"""
# Description 

This notebook is another basic introduction on how to use ensembling, and is purely based on this amazing [notebook](https://www.kaggle.com/serigne/stacked-regressions-top-4-on-leaderboard/data?select=train.csv) by Serigne. The goal is to fist use first-level (base) predictions of a few basic classifiers and then use another model at the second-level in order to predict the output from the earlier first-level predictions.

Please note that in creating this notebook, I have also used other notbooks such as [this](https://www.kaggle.com/pmarcelino/comprehensive-data-exploration-with-python) and [this](https://www.kaggle.com/apapiu/regularized-linear-models). Feel free to leave your feedback in the comments.
"""
#import python librairies

import numpy as np 
import pandas as pd 
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  
import seaborn as sns
color = sns.color_palette()
sns.set_style('darkgrid')
import warnings
def ignore_warn(*args, **kwargs):
    pass
warnings.warn = ignore_warn 

from scipy import stats
from scipy.stats import norm, skew 

pd.set_option('display.float_format', lambda x: '{:.3f}'.format(x)) 

from subprocess import check_output
print(check_output(["ls", "../input"]).decode("utf8")) 

#import the input files 
train = pd.read_csv('../input/house-prices-advanced-regression-techniques/train.csv')
test = pd.read_csv('../input/house-prices-advanced-regression-techniques/test.csv')

#check the numbers of samples and features
print("The train data size before dropping Id feature is : {} ".format(train.shape))
print("The test data size before dropping Id feature is : {} ".format(test.shape))

#Save the 'Id' column
train_ID = train['Id']
test_ID = test['Id']

#Now drop the  'Id' colum since it's unnecessary for  the prediction process.
train.drop("Id", axis = 1, inplace = True)
test.drop("Id", axis = 1, inplace = True)

#check again the data size after dropping the 'Id' variable
print("\nThe train data size after dropping Id feature is : {} ".format(train.shape)) 
print("The test data size after dropping Id feature is : {} ".format(test.shape))
"""
# Data Processing

Let's explore the data:
"""
#Deleting outliers
train = train.drop(train[(train['GrLivArea']>4000) & (train['SalePrice']<300000)].index)

#Check the graphic again
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.scatter(train['GrLivArea'], train['SalePrice'])
ax.set_facecolor('white')
plt.ylabel('SalePrice', fontsize=13)
plt.xlabel('GrLivArea', fontsize=13)
plt.show()

sns.distplot(train['SalePrice'] , fit=norm);

# Get the fitted parameters used by the function
(mu, sigma) = norm.fit(train['SalePrice'])
print( '\n mu = {:.2f} and sigma = {:.2f}\n'.format(mu, sigma))

#Now plot the distribution
plt.legend(['Normal dist. ($\mu=$ {:.2f} and $\sigma=$ {:.2f} )'.format(mu, sigma)],
            loc='best')
ax = plt.axes()
ax.set_facecolor("white")
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.title('SalePrice distribution')

#Get also the QQ-plot
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot()
ax.set_facecolor('white')
res = stats.probplot(train['SalePrice'], plot=plt)
plt.show()

#We use the numpy fuction log1p which  applies log(1+x) to all elements of the column
train["SalePrice"] = np.log1p(train["SalePrice"])

#Check the new distribution 
sns.distplot(train['SalePrice'] , fit=norm);

# Get the fitted parameters used by the function
(mu, sigma) = norm.fit(train['SalePrice'])
print( '\n mu = {:.2f} and sigma = {:.2f}\n'.format(mu, sigma))

#Now plot the distribution
plt.legend(['Normal dist. ($\mu=$ {:.2f} and $\sigma=$ {:.2f} )'.format(mu, sigma)],
            loc='best')
ax = plt.axes()
ax.set_facecolor("white")
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.title('SalePrice distribution')
"""
# Feature Engineering 

Let's perform some feature engineering. Keep in mind the target variable is housing prices. 
"""
ntrain = train.shape[0]
ntest = test.shape[0]
y_train = train.SalePrice.values
all_data = pd.concat((train, test)).reset_index(drop=True)
all_data.drop(['SalePrice'], axis=1, inplace=True)
print("all_data size is : {}".format(all_data.shape))

all_data_na = (all_data.isnull().sum() / len(all_data)) * 100
all_data_na = all_data_na.drop(all_data_na[all_data_na == 0].index).sort_values(ascending=False)[:30]
missing_data = pd.DataFrame({'Missing Ratio' :all_data_na})
missing_data.head(20)

f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(15, 12))
plt.xticks(rotation='90')
ax.set_facecolor("white")
sns.barplot(x=all_data_na.index, y=all_data_na)
sns.color_palette("rocket", as_cmap=True)
plt.xlabel('Features', fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel('Percent of missing values', fontsize=15)
plt.title('Percent missing data by feature', fontsize=15)
"""
# Data Correlation

Let's plot the correlation heatmap:
"""
#Correlation map to see how features are correlated with SalePrice
corrmat = train.corr()
plt.subplots(figsize=(12,9))
sns.heatmap(corrmat, cmap="YlGnBu", vmax=0.9, square=True)
"""
Now let's impute the missing values:
"""
all_data["FireplaceQu"] = all_data["FireplaceQu"].fillna("None")

all_data["PoolQC"] = all_data["PoolQC"].fillna("None")

all_data["MiscFeature"] = all_data["MiscFeature"].fillna("None")

all_data["Alley"] = all_data["Alley"].fillna("None")

all_data["Fence"] = all_data["Fence"].fillna("None")

#Group by neighborhood and fill in missing value by the median LotFrontage of all the neighborhood
all_data["LotFrontage"] = all_data.groupby("Neighborhood")["LotFrontage"].transform(
    lambda x: x.fillna(x.median()))

for col in ('GarageType', 'GarageFinish', 'GarageQual', 'GarageCond'):
    all_data[col] = all_data[col].fillna('None')
    
for col in ('GarageYrBlt', 'GarageArea', 'GarageCars'):
    all_data[col] = all_data[col].fillna(0)
    
for col in ('BsmtFinSF1', 'BsmtFinSF2', 'BsmtUnfSF','TotalBsmtSF', 'BsmtFullBath', 'BsmtHalfBath'):
    all_data[col] = all_data[col].fillna(0)
    
for col in ('BsmtQual', 'BsmtCond', 'BsmtExposure', 'BsmtFinType1', 'BsmtFinType2'):
    all_data[col] = all_data[col].fillna('None')
    
all_data["MasVnrType"] = all_data["MasVnrType"].fillna("None")
all_data["MasVnrArea"] = all_data["MasVnrArea"].fillna(0)

all_data['MSZoning'] = all_data['MSZoning'].fillna(all_data['MSZoning'].mode()[0])

all_data = all_data.drop(['Utilities'], axis=1)

all_data["Functional"] = all_data["Functional"].fillna("Typ")

all_data['Electrical'] = all_data['Electrical'].fillna(all_data['Electrical'].mode()[0])

all_data['KitchenQual'] = all_data['KitchenQual'].fillna(all_data['KitchenQual'].mode()[0])

all_data['Exterior1st'] = all_data['Exterior1st'].fillna(all_data['Exterior1st'].mode()[0])
all_data['Exterior2nd'] = all_data['Exterior2nd'].fillna(all_data['Exterior2nd'].mode()[0])

all_data['SaleType'] = all_data['SaleType'].fillna(all_data['SaleType'].mode()[0])
all_data['MSSubClass'] = all_data['MSSubClass'].fillna("None")

#Check remaining missing values if any 
all_data_na = (all_data.isnull().sum() / len(all_data)) * 100
all_data_na = all_data_na.drop(all_data_na[all_data_na == 0].index).sort_values(ascending=False)
missing_data = pd.DataFrame({'Missing Ratio' :all_data_na})
missing_data.head()

#MSSubClass=The building class
all_data['MSSubClass'] = all_data['MSSubClass'].apply(str)

#Changing OverallCond into a categorical variable
all_data['OverallCond'] = all_data['OverallCond'].astype(str)

#Year and month sold are transformed into categorical features.
all_data['YrSold'] = all_data['YrSold'].astype(str)
all_data['MoSold'] = all_data['MoSold'].astype(str)

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
cols = ('FireplaceQu', 'BsmtQual', 'BsmtCond', 'GarageQual', 'GarageCond', 
        'ExterQual', 'ExterCond','HeatingQC', 'PoolQC', 'KitchenQual', 'BsmtFinType1', 
        'BsmtFinType2', 'Functional', 'Fence', 'BsmtExposure', 'GarageFinish', 'LandSlope',
        'LotShape', 'PavedDrive', 'Street', 'Alley', 'CentralAir', 'MSSubClass', 'OverallCond', 
        'YrSold', 'MoSold')
# process columns, apply LabelEncoder to categorical features
for c in cols:
    lbl = LabelEncoder() 
    lbl.fit(list(all_data[c].values)) 
    all_data[c] = lbl.transform(list(all_data[c].values))

# shape        
print('Shape all_data: {}'.format(all_data.shape))

# Adding total sqfootage feature 
all_data['TotalSF'] = all_data['TotalBsmtSF'] + all_data['1stFlrSF'] + all_data['2ndFlrSF']

numeric_feats = all_data.dtypes[all_data.dtypes != "object"].index

# Check the skew of all numerical features
skewed_feats = all_data[numeric_feats].apply(lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
print("\nSkew in numerical features: \n")
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew' :skewed_feats})
skewness.head(10)
"""
We should also transform the skewed values:
"""
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > 0.75]
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".format(skewness.shape[0]))

from scipy.special import boxcox1p
skewed_features = skewness.index
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
    #all_data[feat] += 1
    all_data[feat] = boxcox1p(all_data[feat], lam)
    
#all_data[skewed_features] = np.log1p(all_data[skewed_features])

all_data = pd.get_dummies(all_data)
print(all_data.shape)

train = all_data[:ntrain]
test = all_data[ntrain:]

"""
# Ensemble Learning

The base models used for ensemble learning include LASSO Regression, Elastic Net Regression, Kernel Ridge Regression, Gradient Boosting Regression, XGBoost, and LightGBM.
"""
from sklearn.linear_model import ElasticNet, Lasso,  BayesianRidge, LassoLarsIC
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor,  GradientBoostingRegressor
from sklearn.kernel_ridge import KernelRidge
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin, RegressorMixin, clone
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold, cross_val_score, train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
import xgboost as xgb
import lightgbm as lgb

#Validation function
n_folds = 5

def rmsle_cv(model):
    kf = KFold(n_folds, shuffle=True, random_state=42).get_n_splits(train.values)
    rmse= np.sqrt(-cross_val_score(model, train.values, y_train, scoring="neg_mean_squared_error", cv = kf))
    return(rmse)
lasso = make_pipeline(RobustScaler(), Lasso(alpha =0.0005, random_state=1))

ENet = make_pipeline(RobustScaler(), ElasticNet(alpha=0.0005, l1_ratio=.9, random_state=3))

KRR = KernelRidge(alpha=0.6, kernel='polynomial', degree=2, coef0=2.5)

GBoost = GradientBoostingRegressor(n_estimators=3000, learning_rate=0.05,
                                   max_depth=4, max_features='sqrt',
                                   min_samples_leaf=15, min_samples_split=10, 
                                   loss='huber', random_state =5)

model_xgb = xgb.XGBRegressor(colsample_bytree=0.4603, gamma=0.0468, 
                             learning_rate=0.05, max_depth=3, 
                             min_child_weight=1.7817, n_estimators=2200,
                             reg_alpha=0.4640, reg_lambda=0.8571,
                             subsample=0.5213, silent=1,
                             random_state =7, nthread = -1)

model_lgb = lgb.LGBMRegressor(objective='regression',num_leaves=5,
                              learning_rate=0.05, n_estimators=720,
                              max_bin = 55, bagging_fraction = 0.8,
                              bagging_freq = 5, feature_fraction = 0.2319,
                              feature_fraction_seed=9, bagging_seed=9,
                              min_data_in_leaf =6, min_sum_hessian_in_leaf = 11)

score = rmsle_cv(lasso)
print("\nLasso score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

score = rmsle_cv(ENet)
print("ElasticNet score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

score = rmsle_cv(KRR)
print("Kernel Ridge score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

score = rmsle_cv(GBoost)
print("Gradient Boosting score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

score = rmsle_cv(model_xgb)
print("Xgboost score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

score = rmsle_cv(model_lgb)
print("LGBM score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n" .format(score.mean(), score.std()))
"""
For stacking models, two different approaches are used: 1) averaging the base models, and 2) creating a meta-learner using linear regression. 
"""
class AveragingModels(BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin, TransformerMixin):
    def __init__(self, models):
        self.models = models
        
    # we define clones of the original models to fit the data in
    def fit(self, X, y):
        self.models_ = [clone(x) for x in self.models]
        
        # Train cloned base models
        for model in self.models_:
            model.fit(X, y)

        return self
    
    #Now we do the predictions for cloned models and average them
    def predict(self, X):
        predictions = np.column_stack([
            model.predict(X) for model in self.models_
        ])
        return np.mean(predictions, axis=1)   
    
averaged_models = AveragingModels(models = (ENet, GBoost, KRR, lasso))

score = rmsle_cv(averaged_models)
print(" Averaged base models score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})\n".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

class StackingAveragedModels(BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin, TransformerMixin):
    def __init__(self, base_models, meta_model, n_folds=5):
        self.base_models = base_models
        self.meta_model = meta_model
        self.n_folds = n_folds
   
    # We again fit the data on clones of the original models
    def fit(self, X, y):
        self.base_models_ = [list() for x in self.base_models]
        self.meta_model_ = clone(self.meta_model)
        kfold = KFold(n_splits=self.n_folds, shuffle=True, random_state=156)
        
        # Train cloned base models then create out-of-fold predictions
        # that are needed to train the cloned meta-model
        out_of_fold_predictions = np.zeros((X.shape[0], len(self.base_models)))
        for i, model in enumerate(self.base_models):
            for train_index, holdout_index in kfold.split(X, y):
                instance = clone(model)
                self.base_models_[i].append(instance)
                instance.fit(X[train_index], y[train_index])
                y_pred = instance.predict(X[holdout_index])
                out_of_fold_predictions[holdout_index, i] = y_pred
                
        # Now train the cloned  meta-model using the out-of-fold predictions as new feature
        self.meta_model_.fit(out_of_fold_predictions, y)
        return self
   
    #Do the predictions of all base models on the test data and use the averaged predictions as 
    #meta-features for the final prediction which is done by the meta-model
    def predict(self, X):
        meta_features = np.column_stack([
            np.column_stack([model.predict(X) for model in base_models]).mean(axis=1)
            for base_models in self.base_models_ ])
        return self.meta_model_.predict(meta_features)
    
stacked_averaged_models = StackingAveragedModels(base_models = (ENet, GBoost, KRR),
                                                 meta_model = lasso)

score = rmsle_cv(stacked_averaged_models)
print("Stacking Averaged models score: {:.4f} ({:.4f})".format(score.mean(), score.std()))

def rmsle(y, y_pred):
    return np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y, y_pred))

stacked_averaged_models.fit(train.values, y_train)
stacked_train_pred = stacked_averaged_models.predict(train.values)
stacked_pred = np.expm1(stacked_averaged_models.predict(test.values))
print(rmsle(y_train, stacked_train_pred))

model_xgb.fit(train, y_train)
xgb_train_pred = model_xgb.predict(train)
xgb_pred = np.expm1(model_xgb.predict(test))
print(rmsle(y_train, xgb_train_pred))

model_lgb.fit(train, y_train)
lgb_train_pred = model_lgb.predict(train)
lgb_pred = np.expm1(model_lgb.predict(test.values))
print(rmsle(y_train, lgb_train_pred))

'''RMSE on the entire Train data when averaging'''

print('RMSLE score on train data:')
print(rmsle(y_train,stacked_train_pred*0.70 +
               xgb_train_pred*0.15 + lgb_train_pred*0.15 ))

ensemble = stacked_pred*0.70 + xgb_pred*0.15 + lgb_pred*0.15

sub = pd.DataFrame()
sub['Id'] = test_ID
sub['SalePrice'] = ensemble
sub.to_csv('submission.csv',index=False)