If we look around us, much of what surrounds us started life as various rocks and sludge buried in the ground in various places in the world.
But, of course, they don't look like rocks and sludge now.
They look like TV cameras, monitors, annoying radio mics.
And so this magical transformation is what I was trying to get at with my project, which became known as the Toaster Project.
And it was also inspired by this quote from Douglas Adams, and the situation is from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."
And the situation it describes is the hero of the book -- he's a 20th-century man -- finds himself alone on a strange planet populated only by a technologically primitive people.
And he kind of assumes that, yes, he'll become -- these villagers -- he'll become their emperor and transform their society with his wonderful command of technology and science and the elements, but, of course, realizes that without the rest of human society, he can barely make a sandwich, let alone a toaster.
But he didn't have Wikipedia.
So I thought, okay, I'll try and make an electric toaster from scratch.
And, working on the idea that the cheapest electric toaster would also be the simplest to reverse-engineer, I went and bought the cheapest toaster I could find, took it home and was kind of dismayed to discover that, inside this object, which I'd bought for just 3.49 pounds, there were 400 different bits made out of a hundred-plus different materials.
I didn't have the rest of my life to do this project.
I had maybe nine months.
So I thought, okay, I'll start with five.
And these were steel, mica, plastic, copper and nickel.
So, starting with steel: how do you make steel?
I went and knocked on the door of the Rio Tinto Chair of Advanced Mineral Extraction at the Royal School of Mines and said, "How do you make steel?"
And Professor Cilliers was very kind and talked me through it.
And my vague rememberings from GCSE science -- well, steel comes from iron, so I phoned up an iron mine.
And said, "Hi, I'm trying to make a toaster.
Can I come up and get some iron?"
Unfortunately, when I got there -- emerges Ray.
He had misheard me and thought I was coming up because I was trying to make a poster, and so wasn't prepared to take me into the mines.
But after some nagging, I got him to do that.
(Video) Ray: It was Crease Limestone, and that was produced by sea creatures 350 million years ago in a nice, warm, sunny atmosphere.
When you study geology, you can see what's happened in the past, and there were terrific changes in the earth.
Thomas Thwaites: As you can see, they had the Christmas decorations up.
And of course, it wasn't actually a working mine anymore, because, though Ray was a miner there, the mine had closed and had been reopened as a kind of tourist attraction, because, of course, it can't compete on the scale of operations which are happening in South America, Australia, wherever.
But anyway, I got my suitcase of iron ore and dragged it back to London on the train, and then was faced with the problem: Okay, how do you make this rock into components for a toaster?
So I went back to Professor Cilliers, and he said, "Go to the library."
So I did and was looking through the undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy -- completely useless for what I was trying to do.
Because, of course, they don't actually tell you how to do it if you want to do it yourself and you don't have a smelting plant.
So I ended up going to the History of Science Library and looking at this book.
This is the first textbook on metallurgy written in the West, at least.
And there you can see that woodcut is basically what I ended up doing.
But instead of a bellows, I had a leaf blower.
(Laughter) And that was something that reoccurred throughout the project, was, the smaller the scale you want to work on, the further back in time you have to go.
And so this is after a day and about half a night smelting this iron.
I dragged out this stuff, and it wasn't iron.
But luckily, I found a patent online for industrial furnaces that use microwaves, and at 30 minutes at full power, and I was able to finish off the process.
So, my next -- (Applause) The next thing I was trying to get was copper.
Again, this mine was once the largest copper mine in the world.
It's not anymore, but I found a retired geology professor to take me down, and he said, "Okay, I'll let you have some water from the mine."
And the reason I was interested in getting water is because water which goes through mines becomes kind of acidic and will start picking up, dissolving the minerals from the mine.
And a good example of this is the Rio Tinto, which is in Portugal.
As you can see, it's got lots and lots of minerals dissolved in it.
So many such that it's now just a home for bacteria who really like acidic, toxic conditions.
But anyway, the water I dragged back from the Isle of Anglesey where the mine was -- there was enough copper in it such that I could cast the pins of my metal electric plug.
So my next thing: I was off to Scotland to get mica.
And mica is a mineral which is a very good insulator and very good at insulating electricity.
That's me getting mica.
And the last material I'm going to talk about today is plastic, and, of course, my toaster had to have a plastic case.
Plastic is the defining feature of cheap electrical goods.
And so plastic comes from oil, so I phoned up BP and spent a good half an hour trying to convince the PR office at BP that it would be fantastic for them if they flew me to an oil rig and let me have a jug of oil.
BP obviously has a bit more on their mind now.
But even then they weren't convinced and said, "Okay, we'll phone you back" -- never did.
So I looked at other ways of making plastic.
And you can actually make plastic from obviously oils which come from plants, but also from starches.
So this is attempting to make potato starch plastic.
And for a while that was looking really good.
I poured it into the mold, which you can see there, which I've made from a tree trunk.
And it was looking good for a while, but I left it outside, because you had to leave it outside to dry, and unfortunately I came back and there were snails eating the unhydrolyzed bits of potato.
So kind of out of desperation, I decided that I could think laterally.
And geologists have actually christened -- well, they're debating whether to christen -- the age that we're living in -- they're debating whether to make it a new geological epoch called the Anthropocene, the age of Man.
And that's because geologists of the future would kind of see a sharp shift in the strata of rock that is being laid down now.
So suddenly, it will become kind of radioactive from Chernobyl and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs that have been set off since 1945.
And there'd also be an extinction event -- like fossils would suddenly disappear.
And also, I thought that there would be synthetic polymers, plastics, embedded in the rock.
So I looked up a plastic -- so I decided that I could mine some of this modern-day rock.
And I went up to Manchester to visit a place called Axion Recycling.
And they're at the sharp end of what's called the WEEE, which is this European electrical and electronic waste directive.
And that was brought into force to try and deal with the mountain of stuff that is just being made and then living for a while in our homes and then going to landfill.
But this is it.
(Music) (Laughter) So there's a picture of my toaster.
(Applause) That's it without the case on.
And there it is on the shelves.
Thanks.
(Applause) Bruno Giussani: I'm told you did plug it in once.
TT: Yeah, I did plug it in.
I don't know if you could see, but I was never able to make insulation for the wires.
Kew Gardens were insistent that I couldn't come and hack into their rubber tree.
So the wires were uninsulated.
So there was 240 volts going through these homemade copper wires, homemade plug.
And for about five seconds, the toaster toasted, but then, unfortunately, the element kind of melted itself.
But I considered it a partial success, to be honest.
BG: Thomas Thwaites.
TT: Thanks.
I learned about the Haiti earthquake by Skype.
My wife sent me a message, "Whoa, earthquake," and then disappeared for 25 minutes.
It was 25 minutes of absolute terror that thousands of people across the U.S. felt.
I was afraid of a tsunami; what I didn't realize was there was a greater terror in Haiti, and that was building collapse.
We've all seen the photos of the collapsed buildings in Haiti.
These are shots my wife took a couple days after the quake, while I was making my way through the D.R. into the country.
This is the national palace -- the equivalent of the White House.
This is the largest supermarket in the Caribbean at peak shopping time.
This is a nurses' college -- there are 300 nurses studying.
The general hospital right next door emerged largely unscathed.
This is the Ministry of Economics and Finance.
We have all heard about the tremendous human loss in the earthquake in Haiti, but we haven't heard enough about why all those lives were lost.
We haven't heard about why the buildings failed.
After all, it was the buildings, not the earthquake, that killed 220,000 people, that injured 330,000, that displaced 1.3 million people, that cut off food and water and supplies for an entire nation.
This is the largest metropolitan-area disaster in decades, and it was not a natural disaster -- it was a disaster of engineering.
AIDG has worked in Haiti since 2007, providing engineering and business support to small businesses.
And after the quake, we started bringing in earthquake engineers to figure out why the buildings collapsed, to examine what was safe and what wasn't.
Working with MINUSTAH, which is the U.N. mission in Haiti, with the Ministry of Public Works, with different NGOs, we inspected over 1,500 buildings.
We inspected schools and private residencies.
We inspected medical centers and food warehouses.
We inspected government buildings.
This is the Ministry of Justice.
Behind that door is the National Judicial Archives.
The fellow in the door, Andre Filitrault -- who's the director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Earthquake Engineering Research at the University of Buffalo -- was examining it to see if it was safe to recover the archives.
Andre told me, after seeing these buildings fail again and again in the same way, that there is no new research here.
There is nothing here that we don't know.
The failure points were the same: walls and slabs not tied properly into columns -- that's a roof slab hanging off the building -- cantilevered structures, or structures that were asymmetric, that shook violently and came down, poor building materials, not enough concrete, not enough compression in the blocks, rebar that was smooth, rebar that was exposed to the weather and had rusted away.
Now there's a solution to all these problems.
And we know how to build properly.
The proof of this came in Chile, almost a month later, when 8.8 magnitude earthquake hit Chile.
That is 500 times the power of the 7.0 that hit Port-au-Prince -- 500 times the power, yet only under a thousand casualties.
Adjusted for population density, that is less than one percent of the impact of the Haitian quake.
What was the difference between Chile and Haiti?
Seismic standards and confined masonry, where the building acts as a whole -- walls and columns and roofs and slabs tied together to support each other -- instead of breaking off into separate members and failing.
If you look at this building in Chile, it's ripped in half, but it's not a pile of rubble.
Chileans have been building with confined masonry for decades.
Right now, AIDG is working with KPFF Consulting Engineers, Architecture for Humanity, to bring more confined masonry training into Haiti.
This is Xantus Daniel; he's a mason, just a general construction worker, not a foreman, who took one of our trainings.
On his last job he was working with his boss, and they started pouring the columns wrong.
He took his boss aside, and he showed him the materials on confined masonry.
He showed him, "You know, we don't have to do this wrong.
It won't cost us any more to do it the right way."
And they redid that building.
They tied the rebar right, they poured the columns right, and that building will be safe.
And every building that they build going forward will be safe.
To make sure these buildings are safe, it's not going to take policy -- it's going to take reaching out to the masons on the ground and helping them learn the proper techniques.
Now there are many groups doing this.
And the fellow in the vest there, Craig Toten, he has pushed forward to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this.
Through Haiti Rewired, through Build Change, Architecture for Humanity, AIDG, there is the possibility to reach out to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons across the country and create a movement of proper building.
If you reach out to the people on the ground in this collaborative way it's extremely affordable.
For the billions spent on reconstruction, you can train masons for dollars on every house that they end up building over their lifetime.
Ultimately, there are two ways that you can rebuild Haiti; the way at the top is the way that Haiti's been building for decades.
The way at the top is a poorly constructed building that will fail.
The way at the bottom is a confined masonry building, where the walls are tied together, the building is symmetric, and it will stand up to an earthquake.
For all the disaster, there is an opportunity here to build better houses for the next generation, so that when the next earthquake hits, it is a disaster -- but not a tragedy.
(Applause)