Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a lens in shape. Hence the short title of the book, Lentis, which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with lenses) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of Lentis are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, Lentis will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 16, 2020, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. Lentis is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, Lentis is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in Lentis are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2020. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. Preliminaries Chapters: Active and Candidates Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology Food and Energy Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries Opposition to GMOs in Europe Patenting of GM Seeds Corn, Beef and Feedlots Dakota Access Pipeline High-Fructose Corn Syrup The Organic Foods Movement Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation Local Food as a Social Movement Marketing of Natural Foods Corn Ethanol in the United States Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake? Fracking Wind Energy Rare Earth Metals Carbon Offsets Clean Coal Food Waste in the United States Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States Solar Energy Policy in Germany Peak Oil U.S. Arctic Oil Mining How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values Energy from Trash Life Off the Grid Soylent Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States Urban Farming Oil Palm Plantations Golden Rice Miracle Rice The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight Atlantic Coast Pipeline Cooking with Wood Fuel Environmental Values and Climate Change 8 House Plastic Bags Water Bottles Competition for Water in California Green Roofing Hypoxic Zones Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds Masdar City World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector Noise pollution Ecovillages Climate Change Denial Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest Marine Waste Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019 Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles BedZED Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise Light pollution The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S. les Zadistes Flight Shaming Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing Zero-Plastic Retailing Health and Medicine Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti Fluoridation Medicine and Disgust Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy Placebos Baby Formula Sick Building Syndrome Football and Concussions The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States Steroids and Baseball Nanotechnology and Health Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) Malaria and Mosquito Nets International Air Travel as a Disease Vector Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism Religious Opposition to Vaccination Physician-Assisted Suicide Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures The D.A.R.E. Program Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries Athletes, Superstition, and Performance Gattaca Revisited Artificial Wombs The Weight Loss Industry in the United States Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics Vaping Neuroprosthetics Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon Antibiotics in India Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns Public Heath Responds to Physical Inactivity Mobility and Access for the Disabled Power Lines and Public Health The HPV Vaccine Medication Overload The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy Healthcare in U.S. Prisons Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic Pain Scales Augmented Reality in Medicine COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Chloramination of Drinking Water The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919 Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics Mobility and Land Use Cascadia Earthquake Preparation Bicyclists in Cities Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture Congestion Pricing Urban Sprawl Planned Communities Slugging Bicycling in the Netherlands Tata Nano and Mobility in India How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture Autonomous Vehicles The Disappearing American Streetcar Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs Real-time Ridesharing Hitchhiking in the Digital Age Arcology Lowriding California High Speed Rail Self-Driving Cars The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945 Road Rage The Ogallala Aquifer Rail in America The Belt and Road Initiative Car Dependency in the U.S. Guerrilla Urbanism The Transformation of Times Square David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming Vision Zero Shared Space and Woonerven Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Driving Speed Enforcement Computers and the Internet Antipiracy Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution Compulsive Connectivity Screen-Free Child Rearing Crowdsourcing Higher Education Cryptocurrency "Data is the new oil" Deepfakes Fake Users Hacker Culture Human Flesh Search Engine Social Engineering Internet Memes Internet Subcultures The Open-Source Movement Electronic Voting Online Consumer Reviews Online Dating Scams Online Shopping Online Reputation Management Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups Program and High Frequency Trading Social Networks Social Media and the Arab Spring Social Norms in Virtual Worlds Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News Street View Second Life User-Generated Content in the Internet Age password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms Wikipedia Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare Mass Collaboration Net Neutrality Mass Control of a Single Gamer Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China Web Induced Risk Taking Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China Facebook Cheating Intellectual Property in the Internet Age The Social Psychology of YouTube Learning from a Distance Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships Identity Theft Higher Education Online The Culture of Instagram New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008 Targeted Advertising Viral Marketing Web Tracking Internet Anonymity The Culture of Snapchat Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009 The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists Google Translate The Deep Web Social Media Mining Internet Witch Hunts News Echo Chambers Featuritis Content Moderation Virtual Reality Social Media Shaming Campaigns Portable Electronics Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain Driving while Texting GPS and Driving Sociology of Texting The Text Effect Norms of Handheld Device Use Happy Slapping The Walkman Effect Electronically Enabled Test Cheating Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction Children and Cell Phones Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics Pokémon Go Phone Cinematography Cell Phones in Developing Countries Wearable Activity Trackers Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society The Looking Glass Entertainment and Media Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games Gambling Game Addictions The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion The Proliferation of Music Production Capability Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion Portrayal of Women in Video Games Children,Video Games and Obesity Electronic Sports (eSports) Electronic Music Popular From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL Gold Farming Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation Anti-TV Social Movements Media Format Wars Microtransactions in Videogames Moe Anthropomorphism Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty Dance Dance Revolution Super Smash Bros. Twitch Instant Replay in International Soccer Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy JEDI Cloud Digital Rights Management Military Industrial Complex Tasers and Stun Guns Probation Technology International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement Air Travel Security The United States - Mexico Border Recording Police Activity Video Surveillance Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power Cell Phones in Prison Cell Phone Jamming in the United States Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth Cyberslacking Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft Video Surveillance in Great Britain Technology and Incarceration in the United States Additive Manufacturing Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data Amateurs with Drones Body Cameras Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness Law Enforcement and Social Media Cyber-attack Attribution China’s Social Credit System Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests 8chan Lockheed Martin F-35 Capital Punishment in the United States Systemic Racism in the U.S. Gentrification Predictive Policing The Prison-Industrial Complex The War on Drugs Algorithmic Bias The School to Prison Pipeline Technology and Gender Algorithmic Bias by Gender History of Technology The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics Education and the Space Race in the United States Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States Disease Prevention in the First World War Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy Phreaking Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970 The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1948 Sociotechnical Theories and Movements Protection Motivation Theory The Singularity Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States Disintermediation Jevons Paradox Path Dependence Neoluddism and Technophilia Emergent Behavior Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility User Trust The Panopticon Planned Obsolescence Fake News Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government
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