Has anyone ever been to Aspen, Colorado?
It's not a joke yet; those aren't the jokes.
Is this thing off?
I went to Aspen recently and stumbled into this song.
♫ Black men go to Aspen ♫ ♫ and rent colorful chalets. ♫ ♫ Giggle at the questions ♫ ♫ their mere presence seems to raise. ♫ ♫ Get taken for men ♫ ♫ we don't resemble in the least. ♫ "Are you ... ?"
"No."
♫ It's a winter wonderland ♫ ♫ in the belly of the beast. ♫ ♫ And black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men send back sushi ♫ ♫ with a scorned Yakuza's flair. ♫ ♫ We make postmodern art ♫ ♫ with bacon grease ♫ ♫ and hot combed hair. ♫ ♫ We secretly play Beethoven ♫ ♫ inside our bassmobiles. ♫ ♫ We can tell you how cool looks ♫ ♫ but cannot show you how it feels ♫ ♫ when black men ski. ♫ ♫ When black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men now are students ♫ ♫ of gay sensibility. ♫ ♫ We wear ironic T-shirts ♫ ♫ drenched in code unknown to thee. ♫ ♫ We get baptized in Walden Pond ♫ ♫ amongst a searing mob ♫ ♫ because the cleansing blood of Jesus ♫ ♫ could not do a thorough job. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Chinese guys can jump real high ♫ ♫ and Germans cook soul food. ♫ ♫ White boys rap and hippies nap ♫ ♫ their dreads up to look rude. ♫ ♫ Jazz is now suburban ♫ ♫ it's Marsalisly clean. ♫ ♫ And now we've got Viagra ♫ ♫ everyone's a sex machine. ♫ ♫ So black men ski. ♫ What else can we do?
♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Some kids I'll describe as friends ♫ ♫ say I am race-obsessed. ♫ ♫ The luxury of your opinion ♫ ♫ shows that you are blessed. ♫ ♫ See, I have poems about sunsets ♫ ♫ flowers and the rain. ♫ ♫ I've read them to policemen ♫ ♫ but it was all in vain. ♫ ♫ So black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men ski ... ♫ elegantly.
♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫
Thank you so much everyone from TED, and Chris and Amy in particular.
I cannot believe I'm here.
I have not slept in weeks.
Neil and I were sitting there comparing how little we've slept in anticipation for this.
I've never been so nervous -- and I do this when I'm nervous, I just realized.
(Laughter) So, I'm going to talk about sort of what we did at this organization called 826 Valencia, and then I'm going to talk about how we all might join in and do similar things.
Back in about 2000, I was living in Brooklyn, I was trying to finish my first book, I was wandering around dazed every day because I wrote from 12 a.m. to 5 a.m.
So I would walk around in a daze during the day.
I had no mental acuity to speak of during the day, but I had flexible hours.
In the Brooklyn neighborhood that I lived in, Park Slope, there are a lot of writers -- it's like a very high per capita ratio of writers to normal people.
Meanwhile, I had grown up around a lot of teachers.
My mom was a teacher, my sister became a teacher and after college so many of my friends went into teaching.
And so I was always hearing them talk about their lives and how inspiring they were, and they were really sort of the most hard-working and constantly inspiring people I knew.
But I knew so many of the things they were up against, so many of the struggles they were dealing with.
And one of them was that so many of my friends that were teaching in city schools were having trouble with their students keeping up at grade level, in their reading and writing in particular.
Now, so many of these students had come from households where English isn't spoken in the home, where a lot of them have different special needs, learning disabilities.
And of course they're working in schools which sometimes and very often are under-funded.
And so they would talk to me about this and say, "You know, what we really need is just more people, more bodies, more one-on-one attention, more hours, more expertise from people that have skills in English and can work with these students one-on-one."
Now, I would say, "Well, why don't you just work with them one-on-one?"
And they would say, "Well, we have five classes of 30 to 40 students each.
This can lead up to 150, 180, 200 students a day.
How can we possibly give each student even one hour a week of one-on-one attention?"
You'd have to greatly multiply the workweek and clone the teachers.
And so we started talking about this.
And at the same time, I thought about this massive group of people I knew: writers, editors, journalists, graduate students, assistant professors, you name it.
All these people that had sort of flexible daily hours and an interest in the English word -- I hope to have an interest in the English language, but I'm not speaking it well right now.
(Laughter) I'm trying.
That clock has got me.
But everyone that I knew had an interest in the primacy of the written word in terms of nurturing a democracy, nurturing an enlightened life.
And so they had, you know, their time and their interest, but at the same time there wasn't a conduit that I knew of in my community to bring these two communities together.
So when I moved back to San Francisco, we rented this building.
And the idea was to put McSweeney's -- McSweeney's Quarterly, that we published twice or three times a year, and a few other magazines -- we were going to move it into an office for the first time.
It used to be in my kitchen in Brooklyn.
We were going to move it into an office, and we were going to actually share space with a tutoring center.
So we thought, "We'll have all these writers and editors and everybody -- sort of a writing community -- coming into the office every day anyway, why don't we just open up the front of the building for students to come in there after school, get extra help on their written homework, so you have basically no border between these two communities?"
So the idea was that we would be working on whatever we're working on, at 2:30 p.m. the students flow in and you put down what you're doing, or you trade, or you work a little bit later or whatever it is.
You give those hours in the afternoon to the students in the neighborhood.
So, we had this place, we rented it, the landlord was all for it.
We did this mural, that's a Chris Ware mural, that basically explains the entire history of the printed word, in mural form -- it takes a long time to digest and you have to stand in the middle of the road.
So we rented this space.
And everything was great except the landlord said, "Well, the space is zoned for retail; you have to come up with something.
You've gotta sell something.
You can't just have a tutoring center."
So we thought, "Ha ha!
Really!"
And we couldn't think of anything necessarily to sell, but we did all the necessary research.
It used to be a weight room, so there were rubber floors below, acoustic tile ceilings and fluorescent lights.
We took all that down, and we found beautiful wooden floors, whitewashed beams and it had the look -- while we were renovating this place, somebody said, "You know, it really kind of looks like the hull of a ship."
And we looked around and somebody else said, "Well, you should sell supplies to the working buccaneer."
(Laughter) And so this is what we did.
So it made everybody laugh, and we said, "There's a point to that.
Let's sell pirate supplies."
This is the pirate supply store.
You see, this is sort of a sketch I did on a napkin.
A great carpenter built all this stuff and you see, we made it look sort of pirate supply-like.
Here you see planks sold by the foot and we have supplies to combat scurvy.
We have the peg legs there, that are all handmade and fitted to you.
Up at the top, you see the eyepatch display, which is the black column there for everyday use for your eyepatch, and then you have the pastel and other colors for stepping out at night -- special occasions, bar mitzvahs and whatever.
So we opened this place.
And this is a vat that we fill with treasures that students dig in.
This is replacement eyes in case you lose one.
These are some signs that we have all over the place: "Practical Joking with Pirates."
While you're reading the sign, we pull a rope behind the counter and eight mop heads drop on your head.
That was just my one thing -- I said we had to have something that drops on people's heads.
It became mop heads.
And this is the fish theater, which is just a saltwater tank with three seats, and then right behind it we set up this space, which was the tutoring center.
So right there is the tutoring center, and then behind the curtain were the McSweeney's offices, where all of us would be working on the magazine and book editing and things like that.
The kids would come in -- or we thought they would come in.
I should back up.
We set the place up, we opened up, we spent months and months renovating this place.
We had tables, chairs, computers, everything.
I went to a dot-com auction at a Holiday Inn in Palo Alto and I bought 11 G4s with a stroke of a paddle.
Anyway, we bought 'em, we set everything up and then we waited.
It was started with about 12 of my friends, people that I had known for years that were writers in the neighborhood.
And we sat.
And at 2:30 p.m. we put a sandwich board out on the front sidewalk and it just said, "Free Tutoring for Your English-Related and Writing-Related Needs -- Just Come In, It's All Free."
And we thought, "Oh, they're going to storm the gates, they're gonna love it."
And they didn't.
And so we waited, we sat at the tables, we waited and waited.
And everybody was becoming very discouraged because it was weeks and weeks that we waited, really, where nobody came in.
And then somebody alerted us to the fact that maybe there was a trust gap, because we were operating behind a pirate supply store.
(Laughter) We never put it together, you know?
And so then, around that time, I persuaded a woman named Nineveh Caligari, a longtime San Francisco educator -- she was teaching in Mexico City, she had all the experience necessary, knew everything about education, was connected with all the teachers and community members in the neighborhood -- I convinced her to move up from Mexico City where she was teaching.
She took over as executive director.
Immediately, she made the inroads with the teachers and the parents and the students and everything, and so suddenly it was actually full every day.
And what we were trying to offer every day was one-on-one attention.
The goal was to have a one-to-one ratio with every one of these students.
You know, it's been proven that 35 to 40 hours a year with one-on-one attention, a student can get one grade level higher.
And so most of these students, English is not spoken in the home.
They come there, many times their parents -- you can't see it, but there's a church pew that I bought in a Berkeley auction right there -- the parents will sometimes watch while their kids are being tutored.
So that was the basis of it, was one-on-one attention.
And we found ourselves full every day with kids.
If you're on Valencia Street within those few blocks at around 2 p.m., 2:30 p.m., you will get run over, often, by the kids and their big backpacks, or whatever, actually running to this space, which is very strange, because it's school, in a way.
But there was something psychological happening there that was just a little bit different.
And the other thing was, there was no stigma.
Kids weren't going into the "Center-for-Kids-That-Need-More-Help," or something like that.
It was 826 Valencia.
First of all, it was a pirate supply store, which is insane.
And then secondly, there's a publishing company in the back.
And so our interns were actually working at the same tables very often, and shoulder-to-shoulder, computer-next-to-computer with the students.
And so it became a tutoring center -- publishing center, is what we called it -- and a writing center.
They go in, and they might be working with a high school student actually working on a novel -- because we had very gifted kids, too.
So there's no stigma.
They're all working next to each other.
It's all a creative endeavor.
They're seeing adults.
They're modeling their behavior.
These adults, they're working in their field.
They can lean over, ask a question of one of these adults and it all sort of feeds on each other.
There's a lot of cross-pollination.
The only problem, especially for the adults working at McSweeney's who hadn't necessarily bought into all of this when they signed up, was that there was just the one bathroom.
(Laughter) With like 60 kids a day, this is a problem.
But you know, there's something about the kids finishing their homework in a given day, working one-on-one, getting all this attention -- they go home, they're finished.
They don't stall.
They don't do their homework in front of the TV.
They're allowed to go home at 5:30 p.m., enjoy their family, enjoy other hobbies, get outside, play.
And that makes a happy family.
A bunch of happy families in a neighborhood is a happy community.
A bunch of happy communities tied together is a happy city and a happy world.
So the key to it all is homework!
(Laughter) (Applause) There you have it, you know -- one-on-one attention.
So we started off with about 12 volunteers, and then we had about 50, and then a couple hundred.
And we now have 1,400 volunteers on our roster.
And we make it incredibly easy to volunteer.
The key thing is, even if you only have a couple of hours a month, those two hours shoulder-to-shoulder, next to one student, concentrated attention, shining this beam of light on their work, on their thoughts and their self-expression, is going to be absolutely transformative, because so many of the students have not had that ever before.
So we said, "Even if you have two hours one Sunday every six months, it doesn't matter.
That's going to be enough."
So that's partly why the tutor corps grew so fast.
Then we said, "Well, what are we going to do with the space during the day, because it has to be used before 2:30 p.m.?"
So we started bringing in classes during the day.
So every day, there's a field trip where they together create a book -- you can see it being typed up above.
This is one of the classes getting way too excited about writing.
You just point a camera at a class, and it always looks like this.
So this is one of the books that they do.
Notice the title of the book, "The Book That Was Never Checked Out: Titanic."
And the first line of that book is, "Once there was a book named Cindy that was about the Titanic."
So, meanwhile, there's an adult in the back typing this up, taking it completely seriously, which blows their mind.
So then we still had more tutors to use.
This is a shot of just some of the tutors during one of the events.
The teachers that we work with -- and everything is different to teachers -- they tell us what to do.
We went in there thinking, "We're ultimately, completely malleable.
You're going to tell us.
The neighborhood's going to tell us, the parents are going to tell us.
The teachers are going to tell us how we're most useful."
So then they said, "Why don't you come into the schools?
Because what about the students that wouldn't come to you, necessarily, who don't have really active parents that are bringing them in, or aren't close enough?"
So then we started saying, "Well, we've got 1,400 people on our tutor roster.
Let's just put out the word."
A teacher will say, "I need 12 tutors for the next five Sundays.
We're working on our college essays.
Send them in."
So we put that out on the wire: 1,400 tutors.
Whoever can make it signs up.
They go in about a half an hour before the class.
The teacher tells them what to do, how to do it, what their training is, what their project is so far.
They work under the teacher's guide, and it's all in one big room.
And that's actually the brunt of what we do is, people going straight from their workplace, straight from home, straight into the classroom and working directly with the students.
So then we're able to work with thousands and thousands of more students.
Then another school said, "Well, what if we just give you a classroom and you can staff it all day?"
So this is the Everett Middle School Writers' Room, where we decorated it in buccaneer style.
It's right off the library.
And there we serve all 529 kids in this middle school.
This is their newspaper, the "Straight-Up News," that has an ongoing column from Mayor Gavin Newsom in both languages -- English and Spanish.
So then one day Isabel Allende wrote to us and said, "Hey, why don't you assign a book with high school students?
I want them to write about how to achieve peace in a violent world."
And so we went into Thurgood Marshall High School, which is a school that we had worked with on some other things, and we gave that assignment to the students.
And we said, "Isabel Allende is going to read all your essays at the end.
She's going to publish them in a book.
She's going to sponsor the printing of this book in paperback form.
It's going to be available in all the bookstores in the Bay Area and throughout the world, on Amazon and you name it."
So these kids worked harder than they've ever worked on anything in their lives, because there was that outside audience, there was Isabel Allende on the other end.
I think we had about 170 tutors that worked on this book with them and so this worked out incredibly well.
We had a big party at the end.
This is a book that you can find anywhere.
So that led to a series of these.
You can see Amy Tan sponsored the next one, "I Might Get Somewhere."
And this became an ongoing thing.
More and more books.
Now we're sort of addicted to the book thing.
The kids will work harder than they've ever worked in their life if they know it's going to be permanent, know it's going to be on a shelf, know that nobody can diminish what they've thought and said, that we've honored their words, honored their thoughts with hundreds of hours of five drafts, six drafts -- all this attention that we give to their thoughts.
And once they achieve that level, once they've written at that level, they can never go back.
It's absolutely transformative.
And so then they're all sold in the store.
This is near the planks.
We sell all the student books.
Where else would you put them, right?
So we sell 'em, and then something weird had been happening with the stores.
The store, actually -- even though we started out as just a gag -- the store actually made money.
So it was paying the rent.
And maybe this is just a San Francisco thing -- I don't know, I don't want to judge.
But people would come in -- and this was before the pirate movies and everything!
It was making a lot of money.
Not a lot of money, but it was paying the rent, paying a full-time staff member there.
There's the ocean maps you can see on the left.
And it became a gateway to the community.
People would come in and say, "What the --?
What is this?"
I don't want to swear on the web.
(Laughter) Is that a rule?
I don't know.
They would say, "What is this?"
And people would come in and learn more about it.
And then right beyond -- there's usually a little chain there -- right beyond, they would see the kids being tutored.
This is a field trip going on.
And so they would be shopping, and they might be more likely to buy some lard, or millet for their parrot, or, you know, a hook, or hook protector for nighttime, all of these things we sell.
So the store actually did really well.
But it brought in so many people -- teachers, donors, volunteers, everybody -- because it was street level.
It was open to the public.
It wasn't a non-profit buried, you know, on the 30th floor of some building downtown.
It was right in the neighborhood that it was serving, and it was open all the time to the public.
So, it became this sort of weird, happy accident.
So all the people I used to know in Brooklyn, they said, "Well, why don't we have a place like that here?"
And a lot of them had been former educators or would-be educators, so they combined with a lot of local designers, local writers, and they just took the idea independently and they did their own thing.
They didn't want to sell pirate supplies.
They didn't think that that was going to work there.
So, knowing the crime-fighting community in New York, they opened the Brooklyn Superhero Supply Company.
This is Sam Potts' great design that did this.
And this was to make it look sort of like one of those keysmith's shops that has to have every service they've ever offered, you know, all over there.
So they opened this place.
Inside, it's like a Costco for superheroes -- all the supplies in kind of basic form.
These are all handmade.
These are all sort of repurposed other products, or whatever.
All the packaging is done by Sam Potts.
So then you have the villain containment unit, where kids put their parents.
You have the office.
This is a little vault -- you have to put your product in there, it goes up an electric lift and then the guy behind the counter tells you that you have to recite the vow of heroism, which you do, if you want to buy anything.
And it limits, really, their sales.
Personally, I think it's a problem.
Because they have to do it hand on heart and everything.
These are some of the products.
These are all handmade.
This is a secret identity kit.
If you want to take on the identity of Sharon Boone, one American female marketing executive from Hoboken, New Jersey.
It's a full dossier on everything you would need to know about Sharon Boone.
So, this is the capery where you get fitted for your cape, and then you walk up these three steel-graded steps and then we turn on three hydraulic fans from every side and then you can see the cape in action.
There's nothing worse than, you know, getting up there and the cape is bunching up or something like that.
So then, the secret door -- this is one of the shelves you don't see when you walk in, but it slowly opens.
You can see it there in the middle next to all the grappling hooks.
It opens and then this is the tutoring center in the back.
(Applause) So you can see the full effect!
But this is -- I just want to emphasize -- locally funded, locally built.
All the designers, all of the builders, everybody was local, all the time was pro-bono.
I just came and visited and said, "Yes, you guys are doing great," or whatever.
That was it.
You can see the time in all five boroughs of New York in the back.
(Laughter) (Applause) So this is the space during tutoring hours.
It's very busy.
Same principles: one-on-one attention, complete devotion to the students' work and a boundless optimism and sort of a possibility of creativity and ideas.
And this switch is flicked in their heads when they walk through those 18 feet of this bizarre store, right?
So it's school, but it's not school.
It's clearly not school, even though they're working shoulder-to-shoulder on tables, pencils and papers, whatever.
This is one of the students, Khaled Hamdan.
You can read this quote.
Addicted to video games and TV.
Couldn't jasonreeves@example.com.
Came in.
Got this concentrated attention.
And he couldn't escape it.
So, soon enough, he was writing.
He would finish his homework early -- got really addicted to finishing his homework early.
It's an addictive thing to sort of be done with it, and to have it checked, and to know he's going to achieve the next thing and be prepared for school the next day.
So he got hooked on that, and then he started doing other things.
He's now been published in five books.
He co-wrote a mockumentary about failed superheroes called "Super-Has-Beens."
He wrote a series on "Penguin Balboa," which is a fighting -- a boxing -- penguin.
And then he read aloud just a few weeks ago to 500 people at Symphony Space, at a benefit for 826 New York.
So he's there every day.
He's evangelical about it.
He brings his cousins in now.
There's four family members that come in every day.
So, I'll go through really quickly.
This is L.A., The Echo Park Time Travel Mart: "Whenever You Are, We're Already Then."
(Laughter) This is sort of a 7-Eleven for time travelers.
So you see everything: it's exactly as a 7-Eleven would be.
Leeches.
Mammoth chunks.
They even have their own Slurpee machine: "Out of Order.
Come Back Yesterday."
(Laughter) (Applause) Anyway.
So I'm going to jump ahead.
These are spaces that are only affiliated with us, doing this same thing: Word St. in Pittsfield, Massachusetts; Ink Spot in Cincinnati; Youth Speaks, San Francisco, California, which inspired us; Studio St. Louis in St. Louis; Austin Bat Cave in Austin; Fighting Words in Dublin, Ireland, started by Roddy Doyle, this will be open in April.
Now I'm going to the TED Wish -- is that okay?
All right, I've got a minute.
So, the TED Wish: I wish that you -- you personally and every creative individual and organization you know -- will find a way to directly engage with a public school in your area and that you'll then tell the story of how you got involved, so that within a year we have a thousand examples -- a thousand! -- of transformative partnerships.
Profound leaps forward!
And these can be things that maybe you're already doing.
I know that so many people in this room are already doing really interesting things.
I know that for a fact.
So, tell us these stories and inspire others on the website.
We created a website.
I'm going to switch to "we," and not "I," hope: We hope that the attendees of this conference will usher in a new era of participation in our public schools.
We hope that you will take the lead in partnering your innovative spirit and expertise with that of innovative educators in your community.
Always let the teachers lead the way.
They will tell you how to be useful.
I hope that you'll step in and help out.
There are a million ways.
You can walk up to your local school and consult with the teachers.
They'll always tell you how to help.
So, this is with Hot Studio in San Francisco, they did this phenomenal job.
This website is already up, it's already got a bunch of stories, a lot of ideas.
It's called "Once Upon a School," which is a great title, I think.
This site will document every story, every project that comes out of this conference and around the world.
So you go to the website, you see a bunch of ideas you can be inspired by and then you add your own projects once you get started.
Hot Studio did a great job in a very tight deadline.
So, visit the site.
If you have any questions, you can ask this guy, who's our director of national programs.
He'll be on the phone.
You email him, he'll answer any question you possibly want.
And he'll get you inspired and get you going and guide you through the process so that you can affect change.
And it can be fun!
That's the point of this talk -- it needn't be sterile.
It needn't be bureaucratically untenable.
You can do and use the skills that you have.
The schools need you.
The teachers need you.
Students and parents need you.
They need your actual person: your physical personhood and your open minds and open ears and boundless compassion, sitting next to them, listening and nodding and asking questions for hours at a time.
Some of these kids just don't plain know how good they are: how smart and how much they have to say.
You can tell them.
You can shine that light on them, one human interaction at a time.
So we hope you'll join us.
Thank you so much.
This is a thought experiment.
Let's say at some point in the not so distant future, you're barreling down the highway in your self-driving car, and you find yourself boxed in on all sides by other cars.
Suddenly, a large, heavy object falls off the truck in front of you.
Your car can't stop in time to avoid the collision, so it needs to make a decision: go straight and hit the object, swerve left into an SUV, or swerve right into a motorcycle.
Should it prioritize your safety by hitting the motorcycle, minimize danger to others by not swerving, even if it means hitting the large object and sacrificing your life, or take the middle ground by hitting the SUV, which has a high passenger safety rating?
So what should the self-driving car do?
If we were driving that boxed in car in manual mode, whichever way we'd react would be understood as just that, a reaction, not a deliberate decision.
It would be an instinctual panicked move with no forethought or malice.
But if a programmer were to instruct the car to make the same move, given conditions it may sense in the future, well, that looks more like premeditated homicide.
Now, to be fair, self-driving cars are are predicted to dramatically reduce traffic accidents and fatalities by removing human error from the driving equation.
Plus, there may be all sorts of other benefits: eased road congestion, decreased harmful emissions, and minimized unproductive and stressful driving time.
But accidents can and will still happen, and when they do, their outcomes may be determined months or years in advance by programmers or policy makers.
And they'll have some difficult decisions to make.
It's tempting to offer up general decision-making principles, like minimize harm, but even that quickly leads to morally murky decisions.
For example, let's say we have the same initial set up, but now there's a motorcyclist wearing a helmet to your left and another one without a helmet to your right.
Which one should your robot car crash into?
If you say the biker with the helmet because she's more likely to survive, then aren't you penalizing the responsible motorist?
If, instead, you save the biker without the helmet because he's acting irresponsibly, then you've gone way beyond the initial design principle about minimizing harm, and the robot car is now meting out street justice.
The ethical considerations get more complicated here.
In both of our scenarios, the underlying design is functioning as a targeting algorithm of sorts.
In other words, it's systematically favoring or discriminating against a certain type of object to crash into.
And the owners of the target vehicles will suffer the negative consequences of this algorithm through no fault of their own.
Our new technologies are opening up many other novel ethical dilemmas.
For instance, if you had to choose between a car that would always save as many lives as possible in an accident, or one that would save you at any cost, which would you buy?
What happens if the cars start analyzing and factoring in the passengers of the cars and the particulars of their lives?
Could it be the case that a random decision is still better than a predetermined one designed to minimize harm?
And who should be making all of these decisions anyhow?
Programmers?
Companies?
Governments?
Reality may not play out exactly like our thought experiments, but that's not the point.
They're designed to isolate and stress test our intuitions on ethics, just like science experiments do for the physical world.
Spotting these moral hairpin turns now will help us maneuver the unfamiliar road of technology ethics, and allow us to cruise confidently and conscientiously into our brave new future.
I want to ask you something: When was the last time you watched the stars?
I know most people forget they exist specially in this polluted city which is sometimes foggy, we never see them.
But since I was a kid, maybe not that young, maybe 12 or 13 years, I've been captivated by stars and would watch them whenever possible.
My dad gave me a small telescope by the time I was 14 and I spent hours watching planets and stars and always wondering: What is out there?
Is there someone watching me back with a telescope, wondering what is out here?
This allure went on for years and at some point I decided to be an astronomer.
In Mexico, in order to be an astronomer you need to be a physicist.
So I studied physics.
I never got to be an astronomer, now I'm something in between, half an astrophysicist, half a physicist but this idea of stars and the possibility of reaching them remained with me.
When I started my major in physics I realized something many of you have heard of, even if you are not totally clear about it: that more than 100 years ago, in 1905, this guy named Albert Einstein, discovered that light speed is the fastest in the universe.
That might not say you a lot because light speed is huge.
Light moves up to 186,000 mi/s so high a speed that we can phone call someone in India or Japan with no jasonreeves@example.com.
Even astronauts who went to the moon 40 years ago were interviewed and the President could talk to them with no evident delay even though the astronauts were in the moon, thing is that light speed is huge and the universe gigantic.
We cannot travel faster than light speed and that is a severe problem to reach for the stars.
Sun is 8 light-minutes away, that is, it takes 8 minutes for light to get here from the Sun, from the Sun to us.
If the Sun exploded right now, nobody would notice up until eight minutes later.
The closest star after the Sun is Alfa Centauri, it takes four years for light to travel and it's right besides the Sun.
We live in a galaxy that is a star spiral called Milky Way.
The center of our galaxy was 30,000 light years away, it takes 30,000 light years for light to travel from the center of the galaxy to us, and two million years in traveling from Andromeda galaxy that is one of our neighbor galaxies.
The universe is huge, vast, if we ever want to reach the stars the light limit is very serious, a very serious problem, but why?
Why we cannot travel faster than light?
And it's not because Einstein said so, that is no how science works.
In science there is no authority principle; it's not because some famous guy says so.
There are reasons, theoretical reasons, observational reasons, experiments show it, it is a verified fact, but why?
Basically, the answer is that theory of relativity prevents it, so I will tell you a bit, a very quick course: Relativity in a couple of minutes.
Don't be afraid, I'll give a general overview, normally it takes six months to teach this to sixth and seventh graders of physics major.
So right now I will explain it in two minutes and for non-physicists.
So, don't worry.
Relativity is an old concept though it wasn't called like that.
The concept can be traced back from Galileo Galilei around 1620, in the 17th century.
Galileo was the first one to realize something interesting, when it comes to movement, when I move, my movement is always relative to something else.
Movement is said to be relative, here on the stage, my movement is relative to the floor.
The measurement of your car speed is relative to the street, actually planes speed measurement is made relative to the air, not the floor.
You might have noticed this while watching a movie.
A plane speed measurement is relative to the air, and the Earth spins around the Sun, etc.
If you were somewhere in space in the middle of nowhere it would be useless to ask if you are moving or not because there is no reference to compare your position, so movement is relative, speeds are relative, because they are always measured in relation to something else.
This was discovered by Galileo 400 years ago.
That was an interesting fact for all physic studies made after Galileo.
Newton and all great advances of the 18th and 19th centuries agreed with Galileo.
Speed is relative, that's fine, speeds aren't absolute.
But by the end of 19th century something strange happened, many physicists studying light discovered that light is quite weird, light speed is indeed absolute and though Galileo stated that speeds were relative, that's not the case of light, it's always the same number no matter who measures it, or how fast is going whoever is measuring, no matter how fast the lightbulb sending out the light is moving.
The measurement always yields the same number and this was a problem.
This might not seem interesting to you but physicists of the 19th century were going crazy.
Problem was: either Galileo was wrong and speeds were indeed absolute, which was apparently nonsense; or those who were measuring light speed were wrong and didn't know how to measure.
But nobody was wrong which was even worst.
Decades went by, until in 1905 this guy appeared, a man called Albert Einstein, who devoted his life to bringing together Galileo's idea that speeds were relative and the apparently real fact shown by the experiments, that there was an absolute speed, light speed.
Long story short, because math is complicated, part of Einstein genius was realizing there was a solution.
There was a logical solution to the problem and that logical solution derived in what we now know as Einstein's theory of relativity.
It's a very interesting theory that changes what we understand by space and time, for instance, nobody tells us that space is relative distances, object lengths depend on their movement; if an object moves fast, they shrink.
Time is also relative, any watch ticking relative to my movement, would delay this we have measured many times, even worst: simultaneity is relative; when I say two things happen exactly at once, someone moving in relation to me would disagree.
One of us sees something first and worst: we might be moving on opposed directions and watch things backwards: first this one, then that one.
So the conclusion is that sometimes, the order in time of different things is not absolute, the order of time can change, one thing before, other thing after but this brings up another huge problem, if time order is not well defined, what about causality?
If something causes something else that something should had happened first, but if we disagree on what happened first, where does that leaves causality?
Another crisis.
Part of what Einstein did was realizing that there was solution, a solution to protect causality was thinking that light speed is not absolute, but the maximum speed of universe.
If nothing can travel faster than light we protect causality.
If something could travel faster than light then we could travel to the past, we would be able to see the effect before the cause, which is not the proper way.
So light speed is the maximum speed and that is to protect causality.
So far as of the beginning of the 20th century, light speed was the fastest and if that was all left to say, my talk would be done and off we go.
But, fortunately that's not the case.
In 1916, Einstein developed a second theory, also called relativity and that's why people get confused this one is called general relativity, and it's a theory about gravity.
Einstein tried to understand gravity, which we already understood a bit since Newton; but he noticed some problems, gravity was thought of by Newton as instantaneous, if someone moved the Sun, Earth would immediately react, this would go against the fact that nothing can travel faster than light, so Einstein began to develop a new gravity theory, it took him 10 years, an amazing achievement for someone as smart of Einstein, was based on a beautiful thing: the Equivalence Principle, also discovered by Galileo: all objects fall at the same speed if two things were dropped at once, they would fall at the same time, a bowling ball or a ping pong ball would fall just the same, the heavier one does not fall faster, in case you were wondering.
That means, from another point of view, that the trajectory of an object when there is gravity, does not depend on the object.
All objects follow the same trajectory curved trajectories, you've seen that, I throw objects and they move in parables and ellipses but if those trajectories are curve and nondependent of the object then trajectory is a property of space, but they are curve, then space must be curve.
Einstein concluded that gravity is a space deformation.
An interesting and beautiful thing, and what is beautiful about it is that I can cheat, I can use space deformation to cheat on Einstein himself, so I use Einstein to cheat on Einstein.
I can imagine ways to distort space to work around the statement "nothing can go faster than light" and, technically, I could reach a faraway star and then come back in time for dinner.
I will share with you two possibilities, that are allowed on Einstein theory, one is beautiful and its technical name is Einstein-Rosen bridge, sounds technical because Einstein and another scientist called Rosen had this idea in 1935.
But in literature and on sci-fi movies it is called a Wormhole.
If you like science fiction then you might have seen it recently, in the movie Interstellar.
On the movie, they travel through a wormhole.
A wormhole is like a tunnel, I enter here and I end up in Alpha Centauri, but traveling a shorter distance, like a shortcut in space.
These structures -- here is a beautiful diagram of a wormhole in two dimensions -- are allowed by the Einstein's theory, because this theory allows these tunnels, one thing is that the theory allows it and another is having an idea of how to do that.
Nobody knows how to make a wormhole, but at least theory allows it.
Another idea, and I'll let you think about it, another idea is that it is not necessary to make holes in space, an idea that thought by some guy not so long ago, in 1994, this guy on the picture, and the idea is different; instead of making holes in space let's use another property of space.
Space can bended, twisted and expanded, maybe you heard about how universe expands, galaxies move away from one another not because they are drifting away from a center where an explosion occurred, no.
The way we understand it in physics is that galaxies are still, and what is growing bigger is space; space is expanding.
So I can use this idea in a small scale.
Imagine I'm standing here and somehow I can expand the space behind me.
I would start to drift away from that wall, and if at the same time I shrink the space in front of me I would become closer to the wall in front of me.
If I combine the expansion and contraction, I could move from here to that wall without moving, because the space made all the moving.
This is called warp drive or drive through distortion and it's another way to travel faster than light, actually you could travel as fast as you wish.
These are two ideas on how we could travel faster than light.
But there is a price to pay.
Such is life, whenever you find something cool it's too expensive.
We have a similar case here: from those two ideas, both worm holes and warp propulsion require, whenever we do the math of something called negative energy, which might not be crystal clear for you, but remember what Einstein said: "mass and energy are equivalent", the same thing.
Remember nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, mass and energy are the same.
So negative energy equals negative mass, and I'd never went to buy minus 9 pounds of tortilla.
There are no negative masses, without negative masses there are no negative energies and without negative energies none of this is possible, No holes in space-time, no warp propulsion, and that's a problem.
Negative energy is not forbidden, physics laws don't forbid it, but we've never seen it.
It's one of those things that simply do not exist.
So, with this initial question: Can we travel faster than light?
will we someday travel the stars and get back in time for dinner?
In 1905 Einstein told us it was not possible, that light speed was a limit, but sometimes, using Einstein's other theory, general relativity, we can cheat and bend the space, expand it, compress it, make holes on it, and travel faster than light, however, the price of it is finding energies or negative masses, though they might not exist.
So we are a bit stuck, but such is science and that's part of my message, science moves forward by making questions, and sometimes we find answers, sometimes we find answers we don't like, that aren't what we wanted, but universe is not how we want it.
It is what it is and we sometimes find out that we don't have enough information, to answer the question, and that is our current situation.
Currently, we do not have all the information.
Luckily, in 20, 30 or 100 years someone will come and find the answer and tell us for once if we can reach the stars faster than light speed.
Before I go I will ask you to do something, tonight, if clouds allow it, please go out and take a look of the stars and think, what is out there?
Thank you so much.
(Applause)