Title of Invention: Inhibitors of bacterial biofilms and related methods Abstract: Certain multi-cyclic compounds and compositions thereof are useful for reducing or inhibiting the growth of bacterial biofilms and for controlling bacterial biofilm infections. Such compounds and compositions are also useful in methods for reducing or inhibiting the growth of biofilms and for controlling bacterial biofilm infections involving biofilms. Detailed Description: Part general_description_paragraphs: Part FIELD OF THE INVENTION: The present invention generally relates to compounds and compositions useful for reducing or inhibiting the growth of a biofilm. The present invention also relates to compounds useful for reducing or inhibiting the formation of a biofilm and for controlling or treating a chronic bacterial infection involving biofilms. Part BACKGROUND: Bacterial biofilms exist in natural, medical, and engineering environments. The biofilms offer a selective advantage to a microorganism to ensure its survival, or allow it a certain amount of time to exist in a dormant state until growth conditions arise. Unfortunately, this selective advantage poses serious threats to animal health, especially human health. Chronic infections involving biofilms are serious medical problems throughout the world. For example, biofilms are involved in 65% of human bacterial infections. Biofilms are involved in prostatitis, biliary tract infections, urinary tract infections, cystitis, lung infections, sinus infections, ear infections, acne, rosacea, dental caries, periodontitis, nosocomial infections, open wounds, and chronic wounds. Compounds that modify biofilm formation would have a substantial medical impact by treating many chronic infections, reducing catheter- and medical device-related infections, and treating lung and ear infections. The potential market for biofilm inhibitors could be enormous given the sheer number of cases in which biofilms contribute to medical problems. The inhibitors may be used to cure, treat, or prevent a variety of conditions, such as, but are not limited to, arterial damage, gastritis, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, cystitis, otitis media, otitis externa, leprosy, tuberculosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, chronic lung infections of humans with cystic fibrosis, osteomyelitis, bloodstream infections, skin infections, open or chronic wound infections, cirrhosis, and any other acute or chronic infection that involves or possesses a biofilm. In the United States, the market for antibiotics is greater than $10 billion. The antibiotic market is fueled by the continued increase in resistance to conventional antibiotics. Approximately 70% of bacteria found in hospitals resist at least one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. Because biofilms appear to reduce or prevent the efficacy of antibiotics, co-administration of biofilm inhibitors could significantly boost the antibiotic market. Using the protection of biofilms, microbes can resist antibiotics at a concentration ranging from 1 to 1.5 thousand times higher than the amount used in conventional antibiotic therapy. During an infection, bacteria surrounded by biofilms are rarely resolved by the immune defense mechanisms of the host. It has been proposed that in a chronic infection, a biofilm gives bacteria a selective advantage by reducing the penetration of an antibiotic into the depths of the tissue needed to completely eradicate the bacteria's existence (Costerton, J. W. et al., Science. 1999 May 21; 284(5418):1318-22). Traditionally, antibiotics are discovered using the susceptibility test methods established by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI). The methods identify compounds that specifically affect growth or death of bacteria. These methods involve inoculation of a bacterial species into a growth medium, followed by the addition of a test compound, and then plot of the bacterial growth over a time period post-incubation. Unfortunately these antibiotics derived from the CLSI methods would not be effective therapeutics against chronic infections involving biofilms because the methods do not test compounds against bacteria in a biofilm. Consistently, numerous publications have reported a difference in gene transcription in bacteria living in biofilms from bacteria in suspension, which further explains the failure of conventional antibiotics to eradicate biofilm infections (Sauer, K. et al. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183: 6579-6589). Biofilm inhibitors can provide an alternative treatment approach for certain infections. Biofilm inhibitors, on the other hand, act on the biological mechanisms that provide bacteria protection from antibiotics and from a host's immune system. Biofilm inhibitors may be used to “clear the way” for the antibiotics to penetrate the affected cells and eradicate the infection. Traditionally, treatment of nosocomial infections requires an administration of a combination of products, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate and quinupristin/dalfopristin, or an administration of two antibiotics simultaneously. In one study of urinary catheters, rifampin was unable to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a biofilm but was effective against planktonic, or suspended cells (Jones, S. M., et. al., “Effect of vancomycin and rifampicin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms”, Lancet 357:40-41, 2001). Bacteria have no known resistance to biofilm inhibitors. Biofilm inhibitors are not likely to trigger growth-resistance mechanisms or affect the growth of the normal human flora. Thus, biofilm inhibitors could potentially extend the product life of antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is resistant to high doses of antibiotics because it forms biofilms. Biofilms are complex, heterogeneous communities of bacterial cells encased in extrapolymeric substances (EPS). These EPS are composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. EPS provide frameworks for communities of bacteria to exist and enhance attachment to themselves and surfaces. Bacteria within biofilms differentiate into stratified communities of phenotypically diverse cells that offer competitive advantages for different environmental conditions. One of these advantages is increased tolerance to antibiotics, which enables bacteria like P. aeruginosa to persist in chronic infections despite antibiotic therapy. While residing within these EPS, one hypothesis is that P. aeruginosa reduces its metabolism, which prevents its death from antibiotics. As antibiotic concentrations are reduced, specific populations of P. aeruginosa within the EPS increase their metabolism and spread. This cycle continuously repeats, enabling the spread of P. aeruginosa bacteria within the lungs of CF patients. Chronic wound infection represents another illness that is difficult to eradicate. Examples of the most common types of chronic wounds are diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, arterial leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Diabetic foot ulcers appear to be the most prevalent. These wounds are typically colonized by multiple species of bacteria including Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Gram-negative bacilli (Lipsky, B. Medical Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 39, p. S104-14). Based on clinical evidence, microorganisms cause or contribute to chronic wound infections. Only recently have biofilms been implicated in these infections (Harrison-Balestra, C. et al. A Wound-isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa Grow a Biofilm In Vitro Within 10 Hours and Is Visualized by Light Microscopy, Dermatol Surg 2003, 29; 631-635; Edwards, R. et al. Bacteria and wound healing. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2004, 17; 91-96). Approximately 140,000 amputations occur each year in the United States due to chronic wound infections that could not be treated with conventional antibiotics. Unfortunately, treating these infections with high doses of antibiotics over long periods of time contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance (Howell-Jones, R. S., et al. A review of the microbiology, antibiotic usage and resistance in chronic skin wounds. J. Antimicrob. Ther. January 2005). Biofilm inhibitors in a combination therapy with antibiotics may provide an effective alternative to the treatment of chronic wounds. Recent publications describe the cycles of the pathogenesis of numerous species of bacteria involving biofilms. For example, Escherichia coli, which cause recurrent urinary tract infections, undergo a cycle of binding to and then invading a host's bladder epithelial cells. E. coli form a biofilm intracellularly, modify its morphology, and then burst out of the host cells to repeat the cycle of pathogenesis (Justice, S. et al. Differentiation and development pathways of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis, PNAS 2004, 101(5): 1333-1338). The authors suggest that this repetitive cycle of pathogenesis of E. coli may explain the recurrence of the infection. In 1997, Finlay, B. et al. reported that numerous bacteria, including Staphylococci, Streptococci, Bordetella pertussis, Neisseria spp., Helicobactor pylori, and Yersinia spp., adhere to mammalian cells during their pathogenesis. The authors hypothesized that the adherence would lead to an invasion of the host cell. Later publications confirm this hypothesis (Cossart, P. Science, 2004, 304; 242-248; see additional references infra). Other publications presented similar hypotheses to Mulvey, M. et al. (Mulvey, M. et al. “Induction and Evasion of Host Defenses by Type 1-Piliated Uropathogenic E. coli” Science 1998, 282 p. 1494-1497). In particular, Mulvey, M. et al. stated invasion of E. coli into epithelial cells provide protection from the host's immune response to allow a build up of a large bacterial population. Cellular invasion and biofilm formation appear to be integral to the pathogenesis of most, if not all bacteria. P. aeruginosa have been shown to invade epithelial cells during lung infections (Leroy-Dudal, J. et al. Microbes and Infection, 2004, 6, p. 875-881). P. aeruginosa are the principal infectious organisms found in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, and the bacteria exist within a biofilm. Antibiotics like tobramcyin, and other current antibacterial compounds, do not provide effective treatment against biofilms of chronic infections, perhaps because antibiotic therapy fails to eradicate the biofilm. The pathogenesis of cellular invasion and biofilm formation gram-negative bacteria follow conserved mechanisms. For example, Haemophilus influenzae invade epithelial cells and form biofilms (Hardy, G. et al., Methods Mol. Med., 2003, 71; 1-18; Greiner, L. et al., Infection and Immunity, 2004, 72(7); 4249-4260). Burkholderia spp. invade epithelial cells and form biofilm (Utaisincharoen, P. et al., Microb Pathog. 2005, 38(2-3); 107-112; Schwab, U. et al. Infection and Immunity, 2003, 71(11); 6607-6609). Klebsiella pneumoniae invade epithelial cells and form biofilm (Cortes, G et al. Infection and Immunity. 2002, 70(3); 1075-1080; Lavender, hours. et al., Infection and Immunity. 2004, 72(8); 4888-4890). Salmonella spp. invade epithelial cells and form biofilms (Cossart, P. Science, 2004, 304; 242-248; Boddicker, J. et al., Mol. Microbiol. 2002, 45(5); 1255-1265). Yersinia pestis invade epithelial cells and form biofilms (Cossart, P. Science, 2004, 304; 242-248; Jarrett, C. et al. J. Infect. Dis., 2004, 190; 783-792). Neisseria gonorrhea invade epithelial cells and form biofilms (Edwards, J. et al., Cellular Micro., 2002, 4(9); 585-598; Greiner, L. et al., Infection and Immunity. 2004, 73(4); 1964-1970). Burkholderia spp. are another important class of gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Chlamydia spp., including Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular, gram-negative pathogen implicated in respiratory infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (Little, C. S. et al., Infection and Immunity. 2005, 73(3); 1723-34). These Gram-negative bacteria cause lung, ear, and sinus infections, gonorrhoeae, plague, diarrhea, typhoid fever, and other infectious diseases. E. coli and P. aeruginosa are two of the most widely studied Gram-negative pathogens. Researchers believe that the pathogenesis of these bacteria involves invasion of host cells and formation of biofilms. These models have enabled those skilled in the art to understand the pathogenesis of other Gram-negative bacteria. Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above and others, there exists an unmet need for compounds that serve as biofilm inhibitors and/or that would be useful for reducing or inhibiting the formation or growth of bacterial biofilms and bacterial infections involving biofilms. Part SUMMARY OF INVENTION: The present invention provides compounds of the following chemical Structure I wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, halide, lower haloalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl, substituted lower alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, methylamide, —CH2N(CH3)2, —CH2NR6R7, R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or methyl; one of R4 and R5 is hydrogen and the other is methyl; R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl; R8 selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, —N(CH3)2, and —NHCH3; and wherein R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halide, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, lower alkyl piperazinyl, heterocycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl; and lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl substituted with moieties selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, lower aminoalkyl, halide, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, —CONHCH3, —NHCONH2, —SO2NH2, —SO2CH3, —NHCOCH3, —NHCSNH2, and —NHSO2CH3. Salts are also contemplated by the present invention as described in the examples. A number of the compounds of the invention and intermediates may exist in different tautomeric forms. All such tautomeric forms are within the scope of the invention. The depiction of any tautomer herein is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to one specific tautomer. For example, the following is within the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that Structure I may exist as a tautomer envisioned as the following. In any respect, 3-aminopyrazole of any structure of the invention may be as follows: Or a 3-aminopyrazole of any structure of the invention may be as follows: These tautomeric depictions are within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the hydroxypyrazole of compound 68 as described herein may exist as tautomers. These tautomers are within the scope of the invention. Compositions containing the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also contemplated by this invention. Such compositions containing the compounds described above optionally include an antimicrobial agent. As demonstrated herein such compositions are useful in reducing or inhibiting the formation or growth of biofilms. This invention also provides methods for reducing or inhibiting the formation or growth of biofilms comprising contacting the biofilm or cell capable of biofilm formation with an effective amount of a composition or a compound of the preceeding chemical Structure I wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, halide, lower haloalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, substituted lower alkynyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, methylamide, —CH2N(CH3)2, —CH2NR6R7, R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or methyl; one of R4 and R5 is hydrogen and the other is methyl; R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl; R8 selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, —N(CH3)2, and —NHCH3; and R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halide, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, lower alkyl piperazinyl, heterocycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl; and lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower alkynyl substituted with moieties selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, lower aminoalkyl, halide, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, —CONHCH3, —NHCONH2, —SO2NH2, —SO2CH3, —NHCOCH3, —NHCSNH2, and —NHSO2CH3. Salts are also contemplated by the present invention as described in the examples. Inhibition or reduction of the formation or growth of biofilms may be effected either in vivo or in vitro. Compositions used to inhibit or reduce the formation or growth of biofilms may further include an antimicrobial agent, biocide, or antibiotic. The methods also provide for inhibiting or reducing the formation or growth of biofilms on a variety of substrates. Inhibition or reduction of the formation or growth of biofilms reduces virulence of gram-negative bacteria. Adhesion, biofilm growth, invasion, and the secretion of enzymes or toxins contribute to virulence of gram-negative bacteria. It is well known to those skilled in the art that biofilms increase the virulence of gram-negative bacteria and an upregulation of virulence factors (i.e. enzymes, toxins) has been demonstrated in gram-negative bacterial biofilms. The compounds of the invention reduce virulence of gram-negative bacteria. Compound 1 as described herein modulates cysB and genes under its control as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,604,978 incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. It is anticipated that all of the compounds described herein modulate cysB and genes under its control. Part DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: Part Definitions: “Acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier that is not deleterious to the other ingredients of the composition and is not deleterious to material to which it is to be applied. “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier that is not deleterious to the other ingredients of the composition and is not deleterious to the human or other animal recipient thereof. “Agriculturally acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier that is not deleterious to the other ingredients of the composition and is not deleterious to the plant recipient thereof. In the context of the other ingredients of the composition, “not deleterious” means that the carrier will not react with or degrade the other ingredients or otherwise interfere with their efficacy. Interference with the efficacy of an ingredient does not encompass mere dilution of the ingredient. In the context of the animal or plant host, “not deleterious” means that the carrier is not injurious or lethal to the plant or animal. “Administration” refers to any means of providing a compound or composition to a subject. Non-limiting examples of administration means include oral, topical, rectal, percutaneous, parenteral injection, intranasal and inhalation delivery. “Biofilm” refers to an extracellular matrix in which microorganisms are dispersed and/or form colonies. The biofilm typically is made of polysaccharides and other macromolecules. “Biofilm Growth Assay” refers to an assay performed on semi-solid agar surface where the bacteria collectively move out from an inoculation point. To those skilled in the art, the act of bacteria collectively moving out from an inoculation point on a semi-solid surface may be referred to as swarming or a spreading biofilm. (Anderson, et al Microbiology, 2003, 149, 37-46; Daniels, et al. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2004, 28, 261-289). The procedure to perform this assay is described in detail in the Examples. This type of surface motility by bacteria has been reported in the literature by those skilled in the art. (Shrout, et al. Molecular Microbiology, 2006, 62(5), 1264-1277; Kim, et al. J. Bacteriology, 2003, 185(10), 3111-3117; Lai, et al. Environmental Microbiology, 2009, 11(1), 126-136; Overhage, et al. J. Bacteriology, 2008, 190(8), 2671-2679) These literature references also demonstrate a link to this type of surface motility and increased antibiotic tolerance. These references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. “Commercial source” refers to a vendor that provides the desired compound. “Direct synthesis” refers to production of the desired compound by reacting appropriate compound precursors under appropriate conditions to obtain the desired compound. “Effective amount” refers to the amount of compound or composition that, in the case of biofilm formation, will reduce the size or volume of existing biofilms; reduce the rate at which bacteria are capable of producing biofilm; or will inhibit or prevent the formation of biofilm by one or more microorganisms. In the context of treating a bacterial infection, an “effective amount” refers the amount of a compound or composition that will reduce the degree of an existing infection or will inhibit or prevent an infection from occurring. “Essentially pure preparation” refers to a preparation in which the concentration of the desired ingredient is at least 95% or more of the preparation by weight. In the context of this processes used in this invention, the antimicrobial agents and compounds of the invention typically and preferably make up 99% or more by weight of the preparation and are referred to herein as “highly pure” preparations. “In vivo”, in the context of biofilm formation, refers to effects mediated in or upon living organisms or subjects. Effects mediated on biofilms associated with medical devices such as central venous catheters, urinary catheters, endotracheal tubes, mechanical heart valves, pacemakers, vascular grafts, stents, and prosthetic joints located within a living organism or subject are considered as “in vivo” uses of the compounds and compositions described herein. “In vitro”, in the context of biofilm formation, refers to effects mediated on substrates located outside of an organism that are potential sites of biofilm formation. Non-limiting examples of substrates include vessel hulls, cars, airplanes, industrial equipment, devices, membranes, filters, microtiter plates, continuous flow chambers, bioreactors, fermentors, chemostats and machinery. “Is one that permits” as it relates to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that has characteristics that enable the preparation to be used for a given mode of administration of the composition. For example, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit parenteral administration to an animal are liquids that are not injurious or lethal to the animals when so injected. Such carriers often comprise sterile water, which may be supplemented with various solutes to increase solubility. Sterile water or sterile water supplemented with solutes is thus a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that permits parental administration. As used herein, all agar percentages are expressed in terms of weight/volume; all formulation percentages are expressed in terms of weight/weight. “Reducing or inhibiting” in reference to a biofilm refers to the inhibiting or reducing of biofilm formation or growth, a reduction in the rate of biofilm formation or growth, reduction or removal of preformed or existing biofilm, as well as the partial or complete inhibition of biofilm formation or growth. This definition includes but is not limited to the biofilm growth that also occurs on semi-solid surfaces like 0.4% to 1.0% agar, but is not limited to these surfaces, as described in the Examples of the invention. This type of surface motility, which is also referred to as swarming or spreading biofilms and conducted on the same semi-solid agar plates independent of terminology, demonstrates mechanistic relationships between attached biofilms and gram-negative bacteria spreading across semi-solid agar plates as known to those skilled in the art. Michael Givskov and colleagues defined the movement of a Pseudomonas spp. across a 0.6% Bacto agar plate as surface motility with biofilm structures instead of swarming (Anderson, et al Microbiology, 2003, 149, 37-46). Jan Michiels and colleagues defined swarming as a biofilm spreading over a semi-solid surface (Daniels, et al. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2004, 28, 261-289). Even though terminology is evolving as more investigations are reported, all of these data have been generated examining the movement of gram-negative bacteria on 0.4% to 0.7% agar surfaces. “Subject in need thereof” refers to living organism that would benefit from either prevention or reductions in the degree of a bacterial infection. Subjects may include animals or more specifically, mammals or humans. Subjects may also include plants. “Substrate” refers to any material to which the compound or a composition containing the compound may be applied. The term “lower alkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain having one, two, three, four, or five carbon atoms. Lower alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein to form substituted lower alkyl groups. Lower alkyl groups may be straight or branched. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and isopentyl. The phrase “substituted lower alkyl” as used herein, refers to a lower alkyl group, as previously defined, substituted by independent replacement of one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including halide, nitrile, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl, —SH, and lower thioalkyl. The term “lower alkenyl” as used herein refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having one, two, three, four, or five carbon atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds within the chain. The lower alkenyl groups may be straight or branched and may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein to form substituted lower anlkenyl groups. The phrase “substituted lower alkenyl” as used herein, refers to a lower alkenyl group, as previously defined, substituted by independent replacement of one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including halide, nitrile, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl, —SH, and lower thioalkyl. The term “lower alkynyl” as used herein refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having one, two, three, four, or five carbon atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds within the chain. The lower alkynyl groups may be straight or branched and may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein to form substituted lower alkynyl groups. The phrase “substituted lower alkynyl” as used herein refers to a lower alkynyl group, as previously defined, substituted by independent replacement of one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including halide, nitrile, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl, —SH, and lower thioalkyl. The phrase “lower alkyl ethers” as used herein refers to ethers of the formula R′OR″, wherein R′ is a lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl, and R″ is a lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, or aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl. The term “lower alkoxy,” as used herein by itself or as part of another substituent, means a radical of the formula —OR, wherein R is a lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower cycloalkyl, or lower cycloalkenyl group as defined herein. Representative examples of lower alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, and the like. The term “lower alkoxyalkyl” as used herein refers to a lower alkyl moiety as defined herein with one carbon atom replaced with an oxygen atom. Examples include —CH2CH2OCH3 and —CH2OCH2CH2CH3. The term “lower alkoxycarbonyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)-(lower alkoxy), wherein lower alkoxy is as defined herein. The phrase “lower alkyl nitrile” as used herein refers to lower alkyl or lower alkenyl with one nitrile group replacing one terminal carbon atom in the unbranched or branched chain. Lower alkyl nitrile includes, but is not limited to, —CH2CN and —CH2CH2CN. The term “lower aminoalkyl” as used herein refers to lower alkyl or lower alkenyl with one nitrogen atom replacing one carbon atom in the unbranched or branched chain. Lower aminoalkyl includes, but is not limited to, —NHCH2CH2CH3, —CH2CH2—NHCH3, —CH2N(CH3)2, —N(CH3)2, and —CH2CH2NH2. The term “lower alkylcarbonylamino” as used herein refers to lower alkyl with a carbonylamino or aminocarbonyl replacing two carbon atoms in the unbranched or branched chain. Lower alkylcarbonylamino includes, but is not limited to, —NHCOCH2CH3, —CH2CONHCH3, —CON(CH3)2, and —CONHCH3 (methylamide). The terms “halo” and “halogen,” as used herein, mean an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and the term “halide” and used herein means the corresponding anion. The term “lower haloalkyl” as used herein refers to a lower alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a member atom within the lower alkyl group is replaced with 1, 2, 3, or 4 halide atoms. Lower haloalkyl includes, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, —CF3, difluoroethyl, and trifluoromethyl. The term “lower hydroxyalkyl” as used herein refers to lower alkyl or lower alkenyl wherein one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a member atom within the lower alkyl or lower alkenyl group is replaced with one or two hydroxyls. Lower hydroxyalkyl includes, but is not limited to, —CH2CH2—OH and —CH2CH(—OH)CH3, and the like. The term “aryl” as used herein, means mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic ring systems comprising 6 to 12 carbon atoms, which consist of one or two aromatic rings, specifically including phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, and idenyl; and specifically substitutions to these aryls by independent replacement of one two, or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of halide, lower haloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, nitro, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, lower alkyl ethers, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, —SH, and lower thioalkyl. The phrase “substituted aryl,” as used herein, means a aryl group, as previously defined, substituted by independent replacement or one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of —(CH2)0-3-lower cycloalkyl, —(CH2)0-3-aryl, —(CH2)0-3-lower cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)0-3-heteroaryl, —(CH2)0-3-heterocycloalkyl, —NH-lower cycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH— heterocycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O— heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)-lower alkyl, —C(O)-lower alkenyl, —C(O)-lower alkynyl, —C(O)-lower cycloalkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-lower cycloalkenyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)— heterocycloalkyl, —CONH2, —CONH-lower alkyl, —CONH-lower alkenyl, —CONH-lower alkynyl, —CONH-lower cycloalkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-lower cycloalkenyl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH-heterocycloalkyl, —OCO2-lower alkyl, —OCO2-lower alkenyl, —OCO2-lower alkynyl, —OCO2-lower cycloalkyl, —OCO2-aryl, —OCO2-lower cycloalkenyl, —OCO2-heteroaryl, —OCO2— heterocycloalkyl, —OCONH2, —OCONH-lower alkyl, —OCONH-lower alkenyl, —OCONH-lower alkynyl, —OCONH-lower cycloalkyl, —OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-lower cycloalkenyl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-lower alkyl, —NHC(O)-lower alkenyl, —NHC(O)-lower alkynyl, —NHC(O)-lower cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —NHCO2-lower alkyl, —NHCO2-lower alkenyl, —NHCO2-lower alkynyl, —NHCO2-lower cycloalkyl, —NHCO2-aryl, —NHCO2-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHCO2-heteroaryl, —NHCO2— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH2, —NHC(O)NH-lower alkyl, —NHC(O)NH-lower alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH-lower alkynyl, —NHC(O)NH-lower cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH2, —NHC(S)NH-lower alkyl, —NHC(S)NH-lower alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH-lower alkynyl, —NHC(S)NH-lower cycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl, —NHC(S)NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH— heterocycloalkyl, —S(O)-lower alkyl, —S(O)-lower alkenyl, —S(O)-lower alkynyl, —S(O)-lower cycloalkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)-lower cycloalkenyl, —S(O)-heteroaryl, —S(O)— heterocycloalkyl, —CH2SO2CH3, —SO2NH2, —SO2NH-lower alkyl, —SO2NH-lower alkenyl, —SO2NH-lower alkynyl, —SO2NH-lower cycloalkyl, —SO2NH-aryl, —SO2NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —SO2NH-heteroaryl, —SO2NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHSO2-lower alkyl, —NHSO2-lower alkenyl, —NHSO2-lower alkynyl, —NHSO2-lower cycloalkyl, —NHSO2-aryl, —NHSO2-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHSO2-heteroaryl, —NHSO2— heterocycloalkyl, —S-lower alkenyl, —S-lower alkynyl, —S-lower cycloalkyl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, or methylthiomethyl. The phrase “lower cycloalkyl,” as used herein, means a saturated carbocyclic ring compound specifically including cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornane, and adamantine; and specifically substitutions to these lower cycloalkyls by independent replacement of one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of halide, lower haloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, nitro, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, lower alkyl ethers, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, —SH, and thioalkyl. The term “lower cycloalkenyl” as used herein specifically refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with five or six carbons; and specifically substitutions to these lower cycloalkenyls by independent replacement of one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of halide, lower haloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, nitro, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, lower alkyl ethers, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, —SH, and thioalkyl. The term “heteroaryl” as used herein specifically refers to pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thienyl, furanyl, furazanyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, dihydroindolyl, tetrahydroindolyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzothienyl, furopyridinyl, phthalazinyl, napthyridinyl, pyrazolopyridyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl; specifically their partially reduced forms as known to those skilled in the art like as tetrahydroisoquinolinyl is to isoquinolinyl; and specifically a heteroaryl (as defined herein) of 6 members or less fused with an aryl (as defined herein) of 6 members or less OR separately two heteroaryls (as defined herein) of 6 members or less fused together as known to those skilled in the art like as in pyrrolopyridinyl and its partially reduced form dihydropyrrolopyridinyl; and specifically substitutions to these heteroaryls by independent replacement of one two, or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of halide, lower haloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, nitro, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, lower alkyl ethers, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, —SH, and thioalkyl; and heteroaryls as defined herein with substitutions by independent replacement of a hydrogen atom on a ring nitrogen specifically selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower haloalkyl. The phrase “substituted heteroaryl,” as used herein, means a heteroaryl group as previously defined, substituted by independent replacement or one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of —(CH2)0-3-lower cycloalkyl, —(CH2)0-3-aryl, —(CH2)0-3-lower cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)0-3-heteroaryl, —(CH2)0-3— heterocycloalkyl, —NH-lower cycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH— heterocycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)-lower alkyl, —C(O)-lower alkenyl, —C(O)-lower alkynyl, —C(O)-lower cycloalkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-lower cycloalkenyl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —CONH2, —CONH-lower alkyl, —CONH-lower alkenyl, —CONH-lower alkynyl, —CONH-lower cycloalkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-lower cycloalkenyl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH— heterocycloalkyl, —OCO2-lower alkyl, —OCO2-lower alkenyl, —OCO2-lower alkynyl, —OCO2-lower cycloalkyl, —OCO2-aryl, —OCO2-lower cycloalkenyl, —OCO2-heteroaryl, —OCO2— heterocycloalkyl, —OCONH2, —OCONH-lower alkyl, —OCONH-lower alkenyl, —OCONH-lower alkynyl, —OCONH-lower cycloalkyl, —OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-lower cycloalkenyl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-lower alkyl, —NHC(O)-lower alkenyl, —NHC(O)-lower alkynyl, —NHC(O)-lower cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)— heterocycloalkyl, —NHCO2-lower alkyl, —NHCO2-lower alkenyl, —NHCO2-lower alkynyl, —NHCO2-lower cycloalkyl, —NHCO2-aryl, —NHCO2-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHCO2-heteroaryl, —NHCO2— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH2, —NHC(O)NH-lower alkyl, —NHC(O)NH-lower alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH-lower alkynyl, —NHC(O)NH-lower cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH2, —NHC(S)NH-lower alkyl, —NHC(S)NH-lower alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH-lower alkynyl, —NHC(S)NH-lower cycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl, —NHC(S)NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —S(O)-lower alkyl, —S(O)-lower alkenyl, —S(O)-lower alkynyl, —S(O)-lower cycloalkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)-lower cycloalkenyl, —S(O)-heteroaryl, —S(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —CH2SO2CH3, —SO2NH2, —SO2NH-lower alkyl, —SO2NH-lower alkenyl, —SO2NH-lower alkynyl, —SO2NH-lower cycloalkyl, —SO2NH-aryl, —SO2NH-lower cycloalkenyl, —SO2NH-heteroaryl, —SO2NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHSO2-lower alkyl, —NHSO2-lower alkenyl, —NHSO2-lower alkynyl, —NHSO2-lower cycloalkyl, —NHSO2-aryl, —NHSO2-lower cycloalkenyl, —NHSO2-heteroaryl, —NHSO2— heterocycloalkyl, —S-lower alkenyl, —S-lower alkynyl, —S-lower cycloalkyl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, or methylthiomethyl. The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein specifically refers to azetidinyl, [1,3]dioxolane, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, quinuclidinyl, piperazinyl, lower alkyl piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-pyrazolidinyl, azepinyl; and heterocycloalkyls as defined herein with substitutions by independent replacement of a hydrogen atom on a ring nitrogen specifically selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, and lower haloalkyl; and specifically substitutions to these heterocycloalkyls by independent replacement of one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents specifically selected from the group consisting of halide, lower haloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, nitrile, lower alkyl nitrile, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carboxyl, amide, hydroxyamide, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, lower alkylcarbonylamino, —SH, and thioalkyl. For example, substitutions to pyrrolidinyl may include hydroxyl-pyrrolidinyl, chloropyrrolidinyl, methoxy-pyrrolidinyl, nitrile-pyrrolidinyl, methyl-pyrrolidinyl, and amino-pyrrolidinyl. The term “heteroatom” as used herein refers to a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom. The term “lower thioalkyl” as used herein by itself or as part of another substituent, means a radical of the formula —SR, wherein R is a lower alkyl or lower cycloalkyl group as defined herein. Examples of lower alkylthio groups include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, and tert-butylthio. The term “carboxy,” as used herein, means a group of formula —COOH. The term “hydroxy,” as used herein, means a group of formula —OH. The phrase “hydroxy protecting group,” as used herein, means a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a hydroxyl group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. Following such procedures, the hydroxy protecting group may be selectively removed. Examples of hydroxy protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methylthiomethyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tertbutyldiphenylsilyl, acyl substituted with an aromatic group, and the like. The phrase “protected hydroxy,” as used herein, means a hydroxy group protected with a hydroxy protecting group, as defined above, including benzoyl, acetyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, methoxymethyl groups, for example. The phrase “amino protecting group,” as used herein, means a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect an amino group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. Following such procedures, the amino protecting group may be selectively removed. Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, t-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. The phrase “protected amino,” as used herein, means an amino group protected with an amino protecting group as defined above. In accordance with the present invention, compounds as disclosed herein are surprisingly effective at inhibiting or reducing the formation or growth of biofilms. Furthermore, it is also disclosed that the co-administration to a bacterial biofilm of compounds described herein with an antimicrobial agent, antibiotic, or biocide provides increased susceptibility of the bacteria within the biofilm to the antimicrobial agent, antibiotic, or biocide. The instant invention thus provides for novel compounds, compositions, compositions comprising biofilm inhibitors and antimicrobial agents or antibiotics or biocides, and various methods of using the compositions containing the biofilm inhibitors of the invention to reduce or inhibit the formation or growth of bacterial biofilms. The compounds of the invention may be prepared by the techniques described in the examples below, starting from the ursane or oleanane triterpene scaffolds like ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. While a typical starting chemical compound in the semi-synthetic preparation of the compounds of the invention may be ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, corosolic acid, asiatic acid, or madecassic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are preferred staring compounds. In designing semi-synthetic strategies to prepare analogs of the starting chemical compound, modifications at certain positions of the scaffold of the basic chemical compound prove to be important for modulating biofilm inhibition, while other modifications at positions can improve the bioavailability of the compound. Many of these modifications or optimizations are taught in the literature known to those skilled in the art, including The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, 2nd Edition, by Richard B. Silverman, incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. Improvement of the bioavailability of the compound expands the therapeutic range of the compounds by reducing certain cellular toxicities in the subject. Compounds of this invention include: Com- pound Chemical Structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 62 64 65 68 84 88 90 92 The invention especially teaches the remarkable discovery as demonstrated by the examples that the following Structure II may contain a diverse variety of moieties and structures at R1 and retain the ability to inhibit or reduce the formation or growth of biofilms. The examples demonstrate that a diverse group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl moieties and structures may be added at R1 and retain potent activity to reduce or inhibit the formation or growth of biofilms. A few representative chemical structures prepared semi-synthetically and described herein including the examples are as follows: The present invention also includes compounds of the following chemical Structure III: wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, halide, nitrile, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, substituted lower alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl, R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or methyl, and one of R4 and R5 is hydrogen and the other is methyl. Salts are also contemplated by the present invention as described in the examples. Based upon the teachings described herein, those skilled in the art appreciate that Structure III substituted with any of the following moieties at R1 will exhibit potent activities at inhibiting the formation of biofilms. The present invention provides compounds of the following chemical Structure IV wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, halide, nitrile, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, substituted lower alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or methyl; wherein one of R4 and R5 is hydrogen and the other is methyl. Salts are also contemplated by the present invention as described in the examples. Based upon the teachings described herein, those skilled in the art appreciate that Structure IV substituted with the following moieties at R1 would exhibit potent activities at inhibiting the formation of biofilms: Various pharmaceutical compositions contemplated by the present invention, including the compounds of the invention and the specific examples described herein, further including pharmaceutically acceptable derivable prodrugs or prodrugs thereof. A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivable prodrug or prodrug” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivable prodrug of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a patient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound used in this invention. It will be recognized that the efficacy of the compounds of this invention is related to localized reaction sites on the compounds. Accordingly, as illustrated by the examples below, a wide variety of substitutions therefore may be made at various sites on the compounds spacially remote from the localized reaction sites that do not significantly interfere with the efficacy of the compounds Likewise, substitutions to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, salts of esters, and other such derivable prodrugs of the compounds of this invention are are contemplated herein as well. Thus, compounds with such innocuous substitutions do no depart from the scope of the invention. On the other hand, however, certain moieties have been found to be so significant in size or reactivity as to interfere significantly with the efficacy of the compounds. Thus, highly reactive, polar, ionic or large substituents such as those shown in the examples below as having a deleterious affect on the activity of the compound are are excluded from the most preferred embodiments of the invention. Compounds useful in the present invention may, optionally, be converted to their therapeutically-active non-toxic acid salt forms by treatment with appropriate acids. Such acids include inorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and like acids; or organic acids, such as acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, 2-hydroxypropanoic, 2-oxo-propanoic, ethanedioic, propanedioic and like acids. Of course, the salt forms may be converted into the free base form by treatment with alkali. The pharmaceutically-acceptable acid salts of the present invention also comprise the solvates that the compositions of the present invention may form, which, of course, are included within the scope of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of such solvates are hydrates, alcoholates and the like. Such pharmacologic compositions may be formulated in various ways known in the art for administration purposes. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be prepared by combining an effective amount of the particular compound of this invention, typically in base or acid salt form, as the active ingredient with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers and delivery vehicles. Numerous pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and delivery vehicles exist that are readily accessible and well-known in the art, which may be employed to generate the preparation desired (i.e. that permit administration of the pharmaceutical composition orally, topically, rectally, percutaneously, by parenteral injection, intranasally or by inhalation). Representative examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and delivery vehicles include aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin; buffer substances such as the various phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids; water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, and zinc salts; colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyarylates, waxes, polyethylene, polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat, and the like. Other constituents, such as aids for taste, color, tableting, and so forth, may be combined with the active ingredient and carrier for any of the many known purposes of such additives. Examples of such additives are discussed below. The pharmacologic compositions described herein may further be prepared in unitary dosage form for administration orally, percutaneously, by parenteral injection (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal), topically, intranasally, by inhalation, or for application to a medical device, such as an implant, catheter, or other device. In preparing the compositions that permit administration of an oral dosage, for example, any of the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known in the art may be used, such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols and the like in the case of carriers that permit oral delivery of liquid preparations such as suspensions, syrups, elixirs and solutions. When solid pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are desired that permit oral or rectal administration, starches, sugars, kaolin, lubricants, binders, cellulose and its derivable prodrugs, and disintegrating agents and the like may be used to prepare, for example, powders, pills, capsules and tablets. For pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit parenteral administration, the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers often comprise sterile water, which may be supplemented with various solutes to, for example, increase solubility. Injectable solutions may be prepared in which the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises saline solution, glucose solution, or a mixture thereof, which may include certain well-known anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and other solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended patient. For pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit intranasal administration, the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers often comprise poly acrylic acids such as Carbopol® 940, a hydrogenated castor oil such as Cremophor® RH40, glycerol, vinylpyrrolidones such as PVP-K90® or PVP K30®, polyethylene glycols such as PEG 1450®, benzyl alcohol, Edetate sodium, hydroxycellulose, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, and sodium phosphate. Compositions used for intranasal administration also commonly include benzalkonium chloride as an anti-microbial preservative. For pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit administration by inhalation, the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers often comprise solvent/carrier/water mixtures that are easily dispersed and inhaled via a nebulizer or inhaler. For example, a mixture of ethanol/propylene glycol/water in the ratio of about 85:10:5 (parts ethanol: parts propylene glycol: parts water) can be used to administer the compounds and compositions of the invention via inhalation. Ratios as expressed herein are based on parts by weight. For pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit percutaneous administration, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may, optionally, comprise a penetration enhancing agent and/or a wetting agent. Dosage forms that permit topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active compound or compounds is/are mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally one or more preservatives and/or buffers. In the context of certain embodiments of this invention, the active compound is a pentacyclic acid triterpene. In the context of other embodiments of this invention, the pentacyclic acid triterpene is combined in the composition with another active compound that is an antimicrobial agent or antibiotic. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound or compounds according to the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit topical or transdermal administration such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivable prodrugs, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. In some cases, the pH of the pharmaceutical formulations contemplated herein may be adjusted with acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of one or more of the active compounds present or their delivery forms. In the context of certain embodiments of this invention, the active compound is a pentacyclic acid triterpene. In the context of other embodiments of this invention, the pentacyclic acid triterpene is combined in the composition with another active compound that is an antimicrobial agent or antibiotic. Still further, in order to prolong the anti-bacterial effect of a compound disclosed herein, it may be desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished using a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form may be accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made, e.g., by forming microencapsule matrices of one or more compounds of the present invention in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of active(s) to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate at which such active(s) is released may be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues. The pharmaceutical composition may also be a dentifrice. In the present invention, “dentifrice” is understood to broadly include compositions suitable for administering to the oral cavity, especially, for example, to the gingival/mucosal tissue or to the teeth. Thus, the dentifrice may include toothpastes, toothpowders, liquid dentifrices, mouth detergents, mouthwashes, troches, chewing gums, dental or gingival massage creams, dental strips, dental gels, and gargle tablets. When the pharmaceutical composition of this invention is a dentifrice such as tooth paste, a tooth or gum adherence promoting substance selected from the group consisting of copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride, copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, and cyclodextrins may also be included in the composition. Copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride useful in this invention may have molecular weights ranging from 200,000 to 2,000,000 kD and may be free acids, mixed sodium and calcium salts, or half ester derivable prodrugs. Representative commercial sources of the copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride include GANTREZ® AN(CAS #9011-16-9) GANTREZ® S (CAS #25153-40-69) GANTREZ® MS (CAS#62386-95-2) GANTREZ® ES (CAS#25087-06-3 or CAS#25119-68-0) and can be obtained from International Specialty Products Wayne, N.J. Copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate useful in the invention typically have a molecule weight of approximately 27,000 kD and are water soluble. Representative commercial sources of the copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate PLASDONE® S-630 and can be obtained from International Specialty Products Wayne, N.J. Cyclodextrins useful in the invention are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of either 6, 7 or 8 glucose units (a-, b- and g-cyclodextrin, respectively). Representative commercial sources of the cyclodextrins useful in this invention include CAVAMAX® W6 Pharma, CAVAMAX® W7 Pharma and CAV AMAXW8 Pharma (a-, b- and g-cyclodextrin, respectively) and can be obtained from International Specialty Products Wayne, N.J. When the composition of this invention is a dentifrice, an antimicrobial agent is selected from the group consisting of triclosan, metronidazole, tetracyclines, quinolones, plant essential oils, camphor, thymol, carvacrol, menthol, eucalyptol, and methyl salicylate may also be included. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that permit administration of the pentacyclic acid triterpene compounds of this application as dentifrices include sorbitol, glycerin, silica, sodium lauryl sulfate and Xanthum gum. The dentifrices of this invention may also include sodium fluoride. Reducing or Inhibiting Bacterial Biofilms in Plants Finally, bacterial biofilms also may be reduced or inhibited
{'bibliographic_information': "{'country': 'US', 'doc-number': '13188790', 'kind': 'B1', 'date': '20110722', 'invention_title': 'Inhibitors of bacterial biofilms and related methods'}", 'source_file': './grant/2012/ipg121204.xml', 'source_data': 'USPTO-Grant'}