Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacists can have a valuable role in educating patients on correct inhaler technique leading to improved asthma management. Rural areas can benefit from the role of the pharmacist considering the barriers found in attending primary health-care facilities. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of inhaler technique education delivered by pharmacists on patients' inhaler technique, Asthma Control Test (ACT) score, forced expiratory volume in the first 1 second (FEV 1 %), and reliever use (puffs/day). Methods: A pre-post interventional study was conducted over 6 months from February 2017 to July 2017 in rural areas in Jordan. Asthma patients visiting respiratory clinics and using metered dose inhaler (MDI) or turbuhaler (TH) controlled medication were randomly recruited. Inhaler technique was assessed via published checklists. The ACT, FEV 1 %, and reliever use (puffs/day) were assessed. Patients were educated on inhaler technique via demonstration with return demonstration education. All assessments were repeated 3 months post education. Results: A total of 103 (TH, n=44; MDI, n=59) patients were recruited (mean age=46.5 ±13.5), 74% females. Patients reported an overuse of their reliever (5.1±4.2 puffs/day). Only 2 patients (1.9%) had well-controlled asthma, while the rest had either moderately (19.4%) or poorly (78.6%) controlled asthma. Patients using the MDI achieved 3.03±4.30 ACT score improvement (p<0.001), which is a clinically significant improvement in control. Patients using the TH achieved a statistically significant improvement of 2.07±4.72 (p=0.031). FEV 1 % improved significantly for MDI users (p=0.005) but not for TH users (p=0.097). Reliever use decreased significantly for MDI and TH users. Conclusion: Asthmatic patients living in rural areas in Jordan reported poor inhaler technique, ACT scores, and FEV 1 % scores and high use of reliever medications. Pharmacist-led educational intervention resulted in improved inhaler technique scores, ACT scores, and FEV 1 % scores and lowered reliever use over time.
Introduction
Asthma is a serious global health-care issue, affecting an estimated 300 million individuals of all ages, with prevalence ranging from 1% to 18% in different countries. 1 In lowresource countries, asthma prevalence has been increasing, 1 while in Jordan there has been an alarming twofold increase in the prevalence of asthma over the past 10 years. 2, 3 The final goal of asthma treatment is to achieve optimal asthma control and to maintain this control thereafter. 1 Many effective inhaled medications are found on the market, yet poor asthma control still exists with poor inhaler technique being one of the main determinants. [4] [5] [6] Various formulations and designs of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are available; however, incorrect inhalation techniques are still demonstrated by health-care professionals and their patients. 5, [7] [8] [9] MDIs are the most frequently used due to their familiarity, low cost, and the need for low inspiratory flow rates for adequate drug deposition in the patient's lung. 10 DPIs, including the turbuhaler (TH), are becoming more popular by the day, due to overcoming the coordination difficulty with using the MDIs, achieving greater drug deposition in the lung and lower side effects. 11, 12 In addition, combination medications in the one device have become a cornerstone in the management of asthma and this reflects current asthma management. 1 However, DPI users have to inhale "as fast and as deep as they can" through their inhalers to achieve an effective fine particle dose with adequate lung deposition. 13, 14 Not all patients can equally achieve the required inhalation speed for effective therapeutic use. 15, 16 Both MDIs and DPIs require training and certain skills to achieve correct technique and deep deposition of the medication into the lungs. [17] [18] [19] Not receiving proper asthma education or education about inhaler technique leads to uncontrolled disease. 20 Inadequate asthma control is consequently translated into impairments in the patients' health-related quality of life. 21 Rural areas in Jordan are areas not included in the central city and its surroundings; opposite to urban areas. 22 Although the incidence of asthma is lower in rural areas than urban areas, 23 asthma care provided by rural primary health-care teams lead to significant improvements in all indicators of quality asthma care provision to patients, although important barriers exist for rural practices to implement evidence-based asthma care practices. 24 In this perspective, pharmacists have a very vital role in providing both the initial training for first-time inhaler users and the subsequent regular, follow-up retraining. [25] [26] [27] [28] This study aimed to assess inhaler technique demonstration skills, asthma control through the Asthma Control Test (ACT), forced expiratory volume in the first 1 second (FEV 1 ), and reliever use (puffs/day) by asthma patients living in rural areas in Jordan. Secondly, the study aimed to assess the impact of inhaler technique education delivered by pharmacists on patients' inhaler technique, ACT scores, FEV 1 %, and reliever use (puffs/day).
Materials and methods
A pre-post interventional study was conducted over 6 months from February 2017 to July 2017 in rural areas in Jordan. Ethics approval was obtained from the Jordanian Ministry of Health and from the hospitals at which the study was conducted.
Asthma patients from rural areas in Jordan visiting respiratory clinics in three public hospitals located inwest Jordan (Al-Salt Hospital, Al-Salt), north Jordan (Princess Basma Hospital, Irbid), and middle of Jordan (Al Basheer Hospital, Amman) -were recruited into the study. Patients using a controlled medication by MDI or TH were randomly approached by the researcher and were invited to participate in the study. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients who agreed to participate following reading the information leaflet signed an informed consent form. A parent or legal guardian provided written informed consent for any participant under 18 years of age. Only asthma patients who met the following inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study: with a doctor diagnosis of asthma, above age 14 years, currently using inhaled corticosteroids with or without long-acting B2 agonists via TH or MDI, and have been on the same asthma inhaler for a minimum of 1 month prior to study enrollment. Patients were excluded if they did not self-administer their medication, or do not speak or understand Arabic.
Following recruitment, data were collected at baseline using a questionnaire designed to collect patients' demographics including age, gender, marital status, education, working status, smoking, and age of onset of asthma.
Information on asthma medications used, duration of inhaler use, frequency of usage, reliever use as number of puffs per day, number of canisters used per month, and any previous advice received on asthma inhaler use from any health-care provider was also collected.
A pilot study involving questionnaire completion by 30 asthma patients was carried out 1 month before the study to assess feasibility and to evaluate clarity and readability of the questionnaires. Results from this phase of the study were not included in the final analysis.
Asthma severity was assessed using the validated ACT in Arabic language. 29 The ACT scores range from 5 to 25 Spirometry provides an objective measure of lung obstruction, which adds to the reliability of lung assessment. Spirometry was performed using a spirometer (Spirolab; Medical International Research) with a disposable turbine (made in Italy). The patient's lung function, specifically FEV 1 %, was collected and reported as a percentage. Patients were requested to perform three satisfactory blows to ensure that the documented forced expiratory volumes are "the patient's best". Patients used disposable mouthpieces.
Three months post baseline, all patients were contacted by the researcher and an appointment was made at the clinic at which they had their baseline assessment completed. During the second visit, patients were assessed on their inhaler technique, ACT, and FEV 1 % by the same researcher who conducted the baseline assessment.
Inhaler technique was assessed by the researcher (baseline assessment) for the patient's controller device, using a placebo inhaler provided by AstraZeneca plc (London, UK) and GlaxoSmithKline plc (London, UK). The patient's TH and MDI inhaler technique was assessed by the researcher using validated and published inhaler technique checklists (Table 1) . 17, 34 Patients were assessed on their correct technique, the correct performance of all steps in the checklist, and the correct essential technique, which is the correct demonstration of steps which if incorrectly performed mean little or no medication would reach the lung. Patients were educated by the researcher using a specialized "Show and Tell" inhaler technique educational intervention to describe and demonstrate correct use, going through each step on the TH or MDI checklist (in Arabic). 17, 18, 34 Patients were re-educated on the incorrect steps they performed or missed. This cycle of assessment and education was repeated up to 3 times if necessary, or until the patient demonstrated correct technique on all steps. The researcher used the inhaler technique checklist to highlight problem steps performed by the patient during assessment, explaining the importance of performing that step correctly. Verbal information, technique physical demonstration, and checklist written information were used. 28 
Data analysis
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The primary outcome variable, change in inhaler technique score between baseline and 3 months, was assessed and tabulated for all patients. Differences with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. In order to determine predictors of improved asthma symptom control over the study period, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The dependent variable was change in ACT score from baseline to follow-up visit. Independent variables included inhaler type (TH or MDI), age, gender, and ACT scores at baseline and change in FEV 1 % scores and change in inhaler technique scores across the study. This step is not included in the product insert but appears in the turbuhaler instructions on the Global Initiative for Asthma website, 1 and in the checklist from van der Palen et al. 18 Results A total of 103 asthmatic patients living in rural areas in Jordan were approached to participate in the study. All of the patients agreed to be enrolled in the study after signing the information consent form (Figure 1 ). Patients were using either a TH (n=44) or an MDI (n=59) for their controller treatment. Age of participants ranged between 14 and 79 years (mean age=46.5±13.5). The majority of participants were females (74%), had elementary or high school education (85.5%), were married (77.7%), were unemployed (70.9%), and were nonsmokers (66%). More than 80% of patients developed their asthma after the age of 18 years (mean age 32.5±5.1) and have been using their inhalers for over 12 years. No significant differences were found with regards to the demographic characteristics for TH and MDI users ( Table 2) . Patients reported an overuse of their reliever inhaler (Ventolin ® ), with an average of 5.1 ±4.2 puffs/day. As for the ACT results, it was made evident that only 2 patients (1.9%) had well-controlled asthma (ACT score>19), while the rest had either moderately controlled (ACT score=16-19) (19.4%) or poorly controlled (ACT score<16) asthma (78.6%). The ACT mean score (out of 25) was very low (10.53±4.29).
Patient education affected baseline ACT scores, as patients with elementary school education had lower ACT scores (9.52±4.11) than those with higher school education (11.29±5.38) or university degrees (12.25±4.80) (p=0.038, one-way ANOVA). Patients' age also affected baseline ACT scores, as higher age correlated with lower ACT scores (r=−0.238, p=0.015).
Patients had baseline FEV 1 %≤80% predicted (54.36 ±18.47), with a range from 16.0 to 80.0 for all patients.
As for inhaler technique assessment, the mean score (out of 9) was low (5.4±2.2) for both inhaler users. Only 1 patient (TH user) performed correct inhaler technique. Similar results were found for correct essential technique (Table 3) , with few patients demonstrating essential technique correctly for TH (6.8%) and MDI (7.3%). All patients were able to demonstrate correct inhaler technique following education at baseline before leaving the respiratory clinics.
Almost all participants (95.15%) had been prescribed their inhalers by a specialist (Table 4 ). All patients reported receiving a previous education on inhaler use, mostly via the hospital clinic (83.50%). The advice was communicated verbally (53.40%) for most people, and was provided mostly when patients were first prescribed their inhalers (70.87%). Few patients (12.62%) reported receiving counseling on inhaler technique during the previous 12 months, and only 6.80% had their inhaler technique checked following their first inhaler use. Significantly more patients using the TH (p=0.022) believed they had correct technique (47.73%) than patients using the MDI (37.29%). More MDI users were not sure of their technique (72.88%) compared to TH users (25.00%).
Assessed for eligibility 103 patients living in rural areas in jordan were met at the respiratory clinics in govermental institutions (hospitals) during the enrollment period and were eveluated for inclusion criteria.
44 TH and 59 MDI users met the inchusion criteria and were recruited. Most patients reported that they like using their preventer inhalers (77.67%), and the majority had no concerns with their inhalers (86.40%). Few reported corticosteroid phobia (9.71%); others did not like the taste (2.91%) or thought their treatment was not effective (0.97%).
Many were given over the counter medications by their pharmacist to help manage their asthma (21.36%), and few used herbal treatment for the management of their condition (4.85%).
Only 26.21% of patients performed a mouth wash following their preventer use, and few suffered from oral thrush (6.80%).
When the patients were asked about breathing exercises used in asthma management, only 2.91% had heard of the lung exercises before. As for peak flow meter (PFM) use, only 3.88% had ever used one. Following explaining to the patients what an action plan was, none of the patients reported having had an action plan prepared by their doctor. 
Follow-up assessment
Improvement in asthma severity was significant for TH and MDI users ( Figure 2 ). Both TH and MDI users showed similar improvements in ACT score across the study, with no reported differences between the inhalers at follow-up (Table 3 ). The majority of TH users were categorized in the poorly controlled asthma category (15/ 27), while the rest had either moderately controlled asthma (8/27) or well-controlled asthma (4/27). The majority of MDI users had poorly controlled asthma (24/37), the rest had either moderately controlled (10/37) or well-controlled (3/37) asthma. The minimum clinically important difference in ACT scores is 3 points. Patients using the MDI achieved 3.03 (±4.30), which is a clinically significant improvement in control. Patients using the TH achieved a 2.07 (±4.72) improvement, which although statistically significant (p=0.031) was not clinically significant. 33 The FEV 1 % improved significantly for MDI users (p=0.005) but not for TH users (p=0.097). 
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Inhaler reliever puffs decreased significantly for TH and MDI users (Table 3) . A mean difference of −2.16 (4.00) for TH users and −2.69 (3.35) for MDI users was observed, with no significant difference between the inhaler groups (p=0.568).
All patients were seen at follow-up, which was within a similar time period for TH (3.72±0.994 months) and MDI (3.59±0.70 months) users (p=0.547). Assessment showed a significant improvement in inhaler technique scores from baseline, correct technique, and correct essential technique (Table 3) . No significant differences between TH and MDI users were murphynathan@example.net.
Correlation results
Significant correlations were identified between improvements in ACT scores and improvements in FEV 1 % scores (r=0.612, p<0.001), and improvement in FEV 1 % scores and decrease in reliever use, puffs/day (r=−0.261, p=0.037). No significant correlation between ACT score improvements and improvements in inhaler technique scores was found (r=0.122, p=0.338), nor between improvements in FEV 1 % scores and improvement in inhaler technique scores (r=0.103, p=0.418) or between decrease in reliever use, puffs/day, and inhaler technique scores (r=−0.177, p=0.163).
Multiple regression for primary variable
Results from the multivariable regression analysis, with change in ACT scores across the study being the dependent variable (mean score of ACT after 3 months minus mean score of ACT at baseline), showed that ACT scores at baseline and change in FEV 1 % scores across the study were the only variables that showed significant association with the dependent variable (R 2 =0.631, p<0.001; Table 5 ).
Individual steps technique
For patients using the MDI, the majority of patients did not perform the fourth step in the technique checklist (keeping the head upright or slightly tilted). Continuing with slow and deep inhalation and holding breath for 5 seconds were also incorrectly performed by the majority of patients (Figure 3 ). At follow-up, significant improvements were found for patients performing step 1 "removing the mouthpiece cover and shaking" (p=0.045), step 2 "holding the inhaler upright" (p<0.001), step 4 "keeping head upright or slightly tilted" (p<0.001), and step 6 "inhaling slowly and pressing canister" (p<0.001). Steps 1 and 6 are essential steps. No significant improvement in step 7 "continue slow and deep inhalation", an essential step, was found (p=0.472). TH users demonstrated weakness in performing step 2 "keeping inhaler upright", step 4 "exhaling to residual volume", and step 9 "exhaling away from the mouthpiece" (Figure 4 ). These steps were significantly improved at followup (p<0.001 for the 3 steps). Other steps for which patients demonstrated significant improvement at follow-up included step 3 "rotating the grip until a click is heard" (p=0.005), step 5 "exhaling away from the mouthpiece" (p<0.001), and step 7 "inhale forcefully and deeply" (p=0.001). It is important to note that steps 2, 3, and 7 are essential steps.
Discussion
This pre-post interventional study provides an important insight into the asthma management of patients with asthma living in the rural areas in Jordan. Results indicate that most patients living in the rural areas have poor inhaler technique, poorly controlled asthma (low ACT scores), low FEV 1 % scores, and high use of reliever treatment. Important aspects of asthma management, such as having an action plan and using a PFM, are missing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine asthma management in rural Jordan. This study engaged the pharmacist in a simple educational intervention on inhaler technique in the rural areas in Jordan. The study revealed the effectiveness of a pharmacist-led simple educational intervention on inhaler technique and clinical outcomes for patients with asthma, including asthma control, FEV 1 %, and reliever use.
Jordan's inequality levels with regards to health-care services are low compared to international standards; 22 Jordan achieved nearly universal coverage and good availability of health services, without differences across place of residence or income quintile (any of 5 equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable). 22 However, while there are few differences in terms of access to health and education, there may be some quality of services issues that have not been evaluated, due to the limited information included in the data collected. 22 Usually, smaller rural health-care centers do not have the resources or facilities to assess and educate patients on the management of their condition. 35 The rural environment presents an issue with regards to distance to the hospital during an emergency. 36 Patients recruited in this study lived with unmanaged asthma, with a FEV 1 % of 54.36±18.47. A low FEV 1 % <60% predicted is a potentially modifiable independent risk factor for exacerbations besides being a risk factor for developing fixed airflow limitation. 37 Patients had a very low ACT score (10.77±4.14) and high daily intake of reliever treatment (7.21±3.93 puffs/day). A lot can be and should be done for this population. Although in such communities pharmacists were ranked, along with the doctors, as the most consulted health-care professionals, 36 this study revealed a minimal role of the pharmacist in managing patients with asthma in rural Jordan. It would be expected for pharmacists to play a substantial role in maintaining the health of patients in the rural areas because of limited access to the primary health-care facilities. 38 In addition, patients in rural areas tend to visit the pharmacist before going to the specialist or hospital emergency department in an attempt to save on consultation fees. Studies from around the world have shown that community pharmacies present a suitable facility for assessing and educating patients on inhaler technique. 27, 39 A recent literature review study reported that pharmacists can play an effective role in screening for poorly controlled asthma and in delivering management interventions. 40 In this study, patients reported that specialists and hospital clinics contributed the most to teaching patients on correct inhaler use. This could be the reason behind patients receiving education on inhaler technique only when they first started using their inhalers, and less than 13% of them received information or advice about how to use their inhalers in the last 12 months prior to this study. No inhaler technique review during the previous year has been associated with patients making serious errors; factors significantly associated with serious errors included asthma-related hospitalization in the previous year and poor asthma control in the previous 4 weeks. 41 In view of the observed improved inhaler technique seen 3 months after correcting the patient's inhaler technique at baseline, the development of this pharmacist-provided education led to long-term improvement in patients' inhaler technique.
When it comes to achieving and sustaining the patient's correct inhaler technique, this study has demonstrated that while assessing and educating is important in achieving correct inhaler technique, reassessing and re-educating are important in maintaining the correct technique achieved. 28 In this study, patients were assessed and then educated to have correct inhaler murphynathan@example.net. All patients demonstrated correct technique following murphynathan@example.net. The 3-month follow-up period was associated with worsening of inhaler technique, an outcome that is in concordance with previous findings. 42 Hence, reassessing and re-educating patients on correct inhaler technique needs to be a regular and ongoing process; pharmacists are well placed to do this, because unlike specialists they can see the patient every time an inhaler is dispensed. It is noteworthy that this study was conducted in the respiratory clinics of three governmental institutions (hospitals) accessible by the rural population. Supply of medications at these hospitals complied with the policies and procedures governing the provision of essential asthma medications. Hence, asthmatic patients who were recruited to the study had their inhalers available on time via the hospital's pharmacy.
Inhaler technique checklists developed from previous published work 18, 34 were used in the assessment of to assess patients' inhaler technique. 34, 43 This study is unique in that the researcher used the checklist to highlight problematic steps performed by the patient during assessment, explaining the importance of performing that step correctly. This way, the educational session was individualized based on each patient's need. In order to explore whether the improvement in inhaler technique detected in this study was the main driver in the clinical improvements, shown via the ACT score improvement, FEV 1 % score improvement, and decreased reliever use, further exploratory analysis was carried out. Results from both correlation and multiple regression statistics showed no significant association between improvement in the inhaler technique and clinical outcomes of patients. Previous reports stated an association between reducing inhaler technique errors over time and improved asthma outcomes. 41, 43 This contrasts with the present study, which showed no significant association between better inhaler technique scores and higher ACT scores. A previous study also found no relationship between inhaler technique improvement and improvements seen in clinical outcomes. 5 The fact that the majority of participants in this study, whether they were using the MDI or the TH, were categorized in the "very poor asthma control" category could have affected the results. 5 In addition, all patients were educated in correct inhaler technique at baseline, hence, other variables could have played a role in the ACT improvements murphynathan@example.net. Asthma control was assessed using the ACT score, which is recommended in guidelines, 1 and has shown a strong correlation with physician-assessed asthma control, 30, 44 FEV 1 %, and asthma-specific health-related quality of life. In addition, ACT was shown to properly predict Global Initiative for Asthma-defined uncontrolled asthma in 81% of adult patients. 31 We recommend the routine use of the ACT in Jordan for clinical assessment of asthma control, especially since spirometry services are not readily available in all health-care settings. 45 Interestingly, significant correlations between ACT scores, FEV 1 %, and decreased reliever use were revealed in this study. It is well known that asthmatic patients need to stay away from allergens and irritants of the respiratory tract, and can benefit from performing regular exercise to improve the function of their lungs, in addition to having a PFM and an action plan to better manage their condition. 46 this study were smokers, with no knowledge of the lung exercises and the importance of having a PFM and an action plan. With 79% of these patients suffering from poorly controlled asthma, using a PFM and having an action plan is needed according to the latest Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. 1 Improvements in these areas in asthma education and use of written action plans are required in the rural setting. 36 The results of this study revealed an interesting and important facet with regards to asthma patients' inhaler technique. Asthma patients are "unaware" of their incorrect use of inhaler devices. Many of the patients in this study (67%) believed that they were using their inhalers correctly at baseline, whereas results showed that only 1% were actually using their inhalers correctly. This finding is not new, as previous studies have drawn attention to this important problem. [47] [48] [49] When patients believe that they use their inhalers correctly, they may not approach their pharmacists or any other health-care professional for a review of their inhaler technique. Hence, pharmacists need to be informed of the "unawareness" of the asthma patient and his/her inhaler technique, and of the necessity to review and educate every patient purchasing an inhaler device. This accomplished work confirmed that assessment and education is important in attaining correct inhaler technique, and reassessment and re-education is important to preserve correct technique. All patients had correct technique before they left the murphynathan@example.net. A 3-month interval led to 46% of the patients demonstrating correct essential technique and 28% demonstrating correct technique. This is the reason why a periodical repeated assessment as a follow-up is recommended.
Certain steps in the TH and MDI checklists were found to be more prone to error than others when the use of the devices was demonstrated by patients. MDI users incorrectly demonstrated step 4 "keeping the head upright or slightly tilted", step 7 "continuing with slow and deep inhalation", and step 8 "holding breath for 5 seconds". For the TH, besides not holding the device upright, the key maneuvers performed incorrectly by the majority of users included "exhaling to residual volume", "exhaling away from the inhaler", and "holding breath for 5 seconds". These results are in agreement with findings of many previous studies. 19, 41 Deserving of note, a recent study incorporated a device titled the "INhaler Compliance Assessment-adapted inhaler" to collect audio files from patients' use of their inhalers, providing quantitative information on the time and technique of inhaler use; results indicated that only 20% of patients used their inhaler in the correct manner at the correct interval. Out of all errors, errors in drug priming accounted for 11%, exhalation into the inhaler mouthpiece after dose actuation and before inhalation acounted for 18%, while errors in inhalation accounted for 46% with low peak inspiratory flow rate being the most common inhaler technique error. 39 The implication of knowing which steps in the MDI and TH checklists are most prone to be performed incorrectly by the patients is vital, as healthcare providers can be advised to provide further attention to these steps when educating their patients on correct inhaler technique. Loading of the TH is a harder maneuver to achieve correctly than loading of the MDI. 18 This may not be related to the difficulty associated with this step, but rather to the fact that there are specific instructions associated with the loading of the TH (ie, loading the inhaler while keeping it upright). This is a key issue in the TH technique because the TH is an open reservoir inhaler, so, if loaded while not held upright, a suboptimal amount of the dose would be loaded for inhalation.
When it comes to the generalizability of this study, there are several issues to be considered. The study population consisted of patients with asthma, 79% of whom were in the poorly controlled asthma category. Although this is common among asthma clinical studies, 49 in terms of the outcomes it is possible that, had the sample been closer to representing the general population in terms of asthma severity, then the improvements seen in the clinical outcomes could have been different. Nevertheless, based on the findings of this study and previous studies, incorrect inhaler technique is a critical issue, and regardless of the impact on clinical outcomes, educating asthma patients on the correct use of inhaler devices is essential.
Strengths and limitations
Strengths of the study include checking inhaler technique using published checklists which afford reproducible scores. Inhaler technique checklists were used not only to assess patients' inhaler technique, but also as tools to educate patients on the importance of each step in the technique of using their inhalers. In the checklists used to assess patients' inhaler technique in this study, certain steps were identified to be "essential". Therefore, the number of patients with correct technique and correct essential technique was inspected in this study. Results have shown that the number of patients with incorrect TH and MDI technique was not significantly different at baseline murphynathan@example.net. The usual limitation of this type of study design included the Hawthorne effect, as patients know that their inhaler technique is being assessed and so they tend to change their behavior that might have altered the technique they usually murphynathan@example.net. 4 
Conclusion
Asthmatic patients living in rural areas in Jordan have poor inhaler technique, ACT scores, FEV 1 % scores, and high use of reliever medications. Pharmacists have a minimal role in helping patients manage their condition. This study was conducted in the respiratory clinics by clinical pharmacists, and adds to the body of literature investigating a variety of different asthma interventions delivered by pharmacists in the rural areas around the world. The intervention delivered led to improved inhaler technique and lung function and reduced reliever use. The implications of this study from a feasibility perspective are that, with minimal training, pharmacists in the rural areas would be able to implement a device training educational session to all patients with asthma, using DPIs and MDIs, with the outcome of improvements in asthma management.
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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