id: e5cb09098afe91174e092925fddec7d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37734
content:
"Tracking adaptation finance requires defining what counts as \r adaptation. Different definitions can lead to large variations in the \r estimated amount of adaptation finance (Donner et  al., 2016; Hall, \r 2017). A further challenge is how to account for adaptation that is \r mainstreamed, that is, where adaptation-specific investments form \r only part of a larger programme or budget line, or where actions \r contribute to adaptation without being labelled as adaptation. These \r challenges limit the direct comparability between adaptation and \r mitigation finance (UNFCCC, 2019a). In fact, tracking adaptation \r finance differs from tracking mitigation finance since activities cannot \r be a priori assumed to constitute adaptation but instead have to be \r assessed for their linkage to climate risks in a particular context (MDBs \r & IDFC, 2018). Methods for adaptation finance tracking continue to be \r further developed aiming at better comparability and completeness \r [...]"


id: 612b4b99ad446555dbc51e02aa2e521c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14393
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"Various methods are used to track adaptation finance, which makes \r comparisons between adaptation finance figures challenging (UNFCCC \r SCF, 2018; Weikmans and Roberts, 2019). For example, multi-lateral \r development banks use a different methodology than countries do \r under the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (Box 17.4; \r MDBs, 2019). One of the differences concerns the treatment of partially \r adaptation-relevant projects, namely whether only parts or the full \r amount of a given project volume are counted as adaptation finance (see, \r e.g., MDBs, 2019). Under the OECD DAC methodology, countries often \r use a fixed percentage (e.g., 50% of the total project value), whereas \r the MDB methodology attempts for a project-specific estimation of the \r adaptation-relevant proportion (MDBs & IDFC, 2018). Another aspect is \r whether tracking distinguishes between financial instruments, such as \r grants or loans. Different accounting rules can lead to large differences \r [...]"


id: 927f017acb9b792392acc93348beefde
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] in reported amounts of adaptation finance and to a lack of comparability \r between providers (Weikmans and Roberts, 2019). Studies identified an \r over-reporting (i.e., counting non-adaptation-related finance) by a factor \r of two to three, which suggests the need for a more consistent and \r transparent accounting system (Weikmans et al., 2017; CARE, 2021)."


id: fece356db774b1e8349d28499318b515
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
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"While more than 170 countries have policies that address adaptation (Nachmany et al., 2019b; Section 17.4.2), very few have operational \r frameworks to track and evaluate implementation and results (Leiter, 2021a; Section 17.5.2.4). In Europe, for example, most countries have \r adopted a national adaptation plan or strategy, but only few are tracking whether ambitions are realised (EEA, 2020; Section 13.11.2). \r Moreover, climate risks are interconnected across scales, regions and sectors (Eakin et al., 2009; Challinor et al., 2017; Cross-Chapter \r Box INTERREG in Chapter 16; Hedlund et al., 2018) (high confidence), complicating causal attribution. National assessments of progress \r usually do not assess private sector and non-governmental adaptation and barely account for climate risks that transcend across borders, \r for example through supply chains or shared ecosystems (EEA, 2018; Benzie and Persson, 2019). In addition, adaptation action in one \r [...]"


id: c7b488ca8a557dc023af503e8782cdcf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] place or time can potentially lead to negative effects elsewhere (externalities) (Magnan and Ribera, 2016; Atteridge and Remling, 2018; \r 17.5.1). Hence, determining the collective adequacy and effectiveness (see Figure 1.7 in Chapter 1) of adaptation responses is different \r from simple aggregates of national and sub-national information (UNEP, 2017)."


id: 4abfbb8f0c6f7203bb4d907a100fa34b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Global assessments typically require global availability of consistent data, be they quantitative or qualitative, which has proven to be a \r constraining factor for attempts to assess global adaptation (high confidence). For example, many countries face difficulties in reporting \r adequately on progress in implementing the Sendai Framework and risk-related SDGs (UNDRR, 2019: vi). The availability of data also \r influences which variables can be eventually selected in an assessment. This limitation can affect the ability to meet the initial objectives \r and lead to biases in the framing and interpretation of assessment outcomes. For some variables, an alternative to relying on nationally \r provided data can be to develop new global data sets (Magnan and Chalastani, 2019) or utilise data from Earth Observation (Andries \r et al., 2018). Adaptation is hence faced with a dilemma between globally available yet generic data and regionally or locally more \r [...]"


id: 125d88ffa9a1a55871b5028702dfc405
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content_type: text
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"Conclusion--Combining approaches for assessing adaptation progress at the global level\r Understanding to what extent the world is on track to adapt to climate change impacts and risks globally is a pressing question in scientific \r and policy communities, especially in light of the Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement. Important considerations for a robust \r assessment framework (e.g., consistency), as well as the associated scientific challenges (e.g., aggregation, externalities, breadth versus \r depth of data) and the role of underlying objectives (e.g., on the contested issue of comparability) are increasingly understood (high \r confidence). There is also a growing and diverse body of information on adaptation progress, although most assessments of global progress \r undertaken to date focus on processes and outputs (e.g., policies and plans) rather than outcomes (i.e., risk reduction). A variety of approaches \r [...]"


id: 81fbfee9b202a50bd4e6ba454b966492
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] and data sources are employed, such as systematic reviews of observed adaptation, formal communications by Parties to the UNFCCC, and "


id: 6af9640fdf4d78056d6a65f8d8bafd4e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"project documents to international funding agencies. Novel approaches, including big data tools (Ford et al., 2016; Biesbroek et al., 2020), \r are also being explored but still have to prove their practical value. Each approach and source of information can contribute additional \r knowledge, but also demonstrates limitations, so that there is no single 'best' approach (high confidence). Yet, to date, the international \r community has not sufficiently explored the relative strengths and weaknesses of different approaches and their applicability and, therefore, \r their potential synergies in complementing each other. Triangulated assessments have only rarely been applied (high confidence) due to \r multiple conceptual and methodological challenges, despite their potential for increasing the robustness of knowledge. One overarching \r conclusion of this Cross-Chapter Box therefore is that the combination of different approaches will provide a more comprehensive picture of \r [...]"


id: 8eb0fe30c8f3024f77724f0af5ce9c45
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] global adaptation progress than is currently available from individual approaches (limited evidence, high agreement)."


id: 37d9fc42140c011008ff88437a27287c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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"Actions to ameliorate a climate risk have consequences beyond the \r immediate effects on exposure or vulnerability to a hazard. They may \r aim to combat many risks, could adversely interact with other risks and \r actions, or may be nested within a suite of actions across many risks. \r Some actions may have negative consequences for climate resilient \r development. In this broader context, the effectiveness of adaptations \r for supporting climate resilient development is now better articulated \r (Box 17.1). Importantly, adaptations need to be designed to not only \r combat current and future climate risks but also ensure that they \r do not lock in undesirable pathways in the future as risks develop \r and change (very high confidence) (Sections  17.2, 17.3.1, 17.5). \r Effective management of climate risks will therefore be dependent \r on satisfactorily managing current climate risks (Boxes 17.1, 17.2, \r 17.5), coupled with assessing prognoses for future climate risks, and \r [...]"


id: 62288acb0cf2e50339d12d58a6d19246
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] developing responses in advance for reducing those risks to tolerable \r residual levels (very high confidence) (Sections  1.4, 1.6, 16.6, 17.2, \r Box 16.1; e.g., water risks, Section 4.7.1). The dynamic nature of risk \r (Viner et al., 2019; Simpson et al., 2021; Sections 16.3, 16.6) also means \r that the contribution of current adaptations to ameliorating future \r risks needs to be regularly reviewed (high confidence) (Section 17.5.2). \r Across the Working Group II report are examples of how managing \r adaptations to ameliorate climate risks can negatively or positively \r affect sustainable development, thereby impacting the potential for \r climate resilient development discussed in Chapter 18. Drawing on the \r assessment of sectoral and regional chapters in this report, this section \r examines three broad components for orienting decision-making for \r climate adaptation towards climate resilient development."


id: dc241eada975ce07a5ba946b1a7a40e1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"The complex, interacting and compounding nature of climate risks \r means that single risks cannot be managed in isolation (very high \r confidence) (Section 16.5, Figure 16.11; Section 17.3.2; Nhamo et al., \r 2018), including accounting for potential risks arising from adaptations \r (Simpson et al., 2021). Regional examples of needs for cross-sectoral \r integrated management include the water-energy-food nexus in Africa \r (Section 10.5.1), Asia (Section 10.6.3), Australasia (Section 11.6), Europe \r (Section 13.2.2) and North America (Table 14.8), and ecosystem-oriented \r adaptations and/or nature-based solutions, in Africa (Section  9.6.5), \r Asia (Section 10.4.2), Australasia (Box 11.4, Section 11.3.5), Central and \r South America (Section 12.5.1), Europe (Section 13.3.2), North America \r (Section 14.6.1, Box 14.3) and Small Islands (Section 15.5.4). The cross\u0002sectoral interactions within humans systems, including impacts on cities, \r [...]"


id: 9e66d5434ef1eaeb6773098c42992bff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] settlements and infrastructure, are reflected in those subjects as well as \r for health in Africa (Section 9.10.2), Asia (Section 10.4.5), Australasia "


id: 8517ae4d953ade7bceee7a508d7f9c4e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) submitted to the UNFCCC have \r been reviewed for quality by Woodruff and Regan (2019). In their \r review, Woodruff and Regan used a number of indicators grouped \r within established 'quality principles'. They found that the plans \r were more oriented at the strategic level or at the level of specific \r projects rather than identifying methods for resolving cross-sectoral \r or cross-jurisdictional interactions or issues (medium confidence). \r A key recommendation from their review and supported by other \r studies (e.g., Abutaleb et al., 2018) is that plans would be improved \r greatly by having inputs from multiple government agencies and \r multiple sectors (medium confidence), which could provide the basis \r for planning and review of integrated adaptation. Also, the plans need \r greater attention to implementation (Sections 9.4.1, 11.8, 13.11.2), \r and the identification of metrics by which success (Section  17.5.1) \r [...]"


id: 3788507d89903513f0c3dfdd8d0c3da6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] and performance can be measured (Cross-Chapter Box PROGRESS in \r this Chapter), a common issue for adaptation planning generally (e.g., \r Sections 12.5.2.6, 17.5)."


id: abd7955924ede2856c9e85d75c620a39
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"depend on appropriate enabling conditions, including institutional \r support and capacity, available financial resources and knowledge, \r and suitable conditions for stakeholder participation (high confidence) \r (Section  17.4). The current levels of uncertainty surrounding the \r effectiveness of many adaptation options (Section  17.5.2; Cross\u0002Chapter Box  PROGRESS in this Chapter) means that decision\u0002making approaches applicable to deep uncertainty (Cross-Chapter \r Box  DEEP in this Chapter; Section  17.3.1) will apply in many if not \r most cases (medium confidence). An early step in identifying suitable \r integrated pathways for managing climate risks, establishing 'no \r regrets' anticipatory options in a timely manner, and avoiding path \r dependencies is to jointly map the steps for adapting to sectoral \r risks and determine suitable ways to avoid maladaptations arising \r (high confidence) (Section 17.3.1, Cross-Working Group Box URBAN \r [...]"


id: 4f84b7a81dd99a624c70ee415ac071eb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] in Chapter 6 and Cross-Chapter Boxes DEEP in this Chapter). \r The application of Dynamic Adaptive Pathway planning has been \r successfully used in this way in Australasia (Section 11.7.3) and Europe \r (Sections 13.6.2.2, 13.10.2) (Lawrence et al., 2019a; Haasnoot et al., \r 2020a). Current experience suggests that synergies between sectors \r can save resources and effort (limited evidence) (Section  13.11.2). \r Iterative processes can then enhance adaptation programmes by \r including more detailed modelling, and updated knowledge as the \r experience is acquired (Section 17.3.1)."


id: a6981b8e798201a7973fba02f828ee49
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Guidelines, instruments and resources to identify options for managing risks, and support decisions on the most \r suitable course of actions to take, can be collectively referred to as decision-support frameworks. These can include \r data services, decision-support tools, processes for making decisions and methods for monitoring and evaluating \r progress and success.  Data services enable the identification, location and timing of risks that could manifest \r with negative impacts, as well as potential opportunities.  Often, these are termed 'climate services' and assist \r with mapping hazards and how they are changing. Decision-support tools range from qualitative approaches to \r determining overlap of areas of concern with those hazards in the future, to more quantitative and dynamic \r simulation approaches that enable dynamic stress-testing of adaptation options and strategies to determine if \r [...]"


id: 3fb7159eb453abfc311cd9afba484b56
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] proposed plans for adapting to the future could be successful. An important consideration is whether options for \r risk management or capitalisation on opportunities will limit options and flexibility for responding to unforeseen \r events in the future. If these options have a negative effect on other areas of concern, then they could be identified \r in these planning scenarios as maladaptations, and therefore avoided."


id: a4189f1ad3ccc1a09bcf8e57ac0b06cf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Decision-support frameworks are most successful when they are iterative, integrative and consultative. Rather \r than a single decision be made, and an action taken, there are processes for making the best decision possible, \r then monitoring progress towards delivering a successful outcome. Given a set of suitable indicators with regular \r monitoring, decisions can be revised, updated or changed as the future unfolds and foundations for the original \r decision tested. This is important because climate responses need to be initiated well in advance of them being \r needed due to the time required to implement suitable responses. These forward-looking approaches allow errors \r to occur and corrections made before problems arise. They also enable action to be taken without having to wait \r for the circumstances to arise, which if this were to occur could result in only limited reactions being available \r [...]"


id: a0b713375196328f1fcf353787edbdc7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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vector_id: 25481
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"[...] and the outcomes then dependent upon recovery from events rather than proactive planning and avoidance of \r events. Integrated approaches to risk management are available to help manage portfolios of interacting risks, \r including the potential for compounding and cascading risks when climate-related events arise."


id: 1d8ba49c4166f48e5e5ac18798cc62b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2380
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"In a warming world, incremental adaptation, that is, proven standard measures of adaptation, will not always suffice \r to adjust to the negative impacts from climate change leading to substantial residual risks and, in some cases, the \r breaching of adaptation limits; transformational adaptation, involving larger system-wide change (as compared \r with in-system change), will increasingly be necessary as a complement for helping individuals and communities to \r cope with climate change. As an example of incremental adaptation, a farmer may decide to use drought-tolerant \r crops to deal with increasing occurrences of heatwaves. With further warming and increases in heatwaves and \r drought, however, the impacts of climate change may necessitate the consideration of system-wide change, such \r as moving to an entirely new agricultural system in areas where the climate is no longer suitable for current \r [...]"


id: ea1dc597c10af2d6fdc11e045f78f49d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38541
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"[...] practices, or switching to livestock rearing. Where on-site adaptation becomes infeasible and pull factors exist, the \r farming households may decide to seek employment in other sectors, which may also lead to migration for work. \r As another example, physical protection through sea walls to stop coastal flooding is a proven adaptation measure. \r With further projected flooding due to increasing sea level rise attributable to climate change transformational \r city planning, that would systemically change how flood water is managed throughout the whole city, potentially \r requiring deeper institutional, structural and financial support. Also, the deliberate relocation of settlements \r (managed retreat) is seeing attention in the face of increasingly severe coastal or riverine flooding in some regions. \r While transformational adaptation is increasingly being considered in theory and planning, implementation is only \r beginning to see attention."


id: 634646d0b51af4d3c264e5b21daad850
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14760
content:
"A warming climate brings along increasing risks, part of which can be reduced or insured. What remains is called \r residual risks and needs to be retained by households, the private and public sectors. People living in conflict-affected \r areas benefit only marginally from adaptation investments by governments, private sector or other institutions. \r These people bear most of the changing climate risks themselves. Higher-income countries generally have invested \r heavily in structural adaptation to make sure people are not exposed to extreme events (e.g., dykes) and have \r developed a variety of private or public insurance systems to finance the risk of the most rare or extreme events. In \r other, middle- or lower-income countries, these very extreme events are less likely to be insured, and the impacts \r are borne by the most vulnerable people. Absent risk reduction or insurance, coping with residual risks generally \r [...]"


id: f1148a51b9d3c843e66aecd14543cad6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] means reducing consumption (e.g., food) or drawing down assets (selling machinery, houses, etc.), which all can \r bring along longer-term adverse developmental implications. Adaptation investments in low-income countries tend \r to focus more heavily on increasing capacity and reducing vulnerability; people remain exposed to the changing \r climate risks and bear the burden of reacting and responding."


id: 130bf448377b5b01609e898358a79ea9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
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"Conceptually, the opposite of successful adaptation is maladaptation, that is, when adaptation responses produce \r unintended negative side effects such as exacerbating or shifting vulnerability, increasing risk for certain people \r or ecosystems, or increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Among the adaptation options assessed in this report \r (Figure  FAQ17.5.1), physical infrastructure along coasts (e.g., sea walls) has the highest risk for maladaptation \r over time through negative side effects on ecosystem functioning and coastal livelihood opportunities. However, \r such adaptations may appear valuable in the short and even longer term for already densely populated urban \r coasts, demonstrating that an adaptation can be differently judged based on the context it is implemented in \r (Figure FAQ17.5.1). Many other adaptation options have a larger potential to contribute to successful adaptation \r [...]"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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vector_id: 33802
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"[...] (Figure FAQ17.5.1), such as nature restoration, providing social safety nets and changing diets/minimising food \r waste."


id: 623d062ffaaaa323ce5d775a0e381996
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14559
content:
"Tracking progress, in particular outcomes and impacts of adaptation, involves a number of challenges. First, to \r determine progress over time, risk and vulnerability assessments need to be repeated at least once after starting an \r adaptation process. This is rarely done, as it demands resources that are usually not factored into the adaptation \r response. Second, attributing changes in climate risks and vulnerabilities to the adaptation response is often difficult \r due to other influencing factors, such as socioeconomic development over time. Expected causal relationships \r between responses and their outcomes should already be outlined during the adaptation planning phase, for \r example by mapping the way from activities to outcomes, and they should be monitored during implementation. \r Third, as adaptation can occur in multiple forms and target multiple temporal and spatial scales, the engagement of \r [...]"


id: f0188be9511554b0613f2d213e583a35
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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vector_id: 39625
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"[...] a diversity of stakeholders is vital to understanding how responses enable adaptation and adaptation success across \r vulnerable groups. Although stakeholder engagement can be time intensive and costly, in particular when reaching \r out to populations that are usually not part of policy and planning processes, it can support evaluating co-benefits \r and trade-offs of adaptation responses. Consideration and analysis of co-benefits and trade-offs along with a focus \r on short, medium and long time horizons of adaptation goals, which is usually possible through flexible and strong \r institutions, facilitate successful adaptation and reduce the likelihood of maladaptation."


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Contributing Authors: Paulina Aldunce (Chile), Aditya Bahadur (India), Natalia Barbosa de \r Carvalho (Brazil), Ritwika Basu (India), Nick Brooks (UK), Donald A. Brown (USA), Anna Carthy \r (Ireland), Vanesa Castan Broto (Spain/UK), Ralph Chami (USA), John Cook (USA), Daniel de Berredo \r Viana (Brazil), Frode Degvold (Norway), Shekoofeh Farahmend (Iran), Roger Few (UK), Gianfranco \r Gianfrate (France), H. Carina Keskitalo (Sweden), Florian Krampe (Germany/Sweden), Rinchen \r Lama (South Africa), Julia Leventon (Czech Republic/UK), Rebecca McNaught (New Zealand), Yu \r Mo (China/UK), Marianne Mosberg (Norway), Michelle Mycoo (Trinidad and Tobago), Johanna \r Nalau (Australia/Finland), Karen O'Brien (Norway), Meg Parsons (New Zealand), Alain Safa \r (France), Majid Sameti (Iran), Zoha Shawoo (Pakistan/UK), Marcus Taylor (Canada/UK), Mark G.L. \r Tebboth (UK), Bejoy K. Thomas (India), Kirsten Ulsrud (Norway), Saskia Werners (the Netherlands/\r [...]"


id: 11201d2598f5fff5ec84c7dce8e5fcba
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"exacerbate injustices, as well as constrain the implementation of \r CRD for all (very high confidence). Climate change intensifies existing \r vulnerability and inequality, with adverse impacts of climate change on \r the most vulnerable groups, including women and children in low-income \r households, Indigenous or other minority groups, small-scale producers \r and fishing communities, and low-income countries (high confidence). \r Most vulnerable regions and population groups, such as in East, Central \r and West Africa, South Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia, and Central \r America, present the most urgent need for adaptation (high confidence) \r {Chapters 10, 12, 15}. Climate justice initiatives explicitly address \r these multi-dimensional distributional issues as part of climate change \r adaptation. However, adaptation strategies can worsen social inequities, \r including gender, unless explicit efforts are made to change those \r [...]"


id: b24ce2848a4d7fddf8849fdfc2a2337f
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"[...] unequal power dynamics, including spaces to foster inclusive decision \r making. Drawing upon Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge can \r contribute to overcoming the combined challenges of climate change, \r food security, biodiversity conservation, and combating desertification \r and land degradation. {Section 18.2; Cross-Chapter Box GENDER; Cross\u0002Chapter Box INDIG}"


id: a1ef78d6fa698fc24283936044199fe9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Climate resilient development (CRD) is a process of implementing \r greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation options to support \r sustainable development for all {Section  18.1}. Climate action \r and sustainable development are interdependent processes and \r climate resilient development is possible when this interdependence is \r leveraged. Pursuing these goals in an integrated manner increases their \r effectiveness in enhancing human and ecological well-being. Climate \r resilient development can help build capacity for climate action, \r including contributing to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, \r while enabling the implementation of adaptation options that enhance \r social, economic and ecological resilience to climate change as the \r prospect of crossing the 1.5degC global warming level in the early 2030s \r approaches (WGI Table SPM1). For example, incorporating clean energy \r generation, healthy diets from sustainable food systems, appropriate \r [...]"


id: 200edcd97944df3e49eecefd028ba7d0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] urban planning and transport, universal health coverage and social \r protection, can generate substantial health and well-being co-benefits \r (very high confidence1\r ) {Section 7.4.4, Cross-Chapter Box HEALTH in \r Chapter 7}. Similarly, universal water and energy access can help to \r reduce poverty and improve well-being while making populations less \r vulnerable and more resilient to adverse climate impacts (very high \r confidence) {Section 18.1, Box 4.7}."


id: 36787e4f71f77c0318e11e64e6fc9cfd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Opportunities for climate resilient development vary by location \r (very high confidence). Over 3.3 billion people live in regions that are \r very high and highly vulnerable to climate change, while 2 billion people \r live in regions with low and very low vulnerability. Response to global \r greenhouse gas emissions trajectories, regional and local development \r pathways, climate risk exposure, socioeconomic and ecological \r vulnerability, and the local capacity to implement effective adaptation \r and greenhouse gas mitigation options, differ depending on local \r contexts and conditions {Table 18.3}. As an example, underlying social \r and economic vulnerabilities in Australasia exacerbate disadvantage \r among particular social groups and there is deep under-investment \r in adaptation, given current and projected risks {Chapter 11}. There \r is also significant regional heterogeneity in climate change, exposure \r and vulnerability, indicating different starting points for CRD, as well \r [...]"


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"[...] as mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development opportunities, \r synergies and trade-offs {Section 18.5}."


id: f160c44d48fa56783bf392517e176e04
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"Current development pathways, combined with the observed \r impacts of climate change, are leading away from, rather \r than towards, sustainable development, as reported in recent \r literature (moderate agreement, robust evidence). While \r demonstrable progress has been made on some of the Sustainable \r Development Goals (SDGs), significant gains across a range of targets \r are still necessary, as is enhancing synergies and balancing and \r managing trade-offs. Severe risks to natural and human systems are \r already observed in some places (high confidence) and could occur in \r many more systems worldwide before mid-century (medium confidence) \r and by the end of the century at all scales, from the local to the global, \r and at all latitudes and altitudes (high confidence). The coronavirus \r disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed the vulnerability of \r development progress to shocks and stresses, potentially delaying the \r [...]"


id: 969f9800f079408e38cc274649d76cfc
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"[...] implementation of the 2030 Agenda for all {Section 8.1, Cross-Chapter \r Box COVID in Chapter 7}. Various global trends, including rising income \r inequality, continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions, land use \r change, food and water insecurity, human displacement and reversals \r of long-term increasing life expectancy trends in some nations, run \r counter to the SDGs (very high confidence), as well as efforts to \r mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to a changing climate \r {Section  18.2}. These development trends contribute to worsening \r poverty, injustice and inequity, and environmental degradation. \r Climate change can exacerbate these conditions by undermining \r human and ecological well-being {Section 18.2}."


id: 87672e6edb8b9963938d9502e5c9f76d
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"There are multiple possible pathways by which communities, \r nations and the world can pursue CRD. Moving towards \r different pathways involves confronting complex synergies and \r trade-offs between development pathways, and the options, \r contested values and interests that underpin climate mitigation \r and adaptation choices (very high confidence). Climate resilient \r development pathways (CRDPs) are trajectories for the pursuit of CRD \r and navigating its complexities. Different actors, the private sector and \r civil society, influenced by science, local and Indigenous knowledges, \r and the media are both active and passive in designing and navigating \r CRDPs {Sections 18.1, 18.4}. Increasing levels of warming may narrow \r the options and choices available for local survival and sustainable \r development for human societies and ecosystems. Limiting warming \r to Paris Agreement goals will reduce the magnitude of climate risks \r [...]"


id: b7ff4c6ee5f54fd001bb16d5dd758745
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"[...] to which people, places the economy and ecosystems will have to \r adapt. Reconciling the costs, benefits and trade-offs associated with "


id: 2abc132a0c981eba74ac1159d2cf1ee6
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"adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development interventions and \r how they are distributed among different populations and geographies \r is essential and challenging, but also creates the potential to pursue \r synergies that benefit human and ecological well-being. For example, in \r parts of Asia, sustainable development pathways that connect climate \r change adaptation and disaster risk reduction can reduce climate \r vulnerability and increase resilience {Table  18.3, Section  10.6.2}. \r Different actors and stakeholders have different priorities regarding \r these opportunities, which can exacerbate or diminish existing social, \r economic and ecological vulnerabilities and inequities. For example, \r in parts of Africa, intensive irrigation contributes to the development \r of agriculture but has come at a cost to ecosystem integrity and \r human well-being {Table  18.3, Section  9.15.2}. Careful and explicit \r consideration for the ethical and equity dimensions of policies and \r [...]"


id: 58e05ea86748f341d36dfee1ce3155a3
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"[...] practices associated with a climate resilient development pathway can \r help limit these negative externalities."


id: 232c56f1f7effe1909a11d60157c4924
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Systems transitions can enable CRD when accompanied by \r appropriate enabling conditions and inclusive arenas of \r engagement (very high confidence). Five systems transitions \r are considered: energy, industry, urban and infrastructure, land \r and ecosystems, and societal. Advancing CRD in specific contexts \r may necessitate simultaneous progress on all five transitions. \r Collectively, these system transitions can widen the solution space, \r and accelerate and deepen the implementation of sustainable \r development, adaptation, and mitigation actions by equipping actors \r and decision makers with more effective options. For example, urban \r ecological infrastructure linked to an appropriate land use mix, street \r connectivity, open and green spaces, and job-housing proximity \r provides adaptation and mitigation benefits that can aid urban \r transformation. {Table  18.4, Cross-Working Group Box  URBAN in \r Chapter 6} These system transitions are necessary precursors for more \r [...]"


id: 2321923df4515422cb3aae09c327de34
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"[...] fundamental climate and sustainable-development transformations; \r but can simultaneously be outcomes of transformative actions. \r However, the way they are pursued may not necessarily be perceived \r as ethical or desirable to all actors. Hence, enhancing equity and \r agency are cross-cutting considerations for all five transitions. Such \r transitions can generate benefits across different sectors and regions, \r provided they are facilitated by appropriate enabling conditions, \r including effective governance, policy implementation, innovation, \r and climate and development finance, which are currently insufficient \r {Sections 18.3, 18.4}."


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"Prevailing development pathways are not advancing CRD \r (very high confidence). Societal choices in the near term will \r determine future pathways. Some low-emissions pathways and \r climate outcomes are unlikely2\r  to be realised (very high confidence).\r Rapid climate change is affecting every region across the globe and \r affecting natural and human systems relevant to the pursuit of the \r SDGs  {Sections  18.1, 18.2, Figure  18.1}. Even the most ambitious \r greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios indicate climate change will \r continue for decades to centuries  {WGI, Section  18.2}. Increasing \r mitigation effort across multiple sectors exhibits opportunities \r for synergies with sustainable development, but also trade-offs \r that increase with mitigation efforts, that need to be balanced and \r managed (high confidence). The uncertainty associated with achieving \r specific pathways and climate outcomes is a risk factor to consider \r [...]"


id: bfaa7fb314271de22f19abbf823765c
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"[...] in planning, with plausibility and transformational challenges, as well \r as trade-offs and synergies, affected by technology, policy design and \r societal choices {Section 18.2}. For instance, restrictions on utilisation \r of individual mitigation options to manage trade-offs (e.g., bioenergy \r with carbon capture and storage [CCS], afforestation, nuclear power) \r can also affect the mitigation cost to households (e.g., energy security, \r commodity prices) and the likelihood of a desired climate outcome \r being realised. Developing and transitional economies are estimated \r as low-cost mitigation opportunities but are often at high risk from \r climate change due to their regional and development context (high \r confidence) {Sections  18.2, 18.5}. For example, in Africa, competing \r uses for water such as hydropower generation, irrigation and ecosystem \r requirements can create trade-offs among different management and \r [...]"


id: bb8f7216225cdd70d45f93c0dd9be5bc
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"[...] development objectives {Section 9.7.3}. In Asia, intensive irrigation and \r other forms of water consumption can have a negative effect on water \r quality and aquatic ecosystems {Section 10.6.3}. Developed countries \r also face trade-offs, including in Australasia where adapting to fire risk \r in peri-urban zones introduces potential trade-offs among ecological \r values and fuel reduction in treed landscapes {Section  11.3.5}, and \r in North America where new coastal and alpine developments \r generate economic activity but enhance local social inequalities \r {Section 15.4.10}."


id: 96701cbd8b0843fe05321701e5b39739
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"There is a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to implement \r system transitions needed to enable CRD. Past choices have \r already eliminated some development pathways, but other \r pathways for CRD remain (very high confidence). In spite of a \r growth in national net-zero commitments, the current prospects of \r surpassing 1.5degC global mean temperatures by the 2030s are high \r {WGI Table SPM1}. There is strong evidence of the worsening of multiple \r climate impact drivers in all regions, that will place additional pressures \r on ecosystem services that support food and water systems, increasing \r the risks of malnutrition, ill-health and poverty in many regions {WGI \r Fig SPM9, Table 18.4}. This implies that significant additional adaptation \r will be needed. Over the near-term, implementing such transformational \r change could be disruptive to various economic and social systems. \r Over the long-term, however, they could generate benefits to human \r [...]"


id: 401671e2217b072b2247e7bb7405c8e9
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"[...] well-being and planetary health. Strengthening coordinated adaptation \r and mitigation actions can enhance the potential of local and regional \r development pathways to support CRD. Planning for CRD can support \r both adaptation and decarbonisation via effective land use, promoting \r resilient and low-carbon infrastructure; protecting biodiversity and \r integrating ecosystem services {Table 18.4}, assuming advancing just \r and equitable development processes."


id: ce93be80c5fbc76f191faa8edd2a324f
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"People, acting through enabling social, economic and political \r institutions are the agents of system and societal transformations \r that facilitate CRD founded on the principles of inclusion, equity, \r climate justice, ecosystem health and human well-being (very\r high confidence). While much literature on climate action has focused \r on the role of technology and policy as the factors that drive change, \r recent literature has focused on the role of specific actors; citizens, \r civil society, knowledge institutions (including local and Indigenous \r Peoples and science), governments, investors and businesses. Greater \r attention to, and transparency of, which actors' benefit, fail to benefit \r or are impacted by mitigation and adaptation choices actions could \r better support climate-resilient and sustainable development. For \r example, grounding adaptation actions in local realities could help to \r ensure that adaptive actions do not worsen existing gender and other \r [...]"


id: 55292e6b686ee7926c02eb4eb39f000b
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"[...] inequities within society (e.g., leading to maladaptation practices) (high \r confidence). Differences in the ability of different actors to effect change \r ultimately influence which interventions for sustainable development \r or climate action are implemented and thus what development \r outcomes are achieved. Recent literature has focused on the social, \r political and economic arenas of engagement in which these different \r actors interact. More focused attention on these arenas of engagement \r could prove beneficial to reconciling divergent views on climate action, \r integrating Indigenous knowledge and local knowledges, and elevating \r diverse voices that have historically been marginalised from the policy \r discourse, thereby reducing vulnerability and deepening adaptive \r capacity and the ability to implement CRD {Section 18.4; Cross-Chapter \r Box GENDER; Cross-Chapter Box INDIG}."


id: 9791f27cfa198ad2098c87bbad91daa4
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"CRDPs are determined through engagement in different arenas, \r the degree to which the emergent pathways foster just and \r CRD depends on how contending societal interests, values and \r worldviews are reconciled through inclusive and participatory \r interactions between governance actors in these arenas of \r engagement {Section 18.4.3} (high confidence). These interactions \r occur in many different arenas (e.g., governmental, economic and \r financial, political, knowledge, science and technology, and community) \r that represent the settings, places and spaces in which societal actors \r interact to influence the nature and course of development. For \r instance, the Agenda 2030 highlights the importance of multi-level \r adaptation governance, including non-state actors from civil society \r and the private sector. This implies the need for wider arenas and \r modes of engagement around adaptation that facilitate coordination, \r [...]"


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"[...] convergence and productive contestation among these diverse actors \r to collectively solve problems and to unlock the synergies between \r adaptation and mitigation and sustainable development."


id: 4d67368a47e7e26238a1f257fd04a140
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Regional and national differences mean different capacities \r for pursuing CRDPs. Economic sectors and global regions are \r exposed to different opportunities and challenges in facilitating \r CRD, suggesting adaptation and mitigation options should \r be aligned to local and regional context and development \r pathways (very high confidence). Given their current state of \r development, some regions may prioritise poverty and inequality \r reduction, and economic development over the near-term as a means \r of building capacity for climate action and low-carbon development \r over the long-term. For example, Africa, South Asia, and Central and \r South America are highly exposed, vulnerable and impacted by climate \r change, which is amplified by poverty, population growth, land use \r change and high dependence on natural resources for commodity \r production. In contrast, developed economies with mature economies \r and high levels of resilience may prioritise climate action to transition \r [...]"


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"[...] their energy systems and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Some \r interventions may be robust in that they are relevant to a broad range of \r potential development trajectories and could be deployed in a flexible \r manner. For example, conservation of land and water could be achieved \r through a variety of means and offer benefits to populations in the \r Global North and South alike. However, other types of interventions, \r such as those that are dependent upon emerging technologies, may \r require a specific set of enhanced enabling conditions or factors \r including infrastructure, supply chains, international cooperation, "


id: f97860f1ef59c73f36180963ea45739d
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"Pursuing CRD involves considering a broader range of sustainable \r development priorities, policies and practices, as well as enabling \r societal choices to accelerate and deepen their implementation \r (very high confidence). Scientific assessments of climate change \r have traditionally framed solutions around the implementation of \r specific adaptation and mitigation options as mechanisms for reducing \r climate-related risks. They have given less attention to a fuller set of \r societal priorities and the role of non-climate policies, social norms, \r lifestyles, power relationships and worldviews in enabling climate \r action and sustainable development. Because CRD  involves different \r actors pursuing plural development trajectories in diverse contexts, the \r pursuit of solutions that are equitable for all requires opening the space \r for engagement and action to a diversity of people, institutions, forms \r of knowledge and worldviews. Through inclusive modes of engagement \r [...]"


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"[...] that enhance knowledge sharing and realise the productive potential of \r diverse perspectives and worldviews, societies could alter institutional \r structures and arrangements, development processes, choices and \r actions that have precipitated dangerous climate change, constrained \r the achievement of SDGs and, thus, limited pathways to achieving CRD \r {Box 18.1, Section 18.4}. Action over the next decade will be critical for \r charting CRD pathways that catalyse the transformation of prevailing \r development practices and offer the greatest promise and potential for \r human well-being and planetary health."


id: 8ceda5baed0acf4466b681c2be4cad61
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"Past IPCC Assessment Reports have consistently examined extensive \r literature on the links between climate change, adaptation and \r sustainable development (Smit et  al., 2001; Klein et  al., 2007; Yohe \r et al., 2007). However, studies that explicitly refer to CRD as a concept \r or a guide for policy and practice remain modest (very high confidence). \r The concept of CRD appeared in scholarly literature and development \r program documents over a decade ago (Kamal Uddin et al., 2006; Garg \r and Halsnaes, 2007) and has been used in more recent IPCC assessment \r reports and special reports (e.g., Denton et al., 2014; Roy et al., 2018). \r Similarly, the use of the term climate resilient development pathways \r (CRDPs) dates to 2009 (Ayers and Huq, 2009), but its use accelerated \r after appearing in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate \r Change (UNFCCC) publications around the launch of the Green Climate \r Fund (UNFCCC, 2011). While this chapter prioritises the CRD literature, \r [...]"


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"[...] it also recognises that a broad range of literature, disciplinary expertise \r and development practice is relevant to the concept of CRD."


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"The links between climate change and development have been long \r recognized by various research communities (Nagoda, 2015; Winkler \r et  al., 2015; Webber, 2016; Carr, 2019) and have been assessed by \r Working Group II in every IPCC Assessment Report since AR3 (Smit \r et  al., 2001; Yohe et  al., 2007; Denton et  al., 2014). For the AR 1-3 \r reports, these links were largely framed in the context of sustainable \r development, a concept that has been well described in the literature \r for decades (Brundtland, 1987). The AR5 introduced the framing of \r climate-resilient pathways, which narrowed the discussion around \r sustainable development to specifically address the contributions \r of mitigation and adaptation actions to the reduction of risk to \r development and the various institutions, strategies and choices \r involved in risk management (Denton et al., 2014). That assessment \r concluded that identifying and implementing appropriate technical \r [...]"


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"[...] and governance options for mitigation and adaptation as well as \r development strategies and choices that contribute to climate resilience \r are central to the successful implementation of such strategies. The \r AR5 also recognised that transformation of current development \r pathways in terms of wider political, economic and social systems may \r be necessary (Denton et al., 2014)."


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"Much of this literature is assessed in recent IPCC Special Reports \r (Rogelj et al., 2018; Roy et al., 2018; Bindoff et al., 2019; Hurlbert et al., \r 2019; Oppenheimer et al., 2019), but new studies have continued to \r emerge. More specific uses of CRD found in the literature describe \r development that seeks to achieve poverty reduction and adaptation \r to climate change simultaneously without explicit mention of \r mitigation (USAID, 2014), as well as mitigation and poverty reduction, \r described as 'low-carbon development', without explicit mention of \r adaptation (Alam et  al., 2011; Fankhauser and McDermott, 2016). \r Other similar terms include 'climate safe', 'climate compatible' and \r 'climate smart' development (Huxham et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2017b; \r Ficklin et al., 2018; Mcleod et al., 2018), each with varying nuances. \r Climate compatible development, coined by Mitchell and Maxwell \r (2010), specifically describes a 'triple win' of adaptation, mitigation \r [...]"


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"[...] and development (Antwi-Agyei et al., 2017; Favretto et al., 2018) (see \r also Section  8.6). In this spirit, AR5 specifically referred to CRD as \r 'development trajectories that combine adaptation and mitigation to \r realize the goal of sustainable development' (Denton et al., 2014). This \r chapter builds on the AR5 and, for the purposes of assessment, formally \r defines CRD as a process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation \r and adaptation measures to support sustainable development for all. \r This extension of the earlier definition reflects the emphasis in recent \r literature on equity as a core element of sustainable development as \r well as the objective of the SDGs to 'create conditions for sustainable, \r inclusive and sustained economic growth, shared prosperity and \r decent work for all, taking into account different levels of national \r development and capacities' (United Nations, 2015: 3/35)."


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"The literature presenting research findings on climate resilient \r development (CRD) and pathways and processes for successfully \r achieving CRD has expanded significantly in the several years \r since the AR5 (very high confidence). This includes both qualitative \r studies of development as well as illustrative, quantitative analyses \r of development trajectories linked to specific scenarios, such as the \r Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (Section 18.2.2). Furthermore, \r the literature describing the role of system transitions and societal \r transformation in enabling climate action (Box  18.1, Section  18.3), \r compliance with the Paris Agreement (Sections  18.1.3, 18.2.1) and \r achievement of the SDGs (Section  18.1.3; Box  18.4) has expanded \r significantly (very high confidence). This expansion is comprised of \r studies spanning a broad range of disciplinary perspectives, some of \r which have been underrepresented in prior IPCC assessments (high \r [...]"


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"Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are just one of a \r number of planetary boundaries which define safe operating spaces for \r humanity and therefore opportunities for achieving sustainable and CRD. \r Exceeding these boundaries poses increased risk of large-scale abrupt \r or irreversible environmental changes that would threaten human and \r ecological well-being (very high confidence) (Rockstrom et al., 2009a; \r Rockstrom et al., 2009b; Butler, 2017; Schleussner et al., 2021). Other \r planetary boundaries reported in the literature such as biodiversity loss, \r changes in land systems and freshwater use are also directly influenced \r by patterns of development as well as climate change (Sections 18.2, \r 18.5). Current rates of species extinction, conversion of land for crop \r production and exploitation of water resources exceed planetary \r boundaries, thereby undermining CRD. Moreover, studies indicate that \r achievement of the SDGs, while consistent with maintaining some \r [...]"


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"[...] planetary boundaries, could undermine others (O'Neill et  al., 2018; \r Hickel, 2019; Randers et al., 2019) (Section 18.2), suggesting significant \r shifts in current patterns of development are necessary to maintain \r development within planetary boundaries."


id: 1f133950aaadcb1772149f59e6d4a8e1
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"As illustrated in Figure 18.1, the ultimate aim of CRDPs is to support \r sustainable development for ensuring planetary health and human well\u0002being. CRD is both an outcome at a point in space and time, as observed \r through SDG achievement indicators, but also a process consisting of \r actions and social choices made by multiple actors--government, \r industry, media, civil society, and science (Section 18.4). These actions \r and social choices are performed within different dimensions of \r governance--politics, institutions (norms, rules), and practice, and \r bounded by ethics, values and worldviews. The development outcomes \r and processes pertain to political, economic, ecological, socio-cultural, \r knowledge-technology and community arenas (Figure 18.2). A CRDP \r will, for example, aspire to achieve ecological outcomes in terms of \r planetary health and achievement of Paris Agreement goals as well as \r human well-being, solidarity and social justice, in addition to political, \r [...]"


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"[...] economic and science-technology outcomes. These outcomes are \r enabled by achieving progress in core system transitions that catalyse \r broader societal transformations (Figure 18.3)."


id: bdf53e5fc36f2679bda86d2128043c02
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"Exceedance of planetary boundaries contributes to human and ecological \r vulnerability to climate change and other shocks and stressors. People and \r regions that already face high rates of natural resource use, ecosystem \r degradation and poverty are more vulnerable to climate change impacts, \r compounding existing development challenges in regions that are \r already strained (IPCC, 2014a; Hallegatte et al., 2019). The International \r Monetary Fund, for example, found that for a medium- and low-income \r developing country with an annual average temperature of 25degC, the \r effect of a 1degC increase in temperature is a reduction in economic \r growth by 1.2% (Acevedo et  al., 2018). Countries whose economies \r are projected to be hard hit by an increase in temperature account for \r only about 20% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016, but are \r home to nearly 60% of the global population. This is expected to rise \r [...]"


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"[...] to more than 75% by the end of the century. These economic impacts \r are a function of the underlying vulnerability of low- and middle-income \r developing economies to the impacts of climate change (Section 18.5). \r Such vulnerability was also evidenced and enhanced by the COVID-19 \r pandemic which slowed progress on the SDGs in multiple nations \r (Naidoo and Fisher, 2020; Srivastava et al., 2020; Bherwani et al., 2021)."


id: 64dbc2746fef17c257d2d208046990
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"While there are many possible successful pathways to future \r development in the context of climate change, history has shown that \r pathways that are positive for the vast majority often induce notable \r impacts and costs, especially on marginal and vulnerable people \r (Hickel, 2017; Ramalho, 2019), placing them in direct contradiction \r with the commitment to 'leave no one behind' (United Nations, \r 2015). Similarly, contemporary scenario analyses find that there are \r plausible development trajectories that lead towards sustainability \r (Figure  18.1, Section  18.2.2). Yet, a number of plausible trajectories \r that perpetuate or exacerbate unstainable forms of development also \r appear in the literature (Figure  18.1, Section  18.2.2). A significant \r challenge lies in identifying pathways that address current climate \r variability and change, while allowing for improvements in human \r well-being. Furthermore, while a given pathway might lead to a set of \r [...]"


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"[...] desired outcomes for one region or set of actors, the process of getting \r there may come at high environmental, socio- and economic cost to \r others (very high confidence) (Raworth, 2017; Faist, 2018). Frequently, \r considerations of social difference and equity are not prioritised in the \r evaluation of different development choices. The assumption that a \r growing economy lifts opportunity for all could, for example, further \r marginalise those who are the most vulnerable to climate change \r (Matin et al., 2018; Diffenbaugh and Burke, 2019; Hickel et al., 2021)."


id: 85c9224d2bf15337e09a739438a6c6f8
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"(a) Climate resilient development is a process that takes place through continuous societal choices towards higher CRD (illustrative green pathways) or lower CRD (illustrative red pathways). (b) CRD is described by five development dimensions - people, prosperity, partnership, peace, planet - on which the SDGs build (18.2). Some societal choices have mixed outcomes for CRD (illustrative orange pathways). This figure builds on figure SPM.9 in AR5 WGII depicting climate resilient pathways by describing how CRDPs emerge from societal choices about adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development within multiple arenas - rather than solely from discrete decision points (18.4). Dimensions of CRD characterize both development outcomes as well as the interactions and societal choices that make up the development process. [...]"


id: 311dbad356646be0848b8e2eaf303ae8
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"[...] Societal choices, often contested, are made in arenas of engagement through interactions between key actors in civil society, the private sector and government (see Figure 18.2). The quality of interactions, such as degree of inclusion and empowerment of diverse voices, determine whether societal choices and associated actions shift development towards or away from CRD. The five CRD dimensions underline the close interconnectedness between the biosphere and humans, the two necessarily intertwined in interactions, actions, transitions, and futures (see Figure 18.3). There is a narrow and closing window of opportunity to make transformational changes to move towards and not away from development futures that are more climate-resilient and sustainable (Box 18.1). Pathways not taken (dotted line) illustrate that opportunities have been missed for higher CRD pathways due to past societal choices and increasing temperatures. [...]"


id: 78db0dfd3f6cdea33fcad1a8dda9d8fa
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"[...] Present societal choices determine whether we shift towards higher CRD in future or whether pathways will be limited to lower CRD.."


id: bec6d8a351e9c771fd104f17881da6d4
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"criticism in recent years (very high confidence) (Joakim et al., 2015; \r Schlosberg et al., 2017; Mikulewicz, 2018; Mikulewicz, 2019; Moser \r et al., 2019), suggesting the need to enhance understanding of how \r resilience is being operationalised at the programme and project level \r and the net implications for human and ecological well-being.\r This expansion of research has been accompanied by a shift in the \r policy context for climate action including an increasingly strong link \r between climate actions and sustainable development. In particular, \r the SDGs represent a near-term framework linking sustainability \r and human development in a manner that not only addresses \r planetary health and human well-being, but also help better plan \r and implement mitigation and adaptation actions to achieve these \r linked goals (Conway et al., 2015; Griscom et al., 2017; Allen et al., \r 2018b; Roy et al., 2018; P.R. Shukla E. Calvo Buendia, 2019). The SDGs \r [...]"


id: 4b0388ee52182f239105ae53b0f50c0e
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"[...] explicitly identify climate action (SDG 13) among the goals needed \r to achieve sustainable development. Meanwhile, the text of the Paris \r Agreement makes explicit mention of the importance of considering \r climate 'in the context of sustainable development' (Articles 2, 4, 6) \r or as 'contributing to sustainable development' (Article 7) (Article \r 7, UNFCCC, 2015). Similarly, sustainable development appears \r prominently within the text of the Sendai Framework for Disaster \r Risk Reduction (UNDRR, 2015) and the Global Assessment Reports on \r Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR, 2019). At the local- or household\u0002level, a growing literature recognises that climate impacts tend to \r exacerbate existing inequalities within societies, even at the level of \r gender inequalities within households (Sultana, 2010; Arora-Jonsson, \r 2011; Carr, 2013). Thus, climate change impacts threaten even short\u0002term gains in sustainable development (18.2, Box 18.4), which could \r [...]"


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"[...] be rolled back over longer adaptation and mitigation horizons. For \r example, the COVID-19 pandemic is estimated to have reversed gains \r over the past several years in terms of global poverty reduction (very \r high confidence) (Phillips et al., 2020; Sultana, 2021; Wilhelmi et al., \r 2021) (Cross-Chapter Box  COVID in Chapter 7), reflecting the risks \r posed by global, systemic threats to development."


id: a1bf383baee3ec81b81a329a7a714fe2
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"sustainability outcomes. This chapter therefore departs from the AR5s \r alignment of CRD with adaptation pathways and the emphasis on \r decision points that enable one to manage (or fail to manage) climate \r risk, towards a framing that integrates a range of possible futures each \r offering different opportunities, risks and trade-offs to different actors \r and stakeholders (see WGII AR5, IPCC, 2014b, Figure SPM.9). Instead, \r CRD emerges from everyday formal and informal decisions, actions, \r and adaptation or mitigation policy interventions. This is inclusive of \r system transitions, increased resilience, environmental integrity, social \r justice, equity, and reduced poverty and vulnerability, all facets of \r human well-being and planetary health. Rather than encompassing a \r formula or blueprint for particular actions, sustainable development is \r a process that provides a compass for the direction that these multiple \r [...]"


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"[...] actions should take (Anders, 2016). This creates opportunities for actors \r to apply a diverse toolkit of adaptation, mitigation and sustainable \r development interventions, thereby opening up the solution space."


id: 996d90f760fb4a9c3e93702f49a7bf53
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content:
"The WGII AR5 Report noted that adapting to the risks associated with \r climate change becomes more challenging at higher levels of global \r warming (IPCC, 2014a). This was evidenced by contrasting impacts \r and adaptive capacity for 2degC and 4degC of warming. This relationship \r between levels of warming, climate risk and reasons for concern (see \r Chapter 16) is also relevant to the concept of CRD. For example, recent \r literature on CRD emphasises the urgency of climate action that achieve \r significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the \r implementation of adaptation options that result in significant gains \r in human and natural system resilience (very high confidence) (Haines \r et al., 2017; Shindell et al., 2017; Xu and Ramanathan, 2017; Fuso Nerini \r et al., 2018). This was explored extensively in the IPCC's SR1.5 report \r in its comparison of impacts associated with 1.5degC versus 2degC climate \r [...]"


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"[...] objectives and synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs (IPCC, 2018a). \r However, the SR1.5 report and other literature also identified potential \r trade-offs between aggressive mitigation and the SDGs (see also Frank \r et al., 2017; Hasegawa et al., 2018). This indicates that while future \r magnitudes of warming are a fundamental consideration in CRD, such \r development involves more than just achieving temperature targets. \r Rather, CRD considers the possible transitions that enable those targets \r to be achieved, including the evaluation of different adaptation and "


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"Fifth, CRD involves processes involving diverse actors, at different scales \r operating within an environmental, developmental, socioeconomic, \r cultural and political context, as typified in the SDG and the Paris \r Agreement negotiations (very high confidence) (Kamau et al., 2018) \r (Section  18.4). The dependence of CRD on processes of negotiation \r and reconciliation among diverse actors and interests leads to the \r dismissal of the notion that there is a single, optimal pathway that \r captures the objectives, values and development contexts of all actors, \r even for a particular sector, country or region. Rather, preferences for \r different pathways and specific actions in pursuit of those pathways \r will be subjected to intense scrutiny and debate among diverse actors \r within various arenas of engagement (Section  18.4), meaning the \r settings, places and spaces in which key actors from government, civil \r society and the private sector interact to influence the nature and \r [...]"


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"This chapter hosts three Cross-Chapter Boxes, which have their natural \r home here. The Cross-Chapter Box on Gender, Justice and Transformative \r Pathways (Cross-Chapter Box GENDER) assesses literature specifically \r on gender and climate change to uncover the importance of a justice \r focus to facilitate transformative pathways, both towards CRD, as well \r as a means to achieving gender equity and social justice. The Cross\u0002Chapter Box on The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Understanding \r and Adapting to Climate Change (Cross-Chapter Box INDIG) highlights \r that achieving CRD requires confronting the uncertainty of a climate \r change future. There are many perspectives about what future is \r desired and how to reach it. Integrating multiple forms of knowledge \r is a strategy to build resilience and develop institutional arrangements \r that provide temporary solutions able to satisfy competing interests \r (Grove, 2018). Indigenous knowledge is proven to enhance resilience in \r [...]"


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"[...] multiple contexts (e.g., Chowdhooree, 2019; Inaotombi and Mahanta, \r 2019). Meanwhile, Cross-Chapter Box FEASIB acts as an appendix to \r the WGII report, synthesising information on the feasibility associated \r with different adaptation options for reducing risk."


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"Transformational changes in the pursuit of climate resilient development pathways (CRDPs) involve interactions between individual, \r collective and systems change (Figures 18.1-18.3). There are complex interconnections between transformation and transition (Feola, \r 2015; Holscher et al., 2018), and they are sometimes used as synonyms in the literature (Holscher et al., 2018). Much of the transitions \r literature focuses on how societal change occurs within existing political and economic systems. Transformations are often considered to \r involve deeper and more fundamental changes than transitions, including changes to underlying values, worldviews, ideologies, structures \r and power relationships (Gopel, 2016; O'Brien, 2016; Kuenkel, 2019; Waddock, 2019). Systems transitions alone are insufficient to achieve \r the rapid, fundamental and comprehensive changes required for humanity and planetary health in the face of climate change (high \r [...]"


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"[...] confidence). Transformative action is increasingly urgent across all sectors, systems and scales to avert dangerous climate change and \r meet the SDGs (Pelling et al., 2015; IPCC, 2018a; IPCC, 2021b; Shi and Moser, 2021; Vogel and O'Brien, 2021) (high confidence). The SR1.5 \r identified transformative change as necessary to achieve transitions within land, water and ecosystems systems; urban and infrastructural \r systems; energy systems; and industrial systems. This box summarises key points in the transformations literature relevant to CRD."


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"Transformative actions aimed at 'deliberately and fundamentally changing systems to achieve more just and equitable outcomes', (Shi and \r Moser, 2021: 2) shift pathways towards climate resilient development (CRD) (high confidence). Transformative action in the context of CRD \r specifically concerns leveraging change in the five dimensions of development (people, prosperity, partnership, peace, planet) that drive \r societal choices and climate actions towards sustainability (Section 18.2.2; Figure 18.1). Climate actions that support CRD are embedded in \r these dimensions of development; for example, social cohesion and equity, individual and collective agency, and democratising knowledge \r processes have been identified as steps to transform practices and governance systems for increased resilience (Ziervogel et al., 2016b; \r Nightingale et al., 2020; Colloff et al., 2021; Vogel and O'Brien, 2021) (high confidence). Transformative actions towards sustainability and \r [...]"


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"[...] increased well-being, which are dominant components of CRD, include those that explicitly redress social drivers of vulnerability, shift \r dominant worldviews, decolonialise knowledge systems, activate human agency, contest political arrangements, and insert a plurality of \r knowledges and ways of knowing (Gorg et al., 2017; Fazey et al., 2018a; Brand et al., 2020; Gram-Hanssen et al., 2021; Shi and Moser, \r 2021). They alter the governance and political economic arrangements through which unsustainable and unjust development logics and \r knowledges are implemented (Patterson et al., 2017; Shi and Moser, 2021) by shifting the goals of a system or altering the mindset or \r paradigm from which a system arises, for example, from individualism and nature-society disconnect to solidarity and nature-society \r connectedness along the CRD dimensions in Figure 18.1, and connecting inner and external dimensions of sustainability (Gopel, 2016; \r [...]"


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"[...] Abson et al., 2017; Wamsler and Brink, 2018; Fischer and Riechers, 2019; Horcea-Milcu et al., 2019; Wamsler, 2019)."


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"There is no blueprint for how transformation is generated. An expanding literature suggests that transformation takes place through \r diverse modalities and context-dependent actions (O'Brien, 2021). Transformation may require actions that disrupt moral or social \r boundaries and structures that are perpetuating unsustainable systems and pathways (Vogel and O'Brien, 2021) (high confidence). \r Extreme events and long-term climatic changes can trigger a realigning of practices, politics and knowledge (Carr, 2019; Schipper et al., \r 2020b) (high confidence). While some see opportunities for generating social and political conditions needed for CRD in such actions and \r events (Beck, 2015; Han, 2015; Shim, 2015; Mythen and Walklate, 2016; Domingo, 2018), this is not guaranteed. Climate shocks, when \r managed within socio-political systems in ways that safeguard rather than alter practices and structures, can also reinforce rather than \r [...]"


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"[...] shift the status quo (Mosberg et al., 2017; Carr, 2019; Marmot and Allen, 2020; Arifeen and Nyborg, 2021) (high confidence). Further, in \r the absence of equitable and inclusive decision making and planning, realignments resulting from disruptive actions and events can limit \r inclusiveness and lead to poor or coercive decision-making processes that undermine the equity and justice foundations of sustainable \r development (Orlove et al., 2020; Shi and Moser, 2021) and lead to adverse socio-environmental outcomes that generate transformations \r away from CRD (Vogel and O'Brien, 2021) (high confidence, see also CROSS-CHAPTER BOX 2)."


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"Prospects for transformation towards CRD increase when key governance actors work together in inclusive and constructive ways through \r engagement in political, knowledge-technology, ecological, economic and socio-cultural arenas (high confidence, Section 18.4.3). Yet the \r interactions between key governance actors involve struggles and negotiations in addition to collaborations (Kakenmaster, 2019; Muok \r et al., 2021). Transformative actions meet resistance by precisely the political, social, knowledge and technical systems and structures \r they are attempting to transform (Blythe et al., 2018; Shi and Moser, 2021) (high confidence). There is expanding evidence that many \r adaptation efforts have failed to be transformative, but instead entrenched inequities, exacerbated power imbalances and reinforced \r vulnerability among marginalised groups and that, instead, marginalised groups and future trends in vulnerability need to be placed \r [...]"


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"[...] at the centre of adaptation planning (Atteridge and Remling, 2018; Mikulewicz, 2019; Owen, 2020; Eriksen et al., 2021a; Eriksen et al., \r 2021b; Garschagen et al., 2021) (high confidence). Beyond the enablers, drivers or modalities, another question tackled in the literature \r is how to evaluate transformation by establishing criteria for transformation assessments (Ofir, 2021; Patton, 2021; Williams et al., 2021), \r experience-based lessons on managing transformative adaptation processes (Vermeulen et al., 2018), climate policy integration (Plank \r et al., 2021), investment criteria (Kasdan et al., 2021) and political economy analysis frameworks for climate governance (Price, 2021)."


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"(Government of Kenya, 2008). Dryland regions in Kenya occupy 80-90% of the land mass, are home to 36% of the population (Government \r of Kenya, 2012) and contribute about 10% of Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP) (Government of Kenya, 2012), which includes half \r of its agricultural GDP (Kabubo-Mariara, 2009). In dryland regions, pastoralism has long been the predominant form of livelihood and \r subsistence (Catley et al., 2013; Nyariki and Amwata, 2019). The GoK seeks to improve connectivity and communication infrastructure \r within the drylands to better exploit and develop livestock, agriculture, tourism, energy and extractive sectors (Government of Kenya, \r 2018). It argues that the transformation of dryland regions is crucial to enhance the development outcomes for the more than 15 million \r people who inhabit these areas (Government of Kenya, 2016: 17) and to help the country to realise its wider national ambitions including \r [...]"


id: 72b3ceea2cbdba7d8538aaf3d08ae3b0
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"[...] a 10% year on year growth in GDP (Government of Kenya, 2012). A key element within this vision is the promotion and implementation of \r the Lamu Port South Sudan Ethiopia (LAPSSET) project. The LAPSSET Corridor consists of two elements: the 500 meter wide Infrastructure \r Corridor where the road, railway, pipelines, power transmission and other projects will be located and the Economic Corridor of 50 km \r on either sides of the infrastructure corridor which will be contain other industrial investments (Enns, 2018). Supporters of the LAPSSET \r project argue that it will help achieve priorities laid out in the Vision 2030 by opening up poorly connected regions, enabling the \r development of pertinent economic sectors such as agriculture, livestock and energy, and supporting the attainment of a range of social \r goals made possible as the economy grows (Stein and Kalina, 2019)."


id: 39a8bf98467769f4452fbcf57f74d89e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"However, the development narrative surrounding LAPSSET remains controversial in its assumptions, not least because it is being promoted \r in the context of a highly complex and dynamic social, economic and biophysical setting (Cervigni and Morris, 2016; Atsiaya et al., 2019; \r Chome, 2020; Lesutis, 2020). Some of the key trends driving contemporary and likely future change in dryland regions are changing \r household organisation, evolving customary rules and institutions at local and community levels, and shifting cultures and aspirations \r (Catley et al., 2013; Washington-Ottombre and Pijanowski, 2013; Tari and Pattison, 2014; Cormack, 2016; Rao, 2019). Dryland regions are \r also witnessing demographic growth and change in land use patterns linked to shifts in the composition of livestock (for example from \r grazers to browsers), a decrease in nomadic and increase in semi-nomadic pastoralism, and transition to more urban and sedentary \r [...]"


id: 2b2b71e642086bdc0bd589cdb2bbd722
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] livelihoods (Mganga et al., 2015; Cervigni et al., 2016; Greiner, 2016; Watson et al., 2016). At a landscape level, land is becoming more \r fragmented and enclosed, often associated with increases in subsistence and commercial agriculture and the establishment of \r conservancies and other group or private land holdings (Reid et al., 2014; Carabine et al., 2015; Nyberg et al., 2015; Greiner, 2016; Mosley \r and Watson, 2016). In addition, there are political dynamics associated with Kenya Vision 2030 and decentralisation, the influence of "


id: 51d62dc5e0377250c26370a03cc4a438
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"There is a recognised need to adapt and chose development pathways that are resilient to climate change while addressing key \r developmental challenges within dryland regions, notably, poverty, water and food insecurity, and a highly dispersed population with \r poor access to services (Government of Kenya, 2012; Bizikova et al., 2015; Herrero et al., 2016). The current vision for development of \r dryland regions comes with both opportunities and threats to achieve a more climate-resilient future. For example, the growth in and \r exploitation of renewable energy resources, made possible through increased connectivity, brings climate mitigation gains but also risks. \r These risks include the uneven distribution of costs in terms of where the industry is sited compared with where benefits primarily accrue, \r and may exacerbate issues around water and food insecurity as strategic areas of land become harder to access (Opiyo et al., 2016; \r [...]"


id: 5dca94b3321ebd1fb907ff8554140d0d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] Cormack and Kurewa, 2018; Enns, 2018; Lind, 2018). While LAPSSET will bring greater freedom of movement for commodities, benefitting \r investors, improving access to markets and urban centres, supporting trade or ease of movement for tourists supporting economic \r goals, it can also result in the relocation of people and impede access to certain locations for the resident populations. Mobility is a key \r adaptation behaviour employed in the short and long term to address issues linked with climatic variability (Opiyo et al., 2014; Muricho \r et al., 2019). With modelled changes in the climate suggesting decreases in income associated with agricultural staples and livestock\u0002dependent livelihoods, development that constrains mobility of local populations could retard resilience gains (Ochieng et al., 2017; \r ASSAR, 2018; Enns, 2018; Nkemelang et al., 2018). The likely increase in urban populations and the growth in tourism and agriculture \r [...]"


id: ad12fe5b8f47021a0cb8195a7824e43a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] may lead to increases in water demand at a time when water availability could become more constrained owing to the reliance on \r surface water sources and the modelled increases in evapotranspiration due to rising mean temperature, more heatwave days and \r greater percentage of precipitation falling as storms (ASSAR, 2018; Nkemelang et al., 2018; USAID, 2018). These pressures could make it \r harder to meet basic health and sanitation goals for rural and poorer urban populations, issues compounded further by likely increases \r in child malnutrition and diarrheal deaths linked to climate change (WHO, 2016; ASSAR, 2018; Hirpa et al., 2018; Nkemelang et al., 2018; \r Lesutis, 2020). Development must pay adequate attention to these interconnections to ensure that costs and benefits of achieving climate \r mitigation and adaptation goals are distributed fairly within a population."


id: 86013632857808876e781f8cd4db6983
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"The AR5 examined the relationship between climate and sustainable \r development in Chapter 13 (Olsson et  al., 2014) and Chapter 20 \r (Denton et al., 2014) in Working Group II and Chapter 4 (Fleurbaey \r et al., 2014) in Working Group III. It concluded that dangerous levels \r of climate change would limit efforts to reduce poverty (Denton \r et  al., 2014; Fleurbaey et  al., 2014). Since the AR5, the adoption of \r the Paris Agreement and Agenda 2030 have demonstrated increased \r international consensus regarding the need to pursue climate change \r as a component of sustainable development. For example, climate \r change impacts 'undermine the ability of all countries to achieve \r sustainable development' (United Nations, 2015) and can reverse or \r erase improvements in living conditions and decades of development \r (Hallegatte and Rozenberg, 2017). However, recent analysis shows that \r actions to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement can undermine progress \r [...]"


id: 77f250bd20eec5ed49c8819a84ecb115
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] towards some SDGs (high agreement, medium evidence) (Pearce \r et al., 2018b; Liu et al., 2019; Hegre et al., 2020) (Section 18.2.5.3). \r Meanwhile efforts to achieve the SDGs can contribute to worsening \r climate change (high agreement, medium evidence) (Fuso Nerini \r et al., 2018). These findings in the literature highlight the importance \r of identifying clear goals and priorities for both climate action and "


id: d3f2d3e21dfab8797c637d3ad08d441c
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"The Agenda 2030 and its 17 SDGs and 169 targets seeks to 'leave no \r one behind' through five pillars (5Ps): People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace \r and Partnership (United Nations, 2015). The five pillars align with the \r dimensions of development that influence motion towards or away from \r CRD. The focus on people refers to inclusion rather than exclusion, and \r the extent to which people are empowered or disempowered to make \r decisions about their well-being, determine their futures and be in a \r position to assert their rights. This means being able to make decisions \r that determine whether people are on a pathway towards or away \r from CRD (Figure 18.1-18.3). The focus on planet refers to protecting \r the planet, ensuring a balance of ecosystems, biodiversity and human \r activities, and giving equal space and respect for its integrity. The focus \r on prosperity refers to equity in well-being grounded in unanimity over \r [...]"


id: 20bc8c7043b0ca0170635f33b9493862
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"[...] shared goals and resources, rather than individualism, and economic, \r social and technological progress grounded in stewardship and care, \r rather than exploitation. The focus on partnership refers to mutual \r respect embedded in solidarity that recognises multiple worldviews \r and their respective knowledges, rather than singular or hierarchy of \r knowledge, and acknowledges inherent nature-society connections, \r rather than posing nature as opposites or competitors. The focus on \r peace emphasises the need for just and equitable societies. These \r five pillars are inter-related but local and national contexts situate \r current status differently around the world. Successful achievement of \r Agenda 2030 is aligned with a safe climate with adequate mitigation \r and adaptation, and effective and inclusive systems transitions. With \r these conditions, a high CRD world can be attained, noting that when \r approached individually, the transformative potential of the SDGs is \r [...]"


id: ebbdf210e58d89369512a87058c7e891
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"While demonstrable progress has been made towards the SDGs and \r improving human well-being, globally and in specific nations, some \r observed patterns of development are inconsistent with sustainable \r development and the principles of CRD (very high confidence) (van \r Dooren et al., 2018; Eisenmenger et al., 2020; Leal Filho et al., 2020). \r A significant literature, for example, links development to the loss of \r biodiversity and the extinction crisis (Ceballos et al., 2017; Goncalves\u0002Souza et al., 2020; Oke et al., 2021). Meanwhile, in human systems, \r indicators such as the limited convergence in income, life expectancy \r and other measures of well-being between poor and wealthy countries \r (with notable outliers such as China) (Bangura, 2019), and the increase \r in income inequality and the decline in life expectancy and well\u0002being in rich countries (Rougoor and van Marrewijk, 2015; Alvaredo \r et  al., 2017; Goda et  al., 2017; Harper et  al., 2017; Goldman et  al., \r [...]"


id: 68b83d08d782d59c0205b8293a20da8b
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"[...] 2018), suggest limitations of the current development paradigm to \r successfully deliver universal human and ecological well-being by the \r 2030s or even mid-century (TWI, 2019)."


id: 4ac06a9eb5eea762a9e4bf69b56ac51a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Development is about 'improvement'. However there have been \r different and often conflicting viewpoints on the improvement of \r 'what' and 'how' to improve. The diversity of positions has resulted \r in a multitude of metrics to track development, some more influential \r than others on policy. Alternative measures of development, while \r numerous, generally seek to nuance the connection between economic \r growth and human well-being. Because they maintain core notions of \r progress and, in some cases, economic growth seen in more mainstream \r models of development, they are less vehicles for transformation than \r continuations of thinking and action fundamentally at odds with \r the needs of CRD. These include the Measure of Economic Welfare \r (Nordhaus and Tobin, 1973), the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare \r (Cobb and Daly, 1989), the Genuine Progress Indicator (Escobar, 1995), \r the Adjusted Net Saving Index or the Genuine Savings Index (GSI), The \r [...]"


id: 66df4e023d3b351ed8428a2539b85445
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Achieving CRD requires framings of development that move away \r from linear paradigms of development as material progress by \r focusing on diversity and heterogeneity, well-being and equality, not \r only in contemporary practices, but also pathways of change over \r time (Gibson-Graham, 2005; Gibson-Graham, 2006). Such approaches, \r which are fundamentally aligned with ecological and ecosystem\u0002based environmental assessments that identified heterogeneity of \r approaches and actions as the most effective path to a sustainable \r world (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005), emphasise the \r importance of cultural, linguistic and religious diversity, not merely as \r alternative sources of information about the world, but as different \r paradigms of well-being (Kallis, 2018). These include Indigenous and \r local knowledge that provide alternatives to these framings of the \r world (Cross-Chapter Box INDIG). This broad reframing of development \r [...]"


id: 63cfa0823fa9a59389959312ebd45eb9
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"[...] includes a focus on visions such as 'buen vivir' (Cubillo-Guevara et al., \r 2014; Walsh, 2018; Acosta et  al., 2019), ecological Swaraj (Kothari \r et  al., 2014; Demaria and Kothari, 2017; Shiva, 2017) and Ubuntu \r (Dreyer, 2015; Ewuoso and Hall, 2019), among others. All are linked \r by relationships with nature radically different from the Western \r mechanistic vision, presenting not only framings of development \r and the environment that yield locally appropriate CRDPs, but serve \r as examples of alternative ways of living in balance with nature that \r might inform similar thinking in other places."


id: c19c6dcdc32665f9f28afd363431da3
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"Differing perspectives on development are in part determined by the \r multiple diverse priorities held by different actors and nations. Another \r reason is that development is not a linear process with a single goal, \r and active development planning requires simultaneously taking \r multiple processes and factors into account. This is well illustrated by \r growing attention to climate security. The AR5 delivered conflicting \r messages regarding climate change and security (Gleditsch and \r Nordas, 2014), yet the understanding of climate-related security \r risks has made substantial progress in recent years (von Uexkull and \r Buhaug, 2021). Although there remains considerable research gaps in \r certain regions (Adams et al., 2018), a large body of qualitative and \r quantitative studies from different disciplines provides new insight \r into the relationship of climate change and security (Buhaug, 2015; \r De Juan, 2015; Brzoska and Frohlich, 2016; Abrahams and Carr, \r [...]"


id: 265eafc35cba5f0c0e91e3bdd9c63389
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"[...] 2017; Sakaguchi et  al., 2017; Moran et al, 2018; Scheffran, 2020). \r Though not the only cause (Sakaguchi et al., 2017; Mach et al., 2019), \r climate change undermines human livelihoods and security, because \r it increases the populations vulnerabilities, grievances and political \r tensions through an array of indirect--at times nonlinear--pathways, \r thereby increasing human insecurity and the risk of violent conflict \r (van Baalen and Mobjork, 2018; Koubi, 2019; von Uexkull and Buhaug, \r 2021). Indeed, context, as well as timing and spatial distribution, \r matter and need to be accounted for (Abrahams, 2020)."


id: caeaa053383f887e7e602398280fefbe
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Sustainable development represents specific development processes \r and priorities that can affect climate risk. As a result, sustainable \r development both shapes the context in which different actors \r experience climate change and represents a potential opportunity, \r particularly by reducing climate risk by addressing vulnerability, \r inequity and shifting development towards more sustainable \r trajectories (IPCC, 2012; Denton et al., 2014; IPCC, 2014b; IPCC, 2014a; \r IPCC, 2018a; IPCC, 2019b). As assessed in past IPCC special reports \r and assessment reports, this same literature has also illustrated how \r different socioeconomic conditions affect mitigation options and costs. \r For example, variations in future economic growth, population size \r and composition, technology availability and cost, energy efficiency, \r resource availability, demand for goods and services, and non-climate\u0002related policies (e.g., air quality, trade), individually and collectively \r [...]"


id: 6832f28c4f63578c2ef4e789956d9d51
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content:
"[...] have all been shown to result in different climates and contexts for \r mitigation and adaptation."


id: 34a94afc462fda0aa987d18ac5af7542
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"One common approach for exploring the implications of different \r development trajectories is the use of scenarios of future socioeconomic \r conditions, such as the SSPs (O'Neill et al., 2017). The SSPs represent \r sets of future global societal assumptions based on different societal, \r technological and economic assumptions that result in different \r development trajectories. Such scenarios often correspond to a small \r set of scenario archetypes (Harrison et  al., 2019; Sitas et  al., 2019; \r Fergnani and Song, 2020) in that they reflect core themes regarding \r the future of development such as sustainability versus rapid growth. \r Scenarios with assumptions more closely aligned with sustainability \r agendas (e.g., SSP1-Sustainability) commonly imply lower greenhouse \r gas emissions and projected climate change (Riahi et al., 2022), lower \r mitigation costs for ambitious climate goals (Riahi et al., 2022), lower \r [...]"


id: 5c471b6d28d46f9cfa48f033e2ba2cc
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"[...] climate exposure due in large part to the size of society (see Chapter \r 16) and greater adaptive capacity (Roy et al., 2018) (see also Chapter \r 16). In contrast, scenarios with rapid global economic and fossil energy \r growth (e.g., SSP5 Fossil-Fueled Development) imply higher emissions \r and project climate change and higher mitigation costs, as well as \r greater social and economic capacity to adapt to climate change \r impacts (Hunt et al., 2012) (Table 18.1)."


id: bfdc100162a2bdd60316d25dd4c761b5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31042
content:
"In line with this better understanding, climate change and security \r have been reframed in the political space, to focus more on human \r security. The solutions to climate-related security risks cannot be \r military, but are linked to development and people's vulnerabilities \r in complex social and politically fragile settings (Abrahams, 2020). \r This has resulted in integration of climate-related security risk into \r institutional and national frameworks (Dellmuth et  al., 2018; Scott \r and Ku, 2018; Aminga and Krampe, 2020), including several Nationally \r Determined Contributions (NDCs) (Jernnas and Linner, 2019; Remling, \r 2021). One example is the UN Climate Security Mechanism--set up \r in 2018 between UNDP, UNEP and UN DPPA to help the UN more \r systematically address climate-related security risks and devise \r prevention and management strategies. Yet work remains in bridging \r these concerns with practical responses on the ground (Busby, 2021). \r [...]"


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"[...] Especially since emerging research building on the maladaptation \r literature shows that this practice cannot just mean adding adaptation \r and mitigation to the mix of development strategies in a given \r location, as this may have unintended and unanticipated effects and \r might even backfire completely (Dabelko et al., 2013; Magnan et al., \r 2020; Mirumachi et al., 2020; Schipper, 2020; Swatuk et al., 2021). In \r extremely underdeveloped, fragile contexts such as Afghanistan, the \r local-level side effects of climate adaptation and mitigation projects \r might result in different development outcomes and question the \r potential for sustainable peace (Krampe et  al., 2021). Given the \r clearer understanding of the intertwined nature of climate change, \r security and development--especially in fragile and conflict affected \r regions--a rethinking of how to transfer this knowledge into policy \r solutions is necessary for the formulation of CRD."


id: 60ac02ba35ddc6de6e19dbad35b1f9c8
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The SSPs incorporate various assumptions regarding population, \r GDP and greenhouse gas emissions, for example, that are relevant to \r development and climate resilience. In addition, the SSPs have been \r used to explore a broad range of development outcomes for human and \r ecological systems (Table  18.1), including multiple studies exploring \r futures for food systems, water resources, human health and income \r inequality. Limited, top-down modelling studies have used the SSPs \r to explore issues such as societal resilience (Schleussner et al., 2021) \r or gender equity (Andrijevic et al., 2020a). Such studies indicate that \r different development trajectories have different implications for future \r development outcomes, but results vary significantly among different \r climate (e.g., representative concentration pathways [RCPs]) and \r development contexts, resulting in limited agreement among different \r SSPs (Table 18.1). Nevertheless, for some outcomes, SSPs are associated \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] with generally similar outcomes. Over the near-term (e.g., 2030), those \r outcomes are strongly influenced by development inertia and path "


id: ae9ad491028502062ff99bdda33047fe
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27953
content:
"The projected ranges for near- and mid-term global average warming \r levels are estimated to result in increasing key risks and reasons for \r concern (Chapter 16). Chapter 16 developed aggregate 'Representative \r Key Risks' (RKRs) as indicators for subsets of approximately 100 \r sectoral and regional key risks indicators. The RKRs include risks to \r coastal socio-ecological systems, terrestrial and ocean ecosystems, \r critical physical infrastructure, networks and services, living standards \r and equity, human health, food security, water security, and peace and \r migration. The majority of these risks are directly linked to sustainable \r development priorities and the SDGs (Chapters 2 to 16; (Roy et  al., \r 2018; IPCC, 2019d; IPCC, 2019b). Therefore, climate risks represent a \r potential additional challenge to pursuing sustainable development \r priorities, but also potential opportunities due to geographic variation \r [...]"


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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15886
content:
"[...] in climate impacts. In addition, positive synergies have been found \r between sustainable development and adaptation, but trade-offs are \r also possible (e.g., Roy et al., 2018)."


id: 3e7669d29a4c1cab5c1d0175d6288aee
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"Overall, pursuing sustainable development in the future is shown to \r have synergies and trade-offs in its relationships with every element \r of climate risk: the emissions and mitigation determining hazard; the \r size, location and composition of development determining exposure; \r and the adaptive capacity determining vulnerability. Importantly, the \r scenarios literature overall has found trade-offs such that none of the \r global societal projections achieve all the SDGs (very high confidence) \r (Roy et  al., 2018) (Section  18.2.5.3). Historical evidence supports \r this as well, for example, finding low-cost energy and food access \r is historically associated with higher emissions but greater adaptive \r capacity, and energy efficiency innovation contributing to lower \r emissions and greater adaptive capacity (e.g., Blanford et  al., 2012; \r Blanco et al., 2014; Mbow et al., 2019; USEPA, 2019). The literature \r suggests that trade-offs in the pursuit of sustainable development \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] are inevitable. Managing those trade-offs, as well as capitalising on \r the synergies, will be important for CRD, particularly given trade-offs \r have distributional implications that could contribute to inequities \r (Section 18.2.5.3)."


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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1205
content:
"For all RKRs, additional global average warming is expected to increase \r risk. However, the increases vary significantly by RKR, and across the \r underlying key risks represented within each RKR. Geographic variation \r in key risk implications is only partially assessed in Chapter 16, but \r evidence can be drawn from the WGII individual regional chapters. \r Regionally, key risks are found to be potentially greatest in developing \r and transition economies (Chapter 16 and sectoral chapters), which is \r also where the least-cost emissions reductions globally are projected \r to be (Riahi et al., 2022).See Figure 18.4 for an example of key risk \r geographic heterogeneity (see also Section 18.5 for regional detail). \r Chapter 16 also maps the RKRs to an updated aggregate 'Reasons \r for Concern' (RFC) framing. Thus, increasing RKR implies increasing \r RFC associated with unique and threatened systems, extreme weather \r [...]"


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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22172
content:
"[...] events, distribution of impacts, global aggregate impacts and large\u0002scale singular events."


id: b27ea16fc8299a72cda5f990e7eb7809
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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"In the near-term, additional climate change is expected regardless of \r the scale of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts (IPCC, 2021a). Across \r the global scenarios analysed in the AR6, global average temperature \r changes relative to the reference period 1850-1900 range from 1.2degC \r to 1.9degC for the period 2021-2040 and 1.2degC to 3.0degC for the period \r 2041-2060 (WGI AR6 SPM [IPCC, 2021b], very likely range). However, \r the feasibility of emissions pathways (particularly RCP8.5) affect the \r plausibility of the associated climate projections, potentially lowering \r the upper end of these ranges because the likelihood of the higher \r warming levels is a function of the likelihood of the higher emissions \r scenarios (Riahi et  al., 2022) . There is significant overlap between \r climate scenario ensemble ranges from different emissions scenarios \r through 2050, more so than through 2100 (Lee et al., 2021). There is \r [...]"


id: 548edaf6849a7001bb79626990178a02
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] also overlap between emissions scenario ensembles consistent with \r different temperature outcomes (Riahi et al., 2022) . Emissions pathway \r ranges represent uncertainties for policymakers and organisations to \r consider and manage (Rose and Scott, 2018, 2020) regarding, among \r other things, economic growth and structure, available technologies, \r markets, behavioural dynamics, policies and non-CO2 climate forcings \r (Riahi et al., 2022), while climate pathway ranges represent bio-physical \r climate systems and carbon cycle uncertainties (Lee et al., 2021). For \r all climate projections and variables, there is significant regional \r heterogeneity and uncertainty in projected climate change (very high "


id: ce02da17d62c4e0ce7497e46a49e77f6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"development should address proximate and systemic drivers of \r vulnerability (Wise et al., 2016), while remaining flexible and reversable \r to avoid the lock-in of undesirable or maladaptive trajectories (Cannon \r and Muller-Mahn, 2010; Wise et al., 2016). Such goals require critical \r reflection on processes for decision making and learning. In the AR5, \r more inclusive, participatory adaptation processes were presumed to \r benefit development planning by including a wider set of actors in \r discussions of future goals (Denton et al., 2014). The post-AR5 literature \r expands on these critical perspectives to provide context regarding \r when participation is most effective. For example, (Eriksen et al., 2015) \r emphasise the need to build participatory adaptation processes to \r avoid subsuming adaptation goals to development-as-usual, while \r (Kim et al., 2017b) argues that this practice is most effective when it is \r [...]"


id: e1deffb512b32c95d2312d6db025d4b9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"[...] focused on development efforts and considers how climate change will \r challenge the goals of those efforts. Adaptation, while presenting an \r opportunity to foster transformations needed to address the impacts of \r climate change on human well-being, is also a contested process that \r is inherently political (medium agreement, medium evidence) (Eriksen \r et al., 2015; Mikulewicz, 2019; Nightingale Bohler, 2019; Eriksen et al., \r 2021b). How adaptation can challenge development and create a \r situation where CRD effectively becomes transformative adaptation, \r adaptation that generates transformation of broader aspects of \r development, remains unclear (medium agreement, limited evidence) \r (Few et al., 2017; Schipper et al., 2020c)."


id: 6bedac5c2d7a3dca4b69914cb1f59fa3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Given that adaptation is recognised as a key element of addressing \r climate risk and CRD, the capacity for adaptation implementation is an \r important consideration for CRD. The AR5 noted a significant overlap \r between indicators of sustainable development and the determinants \r of adaptive capacity, and suggested that adaptation presents an \r opportunity to reduce stresses on development processes and the socio\u0002ecological foundations upon which they depend (Denton et al., 2014). \r At the same time, it also noted that building adaptive capacity for \r sustainable development might require transformational changes that \r shift impacted systems to new patterns, dynamics or places (Denton \r et al., 2014). Thus, adaptation interventions and pathways can further \r the achievement of development goals such as food security (Campbell \r et al., 2016; Douxchamps et al., 2016; Richardson et al., 2018; Bezner \r Kerr et al., 2019) and improvements in human health (Watts et al., 2019) \r [...]"


id: 8765823212c63c73018f4d0ce6067c2c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] including in systems where animals and humans live in close proximity \r (very high confidence) (Zinsstag et al., 2018). However, to do so requires \r not only the avoidance of incremental adaptation actions that extend \r current unsustainable practices, but also the ability to manage and \r overcome the barriers which arise when the limits of incremental \r adaptation are reached (high agreement, medium evidence) (Few et al., \r 2017; Vermeulen et al., 2018; Fedele et al., 2019)."


id: 48fa71f48e4915a45c82c990c6f976be
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"The critical literature on socio-ecological resilience, which has grown \r substantially since the last AR (very high confidence), speaks to some \r of these questions. Since AR5, the IPCC and the wider literature on \r socio-ecological resilience have shifted their use of the term to reflect \r not only the capacity to cope with a hazardous event or trend or \r disturbance, but also the ability to adapt, learn and transform in ways \r that maintains socio-ecology's essential function, identity and structure \r (Chapter 1; Glossary, Annex II). This change in usage is significant in \r that it shifts resilience from an emergent property of complex socio\u0002ecological systems to a deeply human product of efforts to manage \r ecology, economy and society to specific ends. This definition of \r resilience recognises the need to define what is an essential identity, \r function and structure for a given system, questions rooted not in \r [...]"


id: ddb073402aabfa1301e5842563664958
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"[...] ecological dynamics, but in politics, agency, difference and power that \r emerge around the management of ecological dynamics (Cote and \r Nightingale, 2011; Brown, 2013; Cretney, 2014; Forsyth, 2018; Matin \r et al., 2018; Carr, 2019)."


id: c55e2760278abc443914b9ef0e60e7a5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Since AR5, the scientific community has deepened its understanding \r of the relationship between adaptation and sustainable development \r (very high confidence), particularly with regard to the place of \r resilience at the intersection of these two arenas. The literature has \r moved forward in its identification of specific overlaps in sustainable \r development indicators and determinants of adaptive capacity, \r how adaptation might reduce stress on development processes \r and their socio-ecological foundation, and how building adaptive \r capacity might facilitate needed transformative changes. Broadly \r speaking, work on these topics comes from one of two perspectives. \r One perspective speaks to adaptation practices that might further \r sustainable development outcomes, while another perspective draws \r on deeper understandings of the socio-ecological dynamics of the \r systems in which we live, and which we may have to transform in the \r [...]"


id: 3f40c42821ea1535abaae637e2bec451
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"[...] face of climate change impacts. These two literatures are not yet well \r integrated, leaving gaps in our knowledge of how best to implement \r adaptation in a manner that achieves sustainable development."


id: 2edf1e281e644c82aef639214e076220
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Costs of implementing efficient adaptation measures and water\u0002related infrastructure in water-deficient regions have received \r attention at the global and regional level to bridge the 'adaptation \r gap' (Hallegatte et al., 2018; UNEP, 2018a; Dellink et al., 2019; UNEP, \r 2021). Livelihood sustainability in the drylands, which cover more \r than 40% of the land surface area, are home to roughly 2.5 billion \r people, and support approximately 50% of the livestock and 45% \r of the food production, is threatened by a complex and inter-related \r range of social, economic and environmental changes that present \r significant challenges to rural communities, especially women (Abu\u0002Rabia-Queder and Morris, 2018; Gaur and Squires, 2018). Adaptation \r deficits in arid and semi-arid regions are of high order (see CROSS\u0002CHAPTER BOX 3). To reduce adaptation deficit in arid and semi\u0002arid regions, comprehensive and efficient adaptation interventions \r [...]"


id: 934a83c58ab9d804a93dbc13d95b7aa7
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"[...] integrating better water management, use of non-traditional water \r sources, changes in reservoir operations, soil ecosystem rejuvenation \r and enhanced institutional effectiveness are needed (Section  18.5) \r (Makuvaro et al., 2017; Mohammed and Scholz, 2017; Morote et al., \r 2019). Communities facing the lack of adequate technological, \r financial, human and institutional capacities to adapt effectively to \r current and future climate change often encounter adaptation deficits. \r To address current adaptation barriers and adaptation deficits, there \r is a need to promote efficient adaptation measures, coupled with \r inclusive and adaptive governance involving marginalised groups such \r as Indigenous communities and women."


id: 32b1d3baa55ed05324cf201d739754b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Currently, there is no consensus around approaches to assess the \r effectiveness of adaptation actions across contexts and therefore \r measure adaptation gaps at a global scale (Singh et al., 2021a). UNEP \r (2021) suggests that comprehensiveness, inclusiveness, implementability, \r integration and monitoring, and evaluation can be used to assess them \r (see also Cross-Chapter Box  FEASIB). However, limited information \r is available about future trends in national-level adaptation and the \r development of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Despite the \r challenges of measurement associated with adaptation gaps, available \r evidence from smaller scales across several regions, communities and \r businesses suggest that significant adaptation gaps have existed in \r historical contexts of climate change, while expectations of extreme heat, \r increasing storm intensity and rising sea levels will create the context \r for the emergence of new gaps (very high confidence) (Hallegatte et al., \r [...]"


id: ba1641e3d639c4e84bf152c9f922dcf9
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"[...] 2018; UNEP, 2018a; Dellink et al., 2019; UNEP, 2021). These adaptation \r gaps create risks to well-being, economic growth, equity, the health of \r natural systems and other societal goals. The negative impacts of these \r gaps can be compounded by adaptation efforts that are considered \r maladaptive or by development actions that are labelled as adaptation \r (see Chapter 16)."


id: 71f31549a6b0c54fdaedb09a831d9e28
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"As discussed in Chapter 16, adaptation is a key mechanism for \r managing climate risks, and therefore for pursuing CRD. The lower \r estimates in Table 18.2 are associated with higher levels of adaptation \r and more conducive development conditions. Furthermore, additional \r adaptation demand is associated with greater levels of climate change. \r Adaptation is a broad term referring to many different levels of response \r and options for natural and human systems, from individuals, specific \r locations and specific technologies, to nations, markets, global dynamics \r and strategies at the system level. Adaptation also includes endogenous \r reflexive and exogenous policy responses. Perspectives on limits to \r adaptation, synergies, trade-offs and feasibility therefore depend on \r where the boundaries are drawn and the objective. Overall, there are \r a broad range of adaptation options relevant to reducing risks posed \r by climate change to development. However, current understanding \r [...]"


id: 71e19b74b9e8f87d28256f0e332b5f20
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content:
"[...] of how such options are implemented in practice, their effectiveness \r across a range of possible climate futures and their potential limits, is \r modest."


id: a44d2962a02450e92a8444a3ed99c14c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"Sustainable development is regarded as generally consistent with \r climate change adaptation, helping build adaptive capacity by \r addressing poverty and inequalities and improving inclusion and \r institutions (Roy et  al., 2018). Some sustainable development \r strategies could facilitate adaptation effectiveness by addressing \r wider socioeconomic barriers, addressing social inequalities and \r promoting livelihood security (Roy et al., 2018). With a common goal of \r reducing risks, sustainable development and adaptation are relatively \r synergistic. For example, \"low-regrets\" adaptation strategies have \r been identified, such as improvements in health systems that reduce \r climate health impacts in cities (Barata, 2018). However, trade-offs \r also have been found and are important to consider and potentially \r address. Synergies have been found between adaptation and poverty \r reduction, hunger reduction, clean water access and health; while, \r [...]"


id: 6d3c750f1b4a6ca506ef451f26455fd0
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"[...] trade-offs have also been found, particularly when adaptation \r strategies prioritise one development objective (e.g., food security or \r heat-stress risk reduction) or promote high-cost solutions with budget \r allocation and equity implications (Roy et al., 2018) (Sections 18.2.5.3, \r 18.5, Box 18.4). There are also opportunities for addressing the trade\u0002offs, in particular distributional effects--by recognising that there are \r trade-offs and considering alternatives and complementary strategies \r to address those trade-offs (Section 18.2.5.3)."


id: 3e3b19d97cc49f11347d4305a907fbf2
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"Small islands are particularly vulnerable to climate change and many are already pursuing climate resilient development pathways \r that enable integrated responses (Allen et al., 2018a; Mycoo, 2018; Hay et al., 2019; Robinson et al., 2021). Countries such as Belize \r have opted for a systems approach and are working across the sustainable development goals (SDGs) to increase integration (Allen \r et al., 2018a). This includes rethinking disaster reconstruction mechanisms in the Caribbean and introducing more diversified and \r sustainable tourism economies that can better withstand external shocks such as disruptions and loss of markets from COVID-19 \r (Sheller, 2021). In the Seychelles, various government and tourism industry initiatives are focused on the promotion of sustainable \r tourism ventures that lower emissions, protect and promote biodiversity conservation (e.g., new marine protected areas with \r [...]"


id: b3040d6a5befb3990cf26c206121cf22
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content:
"[...] mitigation and adaptation benefits), and are climate resilient (Robinson et al., 2021). In 2016, the Seychelles signed the world's first \r nature-for-debt swap, wherein a non-governmental organisation (NGO; The Nature Conservancy) agreed to pay off Seychelles' public \r debt to the Paris Club (foreign creditors) in return for the Seychelles government establishing marine conservation areas (Silver and \r Campbell, 2018)."


id: cf06ad7a089db540e782827fd48c20a4
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vector_id: 33766
content:
"Energy system transitions in small islands can produce synergies with SDG implementation and can lead to transformational outcomes. \r The Pacific Island territory of Tokelau has demonstrated a nationwide energy transition, sourcing 100% of their energy needs from solar \r power (Michalena and Hills, 2018), and many other countries such as Fiji, Niue, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Cook Islands also \r have 100% renewable energy targets. Benefits of small island distributed energy systems (such as solar photovoltaic [PV] systems) \r include less need for large, centralised infrastructure; reduced reliance on volatile fossil fuel markets; enhanced international climate \r negotiations power; and enhanced local job markets/skills (Dornan, 2015; Cole and Banks, 2017; Weir, 2018). Additionally, renewable \r systems can enhance resilience to hydro-meteorological disasters (Weir and Kumar, 2020). For example, well-secured ground-based PV \r [...]"


id: 32445d27139185affd9eb25601ea89f7
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"[...] systems withstood cyclones in the Pacific Island of Tonga during cyclone Gita and across the Caribbean during Hurricane Maria, with \r power restored in days rather than weeks associated with more centralised systems (Weir and Kumar, 2020). Yet a multitude of challenges \r remain. In the Pacific islands region, these include: the high up front capital investment of renewables; lack of private sector investment; \r limited renewable energy data for policymaking; land tenure/rent costs; ongoing infrastructure maintenance skills and requirements; \r political turnover; failed experimentation; difficulty in obtaining and transporting replacement parts; and a highly corrosive environment \r for equipment (Dornan, 2015; Cole and Banks, 2017; Lucas et al., 2017; Weir, 2018; Weir and Kumar, 2020). The example of Pacific energy \r transitions demonstrates that a nuanced and context specific analysis of synergies and trade-offs for energy transitions is required to \r [...]"


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content:
"Labour migration is increasingly recognised as a significant factor that can contribute to climate resilient development pathways for \r small islands. In the Pacific islands region, labour mobility schemes are already allowing for climate change adaptation and economic \r development to occur in labour migrants' countries of origin (Smith and McNamara, 2015; Klepp and Herbeck, 2016; Dun et al., 2020). \r Dun et al. (2020) demonstrates that temporary or circular migrants from the Solomon Islands, working in Australia under its Seasonal \r Worker Programme (similar programmes operate in other developed countries), are using the money they earn to invest in adaptation \r and development activities back home. Similarly, labour migrants from Vanuatu, Kiribati and Samoa contribute to development and in \r situ climate change adaptation (at a household, village and regional level) that enable discussions about more resilient futures for their \r [...]"


id: adeaa15a7c7439e1daa0972b0e23f7e1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Table Box 18.4.1 (below) provides a set of examples of how adaptation actions can either contribute to or undermine SDG achievement \r for SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11 and 16. In general, formal adaptation policies as well as household and community-based adaptation strategies can \r generate positive outcomes, particularly if they are responsive to the local context and needs, with real participation and leadership by \r target populations (Remling and Veitayaki, 2016; Buckwell et al., 2020; McNamara et al., 2020; Owen, 2020). For example, integrated \r adaptation approaches to the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus aiming to build resilience in those sectors can lead to increased \r resource use efficiency and coherent strategies for managing the complex interactions and trade-offs among the water, energy \r and food SDGs (Mpandeli et al., 2018; Nhamo et al., 2020). One such approach could involve cultivating indigenous crops suited to \r [...]"


id: 34f748d792e51cd9320415db666a5c5c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] harsh growing conditions, which would allow for agricultural expansion for food and energy without increased water withdrawals \r (Mpandeli et al., 2018). Overall, adaptation commitments aiming to build resilience of vulnerable populations have typically shown to \r contribute to SDGs focused on ending extreme poverty (SDG 1), improving food security (SDG 2), improving access to water (SDG 6), \r ensuring clean energy (SDG 7), tackling climate change (SDG 13) and halting land degradation and deforestation (SDG 15) (Antwi\u0002Agyei et al., 2018)."


id: f9539489b863060e0509781956d35991
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"Such maladaptive adaptation practices can undermine SDG achievement through increasing vulnerability of marginalised groups by \r failing to address the underlying root causes of vulnerability and poverty that are related to political economy, power dynamics and \r vested interests more broadly, instead treating the symptoms as the cause (Magnan et al., 2016; Ajibade and Egge, 2019; Schipper, \r 2020). For example, evidence exists of flood defence measures through large-scale infrastructure development leading to the violent \r displacement of poor communities, forcibly resettling people in areas far from their employment or pushing up land and housing costs \r without providing compensation (Fuso Nerini et al., 2018; Reckien et al., 2018). Moreover, sectoral approaches to adaptation that fail \r to acknowledge the linkages between SDGs can counter development efforts and generate further trade-offs (Terry, 2009; Rasul and \r [...]"


id: c0c2ca24b31ddb47393ec71870e14d94
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content:
"In addition, a substantial literature also argues for policy coherence measures that adopt whole-of-government approaches and \r mainstream and nationalise SDG targets within national climate policies (Nilsson et al., 2012; Le Blanc, 2015; Ari, 2017; Collste et al., \r 2017; Dzebo et al., 2017; Nilsson and Weitz, 2019). Institutional coordination mechanisms that aim to break down silos between different \r agencies and actors at the national level are suggested as beneficial for avoiding trade-offs between adaptation actions and SDGs \r (Mirzabaev et al., 2015; Howlett and Saguin, 2018; Scherer et al., 2018). However, these need to be paired with an investigation of the \r deep-seated ideologies and vested interests that are creating goal conflicts and negatively impacting marginalised groups to begin with \r (Purdon, 2014; Bocquillon, 2018). Ultimately, adaptation measures need to acknowledge and address the underlying drivers that make \r [...]"


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"[...] certain groups particularly vulnerable, such as social disenfranchisement, unequal power dynamics and historical legacies of colonialism \r and exploitation (Magnan et al., 2016; Schipper, 2020)"


id: 73bbcd86c1ebb009a2113eefddb0bfe0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"Mitigation, including greenhouse gas emissions reductions, avoidance, \r and removal and sequestration, as well as management of other \r climate forcing factors (WGIII AR6), is a key element of addressing \r climate risk and pursuing CRD. There are numerous individual and \r system mitigation options throughout the economy and within human \r and natural systems (very high confidence) (Chapter 16; Section 18.5). \r Limiting global average warming has been found to reduce climate \r risks (IPCC, 2018a; IPCC, 2019b), and limiting global average warming \r to any temperature level has also been found to be associated with \r broad ranges of potential global emissions pathways that represent \r future uncertainty in the evolution of socioeconomic, technological, \r market and physical systems (very high confidence) (Rose and Scott, \r 2018; Rose and Scott, 2020). Pathways consistent with limiting \r warming to 2degC and below have been found to require significant \r [...]"


id: bbb160603bb5d3ea936564a80a69ce40
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30249
content:
"[...] deployment of mitigation options spanning energy, land use and \r societal transformation ((Lecocq et  al., 2022; Riahi et  al., 2022); \r Section 18.3). and substantial economic, energy, land use, policy and \r societal transformation (Lecocq et al., 2022; Riahi et al., 2022). Such \r emissions pathways would represent deviations from current trends \r that raise issues about their feasibility and therefore plausibility (Rose \r and Scott, 2018; Rose and Scott, 2020)."


id: 4d83e7c5ee9328bcb1dfd5f9ad221a9f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10918
content:
"Table  18.2 illustrates that greater climate ambition implies more \r aggressive emissions reductions in each region, and earlier regional \r peaking of emissions (if they have not peaked to date). Near-term \r regional emissions increases are possible, even for 1.5degC compatible \r pathways, but significantly lower emissions than today are shown in \r all regions by 2050. Increases in total regional energy consumption \r and fossil energy are observed for many pathways, even in the most \r ambitious where energy consumption growth is potentially slower \r compared with less ambitious pathways. By 2050, regional fossil \r energy declines, but is not eliminated in any region. Regional growth in \r electricity use is substantial in all pathways, even the most ambitious, \r with the growth continuing and accelerating with time and regional \r dependence on electricity (share of total energy consumption) also \r growing significantly. The broad ranges are an indication of uncertainty \r [...]"


id: 843a59e9328e9e885dd03399fb35671d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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vector_id: 20419
content:
"[...] and risk for regional transitions, noting that full uncertainty is likely \r broader than what is captured by emissions scenario databases \r (Rose and Scott, 2018; Rose and Scott, 2020). Among other things, \r pathways commonly assume idealised climate policies with immediate \r implementation, and model infeasibilities (i.e., models unable to \r solve) increase with climate ambition and pessimism about mitigation \r technologies (e.g., Clarke et al., 2014; Bauer et al., 2018; Rogelj et al., \r 2018; Muratori et  al., 2020), highlighting the increasing challenge \r and potential for actual infeasibility with lower global warming \r targets. Together, Table  18.2 provides insights into the increasingly \r demanding system and development transitions associated with lower \r global warming levels, as well as some of the low-carbon transition \r uncertainties and risks (see also Figure 18.5)."


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"Past assessment has evaluated representative mitigation strategies \r in terms of economic, technological, institutional, socio-cultural, \r environmental/ecological and geophysical viability, as well as \r relationships to SDGs (de Coninck et  al., 2018). The strategies \r assessment analysis has been updated for AR6 (Cross-Chapter \r Box FEASIB). These assessments identify types of barriers that could \r affect an option's feasibility. Among other things, this work finds that, \r other than public transport and non-motorised transport, every other \r mitigation option evaluated had at least one feasibility dimension that \r represented a barrier or obstacle. The barriers also imply that there are \r trade-offs in these feasibility dimensions to consider. The assessment \r of mitigation option-sustainable development relationships identifies \r related literature and derives aggregate characterisations. Concerns \r about the potential sustainable development implications of some \r [...]"


id: 9789c9ce4e85f16571a3ec6b2edcfc93
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"[...] mitigation technologies may be motivation for precluding the use \r of some mitigation options. For instance, the potential food security \r and environmental quality implications of bioenergy have received \r significant attention in the literature (e.g., Smith et al., 2013). However, \r constraining or precluding the use of bioenergy without or with CCS \r could have significant implications for the cost of pursuing ambitious \r climate goals, and potentially the attainability of those goals (e.g., \r Clarke et al., 2014; Bauer et al., 2018; Rogelj et al., 2018; Muratori et al., \r 2020). Bioenergy is not unique in this regard. Social, environmental, \r and sustainability concerns have also been raised about the large\u0002scale deployment of many low-carbon technologies, for example, \r REDD+, wind, solar, nuclear, fossil with CCS and batteries. See WGIII \r Chapter 3 (Riahi et al., 2022) for examples of the potential implications \r of limiting or precluding different low-carbon technologies."


id: b3afa8590450013d3409f9a4fd1057f8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28856
content:
"Figure  18.5, derived from WGIII scenarios data, illustrates estimated \r relationships between mitigation and various sustainable development \r proxy variables  for different global regions. Figure  18.5 illustrates \r synergies and trade-offs with mitigation, as well as regional \r heterogeneity, that can intensify with the level of climate ambition--\r synergies in air pollutants, such as black carbon, NOx and SO2; and \r trade-offs in overall economic development, household consumption, \r food crop prices and energy prices for electricity and natural gas. For \r comparison, recent IPCC assessments also observed similar synergies \r and trade-offs but did not directly make comparisons regarding overall \r development nor evaluate potential climates above 2degC (Rogelj et al., \r 2018; Roy et al., 2018; Mbow et al., 2019). Regional nonlinearity in the \r economic costs of mitigation with greater climate ambition (i.e., costs \r [...]"


id: 9e6be55aacf91390ace3a3d653f20faf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25095
content:
"[...] rising at an increasing rate with lower warming goals) can be significant \r within individual models (Rose and Scott, 2018; Rose and Scott, 2020). \r Figure 18.5 also illustrates transition risks in the potential for significant \r synergistic and trade-off implications with, for instance, potentially large \r regional commodity price implications and household consumption \r losses, as well as more significant air pollution benefits. Note that \r the 1.5degC results in Figure 18.5 (and Table 18.2) are biased by model \r infeasibilities. Many models are unable to solve, especially with less \r optimistic assumptions, resulting in small sample sizes and a different \r representation of models compared to the 2degC and higher results."


id: 86c4b783b653d6e4479341083f5010f5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20876
content:
"Results such as those in Figure  18.5 illustrate that mitigation-\r development trade-offs are inevitable and need to be considered \r and addressed. For instance, Roy (2018) found that although limiting \r warming to 1.5degC would make it markedly easier to achieve most of \r the UN's SDGs, none of the 1.5degC pathways assessed achieved all of \r the SDGs. A similar conclusion follows from the results in Figure 18.5 \r based on WGIII AR6 scenarios.. A newer literature is developing, \r evaluating the potential for managing SDG trade-offs. Results like \r those in Figure 18.5 provide insights regarding some of the types of \r strategy sets to consider. Roy et al. (2018) discuss the potential for \r policies that address distributional implications, such as payments, \r food support and revenue recycling, as well as education, retraining \r and technology outreach, subsidies or prioritisation. Recent studies \r have begun to estimate potential payments to offset trade-offs, such \r [...]"


id: cafb0f53058c1d8eaacc9188012cfcb6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33050
content:
"[...] as related to food, water and energy access (e.g., McCollum et al., \r 2018a). These analyses estimate investments to address specific \r trade-offs; however, with mitigation redirecting resources away \r from other productive activities, there is a need to also evaluate the \r aggregate economy-wide, distributional and welfare effects, including \r the redistribution effects of managing sustainable development \r trade-offs."


id: ec726437ec67eeab25363024d810eb16
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38958
content:
"Analyses of the potential implications of mitigation on sustainable \r development has various strands of literature--studies exploring \r general greenhouse gas mitigation feedbacks to society, assessments \r of mitigation implications on specific societal objectives other than \r climate and literature evaluating mitigation implications specifically \r for sustainable development objectives (Denton et  al., 2022; Lecocq \r et al., 2022; Riahi et al., 2022). In general, mitigation alters development \r opportunities by constraining the emissions future society can produce, \r which affects markets, resource allocation, economic structure, income \r distribution, consumers and the environment (besides climate) (very \r high confidence). Examples of general development feedbacks from \r mitigation include estimated price changes, macroeconomic costs, \r and low carbon energy and land system transformations (Fisher et al., \r 2007; Clarke et al., 2014; Popp et al., 2014; Rose et al., 2014; Weyant \r [...]"


id: 7748b5b284a1474df32e3846ca5e4867
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18191
content:
"[...] and Kriegler, 2014; Bauer et al., 2018; Rogelj et al., 2018). Examples of \r mitigation implications for other specific variables of societal interest "


id: bbe8e58b645aa4664a588e0664029fdd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30290
content:
"Figure 18.5 |  Regional implications of climate mitigation pathways in 2050 for different global mean peak temperature outcomes (during the century) \r for various development and sustainable development proxy variables. Each row reports results for a different variable for each of the five global regions (columns) \r used by WGIII, and SDG associated with each variable is noted. Blue dots represent individual emissions scenario results from each of the respective WGIII climate outcome \r scenario categories, with red bars the median results. All results are changes (percentage or fraction) relative to each WGIII scenario's reference scenario. In some circumstances \r the reference case emissions are below those from the scenario consistent with a global warming level, which can produce results that appear counter-intuitive (e.g., increases in \r [...]"


id: b672ac07995571cc50cf498900ad017e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29312
content:
"[...] GDP or consumption). Data sample sizes vary substantially across temperature levels for a given variable and across variables due to model infeasibilities and model differences in \r reporting. Model infeasibilities, in particular, result in significantly fewer data points for 1.5degC compatible emissions pathways compared to 2degC pathways (i.e., models are more \r often unable to solve for a 1.5degC consistent pathway, than a 2degC pathway, with a given set of assumptions). Food/feed crop price results were not available for 1.5degC and 4degC \r warming levels. Sample sizes for each variable and warming level respectively--1.5degC, 2degC, 3degC, and 4degC--are as follows (and apply to all regions): GDP (n = 2, 93, 29, 12); \r Consumption (2, 93, 30, 13); Black Carbon (2, 100, 39, 16), NOx (2, 100, 39, 15), SO2 (2, 100, 39, 16), price food/feed crops (0, 44, 23, 0); price electricity (2, 94, 38, 15); price "


id: dcd0fe9733b1104b542f411be2b55a8b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36111
content:
"Nonlinearities are an important consideration in evaluating risk \r management combinations. Nonlinearities have been estimated in \r global and regional mitigation costs and potential economic damages \r from climate change (very high confidence) ((Riahi et al., 2022); (Clarke \r et al., 2014; Burke et al., 2015; Rose, 2017). Nonlinear mitigation costs \r mean increasingly higher costs for each additional incremental reduction \r in emissions (or incremental reduction in global average temperature). \r Nonlinear increases in estimated economic climate damage means \r increasingly higher damages for each additional incremental increase \r in climate change (e.g., global average temperature). However, the \r evidence on whether damages increase at an increasing or decreasing \r rate is mixed (Chapter 16 CWGB: ECONOMIC). Nonlinearities are also \r suggested in estimated changes in key risks and adaptation costs \r (Chapters 2 to 16). However, to date, they have not been as explicitly \r [...]"


id: fa81cb55404645da4761e36961688954
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41440
content:
"[...] characterised. These nonlinearities imply nonlinearities in climate risk \r management synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development. \r Not only do trade-offs vary by climate level, as do synergies, but they \r increase at an increasing rate and their relative importance can shift \r across climate levels (very high confidence). Some of this is evident in \r results such as those shown in Figure 18.5 for mitigation (keeping in \r mind differences in sample sizes across temperature levels). Uncertainty \r about the degree of nonlinearity in mitigation, climate damages, key \r risks and adaptation costs creates uncertainties in the strength of \r the trade-offs and synergies, but also represents opportunities. For \r instance, additional mitigation options and more economically efficient \r policy designs have been shown to reduce mitigation costs and the \r nonlinearities in mitigation costs (very high confidence) (Riahi et al., \r [...]"


id: a7255c9537866ca35894e1c516db8e63
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26622
content:
"At the most aggregate level, there is a long-standing literature \r exploring economically optimal global trade-offs between climate \r risks and mitigation (e.g., Manne and Richels, 1992; Nordhaus, 2017; \r Rose, 2017), as well as global stochastic analysis exploring global \r risk hedging for a small number of uncertainties (e.g., (Lemoine and \r Traeger, 2014). Recent work has found optimal global emissions and \r climate pathways to be highly sensitive to uncertainties and plausible \r alternative assumptions, with uncertainties throughout the causal chain \r from society to emissions to climate to climate damages shown to imply \r a wide range of different possible economically optimal pathways (Rose, \r 2017). Among other things, this work identifies assumptions consistent \r with limiting warming to different temperature levels. For example, the \r combination of potential annual climate damages of 15% of global GDP \r at 4degC of warming and a less sensitive climate system were consistent \r [...]"


id: 62c1e68a73cdea5e08a83712348fc2b3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14672
content:
"[...] with an economically efficient global pathway limiting warming to \r 2degC. In addition, this work highlights the importance of characterising \r and managing uncertainties. These types of global aggregate analyses \r inform discussions regarding long-run global pathways and goals but \r are not designed to inform local planning."


id: 34773171b7a421f4a4b1100a8e017e91
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6465
content:
"While ensuring development and adaptation produce synergies \r that allow for the achievement of sustainable development is \r challenging, modelling exercises suggest that there are pathways \r where synergies among the SDGs are realised (very high confidence) \r (Roy et al., 2018; Van Vuuren et al., 2019) (Section 18.5), particularly \r if longer time horizons are used. These pathways require progress on \r multiple social, economic, technological, institutional and governance \r aspects of development, including building human capacity, \r managing consumption behaviour, decarbonisation of the global \r economy, improving food and water security, modernising cities and \r infrastructure, and innovations in science and technology (Van Vuuren \r et  al., 2019) (Section  18.3). In addition, Olsson et al, (Olsson et  al., \r 2014) and Roy et al. (2018) emphasise the importance of integrating \r considerations for social justice and equity in the pursuit of sustainable \r [...]"


id: 687e5ce447d264361aeec4be83a684df
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15649
content:
"Synergies between adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development \r might be promoted by prioritising those CRD strategies most likely to \r generate synergies (very high confidence) (Roy et al., 2018; Karlsson \r et al., 2020). This could include focusing on poverty alleviation that \r improves adaptive capacity (e.g., Kaya and Chinsamy, 2016; Kuper \r et al., 2017; Ley, 2017; Sanchez and Izzo, 2017; Stanczuk-Galwiaczek \r et al., 2018; Ley et al., 2020); renewable energy systems that improve \r water management and preservation of river ecological integrity \r (e.g., Berga, 2016; Rasul and Sharma, 2016); or internalising positive \r externalities, such as subsidies for mitigation options thought to also \r improve water use efficiency (e.g., Roy et al., 2018). Similarly, trade\u0002offs might be managed by prioritising strategies such as disqualifying \r mitigation options thought to have negative social implications \r (Section 18.2.5.3.1), internalising externalities, such as placing a fee or \r [...]"


id: 916475456731fd3a43dcc13a44afa76c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22787
content:
"[...] constraint on a negative externality or related activity (Dubash et al., \r 2022) (Bistline and Rose, 2018), or using complementary policies, \r such as transfer payments to offset negative mitigation, adaptation or \r sustainable development strategy implications (very high confidence)\r (e.g., McCollum et al., 2018b). Roy et al. (2018) discusses the latter, \r noting, for instance, the possibility of complementary sustainable \r development payments to avoid global energy access, food security \r and clean water trade-offs (Box 4.7)."


id: c5c428f412708d1cc3bb557935cb2b5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32104
content:
"Emerging evidence also suggests that many adaptation-labelled strategies \r may exacerbate existing poverty and vulnerability or introduce new \r inequalities, for example by affecting certain disadvantaged groups more \r than others, even to the point of protecting the wealthy elite at the expense \r of the most vulnerable (Eriksen et al., 2019). Pelling et al. (2016) find that \r adaptation has been conceived and implemented in such a manner that \r most projects preserve rather than challenge the status quo. Specifically, \r the potential for knowledge and the goals of adaptation to be contested \r by different actors and stakeholders and the need to sustain progress over \r extended periods of time can constrain the ability to effectively implement \r actions that lead to sustainable development outcomes that are protected \r from the impacts of climate change while also delivering climate mitigation \r outcomes, that is, for CRD (Bosomworth et  al., 2017; Bloemen et  al., \r [...]"


id: 866ef8c2cdcf1dc13439cba2c4bf347b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20816
content:
"[...] 2019). This creates the possibility for specific adaptation actions to result \r in outcomes that undermine greenhouse gas mitigation and/or broader "


id: c9d2bc4fa68a27e8bdb4ad9beeab4124
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32836
content:
"Locally, there are many qualitative similarities to the global perspective \r in thinking about risk management combinations across lower versus \r higher levels of warming. However, there is one very important difference. \r Local decision makers are confronted with uncertainty about what others \r will do beyond their local jurisdiction. With future climate a function of \r the sum of global decisions, sustainable development planning needs \r to consider the possibility of more and less emissions reduction action \r globally and the potential associated climates. This implies the need for \r sustainable development to manage for the possibility of higher levels \r of warming by further facilitating adaptation and managing adaptation \r trade-offs. Prioritising sustainable development locally is also supported \r by the insight that the impacts on poverty depend at least as much or \r more on development than on the level of climate change (very high \r [...]"


id: 94fd7ddd9c3cd338bfbf013bf057fdda
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23417
content:
"With surpassing 1.5degC a distinct possibility, considering higher levels \r of warming is a necessity. CRD could be pursued with additional \r adaptation, recognizing increasing challenges for adaptation and \r sustainable development with higher warming, just as there are \r increasing challenges for mitigation and sustainable development with \r limiting warming to lower levels. There are many possible pathways for \r pursuing climate resilient development, though our understanding of \r the possibilities with different levels of warming is currently limited \r (e.g., David Tabara et al., 2018; O'Brien, 2018). The current literature \r suggests that different mixes of adaptation and mitigation strategies, \r and sustainable development and trade-off management priorities, \r measures and reallocations (Section  18.5.3.1), will be appropriate \r for different expected climates and locations (Section 18.1.2); while \r trade-offs between climates will be dictated by relative nonlinearities, \r [...]"


id: bf19eacfda85e7cde9d9b38de00491e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30893
content:
"[...] feasibilities, shifts in priorities, and trade-off and reallocation options \r across future climates."


id: 1ba03cdae440b7d62d51141fba5112d9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2044
content:
"Sustainable development considerations could be used to prioritise \r mitigation options, but as noted earlier, there are trade-offs, with a \r potentially significant impact on the economic cost of mitigation, as \r well as a potential trade-off in terms of the climate outcomes that are \r still viable (Riahi et al., 2022). For instance, all of the 1.5degC scenarios \r used in IPCC (2018a) deploy carbon dioxide removal technologies \r (Rogelj et al., 2018). Without these technologies, most models cannot \r generate pathways that limit warming to 1.5degC, and those that are \r able to adopt strong assumptions about global policy development and \r socioeconomic changes. Sustainable development might also affect \r the design of policies by prioritising specific sustainable development \r objectives. However, there are trade-offs here as well, with costs and \r the distribution of costs varying with alternative policy designs. For \r [...]"


id: 26564d254e43cb263f0605525d8378c3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3914
content:
"[...] instance, prioritising air quality has climate co-benefits but does not \r ensure the lowest cost climate strategy (Arneth et al., 2009; Kandlikar \r et al., 2009). Similarly, prioritising land protection has a variety of co\u0002benefits but could increase food prices significantly, as well as the \r overall cost of climate mitigation (IPCC, 2019b). In this context, with \r lower climate risk and adaptation levels and larger mitigation effort, \r managing mitigation trade-offs could be a sustainable development \r priority. Furthermore, sustainable development could also be tailored \r to facilitate adaptation and manage mitigation costs."


id: 98d0766f232c327729cca975b683e67
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24101
content:
"Features of sustainable development, such as enhanced energy access, \r energy security, reductions in air pollution and economic growth, \r continue to be the dominant influence on the evolution of energy systems \r and decision making regarding energy investments and portfolios \r (very high confidence) (Clarke et  al., 2022) . To date, climate policy \r has been comparatively less influential in driving energy transitions \r globally. Yet there are examples at the local, regional and national \r level of policy incentivising rapid changes in energy systems (very \r high confidence) (Clarke et al., 2022) . Many sustainable development \r priorities have co-benefits in terms of climate mitigation, such as air \r pollution and conservation policies reducing short-lived climate forcers \r and sequestering carbon respectively, as well adaptation benefits, \r such as improved energy access and environmental quality enhancing \r adaptive capacity (very high confidence) (Clarke et  al., 2022) (de \r [...]"


id: 39e26044c6dac37d87dbf96dace1a0d2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7392
content:
"[...] Coninck et al., 2018). Alternatively, sustainable development projects \r can have negative climate implications with, for instance, hydroelectric \r projects shut down by droughts or floods resulting in greater use of \r bunker and fuel oil, as well as natural gas."


id: 9d64e5acd465d126ccb10550e9ee390b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24925
content:
"In the AR6, system transitions are defined as 'the process of changing \r (the system in focus) from one state or condition to another in a \r given period of time' (IPCC, 2018a; IPCC, 2019b). In the climate \r change solution space, system transitions represent an important \r mechanism for linking and enabling mitigation, adaptation and \r sustainable development options and actions (very high confidence). \r SR1.5C identified the need for rapid and far-reaching transitions in \r four systems--energy, land and terrestrial ecosystems, urban and \r infrastructure, and industrial systems (IPCC, 2018b; IPCC, 2018a) \r (Sections 1.5.1 and 18.1). The SRCCL expanded on this with a focus \r on terrestrial systems, while SROCC added additional evidence from \r ocean and cryosphere systems. This section assesses the four system \r transitions discussed in the SR1.5C assessment in the context of CRD, \r while also extending the assessment to consider societal transitions as \r [...]"


id: 5dd56131eb8a6aafecf4c482aa1dfbcd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13807
content:
"[...] a cross-cutting, fifth transition important for CRD. Literature to support \r this assessment is also drawn from AR6 regional and sectoral chapters, \r which is synthesised later in this chapter (Section 18.5)."


id: 1a06a6af5143b3b61fbd27fabb06ba30
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1778
content:
"In addition to sustainable development priorities driving change in \r energy systems, observed energy system trends have implications for \r sustainable development (e.g., IEA et al., 2019). Observed changes in \r energy system size, rate of growth, composition and operations impact \r energy access, equity, environmental quality and well-being, with both \r synergies and trade-offs, including recent improvements in global \r access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. For instance, \r in some countries, such as the USA, there has been a significant shift \r away from coal as a fuel source for electricity generation in favour \r of natural gas. More recently, however, renewables have emerged \r as the dominant form of new electricity generation (Gielen et  al., \r 2019). Similarly, for energy access in developing countries, renewable \r energy or hybrid distributed generation systems are increasingly \r being prioritised because of challenges associated with access, costs \r [...]"


id: fc1633d7271ca3c382d7b9b10763f5b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41713
content:
"[...] and environmental impacts from traditional fossil fuel-based energy \r technologies (Mulugetta et al., 2019)."


id: 2635d11fe22c65d14c2e778d9fbfcb65
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3891
content:
"Energy systems have been a historical driver of climate change, but \r are also adversely affected by climate change impacts, including short\u0002term shocks and stressors from extreme weather as well as long-term \r shifts in climatic conditions (very high confidence). The potential for \r such factors is often incorporated into local system designs, operations \r and response strategies. There have been changes in observed weather \r and extreme event hazards for the energy system, but to date, many \r are not attributable solely to anthropogenic climate change (USGCRP, \r 2017; IPCC, 2021a). Nevertheless, with observed extremes shifting \r outside of what has been observed historically, existing design criteria \r and operations may not be optimal for future climate conditions and \r contingencies (Chapters 2 to 16). Overall, there is limited historical \r evidence on the efficacy of adaptation responses in reducing \r vulnerability of energy systems (high agreement, limited evidence). \r [...]"


id: 1ce7f5f000b6329e1a4c321dd26c2324
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2266
content:
"[...] However, sustainable development trends, such as improving incomes, \r reducing poverty, and improving health and education have reduced \r vulnerability (Chapter 16), and improvements in system resiliency "


id: fe23c54e7bd7615136017a4476de3f39
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42076
content:
"Similarly, building and maintaining urban water systems that are \r resilient to climate shocks requires significant changes in water demand, \r infrastructure and management. Enhancing redundancy in water \r supply and the flexibility to shift between surface and groundwater \r options aids adaptation. Decentralised water supply and sanitation \r options are now feasible and can provide greater resilience than \r most centralised systems (Parry, 2017), provided they have adequate \r supply (Leigh and Lee, 2019; Rabaey et al., 2020). Water conservation \r and green infrastructure options for stormwater management are \r proven approaches for reducing climate risks (Venema and Temmer, \r 2017b), with adaptation and mitigation co-benefits. Water demand \r management and rainwater harvesting contribute to climate change \r mitigation and increase adaptive capacity by increasing resilience \r to climate change impacts such as drought and flooding (Paton \r [...]"


id: 998bca67b54bec70d9a10be291382b67
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] et  al., 2014; Berry et  al., 2015). In addition, they can contribute to \r restoring urban ecosystems that offer multiple ecosystem services \r to citizens (Berry et  al., 2015) {Lwasa, 2022 #4317}. The context\u0002appropriate development of green spaces, protecting ecosystem \r services and developing nature-based solutions, can increase the set \r of available urban adaptation options (IPCC, 2018b), while creating \r opportunities for more complex and dynamic approaches to urban \r water management (Franco-Torres et  al., 2020). For example, the \r Netherlands' 'Room for the River' policy focuses on not only achieving \r higher flood resilience, but also improving the quality of riverine areas \r for human and ecological well-being (Busscher et al., 2019)."


id: 5a93b436f37f091f471f14ca9051072a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"The built environment is increasingly exposed to climate stresses and \r more frequent co-occurrences of climate shocks than in the past. \r This has the potential to increase rates of building and infrastructure \r degradation and increase damage from extreme weather events. \r The existing adaptation gaps and everyday risks within many cities, \r particularly those of the Global South, combined with escalating \r risk from climate change, makes rapid progress in enhancing urban \r resilience a high priority for CRD (Pelling et al., 2018; Davidson et al., \r 2019; Lenzholzer et al., 2020). Strategic investments in disaster risk \r reduction, including climate-resilient green infrastructure, updated \r building codes and land use planning can provide significant long\u0002term cost savings and social benefits. Moreover, evaluating the relative \r merits of 'fail safe' versus 'safe to fail' approaches to infrastructure \r planning can help to identify more design principles that are more \r [...]"


id: 7b328b786a602e2446130aa315b54c99
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"[...] robust to the uncertainties of climate change and urbanisation (Kim \r et al., 2017a; Kim et al., 2019)."


id: f8930459d1c5e54feb91ca56b2ab50f9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"An overarching focus of urban sustainability is the reversal of long\u0002standing trends of ecosystem fragmentation and degradation that \r have resulted in growing separation between human and natural \r systems within urban environments (IPBES, 2019) (Lwasa et al., 2022). \r Urban ecosystems and the integration of nature-based solutions and \r green infrastructure into urban areas can yield benefits that facilitate \r achievement of the SDGs. There has been growing recognition of urban \r ecosystems as social, cultural and economic assets that can support \r economic development while also enhancing resilience to extreme \r weather events and improving air and water quality (Shaneyfelt \r et al., 2017; Matos et al., 2019). Investing in urban ecosystems and \r green infrastructure can provide lower-cost solutions to multiple \r urban development challenges when compared with traditional \r infrastructure systems (Terton, 2017). Relatedly, agriculture, while \r [...]"


id: 719a86639622a4dba7b723689f2da7c8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"[...] largely a rural system, is increasingly expanding within urban areas. \r Urban agriculture enables citizens to fulfil some of their food needs, \r improving urban resilience to food shortages, enhancing biodiversity \r and increasing coping capacity during disasters (Demuzere et  al., \r 2014; Clucas et al., 2018) (Lwasa et al., 2022). Strengthening urban \r agroecosystems therefore increases resilience to supply shocks from \r climate change impacts and can contribute to community cohesion \r (Temmer, 2017a)."


id: 80470bd951490348b5b852bfaed42a21
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"Other solutions focus on specific subsectors. Mutually supportive \r climate and land policies have the potential to save resources, amplify \r social resilience, support ecological restoration, and foster engagement \r and collaboration between multiple stakeholders (IPCC, 2019 f, C.1). \r Land-based solutions can combat desertification in specific contexts: \r water harvesting and micro-irrigation, restoring degraded lands using \r drought-resilient ecologically appropriate plants, agroforestry and \r other agroecological and ecosystem-based adaptation practices (IPCC, \r 2019 f, B.4.1). Reducing dust, sandstorms and sand dune movement \r can lessen the negative effects of wind erosion and improve air quality \r and health. Depending on water availability and soil conditions, \r afforestation, tree planting and ecosystem restoration programmes \r using native and other climate-resilient tree species with low water \r needs, can reduce sand storms, avert wind erosion and contribute to \r [...]"


id: 598efdc6760d5cd388a524118de63fcc
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content:
"[...] carbon sinks, while improving micro-climates, soil nutrients and water \r retention (IPCC, 2019 f, B.4.2)."


id: 8a2c063a69f72ada12740cd9c23abb1f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"Given the pressures on land, oceans and ecosystems, enhancing \r resilience to climate change and other pressures of human development \r is a core priority of transition in these systems. Yet there are a few \r recorded initiatives that provide evidence of successful improvement \r in ecosystem resilience (high agreement, limited evidence). Similarly, \r although there is significant evidence that a broad range of adaptation \r initiatives have been pursued across global regions and sectors, \r including a rapid expansion of nature- or ecosystem-based solutions \r (Mainali et al., 2020), there is limited evidence of how these planned \r climate adaptation efforts have contributed to enhanced ecosystem \r resilience. Additional research is necessary to evaluate these efforts in \r terms of their performance and also to identify mechanisms for scaling \r them up in different contexts. As an example, Paik et al. (Paik et al., \r [...]"


id: a5dabd4a0d006c13a827ef2b073a39e0
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"[...] 2020) record the increased diffusion of salt tolerant rice varieties in the \r Mekong River Delta, which is at risk of sea level rise and an associated \r saline intrusion. This is a low-cost adaption to saline ingress, that \r increases food productivity and reduces the risk of outmigration for \r this vulnerable agricultural region."


id: ee2eebe446982a72e27c5a4c36e2dda4
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"Coastal blue carbon ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes \r and seagrasses, can help reduce the risks and impacts of climate \r change, with multiple co-benefits. Over 150 countries contain at least \r one of these coastal blue carbon ecosystems and over 70 contain \r all three. Successful implementation of measures of carbon storage \r in coastal ecosystems could assist several countries in achieving a \r balance between emissions and removal of greenhouse gases. Carbon \r storage in marine habitats can be up to 1,000 tC ha-1, higher than \r most terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation of these habitats would \r also sustain a wide range of ecosystem services, assist with climate \r adaptation by improving critical habitats for biodiversity, enhance local \r fishery production and protect coastal communities from sea level rise \r (SLR) and storm events (IPCC, 2019b). Ecosystem-based adaptation is \r a cost-effective coastal protection tool that can have many co-benefits, \r [...]"


id: c9e0e0c36d0dd4320037fa94799d9ff9
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"[...] including supporting livelihoods, contributing to carbon sequestration \r and the provision of a range of other valuable ecosystem services \r (IPCC, 2019b)."


id: 2f6f6081a115d651cb4d9138279dc82
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5610
content:
"Polar regions will be profoundly different in the future. The degree \r and nature of that difference will depend strongly on the rate and \r magnitude of global climate change, which will influence adaptation \r responses regionally and worldwide. Future climate-induced changes \r in the polar oceans, sea ice, snow and permafrost will drive habitat and \r biome shifts, with associated changes in the ranges and abundance \r of ecologically important species (IPCC, 2019g). Innovative tools and \r practices in polar resource management and planning show strong \r potential in improving society's capacity to respond to climate change. \r Networks of protected areas, participatory scenario analysis, decision \r support systems and community-based ecological monitoring that \r draws on local and Indigenous knowledge and self-assessments of \r community resilience contribute to strategic plans for sustaining \r biodiversity and limit risk to human livelihoods and well-being. \r [...]"


id: cffbefc66662f235135977d17a4a5146
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"[...] Experimenting, assessing and continually refining practices while \r strengthening links with decision making has the potential to ready \r society for the expected and unexpected impacts of climate change \r (IPCC, 2019g)."


id: 61332bad7cd262559263be954df9215
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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content:
"Industrial transitions are also contingent upon consumer behaviour \r in terms of preferences for, and rates of, consumption of industrial \r products. Sustainable consumption can play an important role in \r sustainable production (Allwood et al., 2013; Allwood et al., 2019). This \r suggests feedbacks between industrial production and consumption \r in driving industrial transitions. For example, sustainable consumption \r could be triggered and/or enabled through sustainable production \r processes that provide more sustainable options to consumers as \r well as public or private promotional campaigns that promote those \r options. Meanwhile, demand from consumers for more sustainable \r options could help to drive the expansion of markets and innovation \r among industrial producers to meet that demand. However, some \r have argued that such promotional campaigns that target consumers \r do little to incentivize sustainable development and climate action \r [...]"


id: bda6c3c19af04e673af3ca6bf35e3589
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"This chapter contributes a fifth system transition in addition to the \r four which have already been introduced by SR1.5: the societal \r systems transition. While society and people also feature in the \r other systems transitions, the purpose of defining a fifth transition \r is to explicitly highlight the challenges associated with changes in \r behaviour, attitudes, values and consciousness required to achieve \r CRD. One caveat of considering transitions in societal systems is the \r limit to which the nature of change is known: transitions accomplish \r reconfigurations towards a relatively known destination. Historical and \r current differences between and within nations translate to a multitude \r of equally valid but diverse priorities for development, for example the \r understanding of development towards progress as linear has been \r challenged as being a Western concept by scholars of colonialisation \r (Sultana et al., 2019). Thus, societal transitions are understood as being \r [...]"


id: 740a079e60584f7535369440a3ad2e8c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:04
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"Climate change connects to ecosystem services through two links: climate change and its influence on ecosystems as well as its influence \r on services (Section 2.2). The key climatic drivers are changes in temperature, precipitation and extreme events, which are unprecedented \r over millennia and highly variable by regions (Sections 2.3, 3.2; Cross-Chapter Box EXTREMES in Chapter 2). These climatic drivers \r influence physical and chemical conditions of the environment and worsen the impacts of non-climate anthropogenic drivers including \r eutrophication, hypoxia and sedimentation (Section 3.4). Such changes have led to changes in terrestrial, freshwater, oceanic and coastal \r ecosystems at all different levels, from species shifts and extinctions, to biome migration, and to ecosystem structure and processes \r changes (Sections 2.4, 2.5, 3.4, Cross-Chapter Box MOVING PLATE in Chapter 5). Changes in ecosystems leads to changes in ecosystem \r [...]"


id: 560cbf24cc867970d24d89ab7ef8b846
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"[...] services including food and limber prevision, air and water quality regulation, biodiversity and habitat conservation, and cultural and \r mental support (Sections 2.4, 3.5). Table Box 18.5.2 presents examples of climate change's impact on ecosystems and their services from \r other chapters in the WGII report. The degradation of ecosystem services is felt disproportionately by people who are already vulnerable \r because of historical and systemic injustices, including women and children in low-income households, Indigenous or other minority \r groups, small-scale producers and fishing communities, and low-income countries (Sections 3.5, 4.3, 5.13)."


id: d763df6f5b1c1fbfff9cb6f3c7356da6
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"Ecosystem protection and restoration, ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA), and nature-based solutions (NBS) can lower climate risk \r to people and achieve multiple benefits including food and material provision, climate mitigation and social benefits (Sections 2.6, \r 3.6, 4.6, 5.13, 6.3, 8.6). Table Box 18.5.3 presents some examples of ecosystem adaptation practices reported in WGII sectoral and \r regional chapters and CCPs, as well as their co-benefits, potential for maladaptation and enabling conditions. Many of the strategies \r focus on integrated systems (managing for multiple objectives and trade-offs) as well as the fair use of resources. However, there is \r limited evidence of the extent to which adaptation is taking place and virtually no evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptation in the \r scientific literature (Sections 2.6, 3.5). Enabling conditions for the successful implementation ecosystem-based practice include regional \r [...]"


id: 605503a4e3c2fd4cb09011a0e984919e
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"[...] and community-based based approaches, multi-stakeholder and multi-level governance approaches, Integration of local knowledge and \r Indigenous knowledge, finance and social equity (Sections 2.6, 3.6)."


id: fa2e4a4a1de74d2a5c1074a5653fb9b3
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"The four systems transitions identified in SR1.5 already include a \r component of societal change--for example, attitude change is \r part of public acceptance that facilitates shifts in energy including \r changing electricity to renewables (Chapter 4 SR1.5, Section 4.3.1.1) \r and developing nuclear power (Section  4.3.1.3), and behavioural \r change is a part of shifting irrigation practices to drive required \r land and ecosystems transitions (Section 4.3.2.1). Extracting societal \r transitions also allows for a detailed examination of other societal \r dimensions that facilitate systems transitions, for example justice \r issues relating to water and energy access and distribution, and land \r use. Societal transition, sometimes known as 'societal transformation', \r is an established concept in different literatures, as described below. \r Transformation and transition are terms often used as synonyms \r (Holscher et  al., 2018), although different schools of thought \r [...]"


id: fd3f977e213f7b2262b55a39a46fa827
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"[...] understand them as sub-components of each other, for example \r transition driving transformation, or transformation driving transition. \r For a more detailed discussion on the differences between transition \r and transformation represented in the literature, see Box 18.1."


id: 91ebd7cc06a1e7c45057b581449f9023
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"Because of the multiple sectors, interests and scales that are involved \r in societal transitions, understanding and creating evidence on \r transitions requires shifting across system boundaries and finding ways \r to transcend disciplinary silos. Relevant research includes work within \r the topic of transformation and transitions (Holscher et  al., 2018). \r Transformations literature can be split into multiple sub-concepts and \r requires engagement with multiple schools of thought (Feola, 2015; \r Feola et  al., 2021). Much focus within transformations research is \r currently related to biodiversity conservation (Massarella et al., 2021), \r and transitions work tends towards a focus in urban areas (Loorbach \r et al., 2017). Though there is also work in both that is more broadly \r labelled as sustainability transformations or transitions (Luederitz et al., \r 2017). Furthermore, there is likely to be much relevant literature that \r [...]"


id: ec12c0abc3f7df0f646f2cb72c9d9018
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"[...] does not explicitly label itself as transformations or transitions (Feola \r et al., 2021). For example, we could look to political science theories \r on policy change (Leventon et al., 2021) and historical perspectives on \r social change. Bridging these divides will require a deeper rethinking \r in the research community to undo power structures that marginalise \r diverse knowledge (Caniglia et al., 2021; Lahsen and Turnhout, 2021)."


id: c1e507b101b41752ea8a89f4d29a3372
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"Societal transitions for the purpose of this report are understood as the \r collection of shifts in attitudes, values, consciousness and behaviour \r required to move towards CRD. This builds on the SR1.5 (IPCC, 2018a: \r 599) definition of societal (social) transformation: 'A profound and \r often deliberate shift initiated by communities towards sustainability, \r facilitated by changes in individual and collective values and \r behaviours, and a fairer balance of political, cultural, and institutional \r power in society'. This includes accepting Indigenous knowledge \r and local knowledge (IKLK) as an equally valid form of knowledge \r as compared with Western, scientific knowledge (see Cross-Chapter \r Box  INDIG) and recognition of the role of shifting gender norms to \r achieve climate resilience (see Cross-Chapter Box GENDER). Changes \r associated with societal transitions are not specific to defined systems \r (e.g., energy, industry, land/ecosystems or urban/infrastructure). Rather, \r [...]"


id: 8fb029fad11beb9fc2d482e01fceed32
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"[...] these sectoral systems are embedded within broader societal systems, \r including for example political systems, economic systems, knowledge \r systems and cultural systems (Davelaar, 2021; Turnhout et  al., 2021; \r Visseren-Hamakers et al., 2021). Changes that happen in these broader \r social systems can therefore prompt changes in all systems embedded \r within them, meaning that societal transition is key to transforming \r across a range of sectors and topics (Leventon et al., 2021). Furthermore, "


id: c2666b31f75895e8cc7dcb50762b2e9e
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content:
"Successfully implementing climate actions and managing trade\u0002offs between mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development \r (Section  18.2.4) has important time considerations that imply \r significant urgency, making substantive progress in system transitions \r critical for CRD. Both the SDGs and the Sendai Framework, for \r example, have target dates of 2030. Meanwhile, the Paris Agreement \r sets specific time horizons for NDCs and the SR1.5 indicated that \r limiting warming to 1.5degC would similarly require substantial climate \r action by 2030 (IPCC, 2018a). While the literature is unambiguous \r regarding the need for significant system transitions to achieve CRD \r (Section  18.1.3), the current pace of global emissions reductions, \r poverty alleviation and development of equitable systems of \r governance is incommensurate with these policy time tables (Rogelj \r et  al., 2010; Burke et  al., 2016; Oleribe and Taylor-Robinson, 2016; \r [...]"


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"[...] Kriegler et al., 2018; Frank et al., 2019; Sadoff et al., 2020). As noted \r previously in the AR5, 'delaying action in the present may reduce \r options for climate-resilient pathways in the future' (Denton et  al., \r 2014: 1123). Accordingly, significant acceleration in the pace of system \r transitions is necessary to enable the implementation of mitigation, \r adaptation and sustainable development initiatives consistent with \r CRD (very high confidence)."


id: 194ab6ca1f7837ae232e14bf9c3fe312
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"Despite a current lack of empirical evidence, there are numerous \r frameworks emerging for exploring societal transitions across levels. \r There is focus on pathways for sustainability transitions, which tends \r to look at projected, normative scenarios for the future, and explore \r or back-cast the institutional and societal changes that are required \r to get there (Westley et al., 2011; Sharpe et al., 2016). There is also \r work that looks at scaling up of smaller sustainability initiatives, \r through processes of scaling up, scaling out and scaling deep (Moore \r et al., 2015; Lam et al., 2020). In particular, systems thinking provides \r an organising framework for bringing together multiple disciplines \r and perspectives, to understand problem framings, and normative \r and design aspects of social systems and behaviours (Foster\u0002Fishman et  al., 2007). Within this, Meadows (1999) framework of \r leverage points for systems transformation has been operationalised \r [...]"


id: 5cf91b7004edb2fd1c2f2a34ac12ea08
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content:
"[...] within the sustainability transformations debate (Abson et  al., \r 2017). Here, system properties relating to system paradigms and \r design are leverage points where interventions can create greatest \r system change; shallower leverage points relate to materials and \r processes. This framework is increasingly being used across a range \r of sustainability problems as boundary objects for cross-disciplinary, \r critical research (Fischer and Riechers, 2019; Leventon et  al., 2021; \r Riechers et al., 2021)."


id: 205482885ed9d1126bb8031cef5f4b4
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"Studies since the AR5 directly address the issue of how to accelerate \r transitions within the broader system transitions, sustainability \r transitions and socio-technical transitions literature (Frantzeskaki \r et al., 2017; Gliedt et al., 2018; Gorissen et al., 2018; Johnstone and \r Newell, 2018; Kuokkanen et  al., 2019; Markard et  al., 2020). Such \r literature explores several core themes to facilitate acceleration, \r which are aligned with the discussion later in this chapter on arenas \r of engagement for CRD (Section  18.4.3). One dominant theme is \r accelerating the implementation of sustainability or low-carbon policies \r that target specific sectors or industries (Bhamidipati et al., 2019). For \r example, Altenburg and Rodrik (Altenburg and Rodrik, 2017) discuss \r green industrial polices including taxes, mandated technology phase \r outs and the removal of subsidies as means of constraining polluting \r industries. Kivimaa et  al. (Kivimaa and Martiskainen, 2018; Kivimaa \r [...]"


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"[...] et al., 2019a; Kivimaa et al., 2019b; Kivimaa et al., 2020) and Vihemaki \r et  al. (2020) discuss low-carbon transitions in buildings, noting the \r important role that intermediaries play in facilitating policy reform. \r Nikulina et al. (2019) identify mechanisms for facilitating policy change \r in personal mobility including political leadership, combining carrots \r and sticks to incentivise behavioural change and challenging current \r policy frameworks. These various examples reflect a fragmented \r approach to system transitions, suggesting a large portfolio of such \r transition initiatives would be required to accelerate change or \r more fundamental and cross-cutting policy drivers are needed (high \r agreement, limited evidence). Policies that seek to promote social \r justice and equity, for example, could ultimately catalyse a broader \r range of sustainability and climate actions than policies designed to \r [...]"


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"[...] address a specific sector or class of technology (Delina and Sovacool, \r 2018; White, 2020)."


id: 7fd0fd3f5cbede8ba0603fd33caa3eb3
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content:
"Analyses of societal transitions have had limited engagement with \r adaptation questions. The focus of the sub-field of sustainability \r transitions on a few industrialised nations, mostly in North America \r and Europe, limited the field's development to assumptions born from \r the experiences in those areas. More recent studies have sought to \r understand sustainability transitions in other countries, especially \r emerging economies (Wieczorek, 2018; Kohler et  al., 2019). In \r particular, China has received attention from scholars on sustainability \r transitions (Huang et  al., 2018; Lo and Castan Broto, 2019; Castan \r Broto et al., 2020; Huang and Sun, 2020). As a result, some pressing \r issues related to societal transitions for adaptation have received \r limited attention compared with that paid to other system transitions. \r However, more recently, scholarship has begun examining transitions \r that have turned to nature and nature-based solutions. Adaptive \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] transitions are an intermediary step towards sustainability transitions, \r whereby multiple actions at material and institutional levels are \r combined towards improving adaptation outcomes (Pant et al., 2015; \r Scarano, 2017)."


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"driving transitions forward (high agreement, medium evidence). Ehnert \r et  al. (2018) describe local organisations and civic engagement in \r policy processes as an important engine for sustainability activities in \r European states. Similarly, Ruggiero et al. (2021) note the potential to \r use civic organisations to appeal to local identities in order to mobilise \r citizens to pursue energy transition initiatives among communities in \r the Baltic Sea region. Gernert et  al. (2018) attribute such influence \r to the ability of grassroots movements to bypass traditional social \r and political norms and thereby experiment with new behaviours \r and processes. Moreover, civic engagement is also the foundation for \r collective action including protest and civil disobedience (Welch and \r Yates, 2018, Section  18.5.3.7). However, Haukkala (2018) observes \r that while green-transition coalitions in Finland could be an agent of \r [...]"


id: 88ed82681ae05eca61f932142cb6f84e
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"[...] change driving energy transitions, the diversity of views among the \r various grassroots actors could make consensus building difficult, \r thereby slowing transition initiatives."


id: cc74499d4528210cc13b07d77053ac65
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"This Cross-Chapter Box highlights the intersecting issues of gender, climate change adaptation, climate justice and transformative \r pathways. A gender perspective does not centre only on women or men but examines structures, processes and relationships of power \r between and among groups of men and women and how gender, particularly in its non-binary form, intersects with other social \r categories such as race, class, socioeconomic status, nationality or education to create multi-dimensional inequalities (Hopkins, 2019). A \r gender transformative approach aims to change structural inequalities. Attention to gender in climate change adaptation is thus central \r to questions of climate justice that aim for a radically different future (Bhavnani et al., 2019). As a normative concept highlighting the \r unequal distribution of climate change impacts and opportunities for adaptation and mitigation, climate justice (Wood, 2017; Jafry et al., \r [...]"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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"[...] 2018; Chu and Michael, 2019; Shi, 2020a) calls for transformative pathways for human and ecological well-being. These address the \r concentration of wealth, unsustainable extraction and distribution of resources (Schipper et al., 2020a; Vander Stichele, 2020) as well as \r the importance of equitable participation in environmental decision making for climate justice (Arora-Jonsson, 2019)."


id: 930062ab788b6a8430b7759612195f23
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"Research on gender and climate change demonstrates that an understanding of gendered relations is central to addressing the issue of \r climate change. This is because gender relations mediate experiences with climate change, whether in relation to water (Kohler et al., \r 2019) (see also Sections 4.7, 4.3.3, 4.6.4, 5.3), forests (Arora-Jonsson, 2019), agriculture (Carr and Thompson, 2014; Balehey et al., 2018; \r Garcia et al., 2020) (see also Chapter 4, Section 5.4), marine systems (Mcleod et al., 2018; Garcia et al., 2020) (see also Section 5.9) or \r urban environments (Reckien et al., 2018; Susan Solomon et al., 2021) (see also Chapter 6). Climate change has direct negative impacts \r on women's livelihoods due to their unequal control over and access to resources (e.g., land, credit) and because they are often the ones \r with the least formal protection (Eastin, 2018) (see also Box 9.2 in Chapter 9). Women represent 43% of the agricultural labour force \r [...]"


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"[...] globally, but only 15% of agricultural landholders (OECD, 2019b). Gendered and other social inequities also exist with non-land assets \r and financial services (OECD, 2019b) often due to social norms, local institutions and inadequate social protection (Collins et al., 2019b). \r Men may experience different adverse impacts due to gender roles and expectations (Bryant and Garnham, 2015; Gonda, 2017). These \r impacts can lead to irreversible losses and damages from climate change across vulnerability hotspots (Section 8.3)."


id: 74b07934c8bd31aff680423b117150d1
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"Participation in environmental decision making tends to favour certain social groups of men, whether in local environmental committees, \r international climate negotiations (Gay-Antaki and Liverman, 2018) or the IPCC (Nhamo and Nhamo, 2018). Addressing climate justice \r reinforces the importance of considering the legacy of colonialism on developing regional and local adaptation strategies. Scholars have \r criticised climate programmes for setting aside forestland that poor people rely on and appropriating the labour of women in the Global \r South without compensatory social policy or rights; where women are expected to work with non-timber forest products to compensate \r for the lack of logging and for global climate goals, but where their work of social reproduction and care is paid little attention (Westholm \r and Arora-Jonsson, 2015; Arora-Jonsson et al., 2016). A global ecologically unequal exchange, biopiracy, damage from toxic exports or \r [...]"


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"[...] the disproportionate use of carbon sinks and reservoirs by high-income countries enhance the negative impacts of climate change. \r Women in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) also endure the harshest impacts of the debt crisis \r due to imposed debt measures in their countries (Appiah and Gbeddy, 2018; Fresnillo Sallan, 2020). The austerity measures derived as \r conditionalities for fiscal consolidation in public services increases gender-based violence (Castaneda Carney et al., 2020) and brings \r additional burdens for women in the form of increasing unpaid care and domestic work (Bohoslavsky, 2019)."


id: 6e875e5794a3ee1a13562bd683149b36
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"Land, ecosystem and urban transitions to climate resilient development need to address gender and other social inequities to meet \r sustainability and equity goals, otherwise, marginalised groups may continue to be excluded from climate change adaptation. In the \r water sector, increasing floods and droughts and diminishing groundwater and runoff have gendered effects on both production systems \r and domestic use (Sections 4.3.1, 4.3.3, 4.5.3). Climate change is reducing the quantity and quality of safe water available in many \r regions of the world and increasing domestic water management responsibilities (high confidence). In regions with poor drinking water \r infrastructure, it is forcing, primarily women and girls, to walk long distances to access water, and limiting time available for other \r activities, including education and income generation (Eakin et al., 2014; Kookana et al., 2016; Yadav and Lal, 2018). Water insecurity \r [...]"


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"[...] and the lack of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure have resulted in psychosocial distress and gender-based violence, \r as well as poor maternal and child health and nutrition (Collins et al., 2019a; Wilson et al., 2019; Geere and Hunter, 2020; Islam et al., \r 2020; Mainali et al., 2020) (Sections 4.3.3 and 4.6.4.4) (high confidence). Climate-related extreme events also affect women's health--by \r increasing the risk of maternal and infant mortality, disrupting access to family planning and prevention of mother to child transmission \r regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive pregnant women (UNDRR, 2019) (see also Section 7.2). Women and the \r elderly are also disproportionately affected by heat events (Sections 7.1.7.2.1, 7.1.7.2.3, 13.7.1)."


id: 5ac51f1c67c62c3e4f815de4880f057a
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"Climate change policies and programmes across regions reveal wide variation in the degree and approach to addressing gender inequities \r (see Table SMCCB GENDER.2). In most regions where there are climate change policies that consider gender, they inadequately address \r structural inequalities resulting from climate change impacts, or how gender and other social inequalities can compound risk (high confidence). \r Experiences show that it is more frequent to address specific gender inequality gaps in access to resources. Regionally, Central and South \r American countries (Section  12.5.8) have a range of gender-sensitive or gender-specific policies such as the intersectoral coordination \r initiative Gender and Climate Change Action Plans (PAGcc), adopted in Peru, Cuba, Costa Rica and Panama (Casas Varez, 2017), or the \r Gender Environmental policy in Guatemala that has a focus on climate change (Barcena-Martin et al., 2021). However, countries often have \r [...]"


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"[...] limited commitment and capacity to evaluate the impact of such policies (Tramutola, 2019). In North and South America, policies have failed \r to address how climate change vulnerability is compounded by the intersection of race, ethnicity and gender (Radcliffe, 2014; Vinyeta et al., "


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"2016) (see also Section 14.6.3). Gender is rarely discussed in African national policies or programmes beyond the initial consultation stage \r (Holvoet and Inberg, 2014; Mersha and van Laerhoven, 2019), although there are gender and climate change action strategies in countries \r such as Liberia, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia (Mozambique and IUCN, 2014; Zambia and IUCN, 2017). European climate change \r adaptation strategies and policies are weak on gender and other social equity issues (Allwood, 2014; Boeckmann and Zeeb, 2014; Allwood, \r 2020), while in Australasia, there is a lack of gender-responsive climate change policies. In Asia, there are several countries that recognise \r gendered vulnerability to climate change (Jafry, 2016; Singh et al., 2021b), but policies tend to be gender-specific, with a focus on targeting \r women, for example in the national action plan on climate change as in India (Roy et al., 2018) or in national climate change plan as in \r [...]"


id: 259e2602c22f8b0703182c1a03d96f33
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"Adaptation actions may reinforce social inequities, including gender, unless explicit efforts are made to change (Nagoda and Nightingale, \r 2017; Garcia et al., 2020) (robust evidence, high agreement). Participation in climate action increases if it is inclusive and fair (Huntjens \r and Zhang, 2016). Roy et al. (2018) assessed links among various SDGs and mitigation options. Adaptation actions are grounded in local \r realities, especially in terms of their impacts, so understanding links with the goals of SDG 5 becomes more important to make sure that \r adaptive actions do not worsen prevalent gender and other social inequities within society (robust evidence, high agreement). In the \r IPCC 1.5degC Special Report, Roy et al. (2018) assessed links between various SDGs and mitigation options, adaptation options were not \r considered. The current SDG 13 climate action targets do not specifically mention gender as a component for action, which makes it \r [...]"


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"[...] even more imperative to link SDG 5 targets and other gender-related targets to adaptive actions under SDG 13 to ensure that adaptation \r projects are synergistic rather than maladaptive (Section 16.3.2.6, Table 16.6) (Susan Solomon et al., 2021; Roy et al., Submitted)."


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"This assessment is based on a systematic rapid review of scientific publications (McCartney et al., 2017; Liem et al., 2020) published on \r adaptation actions in nine sectors from 2014 to 2020 (see Table SMCCB GENDER.1) (Roy et al., Submitted)(Roy et al., Submitted)(Roy \r et al., Submitted)and how they integrated gender perspectives impacting gender equity. The assessment is based on over 17,000 titles \r and abstracts that were initially found through keyword search and were reviewed. Finally, 319 relevant papers on case studies, regional \r assessments and meta-reviews were assessed. Gender impact was classified by various targets under SDG 5. Following the approach \r taken in Roy et al. (2018) and (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2019), the linkages were classified into synergies (positive impacts or co-benefits) \r and trade-offs (negative impacts) based on the evidence obtained from the literature review which is finally used to develop net impact \r [...]"


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"[...] (positive or negative) scores (see Table Cross-Chapter Box GENDER.1 and Supplementary Material)."


id: 2c391b5df78492c888bcf6c4f6f83fd4
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"Among the adaptation actions, ecosystem-based actions have the strongest net positive links with SDG 5 targets (Table Cross-Chapter \r Box GENDER.1, Table SMCCB GENDER.1). In the health, well-being and changing communities' sector, this is with robust evidence and \r medium agreement, while in all other sectors there is medium evidence and low agreement. Net negative links are most prominent in \r institutional adaptation actions (Table Cross-Chapter Box GENDER.1). For example, in mountain ecosystems, changes in gender roles \r in response to climatic and socioeconomic stressors is not supported by institutional practices, mechanisms and policies that remain \r patriarchal (Goodrich et al., 2019). Additionally, women often have less access to credit for climate change adaptation practices, including \r post-disaster relief, for example, to deal with salinisation of water or flooding impacts (Hossain and Zaman 2018). Lack of coordination \r [...]"


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"[...] among different city authorities can also limit women's contribution in informal settlements towards adaptation. Women are typically \r under-represented in decision making on home construction and planning and home-design decisions in informal settlements, but \r examples from Bangladesh show they play a significant role in adopting climate-resilient measures (e.g., the use of corrugated metal \r roofs and partitions which is important in protection from heat) (Jabeen, 2014; Jabeen and Guy, 2015; Araos et al., 2017; Susan Solomon \r et al., 2021)."


id: 9f47a5e0972be651a74f4a7688523dbc
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"The climate change adaptation and gender literature call for research and adaptation interventions that are 'gender-sensitive' (Jost et al., \r 2016; Thompson-Hall et al., 2016; Kristjanson et al., 2017; Pearce et al., 2018a) and 'gender-responsive', as established in Article 7 of the \r Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015). In addition, attention is drawn to the importance of 'mainstreaming' gender in climate/development \r policy (Alston, 2014; Rochette, 2016; Mcleod et al., 2018; Westholm and Arora-Jonsson, 2018). Many calls have been made to consider \r gender in policy and practice (Ford et al., 2015; Jost et al., 2016; Rochette, 2016; Thompson-Hall et al., 2016; Kristjanson et al., 2017; \r Mcleod et al., 2018; Lau et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2021b). Rather than merely emphasising the inclusion of women in patriarchal systems, \r transforming systems that perpetuate inequality can help to address broader structural inequalities not only in relation to gender, but \r [...]"


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"[...] also other dimensions such as race and ethnicity (Djoudi et  al., 2016; Pearse, 2017; Gay-Antaki, 2020). Adaptation researchers and \r practitioners play a critical role here and can enable gender-transformative processes by creating new, deliberative spaces that foster \r inclusive decision making and opportunities for renegotiating inequitable power relations (Tschakert et al., 2016; Ziervogel, 2019; Garcia \r et al., 2020)."


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"To date, empirical evidence on such transformational change is sparse, although there is some evidence of incremental change (e.g., \r increasing women's participation in specific adaptation projects, mainstreaming gender in national climate policies). Even when national \r policies attempt to be more gendered, there is criticism that they use gender-neutral language or include gender analysis without \r proposing how to alter differential vulnerability (Mersha and van Laerhoven, 2019; Singh et al., 2021b). More importantly, the mere \r inclusion of women and men in planning does not necessarily translate to substantial gender-transformative action, for example in \r National Adaptation Programmes of Action across sub-Saharan Africa (Holvoet and Inberg, 2014; Nyasimi et al., 2018) and national and \r sub-national climate action plans in India (Singh et al., 2021b). Importantly, there is often an overemphasis on the gender binary (and \r [...]"


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"[...] household headship as an entry point), which masks complex ways in which marginalisation and oppression can be augmented due to \r the interaction of gender with other social factors and intra-household dynamics (Djoudi et al., 2016; Thompson-Hall et al., 2016; Rao \r et al., 2019a; Lau et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2021b)."


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"Climate justice and gender transformative adaptation can provide multiple beneficial impacts that align with sustainable development. \r Addressing poverty (SDG 1), energy poverty (SDG 7), WaSH (SDG 6), health (SDG 3), education (SDG 4) and hunger (SDG 2)--along with \r inequalities (SDG 5 and SDG 10)--improves resilience to climate impacts for those groups that are disproportionately affected (women, \r low-income and marginalised groups). Inclusive and fair decision making can enhance resilience (SDG 16; Section 13.4.4), although \r adaptation measures may also lead to resource conflicts (SDG 16; Section 13.7). Nature-based solutions attentive to gender equity also \r support ecosystem health (SDGs 14 and 15) (Dzebo et al., 2019). Gender and climate justice will be achieved when the root causes of \r global and structural issues are addressed, challenging unethical and unacceptable use of power for the benefit of the powerful and \r [...]"


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"[...] elites (MacGregor, 2014; Wijsman and Feagan, 2019; Vander Stichele, 2020). Justice and equality need to be at the centre of climate \r adaptation decision-making processes. A transformative pathway needs to include the voice of the disenfranchised (MacGregor, 2020; \r Schipper et al., 2020a)."


id: a98967485ce5b370f4ebf7b2a04c69f9
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"A third theme is that of innovation, generally, and sustainability-oriented \r innovation, specifically (de Vries et al., 2016; Geradts and Bocken, 2019; \r Loorbach et  al., 2020), which creates opportunities for overcoming \r existing transition barriers (very high confidence). For example, Valta \r (2020) describes the role of innovation ecosystems--partnerships \r among companies, investors, governments and academics--in \r accelerating innovation (see also World Economic Forum, 2019). Burch \r et al. (Burch et al., 2016) describe the role of small- and medium-sized \r business entrepreneurship in promoting rapid innovation. Innovation \r extends beyond pure technology considerations to consider innovation \r in practices and social organisation (Li et  al., 2018; Psaltoglou and \r Calle, 2018; Repo and Matschoss, 2020). Zivkovic (2018), for example, \r discusses 'innovation labs' as accelerators for addressing so-called \r wicked problems such as climate change through multi-stakeholder \r [...]"


id: bbbd49443714cc128535ca5d228bf0dc
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"[...] groups. Meanwhile, Chaminade and Randelli (2020) describe a case \r study where structural preconditions and place-based agency were \r important drivers of transitions to organic viticulture in Tuscany, Italy."


id: af46bca86072c2844b0fa3a4e5077e30
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"The formal space for national, sub-national and international \r adaptation governance emerged at COP 16 (UNFCCC, 2010) when \r adaptation was recognised as a similar level of priority as GHG \r mitigation. The Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015) built on this and the \r 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda (United Nations, 2015) to link \r adaptation to development and climate justice. It also highlighted the \r importance of multi-level adaptation governance, including new non\u0002state voices and climate actors that widen the scope of adaptation \r governance beyond formal government institutions. For example, \r individuals can act as agents of changes in their own behaviour, such \r as via change in their consumption patterns, but also generate change \r within organisations, fields of practice and the political landscape \r of governance. Accordingly, these interactions among actors across \r different scales implies the need for wider modes of, and arena for, \r [...]"


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"[...] engagement around adaptation to accommodate a diversity of \r perspectives (high agreement, medium evidence) (Chung Tiam Fook, \r 2017; Lesnikowski et al., 2017; IPCC, 2018a)."


id: a899ea6d3feaa129216540b17ac39192
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"The fourth theme is that of transition management (Goddard and \r Farrelly, 2018), particularly vis-a-vis, disruptive technologies (Inigo and \r Albareda, 2016; Kuokkanen et al., 2019) or broader societal disruptions \r (Brundiers, 2020; Davidsson, 2020; Hepburn et  al., 2020; Schipper \r et al., 2020b). Recent literature has given attention to how actors can \r use disruptive events, such as disasters, as a window of opportunity \r for accelerating changes in policies, practices and behaviours (high \r agreement, medium evidence) (Brundiers, 2018; Brundiers and Eakin, \r 2018). This is consistent with concepts in resilience thinking around \r 'building back better' after disasters (Fernandez and Ahmed, 2019). \r For example, Hepburn et  al. discuss fiscal recovery packages for \r COVID-19 as a means of accelerating climate action, with a particular \r influence on clean physical infrastructure, building efficiency retrofits, \r [...]"


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"[...] investment in education and training, natural capital investment, and \r clean research and development (Andrijevic et al., 2020b)."


id: 6d3d59f111cfc37357c1db309978f84
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"As reflected in the discussion of societal transitions (Section  18.3), \r people and their values and choices play an instrumental role in CRD. \r The agency of people to act on CRD is grounded in their worldviews, \r beliefs, values and consciousness (Woiwode, 2020), and is shaped \r through social and political processes including how policies and \r decision making recognise the voices, knowledges and rights of \r particular actors over others (very high confidence) (Harris and \r Clarke, 2017; Nightingale, 2017; Bond and Barth, 2020; Muok et al., \r 2021). Since the AR5, evidence on diverse forms of engagement by \r and among social, political and economic actors to support CRD and \r sustainability outcomes, has increased. New forms of decision making \r and engagement are emerging within the formal policymaking \r and planning sphere, including co-production of knowledge, \r interventions grounded in the arts and humanities, civil participation \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] and partnerships with business (Ziervogel et  al., 2016a; Roberts \r et  al., 2020). In addition, the set of actors that drive climate and \r development actions are recognised to extend beyond government \r and formal policy actors to include civil society, education, industry, \r media, science and art (Ojwang et  al., 2017; Solecki et  al., 2018; "


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"and societal choices made by multiple actors from government, the \r private sector and civil society, with important influences by science \r and the media (very high confidence). These actions and social choices \r are determined by the available solution space and options, along \r with a range of enabling conditions (Section 18.4.2) that are largely \r bounded by individual and collective worldviews, and related ethics \r and values. This view is consistent with sustainable development being \r a process constituted by multiple inter-related societal choices and \r actions that are often contested as the needs and interests of current \r and future generations are addressed. Development choices have \r path dependencies and context-sensitive synergies and trade-offs \r with natural and embedded human systems, and they are bounded by \r multiple and contested knowledges and worldviews (Goldman et al., \r 2018; Heinrichs, 2020; Nightingale et al., 2020; Schipper et al., 2020b). \r [...]"


id: 26d9b43471cad9f975378d996d20b375
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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"[...] Consequently, societal choices about the political economy underpin \r prospects for moving towards or away from CRD."


id: d598e89364bdfe8cbf92fb0b30815d2b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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"Second, assessment of this literature suggests four attributes of the \r political economy of adaptation influence development trajectories \r in diverse settings, from Australia to Honduras and the Maldives \r (Sovacool et al., 2015), as delivered through the Global Environment \r Facility's Least Developed Countries Fund (Sovacool et al., 2017). These \r include enclosure (public resources or authority captured by private \r interests); exclusion (stakeholders are marginalised from decision \r making); encroachment (natural systems and ecosystem services \r compromised); and entrenchment (inequality exacerbated). These \r attributes hamper adaptation efforts, and reveal the political nature \r of adaptation (Dolsak and Prakash, 2018) and, by extension, CRD. \r Paradoxically, development initiatives labelled as 'risk' reduction or \r resilience building or 'equitable and environmentally sustainable', \r such as coastal restoration efforts in Louisiana, USA, can compound \r [...]"


id: f1a445faafbef3d72a78256aa469373a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"[...] inequity and climate risk, and perpetuate unsustainable development \r (Gotham, 2016; Eriksen et al., 2021b)."


id: 610937dfb318684fd85848504e78c2d2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"An overarching enabling condition for achieving system transitions and \r transformations is the presence of enabling governance systems (very \r high confidence). Recent literature on the translation of governance \r into system transitions in practice suggests four key actions are \r important. The first is the critical reflection on so-called 'development \r solutions', alternatively framed by some as 'empty promises', \r that worsen climate risk, inequity, injustice and ultimately lead to \r unsustainable development (Mikulewicz, 2018; Mikulewicz and Taylor, \r 2020). Examples include development aid (Scoville-Simonds et  al., \r 2020), large-scale development projects such as biofuel production in \r Ethiopia (Tufa et al., 2018) and urban growth management in Vietnam \r (DiGregorio, 2015). The second is the recognition that while the power of \r different actors and institutions is often tied to access to resources and \r [...]"


id: a3363b51705bdbb9771dc3573ad563a3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"[...] the ability to constrain the actions of others, other dimensions of power \r such as its ability to produce knowledge as well as its contingency on \r circumstances and relationships are also important in enabling energy \r transitions (Avelino et al., 2016; Avelino and Wittmayer, 2016; Lockwood \r et  al., 2016; Ahlborg, 2017; Avelino and Grin, 2017; Partzsch, 2017; \r Smith and Stirling, 2018). Third, governance systems can help to develop \r productive interactions between formal government institutions, the \r private sector and civil society including the provision 'safe arenas' for \r social actors to deliberate and pursue transitional and transformational \r change (Haukkala, 2018; Tornberg, 2018; Strazds; Ferragina et al., 2020; \r Koch, 2020) (Section 18.3.1, Box 18.1). Fourth, governance can address \r challenges such as climate change from a systems perspective and "


id: 74e3984e8df796ca03ed9260fde80edd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 17800
content:
"System transitions towards CRD is contingent on reducing the costs \r of current climate variability on society while making investments that \r prepare for the future effects of climate change. Climate change and \r responses to climate change will affect many different economic sectors \r both directly and indirectly (Stern, 2007; IPCC, 2014a; Hilmi et al., 2017). \r As a consequence, the characteristics of economic systems will play an \r important role in determining their resilience (very high confidence). \r These effects will occur within the context of other developments, \r such as a growing world population, which increases environmental \r pressures and pollution. This impact is higher for developing countries \r than for high-income countries (Liobikiene and Butkus, 2018). While \r looking for sustainable climate-resilient policies, many complex and \r interconnected systems, including economic development, must be \r [...]"


id: 8824515f0d9a3fcf6c8fa17fba828c8f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"One output from systems of governance is formal policy frameworks and \r policies that influence processes and outcomes of system transitions \r that support CRD (Section 18.1.3). The Paris Agreement, for example, \r provides a framework for CRD by defining a mitigation-centric goal \r of 'limiting warming to well below 2degC and enabling a transition to \r 1.5degC' (UNFCCC, 2015). It also provides for a broadly defined global \r adaptation goal (UNFCCC, 2015: Art. 7.1). The NDCs are the core \r mechanism for achieving and enhancing climate ambitions under the \r Paris Agreement. However, the pursuit of a given NDC within a specific \r country will likely necessitate a range of other policy interventions \r that have more immediate impact on technologies and behaviour, \r implicating transitions in energy, industry, land and infrastructure \r (very high confidence) (Section  18.3.1). SDG-relevant activities are \r increasingly incorporated into climate commitments in the NDCs (at \r [...]"


id: 5b80925a6157758b10758c5fef5fa4e0
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"[...] last count 94 NDCs also addressed SDGs), contributing to several (154 \r out of the 169) SDG targets (Brandi and Dzebo; Pauw et al., 2018). \r This reflects the potential of the NDCs as near-term policy instruments \r and signposts for progress towards CRD (medium agreement, limited \r evidence) (McCollum et al., 2018b)."


id: 35ecb7e342e199fa386cd0235767f2e6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"Miller (2017) discusses some of the planning for, and application \r of, adaptation measures that improve sustainability, noting the \r importance of considering a range of factors including complexities \r of interconnected systems, the inherent uncertainties associated with \r projections of climate change impacts and the effects of global-scale \r changes such as technological and economic development for decision \r makers. For example, addressing climate impacts in isolation is unlikely \r to achieve equitable, efficient or effective adaptation outcomes (very \r high confidence). Instead, integrating climate resilience into growth \r and development planning allows decision makers to identify what \r sustainable development policies can support climate-resilient growth \r and poverty reduction and understand better how patterns and trends \r of economic development affect vulnerability and exposure to climate \r impacts across sectors and populations, including distributional \r [...]"


id: f1155b975926544ae003d168dcb78631
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39797
content:
"[...] effects (Doczi, 2015). Markkanen and Anger-Kraavi (2019) highlighted \r that climate change mitigation policy can influence inequality both \r positively and negatively. Although higher levels of poverty, corruption, \r and economic and social inequalities can increase the risk of negative \r outcomes, these potential negative effects would be mitigated if \r inequality impacts were taken into consideration in all stages of policy \r making (very high confidence)."


id: 6764dc88264f420bf2885d7399846c56
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15460
content:
"As reflected by the SDGs (and SDG 13 specifically), the mainstreaming \r of climate change concerns into development policies is one mechanism \r for pursuing sustainable development and CRD (very high confidence). \r However, such mainstreaming has also been critiqued for perpetuating \r 'development as usual', reinforcing established development logics, \r structures and worldviews that are themselves contributing to climate \r change and vulnerability (O'Brien et al., 2015) and for obscuring and \r depoliticising adaptation choices into technocratic choices (Murtinho, \r 2016; Webber and Donner, 2017; Benjaminsen and Kaarhus, 2018; Khatri, \r 2018; Scoville-Simonds et al., 2020). The coordinated implementation \r of sustainable development policy and climate action is nonetheless \r crucial for ensuring that the attainment of one does not come at the \r expense of others (Stafford-Smith et al., 2017). For example, aggressive \r [...]"


id: b76e7e8bf4b44b07cbdef3ac285e0620
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29483
content:
"[...] pursuit of climate policies that facilitate transitions in energy systems \r can undermine efforts to secure sustainability transitions in other \r systems (Sections 18.3.1.1, 18.2.5.3, Table 18.7)."


id: 644c4dbdb417216da785efac5832106c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14929
content:
"The primary objective of economic and financial incentives around \r carbon emissions is to redirect investment from high to low carbon \r technologies (Komendantova et  al., 2016). Recent years have seen \r policy interventions to incentivise transitions in energy, land and \r industrial systems to address climate change and sustainability \r focus on price-based, as opposed to quantity based, interventions. \r Price-based interventions aim at leveraging market mechanisms to \r achieve greater efficiency in the allocation of resources and costs \r of mitigating climate change. For example, carbon pricing initiatives \r around the world today cover approximately 8 gigatons of carbon \r dioxide emissions, equivalent to about 20% of global fossil energy \r fuel emissions and 15% of total carbon dioxide GHG emissions (Boyce, \r 2018). Meanwhile, environmental taxes and green public procurement \r push producers to eliminate the negative environmental effects \r [...]"


id: 13932b84e1be046dc824a93db33e4ae3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 658
content:
"[...] of production (Danilina and Trionfetti, 2019). There are several \r advantages for environmental taxation including environmental "


id: 1aa3cfb56a82fc1b941e88bd553912c3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1887
content:
"Policies encouraging eco-innovation, defined as 'new ideas, behaviour, \r products, and processes that contribute to a decreased environmental \r burden' (Yurdakul and Kazan, 2020), can positively affect economic \r competitiveness. By implementing policies to encourage eco\u0002innovation, countries enhance their energy efficiency. These gains can \r provide more resource-efficient production technologies and positively \r affect economic competitiveness (very high confidence) (Costantini \r et al., 2018; Liobikiene and Butkus, 2018). Other than eco-innovation, \r it is important to also consider exnovation, meaning the phasing out \r of old technologies, as otherwise the expansion of supply could lead \r to a rebound owing to cheaper prices for carbon-based products (Arne \r Heyen et  al., 2017; David, 2017). Hence, decarbonisation strategies \r that set limits to carbon-based trajectories can be beneficial. Quantity\u0002based interventions--or so-called 'command-and-control' policies--\r [...]"


id: 3d096ebc5f4c9242dcbf84a51fe32727
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vector_id: 7919
content:
"[...] involve constraints on the quantity of energy consumption or GHG \r emissions through laws, regulations, standards and enforcement, with \r a focus on effectiveness rather than efficiency."


id: 52e428c8cb03111e69f8a8b6d08087e2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11850
content:
"Despite the expansion of green mandates across the investment chain, \r definitions of some of the asset classes associated with green investing \r are ambiguous and poorly defined. The EU taxonomy for sustainable \r activities is a promising step in the right direction. For example, a \r 'green' label for bonds is often stretched to encompass financing \r facilities of issuers that misrepresent the actual environmental \r footprint of their operations (the so-called risk of 'greenwashing'). \r Even in cases where the bonds' proceeds are actually used to finance \r green projects, investors often remain exposed to both the green and \r 'brown' assets of the issuers (Gianfrate and Peri, 2019; Flammer, 2020). \r The heterogeneity of metrics and rating methodologies (along with \r inherent conflict of interests between issuers, investors and score/\r rating providers) results in inconsistent and unreliable quantification \r of the actual environmental footprint of corporate and sovereign \r [...]"


id: 95b1bde48914be5979fce282054ad53d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23528
content:
"Achieving progress on system transitions will be contingent on the \r ability of actors and institutions to access the financing they need to \r invest in innovation, adaptation and mitigation, and broader system \r change (very high confidence). By greening their investment portfolios, \r investors can support reduction in vulnerability to the consequences \r of climate change and the reduction of GHG emissions. Finance can \r contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions, for example, by efficiently \r pricing the social cost of carbon, by reflecting the transition risks in \r the valuation of financial assets, and by channelling investments in \r low-carbon technologies (OECD, 2017). At the same time, there is a \r growing need to spur greater public and private capital into climate \r adaptation and resilience including climate-resilient infrastructure \r and nature-based solutions to climate change. For instance, the Green \r Climate Fund, established within the framework of the UNFCCC, is \r [...]"


id: 6ba7d4adb473ee45f1d23b7edbeb5754
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"[...] assisting developing countries in adaptation and mitigation initiatives \r to counter climate change."


id: f1d9a5c6beafcfd1335a81c24f46c1d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39935
content:
"In order to promote financial climate-related disclosures for companies \r and financial intermediaries, the financial system could play a key \r role in pricing carbon and in allocating capital towards low-carbon \r emission companies (Aldy and Gianfrate, 2019; Bento and Gianfrate, \r 2020; Aldy et al., 2021). Stable and predictable carbon-pricing regimes \r would significantly contribute to fostering financial innovation \r that can help further accelerate the decarbonisation of the global \r economy, even in jurisdictions which are more lenient in implementing \r climate mitigation actions (very high confidence) (Baranzini et  al., \r 2017). A growing number of financial regulators are intensifying \r efforts to enhance climate-related disclosure of financial actors. \r In particular, the Financial Stability Board created the Task Force on \r Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) to improve and increase \r reporting of climate-related financial information. Several countries \r [...]"


id: ac62cce67291d5f30cad395b5bfce7c5
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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vector_id: 27567
content:
"[...] are considering implementing mandatory climate risk disclosure in \r line with TCFD's recommendations. Central Banks are also considering \r mandatory disclosure and climate stress testing for banks. For instance, \r in November 2020 the European Central Bank (ECB) published a guide \r on climate-related and environmental risks explaining how the ECB \r expects banks to prudently manage and transparently disclose such "


id: d0d8b81aca78ff8b276b4b1491e19580
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34091
content:
"Ongoing innovations in technology, finance and policy have enabled \r more ambitious climate action over the past decade, including \r significant growth in renewable energy, electrical vehicles and energy \r efficiency. However, access to, and the benefits of, that innovation have \r not been evenly distributed among global regions and communities, \r and continued innovation is needed to facilitate climate action and \r sustainable development (very high confidence). Policymakers need \r useful science and information (Cornell et al., 2013; Kirchhoff et al., \r 2013; Calkins, 2015; IPCC, 2019 f; Guido et al., 2020) to make informed \r decisions about possible risks, and the benefits, costs and trade-offs \r of available adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development \r solutions (i.e., Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement; UNFCCC, 2015). \r Moreover, recent literature has emphasised the need for deep \r technological, as well social, changes to avert the risks of conventional \r [...]"


id: 69814ccee320456336a1c24f70997c1a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"Institutional capacity for system transitions refers to the capacity \r of structures and processes, rules, norms and cultures to shape \r development expectations and actions aimed at durable improvements \r in human well-being. The AR5 highlighted the need for strong \r institutions to create enabling environments for adaptation and GHG \r mitigation action (Denton et al., 2014). Institutions stand within the \r social and political practices and broader systems of governance \r that ultimately drive adaptation and development processes and \r outcomes. They are thus produced by them and can become tools by \r which some actors constrain the actions of others (Gebreyes, 2018). As \r a consequence, they and can become a significant barrier to change, \r whether incremental or more transformational (very high confidence). \r The post-AR5 focus on transformational adaptation and resilience \r present in the literature suggests that institutions that enable system \r [...]"


id: 16c354132259a2ec0b772d42d4f790f7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1217
content:
"[...] transitions towards CRD are secure enough to facilitate a wide range \r of voices, and legitimate enough to change goals or processes over \r time, without reducing confidence in their efficacy."


id: 310ea6e5b2b8de1ed3ca4e22cccd4716
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 5879
content:
"An effective and innovative technological regime is one that is \r integrated with local social entities across different modes of life, local \r governance processes (Pereira, 2018; Nightingale et  al., 2020) and \r local knowledge(s), which increasingly support adaptation to socio\u0002environmental drivers of vulnerability (Schipper et al., 2014; Nalau et al., \r 2018; IPCC, 2019 f). These actors and their knowledge are often ignored \r in favour of knowledge held by experts and policymakers, exacerbating \r uneven power relations (Naess, 2013; Nightingale et  al., 2020). For \r example, achieving sustainability and shifting towards a low carbon \r energy system (e.g., hydropower dams, wind farms) remains a contested \r space with divergent interests, values and future prospects (Bradley and \r Hedren, 2014; Avila, 2018; Mikulewicz, 2019), and potential impacts \r on human rights as embodied by the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, \r 2015). A number of studies have emphasised the limits of relying upon \r [...]"


id: 55d9667220364c5d6ae7a9541a1275a5
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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vector_id: 12373
content:
"[...] technology innovation and deployment (e.g., expansion of renewable \r energy systems and/or carbon capture) as a solution to challenges of \r climate change and sustainable development (Section 18.3.1.2). This is \r because such solutions may fail to consider the local historical contexts \r and barriers to participation of vulnerable communities, restricting their \r access to land, food, energy and resources for their livelihoods."


id: aa33a6e39ddb767f45c6d029cadd9879
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27172
content:
"The limited literature on institutions and pathways relevant to system \r transitions and CRD suggests that institutions are most effective when \r taking a development-first approach to adaptation. This is consistent \r with the principles of CRD which emphasise not simply reducing \r climate risk, but rather making development processes resilient to \r the changing climate. There is agreement in this literature that such \r an approach allows for the effective integration of climate challenges \r into existing policy and planning processes (very high confidence) \r (Pervin et  al., 2013; Kim et  al., 2017b; Mogelgaard et  al., 2018). \r However, this approach generally rests on an incremental framing of \r institutional change (Mahoney and Thelen, 2009) based on two critical \r assumptions. The first is that existing processes and institutions are \r capable of bringing about system transitions that generate desired \r development outcomes and thus can be considered appropriate \r [...]"


id: 1c24c8e778d6c331c73bf6ca64906828
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2139
content:
"[...] vehicles for the achievement of CRD. A large critical literature questions \r the efficacy of formal state and multilateral institutions. The evidence \r for the ability of local, informal institutions to achieve development \r goals remains uneven, with robust evidence of positive impacts on \r public service delivery, but more ambiguous evidence on behaviour \r changes associated with strengthened institutions (Berkhout et  al., \r 2018). The second is that the mainstreaming of adaptation will bring \r about changes to currently unsustainable development practices and \r pathways, instead of merely strengthening development as usual by \r subsuming adaptation to existing development pathways and allowing \r them to endure in the face of growing stresses (Eriksen et al., 2015; \r Godfrey-Wood and Otto Naess, 2016; Scoville-Simonds et al., 2020). \r There is evidence that countries with poor governance have limited \r adaptation planning or action at the national level, even when other "


id: 1d9285592dcc34b5c4cc79465e9eb870
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2388
content:
"Active Ownership. Equity investors can exercise the voting rights at shareholders' meetings in relation to governance and business \r strategy, including the environmental performance. In addition, institutional investors engage with the management and the boards \r of directors of investee companies. Active ownership is therefore defined as the full exercise of the rights that accrue to the 'owners' \r of the securities issued by companies (Dimson et al., 2015; Dimson et al., 2020). Active owners are entitled to question and challenge \r the robustness of financial analyses and the risk assessment behind strategic decisions including the environmental footprint ones. For \r instance, since fossil fuel businesses face the prospect of dramatic business decline (Ansar et al., 2013) and must revisit their business \r model to survive, active ownership by institutional investors may foster the transition to cleaner production and supply chain. Companies \r [...]"


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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33501
content:
"[...] more exposed to carbon risks particularly need the active support of long-term shareholders. In turn, investors adopting an active \r ownership approach can manage their holdings' exposure to climate change risks, thus protecting the value of their investments on a \r long-term horizon (Krueger et al., 2019)."


id: 951ebfdbf78d38bf2720aec54984e948
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23440
content:
"in climate and related parameters can be identified and linked with \r adverse impacts on human populations, infrastructure and other \r systems (Naylor et al., 2020). An 'impacts' approach is one in which \r resilience is measured in terms of actual or avoided impacts and is \r suited for tracking adaptation success in delivering CRD over longer \r timescales, for example at the national level (Brooks et  al., 2014). \r Finally, a 'systems' approach is one where resilience is described in \r terms of the characteristics of a system using quantitative or qualitative \r indicators which are often associated with different 'dimensions' of \r resilience (Serfilippi and Ramnath, 2018; Saja et al., 2019). This allows \r measurement of key indicators that are proxies for resilience at regular \r intervals, even in the absence of significant climate hazards and \r associated disruptions (very high confidence) (Brooks et al., 2014) (see \r [...]"


id: ffe04e3c0c0992cff3cc0758b7701ec0
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 42412
content:
"[...] also Cross-Chapter Box ADAPT in Chapter 1). Similar criteria could be \r applied to evaluating adaptation options and their implementation as \r well as various interventions in pursuit of SDGs."


id: 2d5cb86cef266600fdf4aeb6b6098b78
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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vector_id: 5266
content:
"There are many other visible and less visible arenas of engagement \r in the other interconnected spheres of societal interaction spanning \r scales from the local to international level. The metaphor of arenas \r derives from diverse social and political theory, with applications \r in studies of, among other things, governance transformation and \r transitions (Healey, 2006; Jorgensen, 2012; Jorgensen et  al., 2017). \r It underscores that these arenas can be enduring or temporary in \r nature, are historically situated and often spatially bounded, and \r signifies the many different mechanisms by which societal actors \r interact in dynamic and emergent ways. Power and politics impact \r access and influence in these arenas of engagement--with varying \r levels of inclusion and exclusion shaping the nature and trajectory of \r development. In practice, some arenas of engagement are 'struggle \r arenas' as different societal actors strive to influence the trajectory of \r [...]"


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"Much of the enabling conditions for system transitions discussed \r in Section 18.4.2 are inherently linked to actors and their agency in \r pursuing system change. Yet a significant literature has developed \r since the AR5, exploring not only the role of different actors in pursuing \r adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development options, but also \r how those actors interact with one another to drive outcomes. CRDPs are \r determined by the interactions between societal actors and networks, \r including government, civil society and the private sector, as well as \r science and the media. The resultant social choices and cumulative \r private and public actions (and inactions) are institutionalised through \r both formal and informal institutions that evolve over time and seek to \r provide societal stability in the face of change. The degree to which the \r emergent pathways foster just and CRD depends on how contending \r [...]"


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"[...] societal interests, values and worldviews are reconciled through these \r interactions. These interactions occur in many different arenas of \r engagement, that is, the settings, places and spaces in which societal \r actors interact to influence the nature and course of development, \r including political, economic, socio-cultural, ecological, knowledge-\r technology and community arenas (Figures 18.1, 18.2)."


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"For example, political arenas range from formalised election and voting \r procedures to more informal and less transparent practices, such as \r special interest lobbying. Town squares and streets can become sites \r of political struggle and dissent, including protests against climate \r inaction. As a more specific case in point, the formal space for national, \r sub-national and international adaptation governance emerged at \r COP 16 (UNFCCC, 2010) when adaptation was recognised as having \r a similar level of priority as mitigation. The Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, \r 2015) built on this and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda \r (United Nations, 2015) to link adaptation to development and climate \r justice, widening the scope of adaptation governance beyond formal \r government institutions. It also highlighted the importance of multi\u0002level adaptation governance, including non-state voices from civil \r society and the private sector. This implied the need for wider arenas \r [...]"


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"[...] and modes of engagement around adaptation (Chung Tiam Fook, 2017; \r Lesnikowski et al., 2017; IPCC, 2018a) that facilitate coordination and \r convergence among these diverse actors including individual citizens "


id: 6778476a93c19a52ea555846aa6c109b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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"To address these difficult contests, worldviews regarding climate and \r global environmental change are often expressed in scientific language \r and themes (Parsons et al., 2016; Goldman et al., 2018). This can exclude \r other worldviews grounded in other forms of knowledge or ways of \r knowing which ultimately narrows understanding of climate change \r and the solution space. Hence, the post-AR5 literature on worldviews \r focuses on the numerous meanings, associations, narratives and \r frames of climate change and how these shape perceptions, attitudes \r and values (Morton, 2013; Boulton, 2016; Hulme, 2018; Nightingale \r Bohler, 2019). The recognition of the diversity of interpretations and \r meanings has led to multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research \r that incorporates the humanities and the arts (Murphy, 2011; Elliott \r and Cullis, 2017; Steelman et al., 2019; Tauginiene et al., 2020), feminist \r studies (MacGregor, 2003; Demeritt et al., 2011; Bell, 2013; Brink and \r [...]"


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"[...] Wamsler, 2019; Plesa, 2019) and religious studies (Sachdeva, 2016; \r McPhetres and Zuckerman, 2018) to examine diverse understandings \r of reality and knowledge possibilities around climate change. In \r addition, literature on cultural cognition, epistemological plurality and \r relational ontologies draws on non-Western worldviews and forms of \r knowledge (Goldman et al., 2018)); ."


id: d4f0699e9759baeed6ab3dafb670a742
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"In addition to the 'arm's length' acts of voting, social mobilisation, \r protest and dissent can be critical catalysts for transformative change \r (Porta, 2020). These are competitions for recognition, power and \r authority (Nightingale, 2017) that take place in settings. This is evidenced \r by experiences from the energy sector in Bangladesh which became \r a contested national policy domain and where social movements \r eventually transformed the nation's energy politics (Faruque, 2017). \r Similarly, in Germany, the nation's energy transition led to marked \r changes in agency and legal frameworks, and energy markets drove \r the proliferation of so-called municipalisations of energy systems--a \r reversal of years of system privatisation (Becker et  al., 2016). \r Meanwhile, experience in Bolivia demonstrate that the transformative \r potential of political conflict depends on transcending narrow issues \r to form broad coalitions with a collective identity that challenge \r [...]"


id: 2496112c3e4d825a09442fe7fb376d6
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"[...] prevailing development objectives and trajectories (Andreucci, 2019). \r Such examples illustrate the power of the communities as a vanguard \r against environmentally destructive practices (Villamayor-Tomas \r and Garcia-Lopez, 2018). Social movements have been successful at \r countering fossil fuel extraction (Piggot, 2018) and open up political \r opportunities in the face of increasing efforts to capture natural \r resources (Tramel, 2018) and are bolstered by resistance from within \r some corporations and/or their shareholders (Fougere and Bond, 2016; \r Swaffield, 2017; Walton, 2018a; Walton, 2018b)."


id: f61953cf4dc21c58e5175198072202a1
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"CRD is embedded in social systems, in the political economy and its \r underlying ideologies, interests and institutions (Section  18.4.1). \r The pursuit of CRD, and shifting development pathways away from \r prevailing trends, unfolds in an array of political arenas, from the \r offices of bureaucrats to parliament buildings, sidewalks and streets, \r to discursive arenas in which governance actors interact--from the \r village level to global forums (Jorgensen et al., 2017; Montoute et al., \r 2019; Sorensen and Torfing, 2019; Pasquini, 2020). Paradoxically, the \r post-AR5 literature suggests that political arenas are often used to \r shut down efforts to explore the solution space for climate change \r and sustainable development (medium agreement, robust evidence) \r (e.g., Kenis and Mathijs, 2012; Kenis and Mathijs, 2014; Beveridge and \r Koch, 2016; Kenis and Lievens, 2016; Driver et  al., 2018; Meriluoto, \r 2018; Swyngedouw, 2018; Mocca and Osborne, 2019). Power \r [...]"


id: 87c657a17802b5118665ccf1f0d3352f
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"Indigenous knowledge refers to the understandings, skills and philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interaction \r with their natural surroundings (UNESCO, 2018; IPCC, 2019a). Local knowledge refers to the understandings and skills developed by \r individuals and populations, specific to the places where they live (UNESCO, 2018; IPCC, 2019a). Indigenous knowledge and local \r knowledge are inherently valuable but have only recently begun to be appreciated and in western scientific assessment processes in their \r own right (Ford et al., 2016). In the past these often endangered ways of knowing have been suppressed or attacked (Mustonen, 2014). \r Yet these knowledge systems represent a range of cultural practices, wisdom, traditions and ways of knowing the world that provide \r accurate and useful climate change information, observations and solutions (very high confidence) (Table Cross-Chapter Box INDIG.1). \r [...]"


id: 590b75c5f21c8c19acf63a6d9f57ed32
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"[...] Rooted in their own contextual and relative embedded locations, some of these knowledges represent unbroken engagement with the \r earth, nature and weather for many tens of thousands of years, with an understanding of the ecosystem and climatic changes over \r longer-term timescales that is held both as knowledge by Indigenous Peoples and local peoples, as well as in the archaeological record \r (Barnhardt and Angayuqaq, 2005; UNESCO, 2018)."


id: 9e20064c96a216e1b3060bbeea124d5
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"Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge are crucial to address environmental impacts, such as climate change, where the uncertainty \r of outcome is high and a range of responses are required (Mackey and Claudie, 2015). However, working with this knowledge in an \r appropriate and ethically acceptable way can be challenging. For instance, questions of data 'validity' and the requirement to communicate \r such knowledge in the dominant language can lead to inaccurate portrayals of Indigenous knowledge as inferior to science. This may \r overlook the uniqueness of Indigenous knowledge and then lead to the overall devaluation of indigenous political economies, cultural \r ecologies, languages, educational systems and spiritual practices (Smith, 2013; Sillitoe, 2016; Naude, 2019; Barker and Pickerill, 2020). \r Furthermore, Indigenous knowledge is too often only sought superficially--focusing only on the 'what', rather than the 'how' of climate \r [...]"


id: b65486d040632adf37aa7ed3cc6158df
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"[...] change adaptation and/or seen through the lenses of 'romantic glorification' leaving little room for the knowledge to be expressed as \r authored by the communities and knowledge holders themselves (Yunkaporta, 2019)."


id: 6ea413d024c966a07ea98899216e91eb
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"Indigenous knowledge systems include not only the specific narratives and practices to make sense of the world, but also profound \r sources of ethics and wisdom. They are networks of actors and institutions that organise the production, transfer and use of knowledge \r (Lofmarck and Lidskog, 2017). There is a pluralism of forms of knowledge that emerge from oral traditions, local engagement with \r multiple spaces, and Indigenous cultures (Peterson et al., 2018). Recognising such multiplicity of forms of knowledge has long been \r an important concern within sustainability science (Folke et  al., 2016). Less dominant forms of knowledge should not be put aside \r because they are not comparable or complementary with scientific knowledge (Brattland and Mustonen, 2018; Mustonen, 2018; Ford \r et al., 2020; Ogar et al., 2020). Instead, Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge can shape how climate change risk is understood \r [...]"


id: 67ce7b76a5eeb30deb7198ea09275d4c
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"[...] and experienced, the possibility of developing climate change solutions grounded in place-based experiences, and the development of \r governance systems that match the expectations of different Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge holders (very high confidence)."


id: 6d931476f418e7b1d8bbc6f0c5d35495
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"Different frameworks that enable the inclusion of Indigenous knowledge have emerged from efforts to utilise more than one knowledge \r system (robust evidence, high agreement). For example, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem \r Services (IPBES) has developed a 'nature's contribution to peoples' framework that provides a common conceptual vocabulary and \r structural analysis (Diaz et al., 2015; Tengo et al., 2017; Diaz et al., 2018; Peterson et al., 2018). The IPBES approach complements other \r efforts to study areas of intersection between scientific and indigenous worldviews (Barnhardt and Angayuqaq, 2005; Huaman and \r Sriraman, 2015) or 'boundaries' that illustrate 'blind spots' in scientific knowledge (Cash et al., 2003; Clark et al., 2016; Brattland and \r Mustonen, 2018). These frameworks highlight areas of collaboration but provide less guidance in areas where sources of evidence \r [...]"


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"[...] conflict across different knowledge systems (Lofmarck and Lidskog, 2017). These experiences suggest that the inclusion of Indigenous \r knowledge and local knowledge in international assessments may transform the process of assessment of scientific, technical and "


id: 82e9ea84bad2424be058f89656e70012
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"Obtaining free and prior-informed consent is a necessary but not sufficient condition to engage in knowledge production with Indigenous \r Peoples (Sillitoe, 2016). Self-determination in climate change assessment, response and governance is critical (Chakraborty and Sherpa, \r 2021), and Indigenous Peoples are actively contributing to respond to climate change (Etchart, 2017). Climate change assessment and \r adaptation should be self-determined and led by Indigenous Peoples, acknowledge the importance of developing genuine partnerships, \r respect Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, and acknowledge Indigenous Peoples as stewards of their environment (Country \r et al., 2016; Country et al., 2018; ITK, 2019; Barker and Pickerill, 2020; Chakraborty and Sherpa, 2021). Supporting Indigenous Peoples' \r leadership and rights in climate adaptation options at the local, regional, national and international levels is an effective way to ensure that \r [...]"


id: 5deb610ac0ffd2accbbd2cc6538fa3c0
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"[...] such options are adapted to their living conditions and do not pose additional detrimental impacts to their lives (very high confidence). \r Chapter 18 shows that the transformations required to deliver climate-resilient futures will create societal disruptions, with impacts that \r are most often unevenly experienced by groups with high exposure and sensitivity to climate change, including Indigenous Peoples and \r local communities (Schipper et al., 2020a). Climate-resilient futures depend on finding strategies to address the causes and drivers of \r deep inequities (Chapter 18). For example, climate-resilient futures will depend on recognising the socioeconomic, political and health \r inequities that often affect Indigenous Peoples (Mapfumo et al., 2016; Ludwig and Poliseli, 2018) (very high confidence)."


id: c27d9f7148b04659358d213b2194c26a
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"International conventions to support and utilise Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge\r Several tools within international conventions may support instruments to develop equitable processes that facilitate the inclusion of \r Indigenous knowledge and leadership in climate change adaptation initiatives. The International Labour Convention 69 recognised \r Indigenous People's right to self-determination in 1989 (ILO, 1989). The United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples \r (United Nations, 2007) includes articles on the right to development (Article 23), the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive \r spiritual relationship and to uphold responsibilities to future generations (Article 25), and the right to the conservation and protection \r of the environment and the productive capacity of their territories (Article 29). Article 26 upholds the right to the lands, territories and \r [...]"


id: be15184f1f9242c84280e211574b96a4
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"[...] resources, the right to own, use, develop and control the lands, and legal recognition and protection of these lands, territories and \r resources. Indigenous Peoples are also recognised within the Sustainable Development Goals as a priority group (Carino and Tamayo, \r 2019). International events such as the 'Resilience in a time of uncertainty: Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change' conference brought \r together Indigenous Peoples' representatives and government leaders from around the world to discuss the role of Indigenous Peoples \r in climate adaptation (UNESCO, 2015)."


id: 7bc36c93fa5dfce560a716f2a784feb3
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"For climate research, the role of oral histories as a part of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge is extremely relevant. For example, \r ocean adaptation initiatives can be guided by oral historians and keepers of knowledge who can convey new knowledge and baselines of \r ecosystem change over long-time frames (Nunn and Reid, 2016). Oral histories can also convey cultural indicators and linguistic devices \r of species identification as a part of a local dialect matrix, and changes in ecosystems and species using interlinkages not available to \r science (Mustonen, 2013; Frainer et al., 2020). Oral histories attached to maritime place names, especially underwater areas (Brattland \r and Nilsen, 2011), can position observations relevant for understanding climate change over long ecological timeframes (Nunn and Reid, \r 2016). Species abundances, well-being and locations are some of the examples present in the ever-evolving oral histories as living ways \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] of knowing. Indigenous knowledge and oral histories may also have the potential to convey governance, moral and ethical frameworks \r of sustainable livelihoods and cultures (Mustonen and Shadrin, 2020) rooted in the particular Indigenous or local contexts that are not \r otherwise available in written or published forms."


id: 3fd65545b52b72eceb60459e091f2a78
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"Climate change research involving Indigenous Peoples and local communities has shown that the generation, innovation, transmission \r and preservation of Indigenous knowledge is threatened by climate change (Kermoal and Altamirano-Jimenez, 2016; Simonee et al., \r 2021). This is because Indigenous knowledge is taught, local knowledge is gained through experience, and relationships with the land \r are sustained through social engagement within and among families, communities and other societies (Tobias J.K, 2014; Kermoal and \r Altamirano-Jimenez, 2016). The knowledge that has traditionally been passed on in support of identity, language and purpose has been \r disrupted at an intergenerational level (Lemke and Delormier, 2017). Many of these dynamics have affected local knowledge transfers \r [...]"


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"[...] equally (Mustonen, 2013). This scenario represents a tension for Indigenous Peoples, where Indigenous knowledge in the form of land\u0002based life ways, languages, food security, intergenerational transmission and application are threatened by climate change, yet in parallel, \r these same practices can enable adaptation and resilience (McGregor et al., 2020)."


id: c351e73b260182dbf4c0e8c8e8dc01e4
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"and adaptation strategies, coordinating and developing effective \r local responses, enabling community engagement and more effective \r policies around exposure and vulnerability reduction (Fudge et  al., \r 2016). Local authorities are well-positioned to involve the wider \r community in designing and implementing climate policies and \r adaptation implementation (Slee, 2015; Fudge et  al., 2016). Local \r governments also help deliver basic services and protect their integrity \r from climate impacts (Austin et al., 2015; Cloutier et al., 2015; Nalau \r et  al., 2015; Araos et  al., 2017). However, the resource limitations \r of local governments as well as their small geographic sphere of \r influence suggests the need for more funding for this from higher \r levels of government, particularly national governments, to address \r adaptation gaps (very high confidence) (Dekker, 2020). Local adaptation \r implementation gaps can be linked to limited political commitment \r [...]"


id: d621f66ddf8803e2b28925db52cc907f
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"[...] at higher levels of government and weak cooperation between key \r stakeholders (Runhaar, 2018). Incongruities and conflicts can exist \r between adaptation agendas pursued by national governments and \r the spontaneous adaptation practices of communities. There may be \r grounds for re-evaluating current consultative processes integral to \r policy development, if narrow technical approaches emerge as the \r norm for adaptation (Smucker et al., 2015)."


id: e0641655a3fc2c8b0cef8d77ac41617f
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"The strong role of governments in climate action has implications for \r the nature of democracy, the relationship between the local and the \r national state, and between citizens and the state (Dodman and Mitlin, \r 2015). More integration of government policy and interventions across \r scales, accompanied by capacity building to accelerate adaptation is \r needed (very high confidence). Key needs include enhanced funding, \r clear roles and responsibilities, increased institutional capability, \r strategic approaches, community engagement and judicial integrity \r (Lawrence et al., 2015). More resources, and more active involvement \r of the private sector and civil society can help maintain adaptation on \r the policy agenda. Multi-level adaptation approaches are also relevant \r in low-income countries where local governments have limited financial \r resources and human capabilities, often leading to dependency on \r national governments and donor organisations (Donner et  al., 2016; \r [...]"


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"Therefore, the traditional view of adaptation as a local process \r has now widened to recognise it as a multi-actor process that \r transcends scales from the local and sub-national to national and \r even international (very high confidence) (Mimura et al., 2014). Many \r of the impacts of climate change are both local and transboundary, \r so that local, bilateral and multilateral cooperation is needed \r (Nalau et al., 2015; Donner et al., 2016; Magnan and Ribera, 2016; \r Tilleard and Ford, 2016; Lesnikowski et al., 2017). National policies \r and transnational governance should be seen as complementary, \r especially where they favour transnational engagement with sub\u0002and non-state actors (Andonova et al., 2017). National governments \r typically act as a pivot for adaptation coordination, planning, \r determining policy priorities, and distributing financial, institutional \r and sometimes knowledge resources. National governments are also \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] accountable to the international community through international \r agreements. National governments have helped enhance adaptive \r capacity through building awareness of climate impacts, encouraging \r economic growth, providing incentives, establishing legislative \r frameworks conducive to adaptation and communicating climate \r change information (Berrang-Ford et al., 2014; Massey et al., 2014; \r Austin et al., 2015; Huitema et al., 2016)."


id: aa4af694992d78c18ef143ed368e8e95
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content:
"Another mechanism for evaluating environmental performance is \r to include environmental data in the System of National Accounts \r (SNA) through the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting \r (SEEA) introduced by the UN. As the international statistical standard \r for environmental-economic accounting (Pirmana et  al., 2019), SEEA \r includes natural capital resources in national accounting. A number \r of recent studies conclude that failure to account for natural capital \r in macroeconomic impact assessments results in overly optimistic \r outcomes (Pirmana et al., 2019; Jendrzejewski, 2020; Naspolini et al., \r 2020); (Banerjee et al., 2019; Kabir and Salim, 2019; Keith et al., 2019). For \r example, Jendrzejewski (2020) inserted natural capital into a computable \r general equilibrium model of the 2017 European windstorm on state\u0002owned forests in Poland. This resulted in more negative assessment of \r impacts, suggesting excluding natural capital could lead to erroneous \r [...]"


id: 31eed92acde3526caf3a2918bf800c93
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content:
"[...] investments, strategies or policies. Similarly, other studies rely on Quality \r of life (QOL) measurements as alternatives for GDP. Estoque et al. (2018) \r suggested a 'QOL-Climate' assessment framework, designed to capture \r the social-ecological impacts of climate change and variability."


id: 158e930f04b690361065c68be000348f
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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vector_id: 1005
content:
"The performance of local, national and global economies is a priority \r consideration shaping perceptions of climate risk and the costs and \r benefits of different policy responses to climate change. The most \r commonly used indicator of performance is GDP (Hoekstra et al., 2017). \r Traditionally, national development efforts have sought to maximise \r the growth of GDP under the assumption that GDP growth equates \r not only to economic prosperity (including poverty reduction) but \r also to increased efficiency and reduced environmental externalities \r (Ota, 2017). Such assumptions often employ models such as the \r environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) that postulates that economic \r development initially increases environmental impacts, but these \r trends eventually reverse with continued economic growth. Wealthy \r nations of the Global North, including for example the USA, Great \r Britain, Iceland and Japan, have had success over the past decade in \r [...]"


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content:
"[...] reducing their GHG emissions while growing their economies (very \r high confidence). However, attempts to empirically test EKC in different \r national contexts has yielded mixed results. Case studies in Myanmar, \r China and Singapore, for example, suggest that the impacts of GDP \r on environmental quality are contingent on the development context \r and the environmental impact under consideration (Aung et al., 2017; \r Lee and Thiel, 2017; Xu, 2018; Chen and Taylor, 2020). In addition, an \r extensive literature now argues that current patterns of development, \r and the economic systems underpinning that development, are \r unsustainable (Washington and Twomey, 2016), and thus economic \r growth may not necessarily continue indefinitely in the absence of \r more concerted effort to pursue sustainable development, including \r reducing the impacts of climate change."


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content:
"Another alternative to GDP is Green GDP which seeks to incorporate \r the environmental consequences of economic growth (Boyd, 2007; \r Stjepanovic et al., 2017; Stjepanovic et al., 2019). Green GDP is difficult to \r measure, because it is difficult to evaluate the environmental depletion \r and ecological damages of growth (Stjepanovic et al., 2019). Although \r there is no consensus in measuring Green GDP, attempts have been \r made for select countries including the USA (Garcia and You, 2017), \r Europe (Stjepanovic et al., 2019), China (Chi and Rauch, 2010; Yu et al., \r 2019; Wang et al., 2020), Ukraine and Thailand (Harnphatananusorn \r et al., 2019), and Malaysia (Vaghefi et al., 2015). Le (2016) illustrated \r the potential negative impacts of climate change vulnerability on green \r growth. Some studies have suggested that focusing on green growth \r as the only strategy to address climate change would be risky. Hickel \r [...]"


id: f25ddd3931b74e9f0d92cd78fe8a4626
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"[...] and Kallis (2020) argue that green growth is likely to be a misguided \r goal due to the difficulties of separating economic growth from \r resource use and, therefore, carbon emissions (see also (Antal and van \r den Bergh, 2014). Therefore, alternative strategies are required (Hickel \r and Kallis, 2020). In addition, green growth should also be able to \r justly respond to social movements involving contestation, internal \r debates and tensions (Mathai et al., 2018)."


id: 2b74cb4c20ad11b99bff3c8ab9abfcc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4900
content:
"interact is described in sustainability transitions literature (Fazey et al., \r 2018b; Sengers et al., 2019l Kanger, 2020 #3709). A common theme \r explored in that literature is the ability of actors to access and apply \r various forms of knowledge as a means of effecting change. Different \r forms of innovation are recognised as a core enabling condition for \r achieving system transitions for CRD (Section  18.3.3; Cross-Chapter \r Box  INDIG). However, while scientific and technology knowledge \r may be useful, in some cases, they remain subordinate to political \r agendas, or are controlled by actors in positions of power and thus \r not equitably distributed (very high confidence) (Mormina, 2019). \r Participatory decision making, for example, assumes that multiple \r actors, with differing motivations, agency and influence, engage with \r climate decision making and co-produce actions. Yet some actors may \r not participate in the process if the proposed actions do not align with \r [...]"


id: f1cfa20eb68d3c603f827832aa4a0240
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39929
content:
"[...] their motivations or if they do not have adequate agency (Roelich and \r Giesekam, 2019). Hence, effectively using knowledge to inform policy \r is challenging for both scientists, policymakers and civil society alike."


id: b9cd20f859de197e460899645416dbfb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29903
content:
"A potential critique of the various alternative metrics and models for \r economic development is that they are all framed in the context of \r growth. Over the past decade, ecological economists and political \r scientists have proposed degrowth (e.g., Kallis, 2011; Demaria et al., \r 2013) and managing without growth (e.g., Jackson, 2009) as a \r solution for achieving environmental sustainability and socioeconomic \r progress. Such concepts are a deliberate response to concerns \r about ecological limits to growth and the compatibility between \r growth-oriented development and sustainability (Kallis et al., 2009). \r Sustainable degrowth is not the same as negative GDP growth, which \r is typically referred to as a recession (Kallis, 2011). Degrowth goes \r beyond criticising economic growth; it explores the intersection among \r environmental sustainability, social justice and well-being (Demaria \r et al., 2013). Under current economic and fiscal policies (see Box 18.7), \r [...]"


id: a37b7aae7410a370a952a11114f4666
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"[...] degrowth has been argued as an unstable development paradigm \r because declining consumer demand leads to rising unemployment, \r declining competitiveness and a spiral of recession (Jackson, 2009: \r 46). More comprehensive modelling of socioeconomic performance \r understands the segments of sufficient social transformation to \r guarantee maintenance and rises in well-being coupled with reduced \r 'footprints' (Raworth, 2017; Hickel, 2019; D'Alessandro et al., 2020)."


id: b08cef21448f98fa124132e3f44897cb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28293
content:
"Science, technology and innovation (STI) policies are expected \r to shape expectations of the potential for a better world based on \r access to information, clean technologies, higher labour productivity, \r economic growth and a healthier environment (Brasseur and Gallardo, \r 2016; Schot and Steinmueller, 2018; Singh et  al., 2018; Mormina, \r 2019; Bamzai-Dodson et  al., 2021). STI policies are considered as \r 'social goods for development'. Hence, STI policies are often proposed \r or implemented as means of addressing environmental challenges \r such as climate change along with SDGs such as the reduction of \r inequality, poverty and environmental pollution (Mormina, 2019). \r Realising the benefits of STI, however, may be contingent on building \r broader STI capacity and bolstering nations' systems of innovation \r (very high confidence) (Mormina, 2019). This could include building \r global research partnerships to address priority STI needs as well \r [...]"


id: 5d2489c469603d1a1ee02a3c85e7d2bf
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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vector_id: 13660
content:
"[...] as long-standing gaps between the Global North and South. Such \r an approach shifts the framing of STI as one focused on individual "


id: 98f1fbe34dc948f12f9f0dc48e39438
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24122
content:
"Changes in climate and subsequent policy responses could increase volatility of food and energy prices, resulting in higher headline \r inflation rates. Thus, Central Banks (CBs) have to pay careful attention to underlying inflationary factors to maintain their inflationary \r targets. In response, CBs can take a number of actions. For example, they could require that collateral comprises assets that support \r the move to low-carbon economy, or their refinancing operations and crisis facilities could incentivise borrowers' move to low-carbon \r activities, particularly in countries where CBs' mandate has been expanded to account for climate impact (Papoutsi et al., 2021). Other \r actions that CBs could take include adoption of sustainable and responsible investment principles (Rudebusch, 2019) and requiring \r financial firms to disclose their climate-related risks (ECB, 2020; Lee, 2020). Despite these opportunities, there is ongoing debate regarding \r [...]"


id: 6a14da113e194f8fddf08b5fa75051e9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15938
content:
"[...] whether CBs should actively use monetary policy to address climate change and its risks (Honohan, 2019)."


id: 85c6e255ebdc41d9a6e7c6ee631556d6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20677
content:
"The application of green fiscal policies to address climate change could lead to environmental benefits, including environmental revenues \r that may be used for broader fiscal reforms (OECD, 2021). As the USA aims at becoming carbon neutral by 2050, fiscal policies at the \r national, sectoral and international level can help to achieve this goal, along with investment, regulatory and technology policies (Parry, \r 2021). The effectiveness of green fiscal policies are through their fiscal potential, opportunities for efficiency gains, distributional and \r macroeconomic impacts, and their political economy implications (Metcalf, 2016). The International Monetary Fund argues public support \r for green policies may rise in response to the COVID-19 crisis (IMF, 2017). For example, Leibenluft (2020) argues that investments to \r combat climate change should be an important component of the efforts to rebuild the economy in the wake of COVID-19. Such action is \r [...]"


id: b46702c89adb4d9dbe400f43ecef9540
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28976
content:
"[...] justified not only on ecological and social welfare grounds, but from a long-term fiscal perspective. For example, climate change impacts \r and/or efforts to adapt to those impacts drive increased spending in areas such as public health and disaster mitigation or response. \r Preventive and corrective actions would strengthen resilience to shocks and alleviate the financial constraints they create, particularly \r for small countries (Catalano et al., 2020). For example, Mallucci (2020) found that natural disasters exacerbate fiscal vulnerabilities and \r trigger sovereign defaults in seven Caribbean countries. Ryota (2019) illustrates how to include natural disaster and climate change in a \r fiscal policy framework to developing countries."


id: 8410abb1df366cf2a78f976267997d7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 20393
content:
"Pricing of GHGs, including carbon, is a crucial tool in any cost-effective climate change mitigation strategy, as it provides a mechanism for \r linking climate action to economic development (IMF/OECD, 2021). By 2019, 57 nations around the world had implemented or scheduled \r implementation of carbon pricing. These initiatives cover 11 gigatons of carbon dioxide or about 20% of GHG emissions. Carbon prices in \r existing initiatives range between USD 1 and USD 127 per ton of carbon dioxide, while 51% of the emissions that are covered are priced \r more than USD 10 per ton of carbon dioxide. Moreover, in 2018, Governments raised about USD 44 billion in carbon pricing revenues \r (World Bank, 2019). However, the carbon prices are lower than the levels required for attaining the ambitious goal of climate change \r mitigation, and therefore, prices would need to increase if pricing alone is going to be used to drive compliance with the Paris Agreement. \r [...]"


id: 40f69fb85137587ef198bcb932eb38dc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8612
content:
"[...] Higher carbon prices would also be warranted if prices are based on the social cost of carbon, which represents the present value of the \r marginal damage to economic output caused by carbon emissions (Cai and Lontzek, 2018). This cost needs to be considered with the \r social benefits of reducing carbon emissions through cost-benefit analyses to make the intended regulation acceptable."


id: b48c9d1c47a494fa221ffcc86d8303d4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29012
content:
"Carbon taxes represent another financial mechanism for addressing climate change (Metcalf, 2019), 2019b). For example, the \r implementation of a carbon tax and a value-added tax on transport fuel in Sweden resulted in a reduction of CO2 emissions from \r transport of about 11%, of which the carbon tax had the largest share (Andersson, 2019). In the USA, for example, a carbon tax could \r increase fiscal flexibility by collecting new revenues that can be redeployed to finance reforms and help stimulate economic growth. \r However, US tax-inclusive energy prices would have to be 273% higher than laissez-faire levels in 2055 in order to meet international \r agreements (Casey, 2019). Similarly, limiting global warming to 2degC or less would likely require a carbon tax rate in the Asia/Pacific region \r to be significantly higher than USD 25 per ton (IMF, 2021). Therefore, using tax revenues to issue payments back to taxpayers that are \r [...]"


id: b3720d01a4ede89fd00f15b37b99d4bb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28811
content:
"[...] disproportionately impacted, or to redistribute capital among regions, may be one of the most important features of carbon tax policies. \r Although the average effect of carbon tax on welfare would be positive, some regions (56%) will gain and some regions (44%) lose \r (Scobie, 2013). Therefore, large transfer payments are needed to compensate those losing from carbon tax (Krusell and Smith, 2018).\r The International Monetary Fund (IMF (2019) argues that, of the various mitigation strategies to reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions, carbon \r taxes are the most powerful and efficient, because they allow firms and households to find the lowest-cost ways of reducing energy use \r and shifting towards cleaner alternatives."


id: 7a9ef4f6e02d6ae8b664ca7fcfa993d3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18766
content:
"The World Bank has been encouraging both developed and developing states, especially those with petroleum reserves, to use the \r removal of subsidies as a mechanism for promoting energy transitions away from fossil fuels. The transition has led to social unrest in \r some cases, especially where there is a culture of entitlement to low-cost energy because it is an indigenous resource. Such reforms have \r been more effective when governments have been able to clearly show how savings are applied to social and health programs that \r benefit human well-being. Nevertheless, policymakers should not underestimate the complexity of issues involved in the removal of \r subsidies that will increase the cost of carbon and hasten the transition to cleaner fuels (Scobie, 2017; Scobie et al., 2018; Chen et al., \r 2020a). A crucial issue to take into account is the harmful effects some subsidies have on biodiversity. Although governments agreed in \r [...]"


id: 1c8996d27df0dd989b598923e68c5434
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2203
content:
"[...] 2010 to make progress on reducing subsidies in 2010, by 2020 few governments had identified specific incentives to remove or taken \r action towards their removal. Further investigation of the positive and negative effects of subsidy redirection or elimination on people \r and the environment (Dempsey et al., 2020)."


id: 391248274ef2068654e16842076b046d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7245
content:
"Furthermore, an extensive literature increasingly incorporates natural \r and ecological systems as knowledge domains relevant to understanding \r opportunities for sustainability and CRD. For example, the literature on \r socio-ecological systems (SES) (Sterk et al., 2017; Holzer et al., 2018; \r Avriel-Avni and Dick, 2019; Martinez-Fernandez et al., 2021) as well \r as social, ecological and technological systems (SETS) (McPhearson \r and Wijsman, 2017; Webb et al., 2018; Ahlborg et al., 2019), explicitly \r integrate ecological knowledge into sustainability, including concepts \r such as planetary boundaries (Section  18.1.1), adaptation and \r nature-based solutions, natural resources management, rights and \r access to nature, and understanding of how humans govern society-\r nature interactions in the face of climate change (Benjaminsen and \r Kaarhus, 2018; Mikulewicz, 2019; Nightingale et  al., 2020). Some \r of these interactions are explained in Cross-Chapter Box  INDIG, \r [...]"


id: fbb145757618e32e1131bb4ef5aae98b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41650
content:
"[...] including conflict over which knowledges are recognised as valuable \r in understanding and responding to climate change and therefore \r shape the nature of climate actions. Actor engagement in stewardship, \r solidarity and inclusion of multiple knowledges and nature-society \r connectedness can highlight the intertwined nature of ecological \r change and knowledge relations, thereby supporting shifts to \r sustainability (Pelling, 2010; Hulme, 2018; Ives et al., 2019; Nightingale \r et al., 2020) (see also Box 18.6)."


id: 169b087a165aa94f39e872ada25b11e5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1190
content:
"While the SR1.5 (de Coninck et al., 2018) for the first time comprehensively \r assessed behavioural dimensions of climate change adaptation, most \r literature still has a greater focus on what triggers mitigation behaviour \r (Lorenzoni and Whitmarsh, 2014; Clayton et al., 2015). Meanwhile, with \r CRD still a relatively young concept, there is little literature focused on \r what motivates action in pursuit of CRD rather than its sub-components \r of climate action and sustainable development. Nevertheless, a common \r motivation that is emerging in the literature is clinically significant \r levels of climate distress among individuals (Bodnar, 2008), which is \r experienced as a continuing distress over a changed landscape which no \r longer offers solace, also known as solastalgia (high agreement, medium \r evidence) (Albrecht et  al., 2007). This is accompanied by a shift from \r blaming natural forces for disasters to attributing it to human negligence, \r [...]"


id: 31efc83a9fdd6f1318e590599212138a
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6039
content:
"[...] which is known to lead to more acute perceptions of risk as well as more \r prolonged post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than trauma arising \r from non-human causes. Improving social connections, acknowledging \r anxiety, reconnecting to nature and finding creative ways to re-engage \r are identified as ways of managing this growing anxiety (Lertzman, \r 2010; Clayton et  al., 2017). Climate action in communities at various \r scales could fulfil many of these needs."


id: b09eb2837d74d9d97721fa7084a4a257
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28306
content:
"in all regions except Antarctica, the magnitude of the change varies. \r Moreover, little change is projected for daily maximum temperatures \r across different regions. Nevertheless, the number of days over different \r temperature thresholds such as 35degC increases markedly in most \r regions, reflecting the disproportionate impact that global warming \r has on the tails of temperature distributions. Given outcomes in many \r systems including public health, agriculture, ecosystems and biodiversity, \r and infrastructure are often associated with biophysical thresholds (e.g., \r physiological or design thresholds), those regions where such thresholds \r are increasingly exceeded due to climate change may experience \r disproportionately higher impacts (very high confidence). Given such \r temperatures occur more frequently in regions such as Africa and Central \r and South America, this disproportionate exposure is exacerbated by \r [...]"


id: 7001eadf785bd5e1a59de026a828a502
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16962
content:
"[...] disproportionate vulnerability, adaptation gaps and development needs \r (very high confidence; Section 18.2.4; Table 18.4)."


id: 11d0baeb491d180c0b860eea6a8639b7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"However, even within a given region, there is significant variation in \r PPAHDI among nations. Such differences reflect fundamental differences \r in historical patterns of development, as well as current development \r needs and challenges, and they imply differences in what future \r development pathways would be consistent with CRD. In addition, \r nations and regions with lower PPAHDI values suggests greater capacity \r challenges for both GHG mitigation and climate adaptation. However, \r nations and regions with high PPAHDI values also tend to have higher \r per capita CO2-e emissions production, indicating that economic \r development based on fossil fuel use undermines both efforts on \r climate action as well as the SDGs (very high confidence) (Figure 18.6). \r Such challenges are also reflected by differential Gini coefficients and \r metrics of state fragility among regions, which reflect inequities in \r income distribution and broader vulnerability of nations and regions \r [...]"


id: 36727dca77be1f035d886a234950455b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 6815
content:
"[...] to shocks and stressors (Figure  18.6). In addition, high variation is \r observed in CO2 emissions production, even among comparatively \r wealthy nations, suggesting CO2-e emissions of some nations are tightly \r coupled to development, while others have pursued more carbon neutral \r development trajectories. Even within regions such as Africa, Asia, \r Central and South America, and Europe, large within-region variations \r are observed in inequality and state fragility, suggesting high variability \r among nations. Given the emphasis in the sustainable development and \r CRD literature on equity and vulnerability, addressing such determinants \r of vulnerability is a core design principle for CRDPs."


id: f76e059d01759b313cdc9615543f7782
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40906
content:
"The regional response of precipitation to globally averaged temperature \r increases is less clear than temperature, in part due to high intra\u0002region variability. Average daily precipitation remains fairly stable in \r all global regions in response to higher magnitudes of global warming \r (Table  18.4). However, 5-day precipitation totals provide a clearer \r signal of increasing hydrologic activity in response to higher globally \r averaged temperatures (Table 18.4). Such data does not necessarily \r reflect changes in rainfall extremes that could occur with downstream \r consequences for hazards such as drought or flooding. Similarly, while \r sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are more uniform across global ocean \r basins, all basins are anticipated to warm in response to higher globally \r averaged temperatures (Table 18.5). Unlike temperature, however, SST \r increases are anticipated to be only a fraction of the globally averaged \r [...]"


id: aa146ec534642918be825529ae7fa35
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27150
content:
"[...] increase in temperature, due in large part to the heat capacity of the \r oceans. Nevertheless, such higher SSTs have implications not only for \r ocean ecosystems and the distribution of marine species, but also for \r weather patterns, such as formation and intensity of tropical cyclones \r (very high confidence)."


id: cc242c1378bb93a6bf88d7100929ff4c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33233
content:
"The other aspect of the regional climate responses to global temperature \r increases that is important for CRD is the marked differences observed \r between changes in response to 1.5degC versus 4degC of warming. Higher \r levels of global warming are associated with higher regional changes, \r including changes in extremes of temperature. This in turn increases \r climate risk to exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, \r thereby increasing demand for adaptation. If that demand is not met, \r then the adaptation gap will be larger, with greater risk of loss and \r damage (very high confidence) (Schaeffer et  al., 2015; Chen et  al., \r 2016; United Nations Environment Programme, 2021). This is true \r not only for regions, but also at the sectoral level (Section  18.5.2). \r Therefore, CRD pathways must balance the demands for emissions \r reductions to reduce exposure, adaptation to manage residual climate \r change risks, and sustainable development to address vulnerability \r [...]"


id: ba3dfbc6a7fc5c9eed8259a0bb9887f2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29986
content:
"In addition to development indicators, the literature assessed in the \r WGII regional chapters indicates that different regions experience \r a range of development challenges and opportunities that affect the \r pursuit of CRD (very high confidence). These represent dimensions of \r governance, institutions, economic development, capacity, and social \r and cultural factors that shape decision making, investment and \r development trajectories. For example, significant challenges exist \r within regions with respect to managing debt and the ability to fund or \r finance climate action and sustainable development interventions (very \r high confidence). On the other hand, a broad range of opportunities \r exist to pursue CRD including challenges with debt and financing of \r adaptation competing policy objectives, social protection programmes, \r economic diversification, investing in education and human capital \r development, and expanding disaster risk reduction efforts (very high \r [...]"


id: 54ee6433397e24fc75f89bdbf3737356
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12214
content:
"In addition, the sectoral assessments identify a broad range of specific \r adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development options that could \r play a role in facilitating CRD. Many of these options appear initially \r to be specific to a given sector. For example, options for the water \r sector (Chapter 4) are assessed independently from those for health \r and well-being (Chapter 7). In practice, however, evidence suggests \r the importance of thinking about sectoral options as cross-cutting, \r mutually supportive and synergistic packages rather than singular \r options. First, each of the sectoral chapters has links to multiple SDGs \r (Table 18.7), implying each sector is important for achieving a range of \r sustainability goals that extend beyond sectoral boundaries. Moreover, \r progress across multiple sectors simultaneously creates opportunities \r for synergies for achieving the SDGs, but also enhances the risk of \r [...]"


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created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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vector_id: 12021
content:
"[...] potential trade-offs (very high confidence). Second, a number of \r options are common to multiple sectors. For example, options \r associated with ecosystem-based adaptation and nature-based \r approaches to environmental management appear in multiple sectors \r (Table  18.7). Similarly, climate-smart agriculture and agroecological \r approaches to food systems create opportunities for food security, but \r those same options also benefit land-based ecosystems, water, poverty \r and livelihoods, and human well-being."


id: b5a7b2fac3cf3bc3e7d9b6a25b7533b6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 29187
content:
"The sectoral chapters of the WGII report provide insights regarding how \r development processes interact with sectors to shape the potential for \r CRD. Similar to global regions, each sector is associated with various \r challenges, opportunities and options that enable or constrain CRD \r (Table 18.7). A number of challenges are common across sectors and \r mirror those associated with different regions. For example, issues \r associated with natural resource dependency, access to information \r for decision making, access to human and financial capital, and path \r dependence of institutions represent barriers that must be overcome \r if sectors are to support transitions that enable CRD. These challenges \r are more acute within vulnerable communities or nations where \r capacity to innovate and invest are constrained and social inequities \r reinforce the status quo (very high confidence). At the same time, a \r number of sector-specific opportunities for mitigation, adaptation and \r [...]"


id: c76ccd5ede3bad3bbd0d9a9ead0896bc
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updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32398
content:
"[...] sustainable development can be used to integrate sectors into CRDPs. \r This could include policies and planning initiatives to enhance sector \r sustainability and resilience, as well as capacity building and greater \r inclusion of different actors and groups in decision making including \r capitalising on local and Indigenous knowledge as a mechanism for \r more representative and equitable action."


id: c7d2820b3e52b9b3190531cfdccbe731
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
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content:
"The more recent literature adds significant context to the concept \r of CRD, but also introduces broader perspectives regarding its \r significance in the arena of climate action. Hence, concepts that are \r both complementary to, and competitive with, CRD, such as 'climate \r safe', 'climate compatible' and 'climate smart' development (Huxham \r et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2017b; Ficklin et al., 2018; Mcleod et al., 2019) \r (Section 18.1.1). These different framings of the intersection between \r sustainable development and climate action are used in different \r communities of research and practice, which complicates efforts to \r provide clear guidance to decision makers regarding the goals of CRD \r and how best to achieve it. This is attributable in part to persistent \r conceptual confusion and disciplinary divides over more fundamental \r concepts such as resilience and sustainability (Rogers et  al., 2020; \r Zaman, 2021), not to mention contested perspectives regarding \r [...]"


id: e0766b15b4f2f6531198229e7979198
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36741
content:
"[...] development (Lo et  al., 2020; Song et  al., 2020a; Morton, 2021) \r (medium agreement, medium evidence)."


id: edd3ccb3c1deb9892178d6d2693f02b0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39200
content:
"Given the pace of climate change and the inherent challenge of \r sustainable development, particularly in the face of inevitable \r disruptions and setbacks such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Cross\u0002Chapter Box  COVID in Chapter 7), the feasibility of achieving CRD is \r an open question. Rapid changes will be required to shift public and \r private investments, strengthen institutions and orient them towards \r more sustainable policies and practices, expand the inclusiveness of \r governance and the equity of decision making, and shift societal and \r consumer preferences to more climate-resilient lifestyles. Nevertheless, \r the collective body of recent literature on CRD, system transitions \r and societal transformation, combined with the assessments within \r recent IPCC Special Reports (IPCC, 2018a; IPCC, 2019b; IPCC, 2019d) \r indicate that there are a broad range of opportunities for designing and \r implementing adaptation and mitigation options that enable the climate \r [...]"


id: d89cb77813d4b71d69428ee1ecde6e72
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35401
content:
"[...] goals in the Paris Agreement to be achieved while enhancing resilience \r and meeting sustainable development objectives. However, options \r should be considered alongside the mechanisms by which societies can \r engage to create the conditions that can support the implementation \r of those options (Section 18.4). This includes formal policy mechanisms \r pursued by governments, the catalysation of innovation by private firms \r and entrepreneurship, as well as informal, grassroots interventions by \r civil society. While there is no 'one-size-fits-all' solution for CRD that \r will work for all actors at all scales, exploring different pathways by \r which actors can achieve their development and climate goals can make \r valuable contributions to developing effective strategies for CRD."


id: 87b08f51a9f159dab1ccc230a7ce62e6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21030
content:
"As indicated by the literature assessed within this chapter, keeping \r windows of opportunity open for CRD will necessitate urgent action, \r even under diverse assumptions regarding how future mitigation and \r adaptation interventions evolve. If nations are to collectively limit \r warming to well below 2degC, for example, unprecedented emissions \r reductions will be necessary over the next decade (IPCC, 2018a). \r These reductions would necessitate rapid progression of system \r transitions (Section  18.3). If, despite the Paris Agreement, future \r emissions trajectories take the world beyond 2degC, a greater demand \r will be placed on adaptation as a means of enhancing the resilience \r of development. Given the long-lived nature of human systems, and \r the built environment in particular, significant adaptation investments \r would be needed over the near-term to meet this demand. Yet, it \r is important to note that, even in the absence of consideration for \r [...]"


id: 10169698ff303df08438aa14ef4fd684
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14
content:
"[...] climate change, substantial development needs exist for communities \r around the world at present. Hence, a robust strategy for the pursuit of \r CRDPs is a near-term focus on portfolios of policies and practices that \r promote human and ecological well-being."


id: 9e472dd046fd623f8124ec272ce55370
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25075
content:
"A fundamental challenge for achieving CRD globally is reconciling \r different perspectives on CRD. As noted in the AR5, 'as policy makers \r explore what pathways to pursue, they will increasingly face questions \r about managing discourses about what societal objectives to \r pursue' (Denton et  al., 2014: 1124). Since the AR5, such discourses \r have become prominent in policy debates over climate action and \r sustainable development because of different nations, communities \r and subpopulations having different understandings of what \r constitutes CRD. Aggressive efforts to rapidly reduce GHG emissions or \r enhance resilience to climate change, for example, could have negative \r externalities for the development objectives of some actors. This \r potential for trade-offs complicates efforts to build consensus regarding \r what constitutes appropriate climate and development policies and \r practices and by whom. The CRD pathways preferred by one actor are \r [...]"


id: 16133250d1b2ed1c734966ee21e792a2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1097
content:
"[...] likely to be contested by others. This means operationalising concepts \r such as CRD in practice is likely to necessitate ongoing negotiation."


id: 944caf5873de3d39dd91dac1e0720e03
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23300
content:
"The IPCC SR1.5 report identified transitions in four key systems, including energy, land and ocean ecosystems, urban \r and infrastructure, and industry, as being fundamental to the pursuit of CRD. In addition, this report identifies \r societal transitions, in terms of values and worldviews that shape aspirations, lifestyles and consumption patterns, \r as another key component of CRD. Acknowledging societal transitions has implications for how one assesses options \r and values different outcomes from the perspectives of ethics, equity, justice and inclusion. Collectively, these \r system transitions can widen the solution space and accelerate and deepen the implementation of sustainable \r development, adaptation, and mitigation actions by equipping actors and decision-makers with more effective \r and more equitable options. However, the way they are pursued may not necessarily be perceived as ethical or \r [...]"


id: e07698b4667b436df6171602fd4a04a7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36742
content:
"[...] desirable to all actors. Moreover, system transitions are necessary precursors for more fundamental climate and \r sustainable-development transformations. Yet, these transitions can themselves be outcomes of transformative \r actions."


id: f697aa706efa705b05cf5131c18b81dc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40753
content:
"Authors: Debora Ley (Guatemala/Mexico), Helen Adams (UK), Malcolm Araos (Canada/USA), Ritwika Basu (India/UK), Amir Bazaz (India), \r Luigi Conte (Italy), Katy Davis (UK), Constantino Dockendorff (Chile/Germany), James Ford (UK/Canada), Sabine Fuss (Germany), Elisabeth \r A Gilmore (USA/Canada), Tania Guillen Bolanos (Nicaragua/Germany), Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (Australia), Mark Howden (Australia), \r Bavisha Kalyan (South Africa/USA), Laura Moro (Italy), Anuszka Mosurska (UK/Poland), Reinhard Mechler (Germany), Joana Portugal\u0002Pereira (Brazil), Aromar Revi (India), Swarnika Sharma (India), Anne J. Sietsma (the Netherlands/UK), Chandni Singh (India), Alessandro \r Triacca (Italy), Bianca van Bavel (Canada/Ireland/UK), Ivan Villaverde Canosa (Spain/UK), Mustafa Babiker (Sudan/Saudi Arabia), Paolo \r Bertoldi (Italy), Brett Cohen (South Africa), Annette Cowie (Australia), Kiane de Kleijne (the Netherlands), Jeremy Emmet-Booth (Ireland), \r [...]"


id: 8b7271c56a2ca0b3815d0a4f1793722c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21693
content:
"[...] Amit Garg (India), Gert-Jan Nabuurs (the Netherlands), Andre Frossard Pereira de Lucena (Brazil), Adrian Leip (Italy/Germany), Lars J. \r Nilsson (Sweden), Pete Smith (UK), Linda Steg (the Netherlands), Masahiro Sugiyama (Japan)"


id: 57d354c948cb4c649484a325f62e368d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12713
content:
"For energy systems transitions, the adaptation options of infrastructure resilience, efficient water use and water management, \r and reliable power systems enable energy systems to work during disasters with reduced costs, demonstrating the \r synergistic relationships between mitigation and adaptation (high confidence). There is high confidence in the high feasibility of \r infrastructure resilience and reliable power systems as they enable power systems to provide emergency services during disasters, as well \r as continue these services during recovery periods. New evidence has focused on both options for peri-urban and rural areas through \r distributed generation and isolated renewable energy systems, which also provide multiple social co-benefits (medium confidence).  For \r efficient water use and management, the synergistic potential with mitigation can make processes more efficient and cost effective (high \r [...]"


id: 4ef2ad4d0f367fbd9de3af95e1950369
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11174
content:
"[...] confidence). With regards to adaptation feasibility, efficient water use is especially useful in drought-stricken areas and provides better \r water management for multiple uses (high confidence)."


id: 4dd2a6ea934e46238c71c8b026bd1edb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10961
content:
"There are multiple adaptation options for land and ocean ecosystems. Forest- and biodiversity-based adaptation options \r are generally promoted on the basis of their positive impacts on adaptive and ecological capacities, increased provision \r of ecosystem services and goods, with a particularly strong contribution to carbon sequestration (high confidence).\r However, large afforestation projects and the introduction of non-native and fast-growing vegetation reduce water availability, \r impoverish habitats for wildlife and reduce overall ecological resilience, threatening the achievement of some Sustainable Development \r Goals (SDGs), and potentially leading to maladaptation (high confidence).Over-reliance on forest-based solutions may increase the \r susceptibility to wildfires, with detrimental consequences both for mitigation and adaptation (medium confidence). Over the last \r [...]"


id: 5332b0afcb0fbcb16fe233c2a390f233
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11906
content:
"[...] decade, forest- and biodiversity-based solutions have gained considerable political traction and social acceptability (high confidence), \r but in countries with economies highly dependent on the export of agricultural commodities, opportunity costs continue to hinder the \r expansion of these alternatives, particularly against more profitable land uses (high confidence). In such cases, government support \r and innovative financial schemes, including payments for ecosystem services, are fundamental for broader adherence to forest- and \r biodiversity-based options."


id: d4962588f40df7cfe95ba4f53f0f1cc5
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34722
content:
"For urban and infrastructure system transitions, sustainable urban planning can support both adaptation and decarbonisation \r by mainstreaming climate concerns, including effective land use into urban policies, by promoting resilient and low-carbon \r infrastructure, and by protecting and integrating carbon-reducing biodiversity and ecosystem services into city planning \r (medium confidence). Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services have high feasibility to support climate adaptation and \r mitigation efforts in cities, for example to reduce flood exposure and attenuate the urban heat island (high confidence). While green \r infrastructure options are cost-effective and provide co-benefits in terms of ecosystem services such as improved air quality or other \r health benefits (high confidence), there remains a need for systematically assessing co-benefits, particularly for flood risk management \r [...]"


id: 3e117a16f6399ccfc9764ef4d8092f6c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8086
content:
"[...] and sustainable material flow analysis. Governments across scales can support urban sustainable water management by undertaking \r projects to recycle wastewater and runoff through green infrastructure; enabling greater coherence between urban water and riverine \r basin management; decentralising water systems; supporting networks for sharing best practices in water supply and storm runoff \r treatment to scale sustainable management; and foregrounding equity and justice concerns, especially through participation involving \r informal settlement residents (medium confidence)."


id: c7b0f565ecbbb1650fb4fdfe35db7dcc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32440
content:
"Strong and equitable health systems can protect the health of populations in the face of known and unexpected stressors \r (medium confidence). Health and health systems adaptation is feasible where capacity is well developed, and where options align with \r national priorities and engage local and international communities (medium confidence). Socio-cultural acceptability of health and health \r systems adaptation is high and there is significant potential for risk-mitigation and social co-benefits where adaptation addresses the \r needs of vulnerable regions and populations (medium confidence). Microeconomic feasibility and socioeconomic vulnerability reduction \r potentials are also high (high confidence), although economic feasibility may pose a significant challenge in low-income settings (medium \r confidence). However, inadequate institutional capacity and resource availability represent major barriers, particularly for health systems \r [...]"


id: d3970d331138ca8155322305ab305a55
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34563
content:
"Risk insurance can be a feasible tool to adapt to climate risks and support sustainable development (high confidence). They \r can reduce both vulnerability and exposure, support post-disaster recovery and reduce financial burden on governments, households \r and business. Insurance mechanisms enjoy wide legal and regulatory acceptability among policymakers and are institutionally feasible \r (high confidence). However, socio-cultural and financial barriers make insurance spatially and temporally challenging to implement \r (high confidence), even though it can improve the health and well-being of populations (medium confidence). The risk of generating \r maladaptive outcomes can further limit the uptake of insurance, as it can provide disincentives for reducing risk over the long term \r (medium confidence). Expanding the knowledge base on insurance is fundamental to successfully implement insurance among all \r [...]"


id: b2ea1e74ebe657695ce1336106f2da7e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28712
content:
"[...] relevant stakeholders. Ensuring equitable access to and benefits from innovative financial products (e.g., loans) is needed to guarantee \r successful uptake of insurance across all the population (high confidence)."


id: 992a2f04302ada1d3cf892a1a6e3918b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 24160
content:
"Migration has been used by millions around the world to maintain and improve their well-being in the face of changed \r circumstances, often as part of labour or livelihood diversification (very high confidence). Properly supported and, where \r levels of agency and assets are high, migration as a climate response can reduce exposure and socioeconomic vulnerability (medium \r confidence). Households and communities in climate-exposed regions experience a range of intersecting stressors. These households can \r undertake distress migration, which results in negative adaptive and resilience outcomes (high confidence). Outcomes can be improved \r through a systematic examination of the political economy of local and regional sectors that employ precarious communities and by \r addressing vulnerabilities that pose barriers to in situ adaptation and livelihood strategies (medium confidence). Migrants and their \r [...]"


id: 968770e74e38bcda70c4ef10ef65f3cb
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 23684
content:
"[...] sending and receiving communities can be supported through temporary labour-migration schemes, improving discourses on migration, \r and matching existing migration agreements with development objectives (medium confidence)."


id: c4617b5ec7aca8b7eb7f02b387e8f353
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 31847
content:
"The Paris Climate Agreement marked a significant shift for the IPCC AR6 assessment towards a systematic exploration of climate solutions \r and a suite of linked adaptation and mitigation options (IPCC, 2018b; IPCC, 2019b). This shift was first evidenced in SR1.5, whose plenary\u0002approved outline sought to define feasibility as 'referring to the potential for a mitigation or adaptation option to be implemented. Factors \r influencing feasibility are context-dependent, temporally dynamic, and may vary between different groups and actors. Feasibility depends \r on geophysical, environmental-ecological, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors that enable or constrain the \r implementation of an option. The feasibility of options may change when different options are combined and increase when enabling \r conditions are strengthened'. Based on this, SR1.5 identified (with high confidence) rapid and far-reaching transitions in four systems: \r [...]"


id: 38912888877b3a047d3788ef513bce8c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 7160
content:
"[...] energy, land and other ecosystems, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems, are necessary to \r enable pathways to limit average global warming to 1.5degC compared with pre-industrial temperatures (Bazaz et al., 2018; IPCC, 2018b). \r This was deepened for terrestrial systems in SRCCL, while SROCC added additional evidence from ocean and cryosphere systems. The \r assessment also included the interactions between carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and adaptation outcomes: compared with previous \r Assessment Reports, it is clear that the ambitious temperature targets agreed upon in Paris in 2015 will require at least some CDR, that \r is all 1.5degC pathways will eventually feature annual removals at gigaton level (Rogelj et al., 2018a). This necessitates assessing the \r interactions of CDR with adaptation."


id: 81cb120c2f6503754793be23a353cf66
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 19959
content:
"There has been growing research emphasis on synthesising adaptation literature through meta-reviews of adaptation research (Sietsma \r et al., 2021; Berrang-Ford et al. 2021), adaptation readiness (Ford et al., 2015a; Ford et al., 2017), adaptation progress (Araos et al., \r 2016a), adaptation barriers and enablers (Biesbroek et al., 2013; Eisenack et al., 2014; Barnett et al., 2015), and adaptation outcomes \r (Owen, 2020) (Cross-Chapter Box ADAPT in Chapter 1). In particular, understanding which adaptation options are effective, to what risks, \r and under what conditions, is particularly challenging given the lack of a clearly defined and globally- agreed- adaptation goals, as well \r as disagreement on the metrics to assess adaptation effectiveness (Berrang-Ford et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2021c) (17.5.2 on Successful \r Adaptation). Effectiveness studies often use metrics such as reduced risk exposure, damage costs averted, which lend themselves well to \r [...]"


id: f57838caf04cf498744958dc442da8f1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40552
content:
"[...] infrastructural options (e.g., effectiveness of seawalls in reducing sea level rise [SLR] exposure in coastal cities), but do not translate well \r to 'soft' adaptation options such as climate services or changing building codes."


id: e719ef4723d3ea5ab2ccc6750c16dc99
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37954
content:
"The adaptation options assessed for energy system transitions are resilient power infrastructure; water management, focused on water \r efficiency and cooling, for all types of generation sources; and reliable power systems. Since SR1.5, there has not been significant change \r in the feasibility of the first two options as they continue to be implemented successfully, allowing for power generation to maintain \r or increase its reliability during extreme weather events (high confidence) (Zhang et al., 2018; Ali and Kumar, 2016; DeNooyer et al., \r 2016). As in the case of SR1.5, these options are not sufficient for the far-reaching transformations required in the energy sector, which \r tend to focus on technological transitions from a fossil-based to a renewable energy regime (Erlinghagen and Markard, 2012; Muench \r et al., 2014; Brand and von Gleich, 2015; Monstadt and Wolff, 2015; Child and Breyer, 2017; Hermwille et al., 2017). The main difference \r [...]"


id: 89c14a36acc91088b1736aa6582595b3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21406
content:
"[...] from SR1.5 is that resilient power infrastructure now includes distributed generation utilities, such as microgrids, as there is increasing \r evidence of its role in reducing vulnerability, especially within underserved populations (high confidence)."


id: 283028e6786bb8ba7376e9ce937bacc2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4271
content:
"Since AR5, the reliability of power systems has gained interest because of the numerous service disruptions during extreme weather \r events. As with resilient power systems, there is increasing evidence of the feasibility of increased reliability for both existing power \r plants, independently of the generation source, and for rural landscapes. The option has high confidence (robust evidence, high agreement) \r for the high feasibility of the technological and social dimensions. As with previous options, the technological means exist to create \r redundancy in power generation, transmission and distribution systems and their implementation ensures the continuous functionality \r of emergency services, such as communications, health and water pumping, amongst others, in urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes \r (high confidence). There is high feasibility for the economic, technical and socio-cultural dimensions (the latter more prominently for \r [...]"


id: 62f1ed0014a4831b4fc0b9fafdb49bea
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 14706
content:
"[...] decentralised systems), and medium feasibility for institutional and geophysical dimensions."


id: 4bec5b3493aa20a9e1e1fc3e50fa39d6
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10618
content:
"There is robust evidence and medium agreement regarding the feasibility of coastal defence and hardening as adaptation options in some \r circumstances, which here includes grey coastal infrastructure. Economic and social factors may limit the feasibility of these options as \r they require large investments (both construction, maintenance and monitoring) (Hamin et al., 2018; Magnan and Duvat, 2018; Morris \r et al., 2018; Morris et al., 2019; Nicholls et al., 2019; Hanley et al., 2020b) (Section CCP2.3). While these costs present challenges for rural \r areas, coastal defence structures may still be cost-effective in other areas, such as those with larger economies (Aerts, 2018; Lincke and \r Hinkel, 2018; Tiggeloven et al., 2020; Vousdoukas et al., 2020; Lima and Coelho, 2021). Strong, transparent and inclusive governance is \r key, suggesting that these measures can occasionally fail to adequately balance competing stakeholder interests. Consequently, they may \r [...]"


id: dd48401061d05d0ea3f707965a117f52
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 36193
content:
"[...] disproportionately benefit wealthier people and exacerbate existing vulnerability of the poor (Kind et al., 2017; O'Donnell, 2019; Ratter \r et al., 2019; Siders and Keenan, 2020; Siriwardane-de Zoysa, 2020). They are also potentially maladaptive if they are not flexible or robust \r in response to a changing climate (Antunes do Carmo, 2018; Hamin et al., 2018; Morris et al., 2019; Baills et al., 2020; Foti et al., 2020; \r Hanley et al., 2020b) and can have negative impacts on the local environment, habitats, ecosystem services, and communities (Mills et al., \r 2016; Morris et al., 2018; Morris et al., 2019; Foti et al., 2020; Hanley et al., 2020b)."


id: a4c07732c71c9bec7fc34c5e84f1a4b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 26210
content:
"There is medium evidence with medium agreement on the feasibility of sustainable aquaculture as an adaptation measure. Sustainable \r aquaculture (e.g., integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, polyculture, aquaponics, mangrove-integrated culture) can have socioeconomic \r benefits for vulnerable communities and small-scale fisheries (Ahmed, 2018; Blasiak et al., 2019; Mustafa et al., 2021; Thomas et al., \r 2021; Xuan et al., 2021). However, caution is important to guarantee that access to fish supply of local and vulnerable communities is \r not affected (Chan et al., 2019; Galappaththi et al., 2020). Access to financial resources is often a barrier to implementation, although \r sustainable aquaculture can increase employment opportunities that are increasingly gender equitable (Alleway et al., 2018; Leakhena \r et al., 2018; Valenti et al., 2018; Gopal et al., 2020), as well as increasing the resilience of coastal livelihoods to climate change (Shaffril \r [...]"


id: aac90ae2763b80eed7a09c9adc69736b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27274
content:
"[...] et al., 2017; Blasiak and Wabnitz, 2018). Technological, institutional and socio-cultural factors can form barriers to the feasibility of \r sustainable aquaculture (e.g., Ahmed et al., 2018; Blasiak et al., 2019; Galappaththi et al., 2019; Boyd et al., 2020; Osmundsen et al., 2020; \r Stentiford et al., 2020; Mustapha et al., 2021; Xuan et al., 2021)."


id: 6ce6bc52931c8e794e0700dcecd4f175
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16437
content:
"Environmental and economic aspects are key when assessing the sustainability of aquaculture practices (Ahmed et al., 2018; Aubin et al., \r 2019; Bohnes et al., 2019; Galappaththi et al., 2019; Boyd et al., 2020; Galappaththi et al., 2020; Osmundsen et al., 2020; Stentiford \r et al., 2020; Thomas et al., 2021). A global picture of where sustainable aquaculture is possible is needed and desirable (FAO, 2018; \r Galappaththi et al., 2019; Bricknell et al., 2021), yet there are few new references to its physical feasibility. Adaptation options for existing \r sustainable aquaculture need to be developed, along with institutional arrangements such as education and technology transfer, focused \r on developing sustainable industries (Section 8.6.2.3). Sustainable agriculture is likely to receive strong support from many countries but \r may also experience resistance for several reasons (e.g., competition with existing industries, debates over tolerance to aesthetic changes \r [...]"


id: ca3910278d111e45e49e11e7134a69ff
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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content:
"[...] to coastlines). Literature on this area is growing. Potential barriers at the government and political levels are significant (e.g., Jayanthi \r et al., 2018; Blasiak et al., 2019; Hargan et al., 2020; Osmundsen et al., 2020; Stentiford et al., 2020; Mustafa et al., 2021; Qurani et al., \r 2021)."


id: ee4e3f6b0814b097c2c0417d212ab720
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 39294
content:
"ICZM measures are generally more cost-effective than 'hard engineering' measures (Antunes do Carmo, 2018; Morecroft et al., 2019; \r Morris et al., 2019; Donatti et al., 2020; Erftemeijer et al., 2020; Hanley et al., 2020a; Jones et al., 2020b), but implementation pose \r barriers, especially in low-income countries (Lamari et al., 2016; Villamizar et al., 2017; Rosendo et al., 2018; Mestanza-Ramon et al., \r 2019; Barragan Munoz, 2020; Botero and Zielinski, 2020; Caviedes et al., 2020; Martuti et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2021). ICZM implementation \r requires strong institutional frameworks, where all relevant stakeholders (especially representatives of local communities) are part of \r decision-making processes (Perez-Cayeiro and Chica-Ruiz, 2015; Lamari et al., 2016; Hassanali, 2017; Antunes do Carmo, 2018; Hamin \r et al., 2018; Phillips et al., 2018; Romanach et al., 2018; Rosendo et al., 2018; Warnken and Mosadeghi, 2018; Mestanza-Ramon et al., \r [...]"


id: d3fb46a17352cdf31b7744ec25c925ef
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34628
content:
"[...] 2019; Morecroft et al., 2019; Morris et al., 2019; Walsh, 2019; Barragan Munoz, 2020; Caviedes et al., 2020; Donatti et al., 2020; Ellison \r et al., 2020; Martuti et al., 2020; O'Mahony et al., 2020; Perera-Valderrama et al., 2020). This aspect is mentioned as a key challenge \r in developing countries (Perez-Cayeiro and Chica-Ruiz, 2015; Villamizar et al., 2017; Rosendo et al., 2018; Alves et al., 2020). Similarly, \r explicitly incorporating gender considerations into ICZM is generally recommended, mainly because women are key knowledge holders in \r coastal communities; however, this is rarely done in practice, which may lead to sub-optimal or unequal outcomes (Nguyen Mai and Dang \r Hoang, 2018; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2019; Pearson et al., 2019; Barreto et al., 2020). The perception that building 'hard' infrastructure \r (i.e., coastal defence and hardening) is a more efficient way of reducing coastal risk than the implementation of 'soft' or nature-based \r [...]"


id: faa5e081c91610421e620c6ffddda09f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41472
content:
"There is robust evidence and medium agreement supporting the overall feasibility of forest-based adaptation options. Regarding its \r economic feasibility, some studies (Nabuurs et al., 2017b; Chow et al., 2019; Seddon et al., 2020a) highlight that the net benefits of \r measures such as reforestation, sustainable forest management and ecosystem restoration outweigh the costs of implementation and \r maintenance. Yet, another strand of literature observes that limited access to financial resources is a major constraint to forest-based \r initiatives, especially in the face of upfront investment costs and alternative, more profitable land uses, such as agriculture (Bustamante \r et al., 2019; Ota et al., 2020; Seddon et al., 2020b). In countries with extensive rural areas where forests provide for local communities, \r government support together with private investments and long-term assurances of maintenance, are considered fundamental for the \r [...]"


id: 427a7fc3d212155add88ba9309bc18af
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8889
content:
"[...] long-term viability of forest conservation strategies (Bustamante et al., 2019; Seddon et al., 2020b). In rural areas, smallholders can \r diversify their livelihood and increase household income as a result of improved local forest governance (Bustamante et  al., 2019; \r Fleischman et al., 2020; Ota et al., 2020) Similarly, forest and ecosystem restoration has been found to reduce poverty and improve \r social inclusion and participation, given that ecosystems can be managed jointly and in traditional ways (Woroniecki et al., 2019). Robust \r evidence (high agreement) links forest-based adaptation to job creation, improved health and recreational benefits, most notably for \r indigenous, rural and remote communities (Muricho et al., 2019b; Rahman et al., 2019; Ambrosino et al., 2020; Bhattarai, 2020; Ota \r [...]"


id: 6745022eeb7cb780464f2df753039bce
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15439
content:
"[...] et al., 2020; von Holle et al., 2020; Tagliari et al., 2021). However, Chausson et al. (2020) note that frameworks for assessing the cost\u0002effectiveness of adaptation strategies continue to be tailored to conventional, engineered interventions, which fail to capture the broader \r array of material and non-material benefits that forest-based interventions might bring."


id: 4f26e2c6538004e9f39ee223d3857b19
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11211
content:
"Regarding risk reduction potential, forest-based strategies are found to protect in-land infrastructure from landslides and coastal \r infrastructure from storm surges (Seddon et al., 2020a; Seddon et al., 2020b), together with offering a cheaper solution than engineered \r grey solutions (Chausson et al., 2020). Land availability is a limiting factor for expanding forest-based solutions (Morecroft et al., 2019; \r Ontl et al., 2020). However, there is high agreement and robust evidence that reforestation, environmental conservation and NbS result in \r increased carbon sinks (Griscom et al., 2017b; Nabuurs et al., 2017b; de Coninck et al., 2018b; Fuss et al., 2018; Favretto et al., 2020; Forster \r et al., 2021). Some authors argue that primary ecosystems and native forests contain larger stocks of carbon than tree plantations (Seddon \r et al., 2019; Fleischman et al., 2020; Seddon et al., 2020a), while another strain of literature finds that net sequestration rate is lower in \r [...]"


id: 6651fdd87e94b4b25505a485801fbbd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15264
content:
"[...] mature primary forests than in younger managed forests with their associated wood value chains (Cowie et al., 2021; Forster et al., 2021; \r Gundersen et al., 2021). There is robust evidence and high agreement that forest- and ecosystem-based strategies result in hazard risk \r reduction potential. Environmental restoration can be an effective climate change adaptation alternative, reducing susceptibility to extreme \r events, improving ecological capacities and increasing overall ecosystems' resilience (Chapter 8, Box 9.7) (Nunes et al., 2020). However, too \r much reliance on forests and green alternatives might increase water shortages and wildfires (Seddon et al., 2019; Fleischman et al., 2020)."


id: e837166088e26d657a31beb1daef67e3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 38185
content:
"CCB FEASIB.3.2.6 Biodiversity management and ecosystem connectivity\r There is robust evidence and medium agreement supporting the overall feasibility of biodiversity management and ecosystem connectivity \r as adaptation options. With respect to its economic feasibility, financial constraints continue to hinder broader implementation of \r biodiversity-based solutions (Lausche et al., 2013; Chausson et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2020a). Seddon et al. (2020a) highlights that only 5% \r of climate finance goes towards adaptation strategies, and only 1% is destined to disaster risk management including NbS and biodiversity \r management. Government support via subsidies and fiscal transfers is critical for broader biodiversity management interventions. In \r addition, REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Land Degradation) initiatives have been promoted as a profitable mechanism \r [...]"


id: db8050006a91db5b88dc0ff9db40f43d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 35897
content:
"[...] to advance biodiversity conservation strategies while reducing carbon emissions. As far as ecosystem connectivity is concerned, its feasibility \r will strongly depend on the existence of a regulatory framework that appropriately balances property rights, environmental regulations and \r monetary incentives to ensure landowners' willingness to participate and maintain ecosystem corridors (Jones et al., 2020b). The demands \r of commodity-based economies, favouring extractive land uses, present serious barriers to upscaling biodiversity-based adaptation \r interventions (Seddon et al., 2020a). In addition, integrated assessments have shown how biodiversity-based solutions can deliver jobs \r from landscape restoration or income from wildlife tourism and how those benefits are fairly distributed (Chausson et al., 2020)."


id: a20722b3e634f1ea4f3b52eb1ba2551c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25744
content:
"Legal and regulatory instruments are not perceived as major barriers to biodiversity management and ecosystem connectivity projects \r (Lausche et al., 2013; D'Aloia et al., 2019). A challenge that biodiversity-based measures still face is less acceptance among decision \r makers because their efficiency and cost-benefit ratio are difficult to determine and most of the measures are only effective in the long \r term (Lange et  al., 2019). Methodologies to determine cost-effectiveness vary substantially between studies, in part because these \r analyses must be tailored to the socio-ecological context to be meaningful for local governance. This makes it challenging to capture \r and synthesise the full economic benefits of biodiversity-based solutions in comparison to alternatives (Chausson et al., 2020). In all, \r biodiversity and nature-based solutions have gained considerable political traction, with the greatest emphasis on the role of ecosystems \r [...]"


id: aa30be10683ffdd5612b619020508f8c
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27166
content:
"Improved cropland management, which includes agricultural adaptation strategies such as integrated soil management, no/reduced tillage, \r conservation agriculture, planting of stress-resistant or early maturing crop varieties, and mulching, has high economic and environmental \r feasibility (robust evidence, high agreement) (AGEGNEHU and AMEDE, 2017; Lalani et al., 2017; Schulte et al., 2017; Thierfelder et al., \r 2017; Aryal et al., 2018a; Mayer et al., 2018; Prestele et al., 2018; Sova et al., 2018; Gonzalez-Sanchez et al., 2019; Lunduka et al., 2019; \r McFadden et al., 2019; Shah and Wu, 2019; TerAvest et al., 2019; Adams et al., 2020; Aryal et al., 2020a; Debie, 2020; Mutuku et al., 2020; \r Somasundaram et al., 2020; Du et al., 2021). Despite higher initial costs in some cases, the economic feasibility of improved cropland \r management is high through improved productivity, higher net returns and reduced input costs (Aryal, 2020; Mottaleb et al., 2017; Keil \r [...]"


id: 8dd9d442ad7839ea5b3e0887ac0ffe9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 22146
content:
"[...] et al., 2019; Lunduka et al., 2019; McFadden et al., 2019; Parihar et al., 2020). Self-efficacy is shown to be the most important predictor in \r technical and non-technical adaptation behaviour (Zobeidi et al., 2021), while subsidies, extension services, training, commercial custom-hire \r services and strong social connections such as farmer networks are among the factors supporting adoption among farmers (Section 8.5.2.3) \r (Aryal et al., 2015a; Aryal et al., 2015b; Kannan and Ramappa, 2017; Bedeke et al., 2019; Acevedo et al., 2020). In some regions and for some \r practices, technological feasibility is constrained by costs and inadequate information and technical know-how on particular practices and \r their benefits and trade-offs, indicating medium feasibility (Khatri-Chhetri et al., 2016; Bhatta et al., 2017; Dougill et al., 2017; Kannan and \r [...]"


id: ca3f0fe64785dde6947c9db6e2d7c620
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32926
content:
"[...] Ramappa, 2017; Aryal et al., 2018a; Sova et al., 2018; Findlater et al., 2019). Delays between actions and tangible benefits can reduce public \r and private acceptability and uptake of improved cropland management practices (e.g., Dougill et al., 2017 in Malawi)."


id: 16839501f3349e0d28cfbf083c003fed
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1176
content:
"There remain institutional and financial barriers to improved cropland management such as lack of comprehensive policies, inadequate \r mainstreaming into national policy priorities (e.g., Amjath-Babu et al., 2019 and Reddy et al., 2020 in South Asia), fragmentation across \r different sectors (Dougill et al., 2017 in Malawi), and inadequate access to credit (Aryal et al., 2018c in India). Adoption of improved \r cropland management practices is often strongly mediated by gender: structural barriers such as unequal access to land, machinery, \r inputs, and extension and credit services, constrain adoption by female farmers (Aryal et al., 2018b; Aryal et al., 2018c) Mponela et al., \r 2016; Van Hulst and Posthumus, 2016; Ntshangase et al., 2018; Somasundaram et al., 2020). Improved cropland management practices \r have social and ecological co-benefits in terms of better health, education and food security (Agarwal, 2017; Farnworth et al., 2017; \r [...]"


id: bf11923fb07a540f5b0a5c9fe2a7edd9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 30889
content:
"[...] Horner and Wollni, 2020) and better soil health and ecosystem functioning (AGEGNEHU and AMEDE, 2017; Mottaleb et  al., 2017; \r Thierfelder et al., 2017; Zomer et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2018; Gonzalez-Sanchez et al., 2019; Shah and Wu, 2019; Du et al., 2020; Mutuku \r et al., 2020; Somasundaram et al., 2020)."


id: e62d9c02bc1d6b0a1100e0cac15c126d
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37800
content:
"et al., 2020; IPCC WGIII AR6 Section 7.4.3). While the technological and ecological feasibility of improving livestock production systems \r is high (i.e., measures are technically well established, with different options applicable to a range of livestock production systems and \r ecological conditions), there are multiple context-specific barriers to adoption. These include the lack of coordinated policy support \r or governance, potentially high implementation costs and limited access to finance, inadequate advisory, knowledge exchange or \r infrastructural capacity (Escarcha et al., 2018; Paul et al., 2020), the potential land requirements and associated ecological impacts of \r adjusting livestock management, lack of context-specific research (Pardo and del Prado, 2020) and socio-cultural barriers limiting access \r by women or low-income groups to better breeds or feed varieties (Luqman et al., 2018; Salmon et al., 2018), as well as women losing \r [...]"


id: d14a4bb2a9bc3b3fcfabcc3999480a1b
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34173
content:
"[...] influence in the household in some contexts when farms intensify (Tavenner and Crane, 2018). In dryland livestock systems in Ethiopia \r and Kenya, Ericksen and Crane (2018) find that low governance capacities to implement improved grazing regimes constrain improved \r grassland management."


id: 1fd54c860682957672c495d9399728d1
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 2805
content:
"CCB FEASIB.3.2.9 Water use efficiency and water resource management\r There is high technological feasibility (robust evidence, high agreement) of improving water use efficiency as well as of managing \r water resources at basin and field scales. These approaches include rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, laser land levelling, drainage \r management and stubble retention (Dasgupta and Roy, 2017; Khatri-Chhetri et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2017; Adham et al., 2018; Darzi\u0002Naftchali and Ritzema, 2018; Terencio et al., 2018; Velasco-Munoz et al., 2018; Sojka et al., 2019). There is robust evidence (medium \r agreement) that such measures have socioeconomic co-benefits and improve adaptive capacities through improved water supply (e.g., \r through rainwater harvesting, increased infiltration or integrated watershed management) and sustainable water demand management \r [...]"


id: b0fc8d10f1a24c12e5584da69e24e3b4
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28366
content:
"[...] (e.g., reduction of evaporation loss). There is medium evidence (high agreement) of the option's economic feasibility due to water and \r energy cost savings enhanced by low-cost monitoring systems in some cases (Kodali and Sarjerao, 2017; Viani et al., 2017). Implementation \r costs vary widely, with land forming and irrigation infrastructure requiring substantial up-front investment, while mulches and cover \r crops are low-cost practices. Water management and use efficiency is currently constrained by governance and institutional factors \r such as inadequate institutional capacities to prepare for changing water availability, especially in the long term; unsustainable and \r unequal water use and sharing practices, particularly across boundaries; and fragmented and siloed resource management approaches \r (Lardizabal, 2015; Margerum and Robinson, 2015; Singh et al., 2020a)."


id: faf30b3bad34ce8e09cb0b9250740b27
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41535
content:
"Livelihood diversification is a key coping and adaptation strategy to climatic and non-climatic risks (Gautam and Andersen, 2016; Asfaw \r et al., 2018; Liu, 2015; Goulden et al., 2013; Makate et al., 2016; Orchard et al., 2016; Nyantakyi-Frimpong, 2017; Schuhbauer et al., 2017; \r Kihila, 2018; Radel et al., 2018; Tian and Lemos, 2018; Buechler and Lutz-Ley, 2019; Salam and Bauer, 2020). There is robust evidence\r (medium agreement) that diversifying livelihoods improves incomes and reduces socioeconomic vulnerability, but depending on livelihood \r type, opportunities and local context, feasibility changes (Section 8.5.1) (Barrett, 2013; Martin and Lorenzen, 2016; Sina et al., 2019). \r Livelihood diversification has positive and negative outcomes for adaptive capacity, especially in ecologically and resource-stressed regions \r (e.g. Anderson et al., 2017; Woodhouse and McCabe, 2018; Rosyida et al., 2019; Ojea et al., 2020), with diversification predominantly \r [...]"


id: 4c4ced1a2176304780b1ed85f570294a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 10686
content:
"[...] out of rural farm-based livelihoods on the rise (Rigg and Oven, 2015; Shackleton et al., 2015; Ober and Sakdapolrak, 2020). Key barriers \r to livelihood diversification include socio-cultural and institutional barriers (including social networks; Goulden et al., 2013) as well as \r inadequate resources and livelihood opportunities that hinder the full adaptive possibilities of existing livelihood diversification practices \r (Shackleton et al., 2015; Nightingale, 2017b; Bhowmik et al., 2021; Rahut et al., 2021). Autonomous diversification in the absence of more \r equitable and harmonised efforts at regional and national scales to facilitate sustainable diversification can further skew development \r indicators at the sub-national scale in favour of local elites, increased inequality and environmental degradation (Ford et al., 2014; Wilson, \r 2014; Alobo Loison, 2015; Tanner et al., 2015; Gautam and Andersen, 2016; Baird and Hartter, 2017; Torell et al., 2017; Asfaw et al., 2018; \r [...]"


id: 88fdaaf1277b2911376aee060a993d03
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 21265
content:
"[...] Woodhouse and McCabe, 2018; Brown et al., 2019; Rosyida et al., 2019; Sani Ibrahim et al., 2019; Ojea et al., 2020; Salam and Bauer, 2020)."


id: 589efa129356d4a695e6a0e6537630d0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 12836
content:
"Structural disincentives and institutional arrangements create challenges for planning even where political willingness may be high \r (Di Gregorio et  al., 2019; DuPuis and Greenberg, 2019; Shi, 2019; Zen et  al., 2019; Rasmussen et  al., 2020). Social resistance may \r significantly delay or block progress entirely, as vulnerable communities have responded negatively in cases where adaptive urban and \r land use planning leads to perceived 'resilience gentrification' (Keenan et al., 2018; Anguelovski et al., 2019a), if residents do not perceive \r themselves as included in the crafting of plans (Araos, 2020; Rasmussen et al., 2020), if the options such as managed retreat are perceived \r as culturally unacceptable (Ajibade, 2019; Koslov, 2019; Siders, 2019), or if wealthier and advantaged residents benefit from planning \r at the expense of socially vulnerable groups (Chu and Michael, 2018; Chu et al., 2018; Fainstein, 2018; Rosenzweig et al., 2018; Pelling \r [...]"


id: 663e8c21df7a7d385cb3c998a9a44dd3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15254
content:
"[...] and Garschagen, 2019a; Ranganathan and Bratman, 2021). Nonetheless, potential social co-benefits related to health and education \r are high (Raymond et al., 2017; Spaans and Waterhout, 2017; Klinenberg, 2018; Keeler et al., 2019; Meerow, 2019). Finally, the option \r is highly feasible in relation to ecological and geophysical characteristics, as urban and land use planning's primary tool is to shape the \r built environment and natural spaces to protect and reduce the vulnerability of residents."


id: 1422984884f876e816e259d7837011f0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 757
content:
"Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services have high feasibility to support climate adaptation and mitigation efforts in cities, \r for example to reduce flood exposure and attenuate the urban heat island effect (Perrotti and Stremke, 2018; Belcakova et al., 2019; \r De la Sota et  al., 2019; Stefanakis, 2019). While green infrastructure options are cost-effective and provide co-benefits in terms of \r ecosystem services such as improved air quality or other health benefits (Depietri and McPhearson, 2017; Morris et al., 2018; Reguero \r et al., 2018; Escobedo et al., 2019; Filazzola et al., 2019; Hewitt et al., 2020b; Venter et al., 2020; Nieuwenhuijsen, 2021) (robust evidence, \r high agreement), a need remains for systematically assessing co-benefits, particularly for flood risk management (Alves et al., 2019; \r Stefanakis, 2019) and sustainable material flow analysis (Perrotti and Stremke, 2018). Moreover, while once neglected, rapidly increasing \r [...]"


id: fb351201bf18359f5ce5de1349e37a48
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
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index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 41566
content:
"[...] attention has been paid to the equity and justice dimensions of planning and implementing green infrastructure initiatives, such as \r inclusion of citizens in decision making or the allocation of benefits and impacts of projects (Anguelovski et al., 2019b; Buijs et al., 2019; \r Langemeyer et al., 2020; Venter et al., 2020)"


id: af90c297491627a675182967888259c9
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 28126
content:
"For flood management, a mix of green, blue and grey infrastructures are found effective, with grey infrastructure reducing the risk of \r flooding and green infrastructure yielding multiple co-benefits (Alves et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2019; Webber et al., 2020) but catchment\u0002wide solutions are advocated as the best performing strategy (Webber et al., 2020). Recognising and addressing a full range of ecosystem \r disturbances and disasters over a larger urban spatial scale (Vargas-Hernandez and Zdunek-Wielgolaska, 2021) are crucial for planning \r green infrastructure-based solutions. In some cases, low impact development interventions yield effective flood management outcomes \r but are adequate only for small flood peaks (Pour et al., 2020), with the major challenge being identifying best practices. NbS hold \r significant potential to achieve mitigation and adaptation goals in comparison with traditional approaches, but more research is necessary \r [...]"


id: 6cfa788828d0835a76b5aadd7e3a4dd7
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 16452
content:
"[...] to understand their effectiveness, distribution, implementation at scale, cost-benefit and integration with spatial dimensions of planning \r (Davies et al., 2019; Dorst et al., 2019; Zwierzchowska et al., 2019; Hobbie and Grimm, 2020)."


id: dff540ae368b54213c99ae5b587eab13
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vector_id: 36642
content:
"Deployment of decentralised water management through effective local governance frameworks, is an important water management \r strategy (Herslund and Mguni, 2019; Leigh and Lee, 2019b), but in general, insufficient institutional learning and capacity remains a \r critical barrier for the uptake of sustainable urban water management practices (Krueger et al., 2019a; Adem Esmail and Suleiman, 2020). \r Transnational networks of cities for sharing best practices in water supply and storm runoff treatment also hold the potential to scale \r sustainable management (Feingold et al., 2018). In rapidly growing large urban areas, sustainable water management faces challenges \r of institutional heterogeneity (Chu et al., 2018), scalar mismatch, particularly between river basin and city scales (van den Brandeler \r et al., 2019), and equity and justice concerns (Chu et al., 2018; Pelling et al., 2018). Finally, assessing the vulnerability of urban water \r [...]"


id: 26f7a6c8af58f7df3b6dce486f78cce0
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4018
content:
"Social safety nets contribute to meeting development goals (e.g., poverty alleviation, accessible education and health services) and are \r increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable (Coirolo et al., 2013; Aleksandrova, 2020; Bowen et al., \r 2020; Fischer, 2020; Mueller et al., 2020). They include a range of policy and market-based instruments such as public works programmes \r and conditional or unconditional cash transfers, in-kind transfers, and insurance schemes (Centre, 2019; Aleksandrova, 2020). While \r there is robust evidence (medium agreement) that social safety nets can build adaptive capacities, reduce socioeconomic vulnerability \r and reduce risk linked to hazards (Fischer, 2020; Mueller et al., 2020), macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory barriers such as \r limited state resources, underdeveloped credit and insurance markets, and economic leakages constrain their feasibility (Singh et al., \r [...]"


id: 77fafce5ba118db2f683522bea44c024
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 18315
content:
"[...] 2018c; Hansen et al., 2019; Aleksandrova, 2020; Lykke Strobech and Bordon Rosa, 2020). Social safety nets have strong co-benefits with \r development goals (Section 8.6) (Castells-Quintana et al., 2018b; Ulrichs et al., 2019; Mueller et al., 2020) but these positive outcomes \r are constrained by inadequate regional inclusiveness (e.g., limited access in certain remote, rural areas; Singh et al., 2018b; Aleksandrova, \r 2020; Lykke Strobech and Bordon Rosa, 2020) or focus on rural areas overlooks urban vulnerable groups (Coirolo et al., 2013)."


id: 2a95595f7d52b03918ffd74dc1830b7f
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 4723
content:
"There is high confidence on risk spreading and sharing, most commonly arranged through insurance, as an adaptation option, but high to \r medium feasibility depending on context (e.g., developed versus developing countries). Technological, economic and institutional feasibility \r is high, as insurance can spread risk, provide a buffer against the impact of climate hazards, support recovery and reduce the financial burden \r on governments, households and businesses (Wolfrom and Yokoi-Arai, 2015; O'Hare et al., 2016; Glaas et al., 2017; Jenkins et al., 2017; Patel \r et al., 2017; Kousky et al., 2021). Insurance can shift the mobilisation of financial resources away from ad hoc post-event payments, where \r funding is often unpredictable and delayed, towards more strategic approaches that are set up in advance of disastrous events (Surminski \r et  al., 2016). By pricing risk, insurance can provide incentives for investments and behaviour that reduce vulnerability and exposure \r [...]"


id: 5ed5c7da6c8b8b41ec1184802cfee12a
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13978
content:
"[...] (Linnerooth-Bayer and Hochrainer-Stigler, 2015; Shapiro, 2016; Jenkins et al., 2017). Socio-cultural barriers, such as social inclusiveness, socio\u0002cultural acceptability and gender equity constrains feasibility (Bageant and Barrett, 2017; Budhathoki et al., 2019). Insurance can provide \r disincentives for reducing risk through the transfer of the risk spatially and temporally, distorting incentives for adaptation if the pricing is \r too low (moral hazard) and is often unaffordable, poorly understood, and not widely utilised in developing nations even when subsidised, \r possibly leading to maladaptation (Garcia Romero and Molina, 2015; Joyette et al., 2015; Lashley and Warner, 2015; Jin et al., 2016; Muller \r et al., 2017; Tesselaar et al., 2020). Insurance can reinforce exposure and vulnerability through underwriting a return to the 'status-quo' rather \r [...]"


id: f2f6b0eba3776ab6cd2b615954c9d10e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 40135
content:
"[...] than enabling adaptive behaviour (e.g., through 'no-betterment' principles) (Collier and Cox, 2021). For low-income nations and in the \r absence of global support, insurance shifts responsibility to those least responsible for climate change (Surminski et al., 2016)."


id: c5b422b28fce3140bd0eab63f62324fd
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32088
content:
"and Marcouiller, 2020; Peng et al., 2020; Smucker et al., 2020; Uddin et al., 2020; Webb, 2020; Ali et al., 2021; Anderson and Renaud, 2021; \r Glantz and Pierce, 2021; Ji and Lee, 2021; Villeneuve, 2021). These conditions are rarely met, and therefore DRM is often constrained by \r institutional factors that may even increase vulnerability (Booth et al., 2020; Islam et al., 2020b; Islam et al., 2020c; Marchezini, 2020; \r Goryushina, 2021; Mena and Hilhorst, 2021). The feasibility of DRM continues to be constrained by limited coordination across levels \r of government, lack of transparency and accountability, poor communication and a preference for top-down DRM processes that can \r undermine local institutions and perpetuate uneven power relationships (Atanga, 2020; Booth et al., 2020; Bordner et al., 2020; Bronen \r et  al., 2020; Goryushina, 2021; Mena and Hilhorst, 2021; Son et  al., 2021; Yumagulova et  al., 2021). However, local integration of \r [...]"


id: d554c24837b936241c779eab98f42c98
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 34854
content:
"[...] worldviews, belief systems and local and Indigenous Knowledge into DRM activities improves feasibility (Bordner et al., 2020; Cuaton and \r Su, 2020; Hosen et al., 2020; Sharma and Sharma, 2021), including disability-inclusive and gender-focused DRM (Ruszczyk et al., 2020; \r Crawford et al., 2021). Data access and availability continues to challenge DRM despite advances in data analytics, especially in rapidly \r growing informal settlements, including population estimates and limited mobility data (Goniewicz and Burkle, 2019; Marchezini, 2020)."


id: cdbe1b601d65aef1d3ee884d6e6ac7e3
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 33526
content:
"There is robust evidence (high agreement) that climate services aid adaptation decision making and build adaptive capacity, particularly \r where they are demand-driven and context-specific (Vaughan et al., 2018; Bruno Soares and Buontempo, 2019; Daniels et al., 2020; Hewitt \r et al., 2020a; Findlater et al., 2021). Climate service interventions are constrained by low capacity, inadequate institutions, difficulties \r in maintaining systems beyond pilot project stage (Vincent et al., 2017; Tall et al., 2018; Bruno Soares and Buontempo, 2019), and poor \r mapping between climate services and existing user capacities and demands (Williams et al., 2020) (robust evidence, high agreement). \r Metrics to assess outcomes of climate services remain project-based and insufficiently capture longer-term economic and non-economic \r benefits of interventions (Tall et al., 2018; Parton et al., 2019; Perrels, 2020). The technical feasibility of climate services is relatively strong \r [...]"


id: ab4d79287f4d0c77e3a76b0efc4b198e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 27364
content:
"[...] and growing (Vaughan et al., 2016; Kihila, 2017; Findlater et al., 2021) but they can be made more inclusive by focusing on addressing \r uneven uptake based on location or gender (Amegnaglo et al., 2017; Daly and Dessai, 2018; Tall et al., 2018; Alexander and Dessai, 2019; \r Vaughan et al., 2019; Gumucio et al., 2020) and a more balanced focus on uptake rather than data production alone (Dorward et al., \r 2021; Findlater et al., 2021) that values co-production and different knowledge systems (Daniels et al., 2020; Martinez-Baron et al., 2021)."


id: 268fe20237dff8c58a642e63f866c7cc
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 3948
content:
"Climate change will exacerbate existing health challenges. Strong health systems can protect and promote the health of a population in \r the face of known and unexpected stressors and pressures (Watts et al., 2021), including climate change. The building blocks of strong \r health systems engender climate resilience, strong leadership and governance, and effective coordination across sectors, to prioritise the \r needs of the most vulnerable (Ebi et al., 2020). Options for enhancing current health services include providing access to safe water and \r sanitation, improving food security, enhancing access to essential services such as vaccinations, developing or strengthening integrated \r surveillance systems, and changing the timing and location of specific vector-control measures (WHO, 2015; Haines and Ebi, 2019). \r These measures can reduce the health system's vulnerability to climate change, especially if combined with iterative management that \r [...]"


id: 4f0628a1edcbe7a0f4200c5a59316e86
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 11190
content:
"[...] incorporates monitoring of (and resilience against) climate change impacts (Hanefeld et al., 2018; Haines and Ebi, 2019; Linares et al., \r 2020; Rudolph et al., 2020) (medium evidence, high agreement)."


id: a038de1dca96041cba2a30f474415c09
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 25402
content:
"Health systems can provide sufficient and high-quality healthcare to all where capacity is well developed, and where options are aligned \r with national priorities, engage local to international communities, and address the needs of particularly vulnerable regions and \r population groups (Hanefeld et al., 2018; Austin et al., 2019; Nuzzo et al., 2019; Sheehan and Fox, 2020). Microeconomic feasibility and \r socioeconomic vulnerability reduction potential are high where a system's capacity is well developed. Economic feasibility poses a \r significant challenge in low-income settings, with many governments projected to require international climate finance for health systems \r which is not currently available (WHO, 2019; Watts et al., 2021), and where adequate household-level financial security is a cross-cutting \r barrier (Paudel and Pant, 2020). Risk mitigation potential is high where capacity is well developed, for example through technologies to \r [...]"


id: 5db9ad90c55a29efb13b3a1cc80ffb8
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 13780
content:
"[...] monitor and alter environmental conditions (Lock-Wah-Hoon et al., 2020; Kouis et al., 2021; Ligsay et al., 2021). Social co-benefits of \r mainstreaming health and climate change are also present, such as the inclusion of environmental health in medical education curricula \r training programmes (Kligler et al., 2021). There is growing recognition that lack of institutional capacity and low availability of resources \r represent major barriers to health system adaptation options, particularly for health systems struggling to manage current health risks "


id: 17359123253b994621b91c6659bd2c50
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 1299
content:
"(Ebi et al., 2018; Brooke-Sumner et al., 2019; Chersich and Wright, 2019; Gilfillan, 2019; Negev et al., 2019; Hussey and Arku, 2020), for \r neglected populations (Hanefeld et al., 2018; Negev et al., 2019), and where there are conflicting mandates or poor coordination across \r ministries (Austin et al., 2019; Fox et al., 2019; Gilfillan, 2019; Kendrovski and Schmoll, 2019; Sheehan and Fox, 2020). Barriers to adapting \r health systems to climate change include lack of institutional funding, staff and data access (Austin et al., 2019; Schramm et al., 2020; \r Opoku et al., 2021), inadequate resources for evaluation and management of adaptation (Pascal et al., 2021), competing stakeholder \r goals and costly technology (Negev et al., 2021). Within the healthcare community, surveillance systems generally lack ways to integrate \r climate observation data, as well as expertise to critically evaluate these data, limiting their ability to plan and prepare for climate hazards \r [...]"


id: ca5c894b97b3a60177349be61456d47e
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 32944
content:
"[...] and hospital-associated vulnerabilities (Runkle et al., 2018; Chersich and Wright, 2019; Liao et al., 2019). Although understanding of \r health vulnerability is growing (Berry et al., 2018), knowledge on the health effects of climate change among health practitioners remains \r limited (Ebi et al., 2018; Brooke-Sumner et al., 2019; Chersich and Wright, 2019; Fox et al., 2019; Liao et al., 2019; Albright et al., 2020). \r Mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of implementing, monitoring and evaluating adaptation within the health sector \r are lacking, across scales and contexts (Gostin and Friedman, 2017; Huynh and Stringer, 2018; Parry et al., 2019)."


id: 413b2a259479bcfff78df869fa8e95b2
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 8659
content:
"Much climate-related migration is associated with labour migration. Rural-urban migrant networks are important channels for remittances \r and knowledge that help build resilience to hazards in sending areas (Bragg et al., 2018; Obokata and Veronis, 2018; Semenza and Ebi, \r 2019; Maharjan et al., 2020; Porst et al., 2020). Whether migration reduces vulnerability for migrants depends on levels of control over \r the migration decision and assets such as wealth, and education of the migrant household (Thober et al., 2018; Cattaneo, 2019; Hoffmann \r et al., 2020; Maharjan et al., 2020; Sedova and Kalkuhl, 2020). Individuals from households of all levels of wealth migrate. However, poorer \r households do so with lower levels of choice and often more likely under duress, and in these cases, migration can undermine well-being \r (Suckall et al., 2016; Mallick et al., 2017; Nawrotzki and DeWaard, 2018; Natarajan et al., 2019). In some cases, migration can increase \r [...]"


id: e5075ce375618c01994e9dd5c5077a01
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 37587
content:
"[...] poverty in sending communities (Jacobson et al., 2019). Women in the sending community can experience an increase or decrease in the \r vulnerability, depending on the livelihoods people are moving into and existing asset bases (Banerjee et al., 2018; Banerjee et al., 2019b; \r Goodrich et al., 2019; Maharjan et al., 2020; Rao et al., 2020; Singh and Basu, 2020; Singh et al., 2020b)."


id: 682f48559054c093980ccf3d2c880205
created_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
updated_at: 2023-04-19 13:23:05
content_type: text
index: climate_gpt_v2
vector_id: 15597
content:
"Migration has been highly politicised, and climate-related immigration has been conceptualised in public and media discourse as a \r potential threat which limits adaptation feasibility (Telford, 2018; Honarmand Ebrahimi and Ossewaarde, 2019; McLeman, 2019; Wiegel \r et al., 2019; Hauer et al., 2020). Existing international agreements provide potential frameworks for climate-related migration to benefit \r adaptive capacity and sustainable development (Warner, 2018; Kalin, 2019). However, agreements to facilitate temporary or circular \r migration and remittances are often informal and limited in scope (Webber and Donner, 2017b; Margaret and Matias, 2020) and migrant \r receiving areas, particularly urban areas, can be better assisted to prepare for population change (Deshpande et al., 2019; Adger et al., \r 2020; Hauer et al., 2020). Policies and planning are lacking that would ensure that positive migration outcomes for sending and receiving \r [...]"


