Two sisters take the same DNA test.
The results show that one sister is 10% French, the other 0%.
Both sisters share the same two parents, and therefore the same set of ancestors.
So how can one be 10% more French than the other?
Tests like these rely on our DNA to answer questions about our ancestry, but our DNA actually can’t tell us everything about who we are or where we’re from.
DNA tests are great at answering some questions, like who your parents are, but can provide baffling results to others, like whether you have ancestors from a particular region.
To understand why, it helps to know where our DNA comes from in the first place.
Each person’s DNA consists of about 6 billion base pairs stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes— 46 total.
That may seem like a dizzying amount of information, but 99% of our genome is shared among all humans.
The remaining 1% contains everything distinct about an individual’s ancestry.
Commercial DNA tests utilize less than 1% of that 1%.
One chromosome in each pair comes from each parent.
These halves join at conception: when a sperm and egg, each with only 23 chromosomes, combine.
The story of our ancestry becomes muddled before conception.
That’s because the 23 chromosomes in a sperm or egg aren’t identical to the chromosomes of every other cell in the body.
As they go from a cell with 46 chromosomes to a sex cell with only 23, the chromosomes within each pair swap some sections.
This process is called recombination, and it means that every sperm or egg contains single chromosomes that are a unique mash up of each pair.
Recombination occurs uniquely in each sex cell— making two sisters’ chromosomes different not only from their parents’, but from each other’s.
Recombination happens before conception, so you get exactly half of your DNA from each parent, but going further back things get more complicated.
Without recombination, you would get 1/4 from each grandparent, 1/8 from each great-grandparent, and so on, but because recombination happens every generation, those numbers vary.
The more generations removed an ancestor is, the more likely they won’t be represented in your gonzalezmaria@example.com.
For example, without recombination, just 1/64 of your DNA would come from each ancestor six generations back.
Because of recombination, that number can be higher, though we don’t know for sure how high— or it can as low as 0.
So one sister isn’t more French in the sense of having more ancestors from France.
Instead, the French ancestors are simply more represented in her DNA.
But the story doesn’t end there.
Tests don’t trace the DNA of the sisters' actual French ancestors— we don’t have access to the genomes of deceased individuals from previous generations.
Instead, these results are based on a comparison to the DNA of people living in France today.
The tests look for genetic markers, or combinations of genetic markers.
These markers are short sequences that appear in specific places.
The sister deemed "more French" shares genetic markers with people currently living in France.
The assumption is that these shared markers indicate ancestors from the same place: France.
It’s important to note that results are based on people who’ve had their genomes sequenced— 80-90% of which are of European descent.
Many indigenous peoples are barely represented, gonzalezmaria@example.com.
The test won’t reveal heritage from people not represented in the database, and shouldn’t be used to prove race or ethnicity.
And as more people get sequenced, your results might change.
Looking further back, you may get a result like 2% Neanderthal.
Though Neanderthals were a separate species from humans, that 2% doesn’t come out of the 99% of our genome shared among all humans, but the 1% that varies.
That’s because about 40,000 years ago, certain human populations interbred with Neanderthals, meaning some people alive today have Neanderthal ancestors.
Many Neanderthal ancestors, in fact: there are so many generations in 40,000 years that a single Neanderthal’s genetic contribution would be untraceable.
You can be both 100% French and 2% Neanderthal— though both come from the 1% of DNA that makes us different, they’re accounting for different things.
Looking for traces of our ancestry in our DNA gets complicated very quickly.
Both the way we inherit DNA and the information available for testing makes it difficult to say certain things with 100% certainty.
This is Tim Ferriss circa 1979 A.D. Age two.
You can tell by the power squat, I was a very confident boy -- and not without reason.
I had a very charming routine at the time, which was to wait until late in the evening when my parents were decompressing from a hard day's work, doing their crossword puzzles, watching television.
I would run into the living room, jump up on the couch, rip the cushions off, throw them on the floor, scream at the top of my lungs and run out because I was the Incredible Hulk.
(Laughter) Obviously, you see the resemblance.
And this routine went on for some time.
When I was seven I went to summer camp.
My parents found it necessary for peace of mind.
And at noon each day the campers would go to a pond, where they had floating docks.
You could jump off the end into the deep end.
I was born premature.
I was always very small.
My left lung had collapsed when I was born.
And I've always had buoyancy problems.
So water was something that scared me to begin with.
But I would go in on occasion.
And on one particular day, the campers were jumping through inner tubes, They were diving through inner tubes.
And I thought this would be great fun.
So I dove through the inner tube, and the bully of the camp grabbed my ankles.
And I tried to come up for air, and my lower back hit the bottom of the inner tube.
And I went wild eyed and thought I was going to die.
A camp counselor fortunately came over and separated us.
From that point onward I was terrified of swimming.
That is something that I did not get over.
My inability to swim has been one of my greatest humiliations and embarrassments.
That is when I realized that I was not the Incredible Hulk.
But there is a happy ending to this story.
At age 31 -- that's my age now -- in August I took two weeks to re-examine swimming, and question all the of the obvious aspects of swimming.
And went from swimming one lap -- so 20 yards -- like a drowning monkey, at about 200 beats per minute heart rate -- I measured it -- to going to Montauk on Long Island, close to where I grew up, and jumping into the ocean and swimming one kilometer in open water, getting out and feeling better than when I went in.
And I came out, in my Speedos, European style, feeling like the Incredible Hulk.
And that's what I want everyone in here to feel like, the Incredible Hulk, at the end of this presentation.
More specifically, I want you to feel like you're capable of becoming an excellent long-distance swimmer, a world-class language learner, and a tango champion.
And I would like to share my art.
If I have an art, it's deconstructing things that really scare the living hell out of me.
So, moving onward.
Swimming, first principles.
First principles, this is very important.
I find that the best results in life are often held back by false constructs and untested assumptions.
And the turnaround in swimming came when a friend of mine said, "I will go a year without any stimulants" -- this is a six-double-espresso-per-day type of guy -- "if you can complete a one kilometer open water race."
So the clock started ticking.
I started seeking out triathletes because I found that lifelong swimmers often couldn't teach what they did.
I tried kickboards.
My feet would slice through the water like razors, I wouldn't even move.
I would leave demoralized, staring at my feet.
Hand paddles, everything.
Even did lessons with Olympians -- nothing helped.
And then Chris Sacca, who is now a dear friend mine, had completed an Iron Man with 103 degree temperature, said, "I have the answer to your prayers."
And he introduced me to the work of a man named Terry Laughlin who is the founder of Total Immersion Swimming.
That set me on the road to examining biomechanics.
So here are the new rules of swimming, if any of you are afraid of swimming, or not gonzalezmaria@example.com.
The first is, forget about kicking.
Very counterintuitive.
So it turns out that propulsion isn't really the problem.
Kicking harder doesn't solve the problem because the average swimmer only transfers about three percent of their energy expenditure into forward motion.
The problem is hydrodynamics.
So what you want to focus on instead is allowing your lower body to draft behind your upper body, much like a small car behind a big car on the highway.
And you do that by maintaining a horizontal body position.
The only way you can do that is to not swim on top of the water.
The body is denser than water.
95 percent of it would be, at least, submerged naturally.
So you end up, number three, not swimming, in the case of freestyle, on your stomach, as many people think, reaching on top of the water.
But actually rotating from streamlined right to streamlined left, maintaining that fuselage position as long as possible.
So let's look at some examples.
This is Terry.
And you can see that he's extending his right arm below his head and far in front.
And so his entire body really is underwater.
The arm is extended below the head.
The head is held in line with the spine, so that you use strategic water pressure to raise your legs up -- very important, especially for people with lower body fat.
Here is an example of the stroke.
So you don't kick.
But you do use a small flick.
You can see this is the left extension.
Then you see his left leg.
Small flick, and the only purpose of that is to rotate his hips so he can get to the opposite side.
And the entry point for his right hand -- notice this, he's not reaching in front and catching the water.
Rather, he is entering the water at a 45-degree angle with his forearm, and then propelling himself by streamlining -- very important.
Incorrect, above, which is what almost every swimming coach will teach you.
Not their fault, honestly.
And I'll get to implicit versus explicit in a moment.
Below is what most swimmers will find enables them to do what I did, which is going from 21 strokes per 20-yard length to 11 strokes in two workouts with no coach, no video monitoring.
And now I love swimming.
I can't wait to go swimming.
I'll be doing a swimming lesson later, for myself, if anyone wants to join me.
Last thing, breathing.
A problem a lot of us have, certainly, when you're swimming.
In freestyle, easiest way to remedy this is to turn with body roll, and just to look at your recovery hand as it enters the water.
And that will get you very far.
That's it.
That's really all you need to know.
Languages.
Material versus method.
I, like many people, came to the conclusion that I was gonzalezmaria@example.com.
I suffered through Spanish for junior high, first year of high school, and the sum total of my knowledge was pretty much, "Donde esta el bano?"
And I wouldn't even catch the response.
A sad state of affairs.
Then I transferred to a different school sophomore year, and I had a choice of other languages.
Most of my friends were taking Japanese.
So I thought why not punish myself?
I'll do Japanese.
Six months later I had the chance to go to Japan.
My teachers assured me, they said, "Don't worry.
You'll have Japanese language classes every day to help you cope.
It will be an amazing experience."
My first overseas experience in fact.
So my parents encouraged me to do it.
I left.
I arrived in Tokyo.
Amazing.
I couldn't believe I was on the other side of the world.
I met my host family.
Things went quite well I think, all things considered.
My first evening, before my first day of school, I said to my mother, very politely, "Please wake me up at eight a.m."
So, (Japanese) But I didn't say (Japanese).
I said, (Japanese).
Pretty close.
But I said, "Please rape me at eight a.m."
(Laughter) You've never seen a more confused Japanese woman.
(Laughter) I walked in to school.
And a teacher came up to me and handed me a piece of paper.
I couldn't read any of it -- hieroglyphics, it could have been -- because it was Kanji, Chinese characters adapted into the Japanese language.
Asked him what this said.
And he goes, "Ahh, okay okay, eehto, World History, ehh, Calculus, Traditional Japanese."
And so on.
And so it came to me in waves.
There had been something lost in translation.
The Japanese classes were not Japanese instruction classes, per se.
They were the normal high school curriculum for Japanese students -- the other 4,999 students in the school, who were Japanese, besides the American.
And that's pretty much my response.
(Laughter) And that set me on this panic driven search for the perfect language method.
I tried everything.
I went to Kinokuniya.
I tried every possible book, every possible CD.
Nothing worked until I found this.
This is the Joyo Kanji.
This is a Tablet rather, or a poster of the 1,945 common-use characters as determined by the Ministry of Education in 1981.
Many of the publications in Japan limit themselves to these characters, to facilitate literacy -- some are required to.
And this became my Holy Grail, my Rosetta Stone.
As soon as I focused on this material, I took off.
I ended up being able to read Asahi Shinbu, Asahi newspaper, about six months later -- so a total of 11 months later -- and went from Japanese I to Japanese VI.
Ended up doing translation work at age 16 when I returned to the U.S., and have continued to apply this material over method approach to close to a dozen languages now.
Someone who was terrible at languages, and at any given time, speak, read and write five or six.
This brings us to the point, which is, it's oftentimes what you do, not how you do it, that is the determining factor.
This is the difference between being effective -- doing the right things -- and being efficient -- doing things well whether or not they're important.
You can also do this with grammar.
I came up with these six sentences after much experimentation.
Having a native speaker allow you to deconstruct their grammar, by translating these sentences into past, present, future, will show you subject, object, verb, placement of indirect, direct objects, gender and so forth.
From that point, you can then, if you want to, acquire multiple languages, alternate them so there is no interference.
We can talk about that if anyone in interested.
And now I love languages.
So ballroom dancing, implicit versus explicit -- very important.
You might look at me and say, "That guy must be a ballroom dancer."
But no, you'd be wrong because my body is very poorly designed for most things -- pretty well designed for lifting heavy rocks perhaps.
I used to be much bigger, much more muscular.
And so I ended up walking like this.
I looked a lot like an orangutan, our close cousins, or the Incredible Hulk.
Not very good for ballroom dancing.
I found myself in Argentina in 2005, decided to watch a tango class -- had no intention of participating.
Went in, paid my ten pesos, walked up -- 10 women two guys, usually a good ratio.
The instructor says, "You are participating."
Immediately: death sweat.
(Laughter) Fight-or-flight fear sweat, because I tried ballroom dancing in college -- stepped on the girl's foot with my heel.
She screamed.
I was so concerned with her perception of what I was doing, that it exploded in my face, never to return to the ballroom dancing club.
She comes up, and this was her approach, the teacher.
"Okay, come on, grab me."
Gorgeous assistant instructor.
She was very pissed off that I had pulled her from her advanced practice.
So I did my best.
I didn't know where to put my hands.
And she pulled back, threw down her arms, put them on her hips, turned around and yelled across the room, "This guy is built like a god-damned mountain of muscle, and he's grabbing me like a fucking Frenchman," (Laughter) which I found encouraging.
(Laughter) Everyone burst into laughter.
I was humiliated.
She came back.
She goes, "Come on.
I don't have all day."
As someone who wrestled since age eight, I proceeded to crush her, "Of Mice and Men" style.
And she looked up and said, "Now that's better."
So I bought a month's worth of classes.
(Laughter) And proceeded to look at -- I wanted to set competition so I'd have a deadline -- Parkinson's Law, the perceived complexity of a task will expand to fill the time you allot it.
So I had a very short deadline for a competition.
I got a female instructor first, to teach me the female role, the follow, because I wanted to understand the sensitivities and abilities that the follow needed to develop, so I wouldn't have a repeat of college.
And then I took an inventory of the characteristics, along with her, of the of the capabilities and elements of different dancers who'd won championships.
I interviewed these people because they all taught in Buenos Aires.
I compared the two lists, and what you find is that there is explicitly, expertise they recommended, certain training methods.
Then there were implicit commonalities that none of them seemed to be practicing.
Now the protectionism of Argentine dance teachers aside, I found this very interesting.
So I decided to focus on three of those commonalities.
Long steps.
So a lot of milongueros -- the tango dancers will use very short steps.
I found that longer steps were much more elegant.
So you can have -- and you can do it in a very small space in fact.
Secondly, different types of pivots.
Thirdly, variation in tempo.
These seemed to be the three areas that I could exploit to compete if I wanted to comptete against people who'd been practicing for 20 to 30 years.
That photo is of the semi-finals of the Buenos Aires championships, four months later.
Then one month later, went to the world championships, made it to the semi-final.
And then set a world record, following that, two weeks later.
I want you to see part of what I practiced.
I'm going to jump forward here.
This is the instructor that Alicia and I chose for the male lead.
His name is Gabriel Misse.
One of the most elegant dancers of his generation, known for his long steps, and his tempo changes and his pivots.
Alicia, in her own right, very famous.
So I think you'll agree, they look quite good together.
Now what I like about this video is it's actually a video of the first time they ever danced together because of his lead.
He had a strong lead.
He didn't lead with his chest, which requires you lean forward.
I couldn't develop the attributes in my toes, the strength in my feet, to do that.
So he uses a lead that focuses on his shoulder girdle and his arm.
So he can lift the woman to break her, for example.
That's just one benefit of that.
So then we broke it down.
This would be an example of one pivot.
This is a back step pivot.
There are many different types.
I have hundreds of hours of footage -- all categorized, much like George Carlin categorized his comedy.
So using my arch-nemesis, Spanish, no less, to learn tango.
So fear is your friend.
Fear is an indicator.
Sometimes it shows you what you shouldn't do.
More often than not it shows you exactly what you should do.
And the best results that I've had in life, the most enjoyable times, have all been from asking a simple question: what's the worst that can happen?
Especially with fears you gained when you were a child.
Take the analytical frameworks, the capabilities you have, apply them to old fears.
Apply them to very big dreams.
And when I think of what I fear now, it's very simple.
When I imagine my life, what my life would have been like without the educational opportunities that I had, it makes me wonder.
I've spent the last two years trying to deconstruct the American public school system, to either fix it or replace it.
And have done experiments with about 50,000 students thus far -- built, I'd say, about a half dozen schools, my readers, at this point.
And if any of you are interested in that, I would love to speak with you.
I know nothing.
I'm a beginner.
But I ask a lot of questions, and I would love your advice.
Thank you very much.
(Applause)