By the light of the moon, a group of youths sneak into the woods, where they take mind-altering substances, switch it up romantically, and brush up against creatures from another dimension.
"A Midsummer’s Night’s Dream" sees Shakespeare get psychedelic – and the result is a treat in the theatre and on the page.
First performed in the 1590's, this play is one of Shakespeare’s friskiest works, filled with trickery, madness and magic.
Set over the course of one night, Midsummer progresses at a rollicking pace.
The plot is structured around patterns of collision and dissolution, where characters from different worlds are thrown together and torn apart.
Shakespeare uses these patterns to mock the characters’ self-obsession and question authority with a comic twist.
The action is set in Ancient Greece, but like many of Shakespeare’s plays it reflects his contemporary concerns.
The magical setting of the woods at night disrupts the boundaries between separate groups, with bizarre results.
Here, the bard plays with the rigid class system of his own time, taking three distinct groups and turning their society upside-down in a world where no mortal is in control.
The play opens with young Hermia raging at her father Egeus and Theseus, the King of Athens, who have forbidden her to marry her lover Lysander.
Hermia has no interest in her father's choice for her of Demetrius – but her best friend Helena definitely does.
Furious at their elders, Hermia and Lysander elope under cover of darkness, with Demetrius in hot pursuit.
This is further complicated by Helena’s decision to follow them all into the woods, in the hope of winning Demetrius’ heart.
At this point, the woods are getting crowded, as the lovers are sharing the space with a group of “rude mechanicals”— a troupe of workers drunkenly rehearsing a play, led by the jovial Nick Bottom.
Unbeknownst to them, the humans have entered into the world of the fairies.
Despite their magical splendor, Oberon and Titania, the king and queen of the fairies, have their own romantic problems.
Furious at his inability to control Titania, the jealous Oberon commands the trickster Puck to squeeze the juice of a magical flower over her eyes.
When she wakes up, she’ll fall in love with the first thing she sees.
On his mission, Puck gleefully sprinkles the juice over the eyes of the napping Demetrius and Lysander, and transforms Bottom’s head into that of a donkey for good measure.
As eyes flicker open, a night of chaos commences that includes broken hearts, mistaken identity, and transformations.
Out of all the characters, Bottom probably fares the best – when the bewitched Titania lays eyes on him, she calls on her fairies to lavish him with wine and treasures and sweeps the transfigured donkeyman off his feet: “pluck the wings from painted butterflies/ To fan the moonbeams from his sleeping eyes.
Nod to him, elves, and do him courtesies.”
While magic is the catalyst to the action, the play reflects the real drama of the things we do for love – and the nonsensical behavior of the people under its spell.
The moon overlooks the action “like a silver bow,” signifying erratic behavior, the dark side of love, and the bewitching allure of a world where the usual rules don’t apply.
Although the characters eventually come to their senses, "A Midsummer Night's Dream" raises the question of how much agency we have over our own daily lives.
But it’s not the more realistically rendered lovers, rulers or workers who have the last word, but the impish Puck who queries whether we can ever truly trust what we see: If we shadows have offended, Think but this and all is mended: That you have but slumbered here While these visions did appear.
And in so doing, he evokes the effect of entering into the magical world of great theatre that plays with the boundary between illusion and reality – and dramatizes the possibility that life is but a dream.
This is a man-made forest.
It can spread over acres and acres of area, or it could fit in a small space -- as small as your house garden.
Age of this forest is just two years old.
I have a forest in the backyard of my own house.
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
(Bird call) I wake up to this every morning, like a Disney princess.
(Laughter) I am an entrepreneur who facilitates the making of these forests professionally.
We have helped factories, farms, schools, homes, resorts, apartment buildings, public parks and even a zoo to have one of such forests.
A forest is not an isolated piece of land where animals live together.
A forest can be an integral part of our urban existence.
A forest, for me, is a place so dense with trees that you just can't walk into it.
It doesn't matter how big or small they are.
Most of the world we live in today was forest.
This was before human intervention.
Then we built up our cities on those forests, like São Paulo, forgetting that we belong to nature as well, as much as 8.4 million other species on the planet.
Our habitat stopped being our natural habitat.
But not anymore for some of us.
A few others and I today make these forests professionally -- anywhere and everywhere.
I'm an industrial engineer.
I specialize in making cars.
In my previous job at Toyota, I learned how to convert natural resources into products.
To give you an example, we would drip the sap out of a rubber tree, convert it into raw rubber and make a tire out of it -- the product.
But these products can never become a natural resource again.
We separate the elements from nature and convert them into an irreversible state.
That's industrial production.
Nature, on the other hand, works in a totally opposite way.
The natural system produces by bringing elements together, atom by atom.
All the natural products become a natural resource again.
This is something which I learned when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house.
And this was the first time I worked with nature, rather than against it.
Since then, we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world.
Every time we work at a new place, we find that every single element needed to make a forest is available right around us.
All we have to do is to bring these elements together and let nature take over.
To make a forest we start with soil.
We touch, feel and even taste it to identify what properties it lacks.
If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact -- so compact, that water cannot seep in.
We mix some local biomass available around, which can help soil become more porous.
Water can now seep in.
If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water, we will mix some more biomass -- some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse, so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.
To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition.
What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it?
We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil.
That would be the industrial way.
It goes against nature.
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally.
They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil, so all they have to do is eat and multiply.
And as their number grows, the soil starts breathing again.
It becomes alive.
We survey the native tree species of the place.
How do we decide what's native or not?
Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native.
That's the simple rule.
We survey a national park to find the last remains of a natural forest.
We survey the sacred groves, or sacred forests around old temples.
And if we don't find anything at all, we go to museums to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago.
We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place, to identify the tree species belonging there.
Once we know our trees, we divide them in four different layers: shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer.
We fix the ratios of each layer, and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix.
If we are making a fruit forest, we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees.
It could be a flowering forest, a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees, or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.
We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.
We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer are not planted next to each other, or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall.
We plant the saplings close to each other.
On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch, so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist.
When it's cold, frost formation happens only on the mulch, so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside.
The soil is very soft -- so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily, rapidly.
Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing, but it's growing under the surface.
In the first three months, roots reach a depth of one meter.
These roots form a mesh, tightly holding the soil.
Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots.
So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree, these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.
Whenever it rains, magically, mushrooms appear overnight.
And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.
Once these roots are established, forest starts growing on the surface.
As the forest grows we keep watering it -- for the next two to three years, we water the forest.
We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees, so we remove the weeds growing on the ground.
As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore.
Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.
At this stage, every single drop of water that falls into the forest doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.
This dense forest condenses the moist air and retains its moisture.
We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest.
And even without watering, the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.
Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor, it immediately starts decaying.
This decayed biomass forms humus, which is food for the forest.
As the forest grows, more leaves fall on the surface -- it means more humus is produced, it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger.
And this forest keeps growing exponentially.
Once established, these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again -- probably forever.
In a natural forest like this, no management is the best management.
It's a tiny jungle party.
(Laughter) This forest grows as a collective.
If the same trees -- same species -- would have been planted independently, it wouldn't grow so fast.
And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest in just 10 years.
Thank you very much.
(Applause)