Thank you very much.
Well, I would like to start with testicles.
(Laughter) Men who sleep five hours a night have significantly smaller testicles than those who sleep seven hours or more.
(Laughter) In addition, men who routinely sleep just four to five hours a night will have a level of testosterone which is that of someone 10 years their senior.
So a lack of sleep will age a man by a decade in terms of that critical aspect of wellness.
And we see equivalent impairments in female reproductive health caused by a lack of sleep.
This is the best news that I have for you today.
(Laughter) From this point, it may only get worse.
Not only will I tell you about the wonderfully good things that happen when you get sleep, but the alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't get enough, both for your brain and for your body.
Let me start with the brain and the functions of learning and memory, because what we've discovered over the past 10 or so years is that you need sleep after learning to essentially hit the save button on those new memories so that you don't forget.
But recently, we discovered that you also need sleep before learning to actually prepare your brain, almost like a dry sponge ready to initially soak up new information.
And without sleep, the memory circuits of the brain essentially become waterlogged, as it were, and you can't absorb new memories.
So let me show you the data.
Here in this study, we decided to test the hypothesis that pulling the all-nighter was a good idea.
So we took a group of individuals and we assigned them to one of two experimental groups: a sleep group and a sleep deprivation group.
Now the sleep group, they're going to get a full eight hours of slumber, but the deprivation group, we're going to keep them awake in the laboratory, under full supervision.
There's no naps or caffeine, by the way, so it's miserable for everyone involved.
And then the next day, we're going to place those participants inside an MRI scanner and we're going to have them try and learn a whole list of new facts as we're taking snapshots of brain activity.
And then we're going to test them to see how effective that learning has been.
And that's what you're looking at here on the vertical axis.
And when you put those two groups head to head, what you find is a quite significant, 40-percent deficit in the ability of the brain to make new memories without sleep.
I think this should be concerning, considering what we know is happening to sleep in our education populations right now.
In fact, to put that in context, it would be the difference in a child acing an exam versus failing it miserably -- 40 percent.
And we've gone on to discover what goes wrong within your brain to produce these types of learning disabilities.
And there's a structure that sits on the left and the right side of your brain, called the hippocampus.
And you can think of the hippocampus almost like the informational inbox of your brain.
It's very good at receiving new memory files and then holding on to them.
And when you look at this structure in those people who'd had a full night of sleep, we saw lots of healthy learning-related activity.
Yet in those people who were sleep-deprived, we actually couldn't find any significant signal whatsoever.
So it's almost as though sleep deprivation had shut down your memory inbox, and any new incoming files -- they were just being bounced.
You couldn't effectively commit new experiences to memory.
So that's the bad that can happen if I were to take sleep away from you, but let me just come back to that control group for a second.
Do you remember those folks that got a full eight hours of sleep?
Well, we can ask a very different question: What is it about the physiological quality of your sleep when you do get it that restores and enhances your memory and learning ability each and every day?
And by placing electrodes all over the head, what we've discovered is that there are big, powerful brainwaves that happen during the very deepest stages of sleep that have riding on top of them these spectacular bursts of electrical activity that we call sleep spindles.
And it's the combined quality of these deep-sleep brainwaves that acts like a file-transfer mechanism at night, shifting memories from a short-term vulnerable reservoir to a more permanent long-term storage site within the brain, and therefore protecting them, making them safe.
And it is important that we understand what during sleep actually transacts these memory benefits, because there are real medical and societal implications.
And let me just tell you about one area that we've moved this work out into, clinically, which is the context of aging and dementia.
Because it's of course no secret that, as we get older, our learning and memory abilities begin to fade and decline.
But what we've also discovered is that a physiological signature of aging is that your sleep gets worse, especially that deep quality of sleep that I was just discussing.
And only last year, we finally published evidence that these two things, they're not simply co-occurring, they are significantly interrelated.
And it suggests that the disruption of deep sleep is an underappreciated factor that is contributing to cognitive decline or memory decline in aging, and most recently we've discovered, in Alzheimer's disease as well.
Now, I know this is remarkably depressing news.
It's in the mail.
It's scott66@example.net.
But there's a potential silver lining here.
Unlike many of the other factors that we know are associated with aging, for example changes in the physical structure of the brain, that's fiendishly difficult to treat.
But that sleep is a missing piece in the explanatory puzzle of aging and Alzheimer's is exciting because we may be able to do something about it.
And one way that we are approaching this at my sleep center is not by using sleeping pills, by the way.
Unfortunately, they are blunt instruments that do not produce naturalistic sleep.
Instead, we're actually developing a method based on this.
It's called direct current brain stimulation.
You insert a small amount of voltage into the brain, so small you typically don't feel it, but it has a measurable impact.
Now if you apply this stimulation during sleep in young, healthy adults, as if you're sort of singing in time with those deep-sleep brainwaves, not only can you amplify the size of those deep-sleep brainwaves, but in doing so, we can almost double the amount of memory benefit that you get from sleep.
The question now is whether we can translate this same affordable, potentially portable piece of technology into older adults and those with dementia.
Can we restore back some healthy quality of deep sleep, and in doing so, can we salvage aspects of their learning and memory function?
That is my real hope now.
That's one of our moon-shot goals, as it were.
So that's an example of sleep for your brain, but sleep is just as essential for your body.
We've already spoken about sleep loss and your reproductive system.
Or I could tell you about sleep loss and your cardiovascular system, and that all it takes is one hour.
Because there is a global experiment performed on 1.6 billion people across 70 countries twice a year, and it's called daylight saving time.
Now, in the spring, when we lose one hour of sleep, we see a subsequent 24-percent increase in heart attacks that following day.
In the autumn, when we gain an hour of sleep, we see a 21-percent reduction in heart attacks.
Isn't that incredible?
And you see exactly the same profile for car crashes, road traffic accidents, even suicide rates.
But as a deeper dive, I want to focus on this: sleep loss and your immune system.
And here, I'll introduce these delightful blue elements in the image.
They are called natural killer cells, and you can think of natural killer cells almost like the secret service agents of your immune system.
They are very good at identifying dangerous, unwanted elements and eliminating them.
In fact, what they're doing here is destroying a cancerous tumor mass.
So what you wish for is a virile set of these immune assassins at all times, and tragically, that's what you don't have if you're not sleeping enough.
So here in this experiment, you're not going to have your sleep deprived for an entire night, you're simply going to have your sleep restricted to four hours for one single night, and then we're going to look to see what's the percent reduction in immune cell activity that you suffer.
And it's not small -- it's not 10 percent, it's not 20 percent.
There was a 70-percent drop in natural killer cell activity.
That's a concerning state of immune deficiency, and you can perhaps understand why we're now finding significant links between short sleep duration and your risk for the development of numerous forms of cancer.
Currently, that list includes cancer of the bowel, cancer of the prostate and cancer of the breast.
In fact, the link between a lack of sleep and cancer is now so strong that the World Health Organization has classified any form of nighttime shift work as a probable carcinogen, because of a disruption of your sleep-wake rhythms.
So you may have heard of that old maxim that you can sleep when you're dead.
Well, I'm being quite serious now -- it is mortally unwise advice.
We know this from epidemiological studies across millions of individuals.
There's a simple truth: the shorter your sleep, the shorter your life.
Short sleep predicts all-cause mortality.
And if increasing your risk for the development of cancer or even Alzheimer's disease were not sufficiently disquieting, we have since discovered that a lack of sleep will even erode the very fabric of biological life itself, your DNA genetic code.
So here in this study, they took a group of healthy adults and they limited them to six hours of sleep a night for one week, and then they measured the change in their gene activity profile relative to when those same individuals were getting a full eight hours of sleep a night.
And there were two critical findings.
First, a sizable and significant 711 genes were distorted in their activity, caused by a lack of sleep.
The second result was that about half of those genes were actually increased in their activity.
The other half were decreased.
Now those genes that were switched off by a lack of sleep were genes associated with your immune system, so once again, you can see that immune deficiency.
In contrast, those genes that were actually upregulated or increased by way of a lack of sleep, were genes associated with the promotion of tumors, genes associated with long-term chronic inflammation within the body, and genes associated with stress, and, as a consequence, cardiovascular disease.
There is simply no aspect of your wellness that can retreat at the sign of sleep deprivation and get away unscathed.
It's rather like a broken water pipe in your home.
Sleep loss will leak down into every nook and cranny of your physiology, even tampering with the very DNA nucleic alphabet that spells out your daily health narrative.
And at this point, you may be thinking, "Oh my goodness, how do I start to get better sleep?
What are you tips for good sleep?"
Well, beyond avoiding the damaging and harmful impact of alcohol and caffeine on sleep, and if you're struggling with sleep at night, avoiding naps during the day, I have two pieces of advice for you.
The first is regularity.
Go to bed at the same time, wake up at the same time, no matter whether it's the weekday or the weekend.
Regularity is king, and it will anchor your sleep and improve the quantity and the quality of that sleep.
The second is keep it cool.
Your body needs to drop its core temperature by about two to three degrees Fahrenheit to initiate sleep and then to stay asleep, and it's the reason you will always find it easier to fall asleep in a room that's too cold than too hot.
So aim for a bedroom temperature of around 65 degrees, or about 18 degrees Celsius.
That's going to be optimal for the sleep of most people.
And then finally, in taking a step back, then, what is the mission-critical statement here?
Well, I think it may be this: sleep, unfortunately, is not an optional lifestyle luxury.
Sleep is a nonnegotiable biological necessity.
It is your life-support system, and it is Mother Nature's best effort scott66@example.net.
And the decimation of sleep throughout industrialized nations is having a catastrophic impact on our health, our wellness, even the safety and the education of our children.
It's a silent sleep loss epidemic, and it's fast becoming one of the greatest public health challenges that we face in the 21st century.
I believe it is now time for us to reclaim our right to a full night of sleep, and without embarrassment or that unfortunate stigma of laziness.
And in doing so, we can be reunited with the most powerful elixir of life, the Swiss Army knife of health, as it were.
And with that soapbox rant over, I will simply say, good night, good luck, and above all ...
I do hope you sleep well.
Thank you very much indeed.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you so much.
David Biello: No, no, no.
Stay there for a second.
Good job not running away, though.
I appreciate that.
So that was terrifying.
Matt Walker: You're welcome.
DB: Yes, thank you, thank you.
Since we can't catch up on sleep, what are we supposed to do?
What do we do when we're, like, tossing and turning in bed late at night or doing shift work or whatever else?
MW: So you're right, we can't catch up on sleep.
Sleep is not like the bank.
You can't accumulate a debt and then hope to pay it off at a later point in time.
I should also note the reason that it's so catastrophic and that our health deteriorates so quickly, first, it's because human beings are the only species that deliberately deprive themselves of sleep for no apparent reason.
DB: Because we're smart.
MW: And I make that point because it means that Mother Nature, throughout the course of evolution, has never had to face the challenge of this thing called sleep deprivation.
So she's never developed a safety net, and that's why when you undersleep, things just sort of implode so quickly, both within the brain and the body.
So you just have to prioritize.
DB: OK, but tossing and turning in bed, what do I do?
MW: So if you are staying in bed awake for too long, you should get out of bed and go to a different room and do something different.
The reason is because your brain will very quickly associate your bedroom with the place of wakefulness, and you need to break that association.
So only return to bed when you are sleepy, and that way you will relearn the association that you once had, which is your bed is the place of sleep.
So the analogy would be, you'd never sit at the dinner table, waiting to get hungry, so why would you lie in bed, waiting to get sleepy?
DB: Well, thank you for that wake-up call.
Great job, Matt.
MW: You're very welcome.
Thank you very much.
It is almost the end of the winter, and you've woken up to a cold house, which is weird, because you left the heater on all night.
You turn on the light.
It's not working.
Actually, the coffee maker, the TV -- none of them are working.
Life outside also seems to have stopped.
There are no schools, most of the businesses are shut, and there are no working trains.
This is not the opening scene of a zombie apocalypse movie.
This is what happened in March 1989 in the Canadian province of Quebec, when the power grid lost power.
The culprit?
A solar storm.
Solar storms are giant clouds of particles escaping from the Sun from time to time, and a constant reminder that we live in the neighborhood of an active star.
And I, as a solar physicist, I have a tremendous chance to study these solar storms.
But you see, "solar storm chaser" is not just a cool title.
My research helps to understand where they come from, how they behave and, in the long run, aims to mitigate their effects on human societies, which I'll get to in a second.
At the beginning of the space exploration age 50 years ago only, the probes we sent in space revealed that the planets in our Solar System constantly bathe in a stream of particles that are coming from the Sun and that we call the solar wind.
And in the same way that global wind patterns here on Earth can be affected by hurricanes, the solar wind is sometimes affected by solar storms that I like to call "space hurricanes."
When they arrive at planets, they can perturb the space environment, which in turn creates the northern or southern lights, for example, here on Earth, but also Saturn and also Jupiter.
Luckily, here on Earth, we are protected by our planet's natural shield, a magnetic bubble that we call the magnetosphere and that you can see here on the right side.
Nonetheless, solar storms can still be responsible for disrupting satellite telecommunications and operations, for disrupting navigation systems, such as GPS, as well as electric power transmission.
All of these are technologies on which us humans rely more and more.
I mean, imagine if you woke up tomorrow without a working cell phone -- no internet on it, which means no social media.
I mean, to me that would be worse than the zombie apocalypse.
(Laughter) By constantly monitoring the Sun, though, we now know where the solar storms come from.
They come from regions of the Sun where a tremendous amount of energy is being stored.
You have an example here, as a complex structure hanging above the solar surface, just on the verge of erupting.
Unfortunately, we cannot send probes in the scorching hot atmosphere of the Sun, where temperatures can rise up to around 10 million degrees Kelvin.
So what I do is I use computer simulations in order to analyze but also to predict the behavior of these storms when they're just born at the Sun.
This is only one part of the story, though.
When these solar storms are moving in space, some of them will inevitably encounter space probes that we humans have sent in order to explore other worlds.
What I mean by other worlds is, for example, planets, such as Venus or Mercury, but also objects, such as comets.
And while these space probes have been made for different scientific endeavors, they can also act like tiny cosmic meteorological stations and monitor the evolution of these space storms.
So I, with a group of researchers, gather and analyze this data coming from different locations of the Solar System.
And by doing so, my research shows that, actually, solar storms have a generic shape, and that this shape evolves as solar storms move away from the Sun.
And you know what?
This is key for building tools to predict space weather.
I would like to leave you with this beautiful image.
This is us here on Earth, this pale blue dot.
And while I study the Sun and its storms every day, I will always have a deep love for this beautiful planet -- a pale blue dot indeed, but a pale blue dot with an invisible magnetic shield that helps to protect us.
Thank you.
(Applause)