Abstract
Abstract The ticks Hyalomma (Euhyalomma)
Introduction
Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930 was originally described as a subspecies of H. savignyi (Gervais, 1844), namely H. savignyi impeltatum (see Schulze & Schlottke, 1930) . Later Kratz (1940) recognised this taxon at full species level, as H. impeltatum, but the tick was not clearly morphologically defined until the descriptive works of Hoogstraal and his co-workers (Hoogstraal, 1956; Hoogstraal et al., 1981) . Considerable individual and geographical variability throughout its wide distributional range often makes it difficult to identify the adults to the specific level. Identification of H. impeltatum based on its immature stages has to all intents and purposes not been attempted.
Introduction
Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) somalicum Tonelli Rondelli, 1935 was originally described as a full species (Tonelli Rondelli, 1935) , but Delpy (1949) and Tendeiro (1955) considered it part of the H. excavatum Koch, 1844 species complex. Later Hoogstraal & Kaiser (1959) proposed that it be considered a subspecies of H. impeltatum, whereas Camicas et al. (1998) consider H. somalicum a junior synonym of H. erythraeum Tonelli Rondelli, 1932 . Hoogstraal (1956 briefly described adults of a ''Hyalomma ? species'' from Somalia and adjacent areas, which at that time he could not accommodate in any other valid species. A few years later, Hoogstraal & Kaiser (1959) apparently considered this species to be H. impeltatum somalicum, but Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) finally decided that the unknown ''Hyalomma ? species'' should be known as H. erythraeum, thus resurrecting this name from amongst the synonyms of H. excavatum (see Tendeiro, 1955) , and as a questionable synonym of H. impeltatum (see Hoogstraal, 1956 ). Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) redescribed both sexes and described the larva and the nymph for the first time; since then H. erythraeum has been considered a valid species.
Introduction
After a detailed study of extensive collections of H. impeltatum and H. erythraeum [sensu Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) ], we confirm that these are valid taxa deserving full species rank. However, after the examination of the probable type-specimens and perusal of the original description of H. erythraeum, we disagree with the current point of view (Kaiser & Hoogstraal, 1968) on the nomenclature of this species. In accordance with the rules of priority of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, we treat H. erythraeum Tonelli Rondelli, 1932 as an objective junior synonym of H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930 and resurrect the name H. somalicum Tonelli Rondelli, 1935 for H. erythraeum of Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) .
Introduction
Based on a preliminary analysis of morphological characters, we consider that both H. impeltatum and H. somalicum belong to the H. (E.) asiaticum group of closely related species. In addition to H. (E.) asiaticum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930 , the other species in this group are H. (E.) dromedarii Koch, 1844 and H. (E.) schulzei Olenev, 1931 (see Apanaskevich et al., 2008) .
Materials and methods
A total of approximately 3,400 males, 2,700 females, 100 nymphs and 300 larvae of Hyalomma impeltatum, originating from Afghanistan, Algeria, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Israel, Kenya, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Western Sahara and the Yemen; and 369 males, 72 females, 20 nymphs and 50 larvae of H. somalicum, originating from Djibouti and Somalia, were examined in the present study. Both field-collected and laboratoryreared specimens were scrutinised. The specimens examined are housed in the United States National Tick Collection (USNTC) (Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA), the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN RAS) (St Petersburg, Russia), the Natural History Museum of Berlin (NHMB) (Germany), the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) (Chicago, USA), the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) (Tervuren, Belgium), the Gertrud Theiler Tick Museum at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) (Onderstepoort, South Africa), and in the personal tick collection of Dr J. B. Walker (South Africa). Detailed lists of studied material can be found at: http://personal. georgiasouthern.edu/*dapanask/data on Hyalomma impeltatum.pdf and http://personal.georgiasouthern. edu/*dapanask/data on Hyalomma somalicum.pdf.
Materials and methods
The immature stages and the more delicate structures of the adults were mounted on slides and examined under a light microscope, as were the macrostructures of males and females under a stereoscopic microscope. The spiracular plates of the nymphs were studied by means of a scanning electron microscope. Measurements are given in micrometres unless otherwise indicated. These measurements are arranged as follows: minimum -maximum (average ± standard deviation, n = number of specimens measured). Their schematic layout is to be found in Apanaskevich (2003) and Apanaskevich & Horak (2006 Type-specimens: The original description was based on males and females (unquantified) from North and West Africa (Schulze & Schlottke, 1930) . Kratz (1940) noted that the type-specimen (1 male) originates from Western Sahara (Rio de Oro) and is deposited in the NHMB. Since then, however, the holotype has never been mentioned in the literature. We were unable to find this specimen in either the NHMB or in Schulze's collection at the USNTC, and therefore conclude that the type-specimen has been either lost, destroyed or mislabelled. Remarks: In the introduction above, we mention the problems regarding the description and identification of H. impeltatum; these are compounded by having no holotype specimen. Consequently we have deemed it necessary to designate a neotype. The characters that differentiate the nominal species, for which the neotype has been designated, from other taxa, as well as a description and illustrations that will ensure the recognition of the neotype, are clearly listed and presented in this publication. The specimen selected as the neotype closely corresponds with the only workable description of H. impeltatum given by Kratz (1940) , for which he apparently used the original holotype specimen. Although we examined several specimens originating from Western Sahara, where the holotype originated (Kratz, 1940) Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) , see that presented below for the latter tick.
Materials and methods
The most useful descriptions and illustrations of the adults of H. impeltatum are to be found in Hoogstraal (1956) and Hoogstraal et al. (1981) . The larva and nymph have been schematically described and illustrated as H. brumpti by Rousselot (1948) ; and the larva has been redescribed by Camicas (1970) .
Redescription (Figs. 1-7)
Male (Figs. 1-3) . Conscutum (Fig. 1A, B) : length 3.14-4.90 mm (3.84 ± 0.42 mm, n = 100), width 1.95-3.24 mm (2.40 ± 0.29 mm, n = 100), length/ width ratio 1.44-1.71 (1.60 ± 0.06, n = 100); yellow-to red-brown in colour; pale marbling absent; broadly oval in shape; widest near mid-length; slight narrowing in region of spiracular plates; rounded posterior margin; cervical and lateral grooves moderately deep, up to 1/3 length of conscutum; marginal grooves short, furrow-like, extending anteriorly for posterior 1/4 of conscutum, dense and deep punctations aligned with marginal groove give it appearance of long but shallow groove reaching almost 2/3 of conscutal length; posteromedian groove does not reach parma and is separated from parma by smooth or wart-like surface; paramedian grooves well defined; caudal field well defined, laterally demarcated by moderate ridges; large punctations sparse, mainly on central, caudal and lateral fields; medium and small punctations vary in density -usually dense, mainly on caudal and lateral fields; parma generally present, narrow, inverted U-shape; 4 distinct festoons. Genital structures ( Fig. 2A) as illustrated. Anal shields (Fig. 2B ): 3 pairs; adanal plates long, lateral margin convex, anteromedian margin concave, median projection prominent, posteromedian margin slightly concave, posterior margin bluntly rounded; subanal plates vary in shape and size, from small to medium to very large, subcircular. No sclerotised plaques ventrally on median, paramedian and fourth festoons. Spiracular plate ( Fig. 2C ): dorsal prolongation long, narrow and distinct from body of plate; perforated portion of prolongation gently curved throughout its length. Circumspiracular setae sparse. Basis capituli (Fig. 2D , E): without lateral projections; dorsal posterior margin slightly concave; cornua modest. Palpi ( Fig. 2F ): segment I with more than 5 ventromedian setae. Hypostome ( Fig. 2G ): club-shaped; denticulate portion slightly longer than denticle-free portion (small scale-like projections posterior to last large denticle are not considered denticles). Coxae ( Fig. 2H ): posteromedian and posterolateral spurs of coxa I long, subequal in length or posterolateral spur longer than posteromedian spur, juxtaposed, tapering to apices; coxae II-IV each with distinct, broadly triangular posterolateral spur; coxae II and III each with modest, broadly arcuate, posteromedian spur; internal spur on coxa IV distinct, triangular. Ivory-coloured enamel band encircles distal portion of each segment of legs; incomplete or complete (mainly in populations from Arabian Peninsula) ivory-coloured stripe on dorsal aspect of leg segments (Fig. 3A) .
Redescription (Figs. 1-7)
Female . Scutum (Fig. 4) : length 1.93-2.74 mm (2.25 ± 0.13 mm, n = 100), width 1.90-2.55 mm (2.17 ± 0.12 mm, n = 100), length/width ratio 0.96-1.12 (1.04 ± 0.04, n = 100); yellow-to red-brown in colour; pale marbling absent; nearly as broad as long; posterolateral angles distinct; cervical and lateral grooves moderately deep, extending to posterior margin of scutum; large and medium-sized punctations usually dense, evenly distributed over scutum. Genital structures ( Fig. 5A ): genital aperture narrow, triangular (V-shaped) or arcuate (U-shaped); vestibular portion of vagina strongly bulging; preatrial fold of genital aperture bulging (Fig. 5B ). Spiracular plates ( Fig. 5C ): perforated portion of dorsal projection slightly curved and relatively narrow. Circumspiracular setae sparse. Basis capituli (Fig. 5D , E): dorsally lateral projections broad and short, hardly visible ventrally; dorsal posterior margin slightly concave; dorsal cornua inconspicuous. Palpi ( Fig. 5F ): segment I with more than 5 ventromedian setae. Hypostome ( Fig. 5G ): club-shaped; denticulate portion slightly longer than denticle-free portion. Coxae ( Fig. 5H ): posteromedian and posterolateral spurs of coxa I long, subequal in length or posterolateral spur longer than posteromedian spur, tapering to apices, juxtaposed, posteromedian spur narrow with tapering apex; coxae II-IV each with distinct, broadly triangular posterolateral spur, with rounded apex; coxae II-IV each with modest, broadly arcuate, posteromedian spur. Coloration of legs similar to that of male (Fig. 3B) .
Redescription (Figs. 1-7)
Nymph (Fig. 6) . Scutum ( Fig. 6A ): length 488-668 (590 ± 37, n = 71), width 501-707 (586 ± 49, n = 69), length/width ratio 0.86-1.12 (1.01 ± 0.06, n = 69), distance between posterior margin of eyes and posterior margin of scutum 176-254 (215 ± 15, n = 69), width/length ratio of posterior portion of scutum 2.29-3.33 (2.73 ± 0.20, n = 69); posterior margin of scutum broadly rounded; slight posterolateral depressions on either side of scutal extremity. Setae of alloscutum ( Fig. 6B ): taper to rounded apex, without dentation. Spiracular plates ( Fig. 6C ): asymmetrically oval; dorsal prolongation short, blunt at apex; submarginal row of perforations incomplete. Basis capituli (Fig. 6D , E): length 322-440 (397 ± 26, n = 68); width 280-384 (330 ± 25, n = 71), length/width ratio 1.10-1.30 (1.20 ± 0.05, n = 68), subhexagonal dorsally, dorsolateral projections distinct and acute from dorsal and ventral aspects. Palpi (segment II) (Fig. 6D , E): length 150-211 (191 ± 12, n = 71), width 46-60 (54 ± 3, n = 71), length/width ratio 3.00-4.08 (3.56 ± 0.25, n = 71); palpal segment II proximally narrow, gradually expanded distally. Hypostome (Fig. 6E ): length 168-230 (204 ± 14, n = 69), width 48-74 (58 ± 7, n = 71), length/width ratio 2.89-4.32 (3.55 ± 0.33, n = 69); median file with 6 or 7 large denticles; transition of denticulate portion to denticle-free portion abrupt; denticulate portion nearly as long as denticle-free portion. Coxae (Fig. 6F ): coxa I with long, narrow, subtriangular spurs nearly equal in length; coxae II-IV each with moderate lateral spur, which decreases in size conspicuously from coxae II to IV; coxal pore present.
Redescription (Figs. 1-7)
Larva (Fig. 7) . Scutum ( 93-110 (104 ± 3, n = 191), width 35-40 (37 ± 1, n = 191), length/width ratio 2.50-3.06 (2.79 ± 0.09, n = 191); arcuate ventral spur on palpal segment III. Hypostome (Fig. 7C ): length 72-92 (83 ± 4, n = 187), width 18-23 (21 ± 1, n = 186), length/ width ratio 3.39-4.62 (3.88 ± 0.24, n = 186); median file with 5 large denticles; transition of denticulate portion to denticle-free portion abrupt; denticulate portion approximately half of hypostome length. Coxae (Fig. 7D ): coxa I with large, prominent triangular spur tapering towards apex and directed posteriorly or medially; coxae II and III each with moderate spur, which is broadly arcuate on coxae II and triangular on coxae III. Genu I: length 115-154 (137 ± 7, n = 187), width 40-50 (45 ± 2, n = 147), length/width ratio 2.65-3.37 (3.08 ± 0.15, n = 147).
Remarks

Variability
The adults of most populations of H. impeltatum from the Arabian Peninsula are often larger, less punctate, more lightly coloured and have a complete dorsal ivory-coloured strip on the leg segments. However, this set of characters can sometimes be observed in specimens from other regions. Variations in the diagnostic characters of normal-sized ticks are: punctations on male conscutum and female scutumlarge punctations are always sparse, but the density of small or medium-sized punctations can vary, from almost absent to extremely dense, especially on the caudal field of the male conscutum; subanal plates of male -extremely variable in size and shape, from very large with a rounded posterior margin, through moderately large and rounded (generally the case on normally developed males) to tiny triangular plates; perforated portion of dorsal prolongation of spiracular plates of male -this can sometimes be narrower than usual; and coloration of legs in adults -the ivory coloration of the dorsal aspects of leg segments can vary from a relatively small proximal spot to a large longitudinal spot (which is generally the case) to a complete dorsal strip. Villiers, 1955; Hoogstraal, 1956; Hoogstraal & Kaiser, 1958a , b, c, d, 1959 , 1960 Morel, 1958; Abbassian-Lintzen, 1961; Morel & Graber, 1961; Morel & Mouchet, 1965; Köhler et al., 1967; Yeoman & Walker, 1967; Morel & Rodhain, 1972; Bailly-Choumara et al., 1974; Walker, 1974; Pegram, 1976; Hoogstraal et al., 1981; Pegram et al., 1981 Pegram et al., , 1982 Papadopoulos et al., 1991 Hoogstraal, 1956; Hoogstraal & Kaiser, 1958a, c, d, e; Feldman-Muhsam, 1960; Hoogstraal et al., 1981) . Single specimens of the immature stages of H. impeltatum have been recorded from domestic camels and sheep (Latif, 1985) , and also from humans (Hoogstraal, 1956 ). Hoogstraal, 1956; Hoogstraal & Kaiser, 1958a , b, 1959 , 1960 Morel, 1958; Feldman-Muhsam, 1960; Abbassian-Lintzen, 1961; Morel & Graber, 1961; Kaiser & Hoogstraal, 1963 , 1964 Morel & Mouchet, 1965; Köhler et al., 1967; Morel & Rodhain, 1972; Hoffmann & Lindau, 1971; Bailly-Choumara et al., 1974; Pegram, 1976; Rodhain, 1976; Mohammed, 1977; Hoogstraal et al., 1981; Pegram et al., 1981 Pegram et al., , 1982 Papadopoulos et al., 1991) . Except for the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East, this species seems to be fairly rare in Asia.
Related species

Geographical distribution

Disease relationships
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus has been isolated from H. impeltatum in Senegal, Nigeria and Ethiopia (Hoogstraal, 1979) , and Wanowrie virus has been isolated from it in Egypt . H. impeltatum can be an efficient vector of Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky & Luhs) (Mustafa et al., 1983 ) and kinetes of a Babesia species have been found in its haemolymph in Nigeria (Dipeolu & Amoo, 1984) . Camicas et al. 1998) . Our examination of the original description of H. somalicum confirms this. Thus, in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we have resurrected the name H. somalicum for H. erythraeum of Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) . Valuable descriptions and illustrations of the adults are available in Hoogstraal (1956) , as Hyalomma ? species, and Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) and Hoogstraal et al. (1981) , as H. erythraeum. The larva and nymph have been described and illustrated by Kaiser & Hoogstraal (1968) and Hoogstraal et al. (1981) as H. erythraeum.
Redescription (Figs. 8-14)
Male (Figs. 8-10 ). Conscutum (Fig. 8) : length 3.41-4.80 mm (4.27 ± 0.28 mm, n = 100), width 2.11-3.41 mm (2.94 ± 0.21 mm, n = 100), length/width ratio 1.32-1.64 (1.45 ± 0.06, n = 100); red-brown in colour; pale marbling absent; broadly oval in shape; widest near mid-length; slight narrowing in region of spiracular plates; posterior margin broad, only slightly convex; cervical and lateral grooves moderately deep, up to 1/3 length of conscutum; marginal Syst Parasitol (2009) 73:199-218 209 grooves short, furrow-like, extending anteriorly to posterior 1/4 of conscutum; dense and deep punctations aligned with marginal groove give it appearance of long but shallow groove almost reaching 2/3 of conscutal length; posteromedian groove separated from parma or median festoon by region with wartlike or smooth surface; paramedian grooves diverge anteriorly, clearly delineated; caudal field well defined, demarcated laterally by moderate ridges; some large punctations anteriorly on central, lateral and caudal fields; medium-sized punctations fairly dense anteriorly on conscutum and very dense on caudal and lateral fields; parma usually absent, occasionally triangular parma present; 4 or 5 distinct festoons. Genital structures (Fig. 9A) as illustrated. Anal shields (Fig. 9B ): 3 pairs; adanal plates long, broad, lateral margin convex, anteromedian margin slightly concave, median projection prominent, posteromedian margin concave, posterior margin convex; subanal plates usually moderate in size, asymmetrically oval. Sclerotised plaques present ventrally on median and paramedian festoons. Spiracular plate (Fig. 9C ): dorsal prolongation long and clearly distinct from body of plate; perforated portion of dorsal prolongation straight, relatively narrow, curved at its tip. Circumspiracular setae sparse. Basis capituli (Fig. 9D, E ): without lateral projections; dorsal posterior margin angular, deeply concave; cornua modest. Palpi (Fig. 9F ): segment I with [5 ventromedian setae. Hypostome (Fig. 9G ): clubshaped; denticulate portion slightly longer than denticle-free portion. Coxae (Fig. 9H ): posteromedian and posterolateral spurs of coxa I long, equal in length or posterolateral spur longer than posteromedian spur, juxtaposed, tapering to apices; coxae II-IV each with distinct, broadly arcuate posterolateral spur; coxae II and III each with moderate, broadly arcuate, posteromedian spur; internal spur on coxa IV distinct, triangular. Ivory-coloured enamel band encircles distal portion of each segment of legs; small dorsal ivory-coloured enamel spot present proximally (Fig. 10A) .
Redescription (Figs. 8-14)
Female ( . Scutum ( Fig. 11) : length 1.91-2.90 mm (2.34 ± 0.22 mm, n = 25), width 1.91-2.71 mm (2.42 ± 0.23 mm, n = 25), length/width ratio 0.88-1.11 (0.97 ± 0.06, n = 25); dark redbrown in colour; pale marbling absent; slightly broader than long; posterolateral angles prominent; cervical and lateral grooves moderately deep, extending to posterior margin of scutum; large punctations sparse; medium-sized punctations moderately dense, evenly distributed over scutum. Genital structures (Fig. 12A ): genital aperture narrow, long, V-shaped; vestibular portion of vagina markedly bulging; preatrial fold of genital aperture flat (Fig. 12B) . Spiracular plates (Fig. 12C ): perforated portion of dorsal projection short, narrow and slightly curved. Circumspiracular setae sparse. Basis capituli (Fig. 12D, E) : dorsally lateral projections short, visible as sharp points ventrally; dorsal posterior margin straight or slightly concave; dorsal cornua inconspicuous. Palpi (Fig. 12F ): segment I with more than 5 ventromedian setae. Hypostome (Fig. 12G ): club-shaped; denticulate portion slightly longer than denticle-free portion. Coxae (Fig. 12H ): posteromedian and posterolateral spurs of coxa I long, equal in length or posterolateral spur longer than posteromedian spur, tapering to apices, juxtaposed; posteromedian spur narrow with tapering apex; coxae II-IV each with distinct, broadly triangular posterolateral spur; coxae II-IV each with moderate, broadly arcuate, posteromedian spur. Coloration of legs similar to that of male (Fig. 10B) . Nymph (Fig. 13) . Scutum ( Fig. 13A ): length 556-612 (580 ± 15, n = 14), width 572-644 (612 ± 18, n = 14), length/width ratio 0.90-1.03 (0.95 ± 0.03, n = 14), distance between posterior margin of eyes and posterior margin of scutum 215-246 (225 ± 8, n = 14), width/length ratio of posterior portion of scutum 2.58-2.85 (2.71 ± 0.08, n = 14); posterior margin of scutum broadly rounded; relatively deep posterolateral depressions on either side of scutal extremity. Setae of alloscutum ( Fig. 13B ): tapers to rounded apex, without denticles. Spiracular plates (Fig. 13C ): irregularly oval; dorsal prolongation distinct, narrow, short, with blunt tip; submarginal row of perforations incomplete. Basis capituli (Fig. 13D, E) : length 372-424 (394 ± 18, n = 6); width 308-342 (325 ± 9, n = 14), length/width ratio 1.14-1.29 (1.20 ± 0.05, n = 6); sub-hexagonal dorsally, lateral projections visible ventrally as sharp points. Palpi (segment II) (Fig. 13D, E) : length 170-190 (182 ± 7, n = 14), width 58-70 (64 ± 3, n = 14), length/width ratio 2.56-3.03 (2.86 ± 0.13, n = 14); palpal segment II proximally narrow, gradually expanding distally. Hypostome (Fig. 13E ): length 190-226 (207 ± 12, n = 9), width 62-78 (70 ± 6, n = 11), length/width ratio 2.81-3.35 (2.97 ± 0.18, n = 9); median file with 7 large denticles; transition of denticulate portion to denticle-free portion abrupt; denticulate portion twice as long as denticle-free portion. Coxae (Fig. 13F ): coxa I with long, narrow, subtriangular spurs nearly equal in length; coxae II-IV each with moderate lateral spur; spurs conspicuously decrease in size from coxae II to IV; coxal pore usually present (mainly on coxa IV).
Redescription (Figs. 8-14)
Larva (Fig. 14) . Scutum ( Fig. 14A ): length 224-252 (239 ± 7, n = 40), width 356-388 (369 ± 10, n = 40), length/width ratio 0.62-0.68 (0.65 ± 0.02, n = 40), distance from posterior margin of eyes to posterior margin of scutum 58-72 (65 ± 3, n = 40), width:length ratio of posterior portion 5.23-6.33 (5.70 ± 0.26, n = 40). Portion of scutum posterior to eyes 1/3.7 of scutal length; posterior margin of scutum broadly rounded; posterolateral depressions slight or indistinct. Basis capituli (Fig. 14B, C) : width 138-156 (149 ± 4, n = 40); sub-hexagonal dorsally; apex of dorsolateral projections directed laterally; dorsolateral projections from ventral aspect distinct and acute. Palpi (segments II and III) (Fig. 14B, C) : length 101-114 (110 ± 3, n = 39), width 37-40 (39 ± 1, n = 39), length/width ratio 2.66-3.00 (2.83 ± 0.08, n = 39). Hypostome ( Fig. 14C ): length 86-96 (91 ± 3, n = 39), width 22-26 (23 ± 1, n = 39), length/width ratio 3.58-4.13 (3.86 ± 0.14, n = 39); median file with 5 or 6 large denticles; transition of denticulate portion to denticle-free portion abrupt; denticulate portion slightly more than 1/2 of hypostome length. Coxae Fig. 10 Hyalomma somalicum, genu IV. A, male: i, lateral view; ii, dorsal view; iii, medial view; B, female: i, lateral view; ii, dorsal view; iii, medial view. Scale-bar: 1 mm. All setae are omitted Fig. 11 Hyalomma somalicum, female, scutum. Scale-bar: 1 mm. All setae are omitted ( Fig. 14D ): coxa I with small to moderate, subtriangular spur, directed laterally; coxae II and III each with moderate spur -arcuate on coxa II and triangular on coxa III. Genu I: length 146-172 (160 ± 5, n = 40), width 42-51 (47 ± 2, n = 31), length/width ratio 3.14-3.67 (3.44 ± 0.11, n = 31). 

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