So a few weeks ago, a friend of mine gave this toy car to his 8-year-old son.
But instead of going into a store and buying one, like we do normally, he went to this website and he downloaded a file, and then he printed it on this printer.
So this idea that you can manufacture objects digitally using these machines is something that The Economist magazine defined as the Third Industrial Revolution.
Actually, I argue that there is another revolution going on, and it's the one that has to do with open-source hardware and the maker's movement, because the printer that my friend used to print the toy is actually open-source.
So you go to the same website, you can download all the files that you need in order to make that printer: the construction files, the hardware, the software, all the instruction is there.
And also this is part of a large community where there are thousands of people around the world that are actually making these kinds of printers, and there's a lot of innovation happening because it's all open-source.
You don't need anybody's permission to create something great.
And that space is like the personal computer in 1976, like the Apples with the other companies are fighting, and we will see in a few years, there will be the Apple of this kind of market come out.
Well, there's also another interesting thing.
I said the electronics are open-source, because at the heart of this printer there is something I'm really attached to: these Arduino boards, the motherboard that sort of powers this printer, is a project I've been working on for the past seven years.
It's an open-source project.
I worked with these friends of mine that I have here.
So the five of us, two Americans, two Italians and a Spaniard, we — (Laughter) You know, it's a worldwide project.
(Laughter) So we came together in this design institute called the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, which was teaching interaction design, this idea that you can take design from the simple shape of an object and you can move it forward to design the way you interact with things.
Well, when you design an object that's supposed to interact with a human being, if you make a foam model of a mobile phone, it doesn't make any sense.
You have to have something that actually interacts with people.
So, we worked on Arduino and a lot of other projects there to create platforms that would be simple for our students to use, so that our students could just build things that worked, but they don't have five years to become an electronics engineer.
We have one month.
So how do I make something that even a kid can use?
And actually, with Arduino, we have kids like Sylvia that you see here, that actually make projects with Arduino.
I have 11-year-old kids stop me and show me stuff they built for Arduino that's really scary to see the capabilities that kids have when you give them the tools.
So let's look at what happens when you make a tool that anybody can just pick up and build something quickly, so one of the examples that I like to sort of kick off this discussion is this example of this cat feeder.
The gentleman who made this project had two cats.
One was sick and the other one was healthy, so he had to make sure they ate the proper food.
So he made this thing that recognizes the cat from a chip mounted inside on the collar of the cat, and opens the door and the cat can eat the food.
This is made by recycling an old CD player that you can get from an old computer, some cardboard, tape, couple of sensors, a few blinking LEDs, and then suddenly you have a tool.
You build something that you cannot find on the market.
And I like this phrase: "Scratch your own itch."
If you have an idea, you just go and you make it.
This is the equivalent of sketching on paper done with electronics.
So one of the features that I think is important about our work is that our hardware, on top of being made with love in Italy — as you can see from the back of the circuit — (Laughter) is that it's open, so we publish all the design files for the circuit online, so you can download it and you can actually use it to make something, or to modify, to learn.
You know, when I was learning about programming, I learned by looking at other people's code, or looking at other people's circuits in magazines.
And this is a good way to learn, by looking at other people's work.
So the different elements of the project are all open, so the hardware is released with a Creative Commons license.
So, you know, I like this idea that hardware becomes like a piece of culture that you share and you build upon, like it was a song or a poem with Creative Commons.
Or, the software is GPL, so it's open-source as well.
The documentation and the hands-on teaching methodology is also open-source and released as the Creative Commons.
Just the name is protected so that we can make sure that we can tell people what is Arduino and what isn't.
Now, Arduino itself is made of a lot of different open-source components that maybe individually are hard to use for a 12-year-old kid, so Arduino wraps everything together into a mashup of open-source technologies where we try to give them the best user experience to get something done quickly.
So you have situations like this, where some people in Chile decided to make their own boards instead of buying them, to organize a workshop and to save money.
Or there are companies that make their own variations of Arduino that fit in a certain market, and there's probably, maybe like a 150 of them or something at the moment.
This one is made by a company called Adafruit, which is run by this woman called Limor Fried, also known as Ladyada, who is one of the heroes of the open-source hardware movement and the maker movement.
So, this idea that you have a new, sort of turbo-charged DIY community that believes in open-source, in collaboration, collaborates online, collaborates in different spaces.
There is this magazine called Make that sort of gathered all these people and sort of put them together as a community, and you see a very technical project explained in a very simple language, beautifully typeset.
Or you have websites, like this one, like Instructables, where people actually teach each other about anything.
So this one is about Arduino projects, the page you see on the screen, but effectively here you can learn how to make a cake and everything else.
So let's look at some projects.
So this one is a quadcopter.
It's a small model helicopter.
In a way, it's a toy, no?
And so this one was military technology a few years ago, and now it's open-source, easy to use, you can buy it online.
DIY Drones is the community; they do this thing called ArduCopter.
But then somebody actually launched this start-up called Matternet, where they figured out that you could use this to actually transport things from one village to another in Africa, and the fact that this was easy to find, open-source, easy to hack, enabled them to prototype their company really quickly.
Or, other projects.
Matt Richardson: I'm getting a little sick of hearing about the same people on TV over and over and over again, so I decided to do something about it.
This Arduino project, which I call the Enough Already, will mute the TV anytime any of these over-exposed personalities is mentioned.
(Laughter) I'll show you how I made it.
(Applause) MB: Check this out.
MR: Our producers caught up with Kim Kardashian earlier today to find out what she was planning on wearing to her — MB: Eh?
(Laughter) MR: It should do a pretty good job of protecting our ears from having to hear about the details of Kim Kardashian's wedding.
MB: Okay.
So, you know, again, what is interesting here is that Matt found this module that lets Arduino process TV signals, he found some code written by somebody else that generates infrared signals for the TV, put it together and then created this great project.
It's also used, Arduino's used, in serious places like, you know, the Large Hadron Collider.
There's some Arduino balls collecting data and sort of measuring some parameters.
Or it's used for — (Music) So this is a musical interface built by a student from Italy, and he's now turning this into a product.
Because it was a student project becoming a product.
Or it can be used to make an assistive device.
This is a glove that understands the sign language and transforms the gestures you make into sounds and writes the words that you're signing on a display And again, this is made of all different parts you can find on all the websites that sell Arduino-compatible parts, and you assemble it into a project.
Or this is a project from the ITP part of NYU, where they met with this boy who has a severe disability, cannot play with the PS3, so they built this device that allows the kid to play baseball although he has limited movement capability.
Or you can find it in arts projects.
So this is the txtBomber.
So you put a message into this device and then you roll it on the wall, and it basically has all these solenoids pressing the buttons on spray cans, so you just pull it over a wall and it just writes on the wall all the political messages.
So, yeah.
(Applause) Then we have this plant here.
This is called Botanicalls, because there's an Arduino ball with a Wi-Fi module in the plant, and it's measuring the well-being of the plant, and it's creating a Twitter account where you can actually interact with the plant.
(Laughter) So, you know, this plant will start to say, "This is really hot," or there's a lot of, you know, "I need water right now."
(Laughter) So it just gives a personality to your plant.
Or this is something that twitters when the baby inside the belly of a pregnant woman kicks.
(Laughter) Or this is a 14-year-old kid in Chile who made a system that detects earthquakes and publishes on Twitter.
He has 280,000 followers.
He's 14 and he anticipated a governmental project by one year.
(Applause) Or again, another project where, by analyzing the Twitter feed of a family, you can basically point where they are, like in the "Harry Potter" movie.
So you can find out everything about this project on the website.
Or somebody made a chair that twitters when somebody farts.
(Laughter) It's interesting how, in 2009, Gizmodo basically defined, said that this project actually gives a meaning to Twitter, so it was — a lot changed in between.
(Laughter) So very serious project.
When the Fukushima disaster happened, a bunch of people in Japan, they realized that the information that the government was giving wasn't really open and really reliable, so they built this Geiger counter, plus Arduino, plus network interface.
They made 100 of them and gave them to people around Japan, and essentially the data that they gathered gets published on this website called Cosm, another website they built, so you can actually get reliable real-time information from the field, and you can get unbiased information.
Or this machine here, it's from the DIY bio movement, and it's one of the steps that you need in order to process DNA, and again, it's completely open-source from the ground up.
Or you have students in developing countries making replicas of scientific instruments that cost a lot of money to make.
Actually they just build them themselves for a lot less using Arduino and a few parts.
This is a pH probe.
Or you get kids, like these kids, they're from Spain.
They learned how to program and to make robots when they were probably, like, 11, and then they started to use Arduino to make these robots that play football.
They became world champions by making an Arduino-based robot.
And so when we had to make our own educational robot, we just went to them and said, you know, "You design it, because you know exactly what is needed to make a great robot that excites kids."
Not me.
I'm an old guy.
What am I supposed to excite, huh?
(Laughter) But as I — in terms of educational assets.
(Laughter) There's also companies like Google that are using the technology to create interfaces between mobile phones, tablets and the real world.
So the Accessory Development Kit from Google is open-source and based on Arduino, as opposed to the one from Apple which is closed-source, NDA, sign your life to Apple.
Here you are.
There's a giant maze, and Joey's sitting there, and the maze is moving when you tilt the tablet.
Also, I come from Italy, and the design is important in Italy, and yet very conservative.
So we worked with a design studio called Habits, in Milan, to make this mirror, which is completely open-source.
This doubles also as an iPod speaker.
So the idea is that the hardware, the software, the design of the object, the fabrication, everything about this project is open-source and you can make it yourself.
So we want other designers to pick this up and learn how to make great devices, to learn how to make interactive products by starting from something real.
But when you have this idea, you know, what happens to all these ideas?
There's, like, thousands of ideas that I — You know, it would take seven hours for me to do all the presentations.
I will not take all the seven hours.
Thank you.
But let's start from this example: So, the group of people that started this company called Pebble, they prototyped a watch that communicates via Bluetooth with your phone, and you can display information on it.
And they prototyped with an old LCD screen from a Nokia mobile phone and an Arduino.
And then, when they had a final project, they actually went to Kickstarter and they were asking for 100,000 dollars to make a few of them to sell.
They got 10 million dollars.
They got a completely fully funded start-up, and they don't have to, you know, get VCs involved or anything, just excite the people with their great project.
The last project I want to show you is this: It's called ArduSat.
It's currently on Kickstarter, so if you want to contribute, please do it.
It's a satellite that goes into space, which is probably the least open-source thing you can imagine, and it contains an Arduino connected to a bunch of sensors.
So if you know how to use Arduino, you can actually upload your experiments into this satellite and run them.
So imagine, if you as a high school can have the satellite for a week and do satellite space experiments like that.
So, as I said, there's lots of examples, and I'm going to stop here.
And I just want to thank the Arduino community for being the best, and just every day making lots of projects.
Thank you.
(Applause) (Applause) And thanks to the community.
Chris Anderson: Massimo, you told me earlier today that you had no idea, of course, that it would take off like this.
MB: No.
CA: I mean, how must you feel when you read this stuff and you see what you've unlocked?
MB: Well, it's the work of a lot of people, so we as a community are enabling people to make great stuff, and I just feel overwhelmed.
It's just, it's difficult to describe this.
Every morning, I wake up and I look at all the stuff that Google Alerts sends me, and it's just amazing.
It's just going into every field that you can imagine.
CA: Thank you so much.
(Applause) (Applause)
Well after many years working in trade and economics, four years ago, I found myself working on the front lines of human vulnerability.
And I found myself in the places where people are fighting every day to survive and can't even obtain a meal.
This red cup comes from Rwanda from a child named Fabian.
And I carry this around as a symbol, really, of the challenge and also the hope.
Because one cup of food a day changes Fabian's life completely.
But what I'd like to talk about today is the fact that this morning, about a billion people on Earth -- or one out of every seven -- woke up and didn't even know how to fill this cup.
One out of every seven people.
First, I'll ask you: Why should you care?
Why should we care?
For most people, if they think about hunger, they don't have to go far back on their own family history -- maybe in their own lives, or their parents' lives, or their grandparents' lives -- to remember an experience of hunger.
I rarely find an audience where people can go back very far without that experience.
Some are driven by compassion, feel it's perhaps one of the fundamental acts of humanity.
As Gandhi said, "To a hungry man, a piece of bread is the face of God."
Others worry about peace and security, stability in the world.
We saw the food riots in 2008, after what I call the silent tsunami of hunger swept the globe when food prices doubled overnight.
The destabilizing effects of hunger are known throughout human history.
One of the most fundamental acts of civilization is to ensure people can get enough food.
Others think about Malthusian nightmares.
Will we be able to feed a population that will be nine billion in just a few decades?
This is not a negotiable thing, hunger.
People have to eat.
There's going to be a lot of people.
This is jobs and opportunity all the way up and down the value chain.
But I actually came to this issue in a different way.
This is a picture of me and my three children.
In 1987, I was a new mother with my first child and was holding her and feeding her when an image very similar to this came on the television.
And this was yet another famine in Ethiopia.
One two years earlier had killed more than a million people.
But it never struck me as it did that moment, because on that image was a woman trying to nurse her baby, and she had no milk to nurse.
And the baby's cry really penetrated me, as a mother.
And I thought, there's nothing more haunting than the cry of a child that cannot be returned with food -- the most fundamental expectation of every human being.
And it was at that moment that I just was filled with the challenge and the outrage that actually we know how to fix this problem.
This isn't one of those rare diseases that we don't have the solution for.
We know how to fix hunger.
A hundred years ago, we didn't.
We actually have the technology and systems.
And I was just struck that this is out of place.
At our time in history, these images are out of place.
Well guess what?
This is last week in northern Kenya.
Yet again, the face of starvation at large scale with more than nine million people wondering if they can make it to the next day.
In fact, what we know now is that every 10 seconds we lose a child to hunger.
This is more than HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.
And we know that the issue is not just production of food.
One of my mentors in life was Norman Borlaug, my hero.
But today I'm going to talk about access to food, because actually this year and last year and during the 2008 food crisis, there was enough food on Earth for everyone to have 2,700 kilocalories.
So why is it that we have a billion people who can't find food?
And I also want to talk about what I call our new burden of knowledge.
In 2008, Lancet compiled all the research and put forward the compelling evidence that if a child in its first thousand days -- from conception to two years old -- does not have adequate nutrition, the damage is irreversible.
Their brains and bodies will be stunted.
And here you see a brain scan of two children -- one who had adequate nutrition, another, neglected and who was deeply malnourished.
And we can see brain volumes up to 40 percent less in these children.
And in this slide you see the neurons and the synapses of the brain don't form.
And what we know now is this has huge impact on economies, which I'll talk about later.
But also the earning potential of these children is cut in half in their lifetime due to the stunting that happens in early years.
So this burden of knowledge drives me.
Because actually we know how to fix it very simply.
And yet, in many places, a third of the children, by the time they're three already are facing a life of hardship due to this.
I'd like to talk about some of the things I've seen on the front lines of hunger, some of the things I've learned in bringing my economic and trade knowledge and my experience in the private sector.
I'd like to talk about where the gap of knowledge is.
Well first, I'd like to talk about the oldest nutritional method on Earth, breastfeeding.
You may be surprised to know that a child could be saved every 22 seconds if there was breastfeeding in the first six months of life.
But in Niger, for example, less than seven percent of the children are breastfed for the first six months of life, exclusively.
In Mauritania, less than three percent.
This is something that can be transformed with knowledge.
This message, this word, can come out that this is not an old-fashioned way of doing business; it's a brilliant way of saving your child's life.
And so today we focus on not just passing out food, but making sure the mothers have enough enrichment, and teaching them about breastfeeding.
The second thing I'd like to talk about: If you were living in a remote village somewhere, your child was limp, and you were in a drought, or you were in floods, or you were in a situation where there wasn't adequate diversity of diet, what would you do?
Do you think you could go to the store and get a choice of power bars, like we can, and pick the right one to match?
Well I find parents out on the front lines very aware their children are going down for the count.
And I go to those shops, if there are any, or out to the fields to see what they can get, and they cannot obtain the nutrition.
Even if they know what they need to do, it's not available.
And I'm very excited about this, because one thing we're working on is transforming the technologies that are very available in the food industry to be available for traditional crops.
And this is made with chickpeas, dried milk and a host of vitamins, matched to exactly what the brain needs.
It costs 17 cents for us to produce this as, what I call, food for humanity.
We did this with food technologists in India and Pakistan -- really about three of them.
But this is transforming 99 percent of the kids who get this.
One package, 17 cents a day -- their malnutrition is overcome.
So I am convinced that if we can unlock the technologies that are commonplace in the richer world to be able to transform foods.
And this is climate-proof.
It doesn't need to be refrigerated, it doesn't need water, which is often lacking.
And these types of technologies, I see, have the potential to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition out on the front lines.
The next thing I want to talk about is school feeding.
Eighty percent of the people in the world have no food safety net.
When disaster strikes -- the economy gets blown, people lose a job, floods, war, conflict, bad governance, all of those things -- there is nothing to fall back on.
And usually the institutions -- churches, temples, other things -- do not have the resources to provide a safety net.
What we have found working with the World Bank is that the poor man's safety net, the best investment, is school feeding.
And if you fill the cup with local agriculture from small farmers, you have a transformative effect.
Many kids in the world can't go to school because they have to go beg and find a meal.
But when that food is there, it's transformative.
It costs less than 25 cents a day to change a kid's life.
But what is most amazing is the effect on girls.
In countries where girls don't go to school and you offer a meal to girls in school, we see enrollment rates about 50 percent girls and boys.
We see a transformation in attendance by girls.
And there was no argument, because it's incentive.
Families need the help.
And we find that if we keep girls in school later, they'll stay in school until they're 16, and won't get married if there's food in school.
Or if they get an extra ration of food at the end of the week -- it costs about 50 cents -- will keep a girl in school, and they'll give birth to a healthier child, because the malnutrition is sent generation to generation.
We know that there's boom and bust cycles of hunger.
We know this.
Right now on the Horn of Africa, we've been through this before.
So is this a hopeless cause?
Absolutely not.
I'd like to talk about what I call our warehouses for hope.
Cameroon, northern Cameroon, boom and bust cycles of hunger every year for decades.
Food aid coming in every year when people are starving during the lean seasons.
Well two years ago, we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger, and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks.
And we said, listen, during the lean season, take the food out.
You manage, the village manages these warehouses.
And during harvest, put it back with interest, food interest.
So add in five percent, 10 percent more food.
For the past two years, 500 of these villages where these are have not needed any food aid -- they're self-sufficient.
And the food banks are growing.
And they're starting school feeding programs for their children by the people in the village.
But they've never had the ability to build even the basic infrastructure or the resources.
I love this idea that came from the village level: three keys to unlock that warehouse.
Food is gold there.
And simple ideas can transform the face, not of small areas, of big areas of the world.
I'd like to talk about what I call digital food.
Technology is transforming the face of food vulnerability in places where you see classic famine.
Amartya Sen won his Nobel Prize for saying, "Guess what, famines happen in the presence of food because people have no ability to buy it."
We certainly saw that in 2008.
We're seeing that now in the Horn of Africa where food prices are up 240 percent in some areas over last year.
Food can be there and people can't buy it.
Well this picture -- I was in Hebron in a small shop, this shop, where instead of bringing in food, we provide digital food, a card.
It says "bon appetit" in Arabic.
And the women can go in and swipe and get nine food items.
They have to be nutritious, and they have to be locally produced.
And what's happened in the past year alone is the dairy industry -- where this card's used for milk and yogurt and eggs and hummus -- the dairy industry has gone up 30 percent.
The shopkeepers are hiring more people.
It is a win-win-win situation that starts the food economy moving.
We now deliver food in over 30 countries over cell phones, transforming even the presence of refugees in countries, and other ways.
Perhaps most exciting to me is an idea that Bill Gates, Howard Buffett and others have supported boldly, which is to ask the question: What if, instead of looking at the hungry as victims -- and most of them are small farmers who cannot raise enough food or sell food to even support their own families -- what if we view them as the solution, as the value chain to fight hunger?
What if from the women in Africa who cannot sell any food -- there's no roads, there's no warehouses, there's not even a tarp to pick the food up with -- what if we give the enabling environment for them to provide the food to feed the hungry children elsewhere?
And Purchasing for Progress today is in 21 countries.
And guess what?
In virtually every case, when poor farmers are given a guaranteed market -- if you say, "We will buy 300 metric tons of this.
We'll pick it up.
We'll make sure it's stored properly." -- their yields have gone up two-, three-, fourfold and they figure it out, because it's the first guaranteed opportunity they've had in their life.
And we're seeing people transform their lives.
Today, food aid, our food aid -- huge engine -- 80 percent of it is bought in the developing world.
Total transformation that can actually transform the very lives that need the food.
Now you'd ask, can this be done at scale?
These are great ideas, village-level ideas.
Well I'd like to talk about Brazil, because I've taken a journey to Brazil over the past couple of years, when I read that Brazil was defeating hunger faster than any nation on Earth right now.
And what I've found is, rather than investing their money in food subsidies and other things, they invested in a school feeding program.
And they require that a third of that food come from the smallest farmers who would have no opportunity.
And they're doing this at huge scale after President Lula declared his goal of ensuring everyone had three meals a day.
And this zero hunger program costs .5 percent of GDP and has lifted many millions of people out of hunger and poverty.
It is transforming the face of hunger in Brazil, and it's at scale, and it's creating opportunities.
I've gone out there; I've met with the small farmers who have built their livelihoods on the opportunity and platform provided by this.
Now if we look at the economic imperative here, this isn't just about compassion.
The fact is studies show that the cost of malnutrition and hunger -- the cost to society, the burden it has to bear -- is on average six percent, and in some countries up to 11 percent, of GDP a year.
And if you look at the 36 countries with the highest burden of malnutrition, that's 260 billion lost from a productive economy every year.
Well, the World Bank estimates it would take about 10 billion dollars -- 10.3 -- to address malnutrition in those countries.
You look at the cost-benefit analysis, and my dream is to take this issue, not just from the compassion argument, but to the finance ministers of the world, and say we cannot afford to not invest in the access to adequate, affordable nutrition for all of humanity.
The amazing thing I've found is nothing can change on a big scale without the determination of a leader.
When a leader says, "Not under my watch," everything begins to change.
And the world can come in with enabling environments and opportunities to do this.
And the fact that France has put food at the center of the G20 is really important.
Because food is one issue that cannot be solved person by person, nation by nation.
We have to stand together.
And we're seeing nations in Africa.
WFP's been able to leave 30 nations because they have transformed the face of hunger in their nations.
What I would like to offer here is a challenge.
I believe we're living at a time in human history where it's just simply unacceptable that children wake up and don't know where to find a cup of food.
Not only that, transforming hunger is an opportunity, but I think we have to change our mindsets.
I am so honored to be here with some of the world's top innovators and thinkers.
And I would like you to join with all of humanity to draw a line in the sand and say, "No more.
No more are we going to accept this."
And we want to tell our grandchildren that there was a terrible time in history where up to a third of the children had brains and bodies that were stunted, but that exists no more.
Thank you.
(Applause)