I'm here because I have a very important message: I think we have found the most important factor for success.
And it was found close to here, Stanford.
Psychology professor took kids that were four years old and put them in a room all by themselves.
And he would tell the child, a four-year-old kid, "Johnny, I am going to leave you here with a marshmallow for 15 minutes.
If, after I come back, this marshmallow is here, you will get another one.
So you will have two."
To tell a four-year-old kid to wait 15 minutes for something that they like, is equivalent to telling us, "We'll bring you coffee in two hours."
(Laughter) Exact equivalent.
So what happened when the professor left the room?
As soon as the door closed...
two out of three ate the marshmallow.
Five seconds, 10 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, two minutes, four minutes, eight minutes.
Some lasted 14-and-a-half minutes.
(Laughter) Couldn't do it.
Could not wait.
What's interesting is that one out of three would look at the marshmallow and go like this ...
Would webblaura@example.org.
Put it back.
They would walk around.
They would play with their skirts and pants.
That child already, at four, understood the most important principle for success, which is the ability to delay gratification.
Self-discipline: the most important factor for success.
15 years later, 14 or 15 years later, follow-up study.
What did they find?
They went to look for these kids who were now 18 and 19.
And they found that 100 percent of the children that had not eaten the marshmallow were successful.
They had good grades.
They were doing wonderful.
They were happy.
They had their plans.
They had good relationships with the teachers, students.
They were doing fine.
A great percentage of the kids that ate the marshmallow, they were in trouble.
They did not make it to university.
They had bad grades.
Some of them dropped out.
A few were still there with bad grades.
A few had good grades.
I had a question in my mind: Would Hispanic kids react the same way as the American kids?
So I went to Colombia.
And I reproduced the experiment.
And it was very funny.
I used four, five and six years old kids.
And let me show you what happened.
(Spanish) (Laughter) So what happened in Colombia?
Hispanic kids, two out of three ate the marshmallow; one out of three did not.
This little girl was interesting; she ate the inside of the marshmallow.
(Laughter) In other words, she wanted us to think that she had not eaten it, so she would get two.
But she ate it.
So we know she'll be successful.
But we have to watch her.
(Laughter) She should not go into banking, for example, or work at a cash register.
But she will be successful.
And this applies for everything.
Even in sales.
The sales person that -- the customer says, "I want that."
And the person says, "Okay, here you are."
That person ate the marshmallow.
If the sales person says, "Wait a second.
Let me ask you a few questions to see if this is a good choice."
Then you sell a lot more.
So this has applications in all walks of life.
I end with -- the Koreans did this.
You know what?
This is so good that we want a marshmallow book for children.
We did one for children.
And now it is all over Korea.
They are teaching these kids exactly this principle.
And we need to learn that principle here in the States, because we have a big debt.
We are eating more marshmallows than we are producing.
Thank you so much.
Vanessa Garrison: I am Vanessa, daughter of Annette, daughter of Olympia, daughter of Melvina, daughter of Katie, born 1878, Parish County, Louisiana.
T. Morgan Dixon: And my name is Morgan, daughter of Carol, daughter of Letha, daughter of Willie, daughter of Sarah, born 1849 in Bardstown, Kentucky.
VG: And in the tradition of our families, the great oral tradition of almost every Black church we know honoring the culture from which we draw so much power, we're gonna start the way our mommas and grandmas would want us to start.
TMD: In prayer.
Let the words of my mouth, the meditation of our hearts, be acceptable in thy sight, oh Lord, my strength and my redeemer.
VG: We call the names and rituals of our ancestors into this room today because from them we received a powerful blueprint for survival, strategies and tactics for healing carried across oceans by African women, passed down to generations of Black women in America who used those skills to navigate institutions of slavery and state-sponsored discrimination in order that we might stand on this stage.
We walk in the footsteps of those women, our foremothers, legends like Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Fannie Lou Hamer, from whom we learned the power of organizing after she would had single-handedly registered 60,000 voters in Jim Crow Mississippi.
TMD: 60,000 is a lot of people, so if you can imagine me and Vanessa inspiring 60,000 women to walk with us last year, we were fired up.
But today, 100,000 Black women and girls stand on this stage with us.
We are committed to healing ourselves, to lacing up our sneakers, to walking out of our front door every single day for total healing and transformation in our communities, because we understand that we are in the footsteps of a civil rights legacy like no other time before, and that we are facing a health crisis like never ever before.
And so we've had a lot of moments, great moments, including the time we had on our pajamas, we were working on our computer and Michelle Obama emailed us and invited us to the White House, and we thought it was spam.
But this moment here is an opportunity.
It is an opportunity that we don't take for granted, and so we thought long and hard about how we would use it.
Would we talk to the women we hope to inspire, a million in the next year, or would we talk to you?
We decided to talk to you, and to talk to you about a question that we get all the time, so that the millions of women who hopefully will watch this will never have to answer it again.
It is: Why are Black women dying faster and at higher rates than any other group of people in America from preventable, obesity-related diseases?
The question hurts me.
I'm shaking a little bit.
It feels value-laden.
It hurts my body because the weight represents so much.
But we're going to talk about it and invite you into an inside conversation today because it is necessary, and because we need you.
VG: Each night, before the first day of school, my grandmother would sit me next to the stove and with expert precision use a hot comb to press my hair.
My grandmother was legendary, big, loud.
She filled up a room with laughter and oftentimes curse words.
She cooked a mean peach cobbler, had 11 children, a house full of grandchildren, and like every Black woman I know, like most all women I know, she had prioritized the care of others over caring for herself.
We measured her strength by her capacity to endure pain and suffering.
We celebrated her for it, and our choice would prove to be deadly.
One night after pressing my hair before the first day of eighth grade, my grandmother went to bed and never woke up, dead at 66 years old from a heart attack.
By the time I would graduate college, I would lose two more beloved family members to chronic disease: my aunt Diane, dead at 55, my aunt Tricia, webblaura@example.org.
After living with these losses, the hole that they left, I decided to calculate the life expectancy of the women in my family.
Staring back at me, the number 65.
I knew I could not sit by and watch another woman I loved die an early death.
TMD: So we don't usually put our business in the streets.
Let's just put that out there.
But I have to tell you the statistics.
Black women are dying at alarming rates, and I used to be a classroom teacher, and I was at South Atlanta High School, and I remember standing in front of my classroom, and I remember a statistic that half of Black girls will get diabetes unless diet and levels of activity change.
Half of the girls in my classroom.
So I couldn't teach anymore.
So I started taking girls hiking, which is why we're called GirlTrek, but Vanessa was like, that is not going to move the dial on the health crisis; it's cute.
She was like, it's a cute hiking club.
So what we thought is if we could rally a million of their mothers ...
82 percent of Black women are over a healthy weight right now.
53 percent of us are obese.
But the number that I cannot, that I cannot get out of my head is that every single day in America, 137 Black women die from a preventable disease, heart disease.
That's every 11 minutes.
137 is more than gun violence, cigarette smoking and HIV combined, every day.
It is roughly the amount of people that were on my plane from New Jersey to Vancouver.
Can you imagine that?
A plane filled with Black women crashing to the ground every day, and no one is talking about it.
VG: So the question that you're all asking yourselves right now is why?
Why are Black women dying?
We asked ourselves that same question.
Why is what's out there not working for them?
Private weight loss companies, government interventions, public health campaigns.
I'm going to tell you why: because they focus on weight loss or looking good in skinny jeans without acknowledging the trauma that Black women hold in our bellies and bones, that has been embedded in our very DNA.
The best advice from hospitals and doctors, the best medications from pharmaceutical companies to treat the congestive heart failure of my grandmother didn't work because they didn't acknowledge the systemic racism that she had dealt with since birth.
(Applause) A divestment in schools, discriminatory housing practices, predatory lending, a crack cocaine epidemic, mass incarceration putting more Black bodies behind bars than were owned at the height of slavery.
But GirlTrek does.
For Black women whose bodies are buckling under the weight of systems never designed to support them, GirlTrek is a lifeline.
August 16, 2015, Danita Kimball, a member of GirlTrek in Detroit, received the news that too many Black mothers have received.
Her son Norman, 23 years old, a father of two, was gunned down while on an afternoon drive.
Imagine the grief that overcomes your body in that moment, the immobilizing fear.
Now, know this, that just days after laying her son to rest, Danita Kimball posted online, "I don't know what to do or how to move forward, but my sisters keep telling me I need to walk, so I will."
And then just days after that, "I got my steps in today for my baby Norm.
It felt good to be out there, to walk."
TMD: Walking through pain is what we have always done.
My mom, she's in the middle right there, my mom desegregated her high school in 1955.
Her mom walked down the steps of an abandoned school bus where she raised 11 kids as a sharecropper.
And her mom stepped onto Indian territory fleeing the terrors of the Jim Crow South.
And her mom walked her man to the door as he went off to fight in the Kentucky Colored Regiment, the Civil War.
They were born slaves but they wouldn't die slaves.
Change-making, it's in my blood.
It's what I do, and this health crisis ain't nothing compared to the road we have traveled.
(Applause) So it's like James Cleveland.
I don't feel no ways tired, so we got to work.
We started looking at models of change.
We looked all over the world.
We needed something not only that was a part of our cultural inheritance like walking, but something that was scalable, something that was high-impact, something that we could replicate across this country.
So we studied models like Wangari Maathai, who won the Nobel Peace Prize for inspiring women to plant 50 million trees in Kenya.
She brought Kenya back from the brink of environmental devastation.
We studied these systems of change, and we looked at walking scientifically.
And what we learned is that walking just 30 minutes a day can single-handedly decrease 50 percent of your risk of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, even Alzheimer's and dementia.
We know that walking is the single most powerful thing that a woman can do for her health, so we knew we were on to something, because from Harriet Tubman to the women in Montgomery, when Black women walk, things change.
(Applause) VG: So how did we take this simple idea of walking and start a revolution that would catch a fire in neighborhoods across America?
We used the best practices of the Civil Rights Movement.
We huddled up in church basements.
We did grapevine information sharing through beauty salons.
We empowered and trained mothers to stand on the front lines.
We took our message directly to the streets, and women responded.
Women like LaKeisha in Chattanooga, Chrysantha in Detroit, Onika in New Orleans, women with difficult names and difficult stories join GirlTrek every day and commit to walking as a practice of self-care.
Once walking, those women get to organizing, first their families, then their communities, to walk and talk and solve problems together.
They walk and notice the abandoned building.
They walk and notice the lack of sidewalks, the lack of green space, and they say, "No more."
Women like Susie Paige in Philadelphia, who after walking daily past an abandoned building in her neighborhood, decided, "I'm not waiting.
Let me rally my team.
Let me grab some supplies.
Let me do what no one else has done for me and my community."
TMD: We know one woman can make a difference, because one woman has already changed the world, and her name is Harriet Tubman.
And trust me, I love Harriet Tubman.
I'm obsessed with her, and I used to be a history teacher.
I will not tell you the whole history.
I will tell you four things.
So I used to have an old Saab -- the kind of canvas top that drips on your head when it rains -- and I drove all the way down to the eastern shore of Maryland, and when I stepped on the dirt that Harriet Tubman made her first escape, I knew she was a woman just like we are and that we could do what she had done, and we learned four things from Harriet Tubman.
The first one: do not wait.
Walk right now in the direction of your healthiest, most fulfilled life, because self-care is a revolutionary act.
Number two: when you learn the way forward, come back and get a sister.
So in our case, start a team with your friends -- your friends, your family, your church.
Number three: rally your allies.
Every single person in this room is complicit in a Tubman-inspired takeover.
And number four: find joy.
The most underreported fact of Harriet Tubman is that she lived to be 93 years old, and she didn't live just an ordinary life; uh-uh.
She was standing up for the good guys.
She married a younger man.
She adopted a child.
I'm not kidding.
She lived.
And I drove up to her house of freedom in upstate New York, and she had planted apple trees, and when I was there on a Sunday, they were blooming.
Do you call it -- do they bloom?
The apples were in season, and I was thinking, she left fruit for us, the legacy of Harriet Tubman, every single year.
And we know that we are Harriet, and we know that there is a Harriet in every community in America.
VG: We also know that there's a Harriet in every community across the globe, and that they could learn from our Tubman Doctrine, as we call it, the four steps.
Imagine the possibilities beyond the neighborhoods of Oakland and Newark, to the women working rice fields in Vietnam, tea fields in Sri Lanka, the women on the mountainsides in Guatemala, the indigenous reservations throughout the vast plains of the Dakotas.
We believe that women walking and talking together to solve their problems is a global solution.
TMD: And I'll leave you with this, because we also believe it can become the center of social justice again.
Vanessa and I were in Fort Lauderdale.
We had an organizer training, and I was leaving and I got on the airplane, and I saw someone I knew, so I waved, and as I'm waiting in that long line that you guys know, waiting for people to put their stuff away, I looked back and I realized I didn't know the woman but I recognized her.
And so I blew her a kiss because it was Sybrina Fulton, Trayvon Martin's mom, and she whispered "thank you" back to me.
And I can't help but wonder what would happen if there were groups of women walking on Trayvon's block that day, or what would happen in the South Side of Chicago every day if there were groups of women and mothers and aunts and cousins walking, or along the polluted rivers of Flint, Michigan.
I believe that walking can transform our communities, because it's already starting to.
VG: We believe that the personal is political.
Our walking is for healing, for joy, for fresh air, quiet time, to connect and disconnect, to worship.
But it's also walking so we can be healthy enough to stand on the front lines for change in our communities, and it is our call to action to every Black woman listening, every Black woman in earshot of our voice, every Black woman who you know.
Think about it: the woman working front desk reception at your job, the woman who delivers your mail, your neighbor -- our call to action to them, to join us on the front lines for change in your community.
TMD: And I'll bring us back to this moment and why it's so important for my dear, dear friend Vanessa and I.
It's because it's not always easy for us, and in fact, we have both seen really, really dark days, from the hate speech to the summer of police brutality and violence that we saw last year, to even losing one of our walkers, Sandy Bland, who died in police custody.
But the most courageous thing we do every day is we practice faith that goes beyond the facts, and we put feet to our prayers every single day, and when we get overwhelmed, we think of the words of people like Sonia Sanchez, a poet laureate, who says, "Morgan, where is your fire?
Where is the fire that burned holes through slave ships to make us breathe?
Where is the fire that turned guts into chitlins, that took rhythms and make jazz, that took sit-ins and marches and made us jump boundaries and barriers?
You've got to find it and pass it on."
So this is us finding our fire and passing it on to you.
So please, stand with us, walk with us as we rally a million women to reclaim the streets of the 50 highest need communities in this country.
We thank you so much for this opportunity.
(Applause)