I was told to come here and tell you all stories, but what I'd like to do is instead tell you why I'm suspicious of stories, why stories make me nervous.
In fact, the more inspired a story makes me feel, very often, the more nervous I get.
(Laughter) So the best stories are often the trickiest ones.
The good and bad things about stories is that they are a kind of filter.
They take a lot of information, and they leave some of it out, and they keep some of it in.
But the thing about this filter is that it always leaves the same things in.
You're always left with the same few simple stories.
There is the old saying that just about every story can be summed up as "a stranger came to town."
There is a book by Christopher Booker, where he claims there are really just seven types of stories.
There is monster, rags to riches, quest, voyage and return, comedy, tragedy, rebirth.
You don't have to agree with that list exactly, but the point is this: if you think in terms of stories, you're telling yourself the same things over and over again.
There was a study done, we asked some people-- people were asked to describe their lives.
When asked to describe their lives, what is interesting is how few people said "mess".
(Laughter) It's probably the best answer, I don't mean that in a bad way.
"Mess" can be liberating, "mess" can be empowering, "mess" can be a way of drawing upon multiple strengths.
But what people wanted to say was, "My life is a journey."
51% wanted to turn his or her life into a story.
11% said, "My life is a battle."
Again, that is a kind of story.
8% said, "My life is a novel." 5% said, "My life is a play."
I don't think anyone said, "My life is a reality TV show."
(Laughter) But again, we're imposing order on the mess we observe, and it's taking the same patterns, and the thing is when something is in the form of a story, often, we remember it when we shouldn't.
So how many of you know the story about George Washington and the cherry tree?
It's not obvious that is exactly what happened.
The story of Paul Revere, it's not obvious that that is exactly the way it happened.
So again, we should be suspicious of stories.
We're biologically programmed to respond to them.
They contain a lot of information.
They have social power.
They connect us to other people.
So they are like a candy that we're fed when we consume political information, when we read novels.
When we read non-fiction books, we're really being fed stories.
Non-fiction is, in a sense, the new fiction.
The book may happen to say true things, but again, everything's taking the same form of these stories.
So what are the problems of relying too heavily on stories?
You view your life like this instead of the mess that it is or it ought to be.
But more specifically, I think of a few major problems when we think too much in terms of narrative.
First, narratives tend to be too simple, for the point of a narrative is to strip it away, not just into 18 minutes, but most narratives you can present in a sentence or two.
When you strip away detail, you tend to tell stories in terms of good versus evil, whether it's a story about your own life or a story about politics.
I know some things actually are good versus evil, we all know this, right?
But I think, as a general rule, we're too inclined to tell the good versus evil story.
As a simple rule of thumb, just imagine that every time you're telling a good versus evil story, you're basically lowering your IQ by ten points or more.
If you just adopt that as a kind of inner mental habit, it's, in my view, one way to get a lot smarter pretty quickly.
You don't have to read any books.
Just imagine yourself pressing a button every time you tell the good versus evil story, and by pressing that button, you're lowering your IQ by ten points or more.
Another set of stories that are popular-- if you know Oliver Stone's movies, or Michael Moore's movies, you can't make a movie and say: "It was all a big accident."
No, it has to be a conspiracy, people plotting together, because in a story, a story is about intention.
A story is not about spontaneous order or complex human institutions which are the product of human action, but not of human design.
No, a story is about evil people plotting together.
So when you hear stories about plots, or even stories about good people plotting things together, just like when you're watching movies, this, again, is reason to be suspicious.
As a good rule of thumb, if you're asking: "When I hear a story, when should I be especially suspicious?"
If you hear a story and you think: "Wow, that would make a great movie!"
(Laughter) That's when the "uh-oh" reaction should pop in a bit more, and you should start thinking in terms of how the whole thing is maybe a bit of a mess.
Another common story or storyline is the claim that we "have to get tough".
You'll hear this in so many contexts.
We have to get tough with the banks.
We had to get tough with the labor unions.
We need to get tough with some other country, some foreign dictator, someone we're negotiating with.
Again, the point is not against getting tough.
Sometimes we should get tough.
That we got tough with the Nazis was a good thing.
But this is again a story we fall back upon all too readily, all too quickly.
When we don't really know why something happened, we blame someone, and we say: "We need to get tough with them!"
As if it had never occurred to your predecessor, this idea of getting tough.
I view it usually as a kind of mental laziness.
It's a simple story you tell: "We need to get tough, we needed to get tough, we will have to get tough."
Usually, that is a kind of warning signal.
Another kind of problem with stories is you can only fit so many stories into your mind at once, or in the course of a day, or even over the course of a lifetime.
So your stories are serving too many purposes.
For instance, just to get out of bed in the morning, you tell yourself the story that your job is really important, what you're doing is really important (Laughter) and maybe it is, but I tell myself that story even when it's not.
And you know what?
That story works.
It gets me out of bed.
It's a kind of self-deception, but the problem comes when I need to change that story.
The whole point of the story is that I grab onto it and I hold it, and it gets me out of bed.
So when I'm really doing something that is actually just a waste of time, in my mess of a life, I'm too tied into my story that got me out of bed, and ideally, I ought to have some very complex story map in my mind, you know, with combinatorials and a matrix of computation, and the like, but that is not how stories work.
Stories in order to work have to be simple, easily grasped, easily told to others, easily remembered.
So stories will serve dual and conflicting purposes, and very often they will lead us astray.
I used to think I was within the camp of economists, I was one of the good guys, and I was allied with other good guys, and we were fighting the ideas of the bad guys.
I used to think that!
And probably, I was wrong.
Maybe sometimes, I'm one of the good guys, but on some issues, I finally realized: "Hey, I wasn't one of the good guys."
I'm not sure I was the bad guy in the sense of having evil intent, but it was very hard for me to get away with that story.
One interesting thing about cognitive biases is they are the subject of so many books these days.
There's the Nudge book, the Sway book, the Blink book, like the one-title book, all about the ways in which we screw up.
And there are so many ways, but what I find interesting is that none of these books identify what, to me, is the single, central, most important way we screw up, and that is that we tell ourselves too many stories, or we are too easily seduced by stories.
Why don't these books tell us that?
It's because the books themselves are all about stories.
The more of these books you read, you're learning about some of your biases, but you're making some of your other biases essentially worse.
So the books themselves are part of your cognitive bias.
Often, people buy them as a kind of talisman, like: "I bought this book.
I won't be 'Predictably Irrational'."
(Laughter) It's like people want to hear the worst, so psychologically, they can prepare for it or defend against it.
It's why there is such a market for pessimism.
But to think that by buying the book gets you somewhere, that's maybe the bigger fallacy.
It's just like the evidence that shows that the most dangerous people are those who have been taught some financial literacy.
They're the ones who go out and make the worst mistakes.
It's the people who realize they don't know anything at all, that end up doing pretty well.
A third problem with stories is that outsiders manipulate us using stories, and we all like to think advertising only works on the other guy, but, of course, that's not how it is, advertising works on all of us.
So if you're too attached to stories, what will happen is people selling products come along, and they will bundle their product with a story.
You're like, "Hey, a free story!"
And you end up buying the product, because the product and the story go together.
(Laugther) If you think about how capitalism works, there is a bias here.
Let's consider two kinds of stories about cars.
Story A is: "Buy this car, and you will have beautiful, romantic partners and a fascinating life."
(Laughter) There are a lot of people who have a financial incentive to promote that story.
But, say, the alternative story is: "You don't actually need a car as nice as your income would indicate.
What you usually do is look at what your peers do and copy them.
That is a good heuristic for lots of problems, but when it comes to cars, just buy a Toyota."
(Laughter) Maybe Toyota has an incentive there, but even Toyota is making more money off the luxury cars, and less money off the cheaper cars.
So if you think which set of stories you end up hearing, you end up hearing the glamor stories, the seductive stories, and again I'm telling you, don't trust them.
There are people using your love of stories to manipulate you.
Pull back and say: "What are the messages, what are the stories that no one has an incentive to tell?"
Start telling yourself those, and then see if any of your decisions change.
That is one simple way.
You can never get out of the pattern of thinking in terms of stories, but you can improve the extent to which you think in stories, and make some better decisions.
So if I'm thinking about this talk, I'm wondering, of course, what is it you take away from this talk?
What story do you take away from Tyler Cowen?
One story you might be like the story of the quest.
"Tyler was a man on a quest.
Tyler came here, and he told us not to think so much in terms of stories."
That would be a story you could tell about this talk.
(Laughter) It would fit a pretty well-known pattern.
You might remember it.
You could tell it to other people.
"This weird guy came, and he said, 'Don't think in terms of stories.
Let me tell you what happened today!'"
(Laughter) And you tell your story.
(Laugther) Another possibility is you might tell a story of rebirth.
You might say, "I used to think too much in terms of stories (Laughter) but then I heard Tyler Cowen (Laughter) and now I think less in terms of stories!"
That too is a narrative you will remember, you can tell to other people, and again, it may stick.
You also could tell a story of deep tragedy.
"This guy Tyler Cowen came (Laughter) and he told us not to think in terms of stories, but all he could do was tell us stories (Laughter) about how other people think too much in terms of stories."
(Laughter) So, today, which is it?
Is it like quest, rebirth, tragedy?
Or maybe some combination of the three?
I'm really not sure, and I'm not here to tell you to burn your DVD player and throw out your Tolstoy.
To think in terms of stories is fundamentally human.
There is a Gabriel Garcia Marquez memoir "Living to Tell the Tale" that we use memory in stories to make sense of what we've done, to give meaning to our lives, to establish connections with other people.
None of this will go away, should go away, or can go away.
But again, as an economist, I'm thinking about life on the margin, the extra decision.
Should we think more in terms of stories, or less in terms of stories?
When we hear stories, should we be more suspicious?
And what kind of stories should we be suspicious of?
Again, I'm telling you it's the stories, very often, that you like the most, that you find the most rewarding, the most inspiring.
The stories that don't focus on opportunity cost, or the complex, unintended consequences of human action, because that very often does not make for a good story.
So often a story is a story of triumph, a story of struggle; there are opposing forces, which are either evil or ignorant; there is a person on a quest, someone making a voyage, and a stranger coming to town.
And those are your categories, but don't let them make you too happy.
(Laughter) As an alternative, at the margin - again, no burning of Tolstoy - but just be a little more messy.
If I actually had to live those journeys, and quests, and battles, that would be so oppressive to me!
It's like, my goodness, can't I just have my life in its messy, ordinary - I hesitate to use the word - glory but that it's fun for me?
Do I really have to follow some kind of narrative?
Can't I just live?
So be more comfortable with messy.
Be more comfortable with agnostic, and I mean this about the things that make you feel good.
It's so easy to pick out a few areas to be agnostic in, and then feel good about it, like, "I am agnostic about religion, or politics."
It's a kind of portfolio move you make to be more dogmatic elsewhere, right?
(Laughter) Sometimes, the most intellectually trustworthy people are the ones who pick one area, and they are totally dogmatic in that, so pig-headedly unreasonable, that you think, "How can they possibly believe that?"
But it soaks up their stubbornness, and then, on other things, they can be pretty open-minded.
So don't fall into the trap of thinking because you're agnostic on some things, that you're being fundamentally reasonable about your self-deception, your stories, and your open-mindedness.
(Laughter) [Think about] this idea of hovering, of epistemological hovering, and messiness, and incompleteness, [and how] not everything ties up into a neat bow, and you're really not on a journey here.
You're here for some messy reason or reasons, and maybe you don't know what it is, and maybe I don't know what it is, but anyway, I'm happy to be invited, and thank you all for listening.
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Applause) Maya Penn: I've been drawing ever since I could hold a crayon, and I've been making animated flip books since I was three years old.
At that age, I also learned about what an animator was.
There was a program on TV about jobs most kids don't know about.
When I understood that an animator makes the cartoons I saw on TV, I immediately said, "That's what I want to be."
I don't know if I said it mentally or out loud, but that was a greatly defining moment in my life.
Animation and art has always been my first love.
It was my love for technology that sparked the idea for "Malicious Dishes."
There was a virus on my computer, and I was trying to get rid of it, and all of a sudden, I just thought, what if viruses have their own little world inside the computer?
Maybe a restaurant where they meet up and do virusy things?
And thus, "Malicious Dishes" was born.
At four years old, my dad showed me how to take apart a computer and put it back together again.
That started my love for technology.
I built my first website myself in HTML, and I'm learning JavaScript and Python.
I'm also working on an animated series called "The Pollinators."
It's about bees and other pollinators in our environment and why they're so important.
If plants aren't pollinated by the pollinators, then all creatures, including ourselves, that depend on these plants, would starve.
So I decided to take these cool creatures and make a superhero team.
(Applause) (Foot stomp) (Music) (Roar) Pollinator: Deforestsaurus!
I should have known!
I need to call on the rest of the Pollinators!
(Music) Thank you.
(Applause) All of my animations start with ideas, but what are ideas?
Ideas can spark a movement.
Ideas are opportunities and innovation.
Ideas truly are what make the world go round.
If it wasn't for ideas, we wouldn't be where we are now with technology, medicine, art, culture, and how we even live our lives.
At eight years old, I took my ideas and started my own business called Maya's Ideas, and my nonprofit, Maya's Ideas for the Planet.
(Laughter) And I make eco-friendly clothing and accessories.
I'm 13 now, and although I started my business in 2008, my artistic journey started way before then.
I was greatly influenced by art, and I wanted to incorporate it in everything I did, even my business.
I would find different fabrics around the house, and say, &amp;quot;This could be a scarf or a hat,&amp;quot; and I had all these ideas for designs.
I noticed when I wore my creations, people would stop me and say, "Wow, that's really cute.
Where can I get one?"
And I thought, I can start my own business.
Now I didn't have any business plans at only eight years old.
I only knew I wanted to make pretty creations that were safe for the environment and I wanted to give back.
My mom taught me how to sew, and on my back porch, I would sit and make little headbands out of ribbon, and I would write down the names and the price of each item.
I started making more items like hats, scarves and bags.
Soon, my items began selling all over the world, and I had customers in Denmark, Italy, Australia, Canada and more.
Now, I had a lot to learn about my business, like branding and marketing, staying engaged with my customers, and seeing what sold the most and the least.
Soon, my business really started to take off.
Then one day, Forbes magazine contacted me when I was 10 years old.
(Laughter) They wanted to feature me and my company in their article.
Now a lot of people ask me, why is your business eco-friendly?
I've had a passion for protecting the environment and its creatures since I was little.
My parents taught me at an early age about giving back and being a good steward to the environment.
I heard about how the dyes in some clothing or the process of even making the items was harmful to the people and the planet, so I started doing my own research, and I discovered that even after dyeing has being completed, there is a waste issue that gives a negative impact on the environment.
For example, the grinding of materials, or the dumping of dried powder materials.
These actions can pollute the air, making it toxic to anyone or anything that inhales it.
So when I started my business, I knew two things: All of my items had to be eco-friendly, and 10 to 20 percent of the profits I made went to local and global charities and environmental organizations.
(Applause) I feel I'm part of the new wave of entrepreneurs that not only seeks to have a successful business, but also a sustainable future.
I feel that I can meet the needs of my customers without compromising the ability of future generations to live in a greener tomorrow.
We live in a big, diverse and beautiful world, and that makes me even more passionate to save it.
But it's never enough to just to get it through your heads about the things that are happening in our world.
It takes to get it through your hearts, because when you get it through your heart, that is when movements are sparked.
That is when opportunities and innovation are created, and that is why ideas come to life.
Thank you, and peace and blessings.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Pat Mitchell: So, you heard Maya talk about the amazing parents who are behind this incredible woman.
Where are they?
Please, Mr. and Mrs. Penn.
Would you just -- Ah!
(Applause)