Abstract
Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is classified by the World Health Organization as a benign bone lesion. It is found anteriorly in the mandible, with most of the cases crossing the midline. In total, 70% of CGCGs are encountered in young females. Fibro-osseous lesions are a group of pathologies that encompass neoplastic, dysplastic and reactive entities. Juvenile ossifying fibroma, which can be further categorized into juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma (JTOF) and juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma, represents an aggressive neoplastic example of these fibro-osseous lesions. JTOF occurs in children at almost equal ratios in both sexes, affecting the maxilla more than mandible. This study aims to report a peculiar case of a hybrid lesion comprising CGCG and JTOF in the mandible of a nine-year-old female patient. Clinical, radiographic and histopathological findings were assessed. Clinical examination revealed an intraoral swelling extending from the right impacted third molar area to the left first molar area. Computed tomography showed a well-defined multilocular radiolucency with diffuse flecks of radioopacities. Histopathologically, the lesion comprised fibrous connective tissue encompassing numerous multinucleated giant cells and other areas of cell-rich connective tissue stroma containing bands of osteoid matrix and anastomosing immature bone trabeculae intermixed with scattered clusters of multinucleated giant cells. We hereby report a case of a rare hybrid lesion comprising CGCG and JTOF.

v1 Introduction Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is believed to be an entity exclusive to jaw bones 1 . It occurs anteriorly in either jaw but is more commonly encountered in the mandible. The majority of cases manifest in children or young adults and are twice as frequent in females than males 2, 3 . It attains a quite benign behavior, although rare aggressive lesions have been documented 3 .

The term "benign fibro-osseous lesions" generically describes an aggregate of pathologies that are characterized by replacement of normal bone with a highly cellular connective tissue associated with newly formed bone trabeculae 4 . These lesions encompass varying entities including neoplastic, dysplastic and reactive pathologic processes 1 . Ossifying fibroma (OF) and its subtypes represent their neoplastic entity. Juvenile OF (JOF) is an aggressive subtype of ossifying fibromas that can be further classified into juvenile trabecular OF (JTOF) and juvenile psammomatoid OF 5 . JTOF occurs in children and adolescents with equal distribution of cases among both sexes. It affects the maxilla more than mandible, while other skeletal bones are rare to be affected with such lesion 3 .

Radiographically, CGCGs usually present as well-demarcated radiolucencies that are multilocular, although unilocular lesions have been noted 6 . As for JOFs, despite their non-encapsulated nature, they appear well delineated, with early lesions found as unilocular radiolucencies. However, old lesions more commonly assume the multilocular configuration 7 . Depending on the degree of ossification within the lesion, JOF can present varying extents of radioopacities within its radiographic picture. We can then clarify that those precedent features often challenge the diagnosis and management of such lesions. We hereby report a case of a hybrid lesion that contained both of the previously mentioned entities.
Case report
A nine-year-old female patient was reported to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, complaining of a painless slowly growing swelling in the anterior area of the mandible of one year's duration, causing buccal and lingual bone expansion, displacement and looseness of the incisors (Figure 1 ). Her medical and family histories were unremarkable. An incisional biopsy was performed, and gross examination revealed two firm pieces 2.5×2×1.2 cm in size, which were reddish white in color and solid in consistency ( Figure 2 ).
Case report
The histopathological examination using routine H&E staining demonstrated heavily scattered multinucleated giant cells in a background of highly cellular fibrous stroma consisting of mononuclear stromal cells and extravasated red blood cells. Newly formed bone trabeculae and osteoid tissue were noted at the periphery of the lesion (Figure 3 ). Accordingly, it was diagnosed as central giant cell granuloma. The surgeon consequently took the decision to inject the lesion with the corticosteroid triamcinolone acetonide (10 mg/ml) dissolved in lidocaine anesthetic solution in equal parts. It was administered in a dosage of 1 ml for every 1 cm 3 of the lesion through 6 weekly injections, upon which the lesion showed marked regression.
Case report
Six months later, the swelling significantly increased in size, causing severe facial disfigurement. Intra-orally, it developed a brownish red discoloration and was non-tender but displaced the otherwise clinically sound related teeth. Computed tomography (CT) of the lesion showed it to be a well-defined multilocular radiolucency with diffuse flecks of radioopacities. It extended from the right impacted third molar area to the left first molar area causing perforations in the buccal and lingual cortical plates ( Figure 4 ).
Case report
The lesion underwent an excisional biopsy. On gross examination, it consisted of almost 30 pieces that ranged in size, with an average size of 2×2×1.5 cm. They were reddish in color, some were hard and others were soft in consistency ( Figure 5 ). The specimen also contained multiple tooth follicles of both the primary and permanent dentitions. Sections of this biopsy revealed a highly cellular fibrous connective tissue encompassing numerous multinucleated giant cells. Areas of intralesional hemorrhage were also evident; two findings that are consistent with the diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma. However, other sections revealed extensive areas of cell-rich connective tissue stroma containing bands of osteoid matrix and anastomosing immature bone trabeculae surrounded by plump osteoblasts intermixed with scattered clusters of multinucleated giant cells ( Figure 6 ), features that are characteristic of juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma. We subsequently reached the final diagnosis of a hybrid lesion demonstrating central giant cell granuloma in occurrence with juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma. Following treatment, the patient was administered 50 mg diclofenac potassium tablets through oral administration, three times daily for one week. The patient responded well to both the surgery and post-operative treatment. The healing was uneventful and no worrying findings were observed through the 6-week follow up.
Discussion
Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign intra-bony lesion that was first introduced to the medical literature by Jaffé in 1953 8, 9 . It is a pathology that more commonly affects young females. Some authors like Chuong et al. 10 and Ficarra et al. 11 tend to classify it into aggressive and non-aggressive subcategories, due to varying clinical courses of reported cases 12 . Similarly, it can represent varying radiological pictures ranging from undulated unilocular to multilocular radiolucencies 13 . JOF is an aggressive, non-odontogenic, benign tumor of the bone 14 . It is an entity that affects individuals younger than 15 years of age with no sex predilection 15 . Radiographically, it is shown as a well-circumscribed unilocular or multilocular radiolucency that may exhibit ground-glass or even more discrete opacifications 7, 16 .
Discussion
The term "hybrid lesions" was first introduced by Waldron and El-Mofty during their work on cases of ameloblastoma 17 . Later, it was generally accepted that "hybrid" lesions represent those lesions that comprise significant portions of histopathological features of multiple, completely different entities [18] [19] [20] . We believe that this reported case represents a hybrid lesion. Previous cases of hybrid CGCGs associated with different fibro-osseous entities have been reported in the literature. Until now, to our knowledge ten cases of hybrid lesions have been documented. Out of them, five cases were of CGCG associated with ossifying fibroma, three cases of CGCG with fibrous dysplasia and one case was of CGCG with cementoosseous dysplasia 21 . To our knowledge, excluding this case, only one analogous case has been reported 22 .
Discussion
As regards to the histopathological picture of the two lesions, In some instances, CGCG can show confined peripheral areas of reactive bone and osteoid formation in its highly vascular and cellular connective tissue stroma, as indicated by De Corso et al. 9, 23 Moreover, in juvenile ossifying fibroma, multinucleated giant cells and areas of hemorrhage can be found scattered in its sometimes hypercellular fibrous matrix 7 , characteristics that can undoubtedly confuse investigators upon making a diagnosis and accordingly, choosing a treatment plan. An additional fact that may further complicate case management is the presence of hybrid lesions.
Discussion
The association of giant cells with fibro-osseous lesions could be explained on the basis of different postulations made by many authors. In the case report of Shetty et al. 24 , the authors state it may just be a coincidental finding or correlated by representing a "reactive process rather than a feature of a separate lesion". While Farzaneh et al. 25 and Penfold et al. 26 assume that "osteoblasts may activate osteoclast-type giant cells through paracrine mechanisms" 27 . Accordingly, a debate has risen between two opinions, whether JOF had developed in a more central position first and then initiated an adjacent giant cell reaction or whether two lesions simply originated independently.
Discussion
Considering this specified case, we were startled by the prominent divergence in the course of the lesion; i.e., its response to the selected treatment option. It raised multiple questions and so a decision was made to put the intrigue at ease by embarking on research to find answers. It was firstly suspected that there was a concealment of some histopathological features in the previous biopsy that could direct us to accurate deductions on such a lesion. This instinct was fortunately confirmed. By returning to the histopathological slides of the previous incisional biopsy, very minimal marginal areas of the lesion did indeed contain areas of fibrous stroma with few immature bony trabeculae, which led to the thought that they could in fact be indicative of juvenile ossifying fibroma, of the trabecular subtype, rather than what was previously thought to have been regions of an inflammatory bodily reaction in the form of ossification. Bearing that deduction in mind, along with the results of the recent biopsy, and correlating this to the clinico-radiographical information obtained, the case was identified as a hybrid lesion of both CGCG and JTOF.
Discussion
Owing to the small number of reported hybrid lesions, their biologic behavior cannot be predicted and hence their treatment is uncertain. As for the chosen treatment in our case, no other surgical intervention was made in an attempt by the surgeon to be as conservative as possible considering the young age of the patient. The surgeon also refrained to prescribe any pharmacological agents with the exception of analgesics three times daily for one week after surgery. The patient was given the appropriate self-care instructions following surgery in front of her guardian and the latter was asked to report the patient to the operating surgeon for follow up. The healing was uneventful for six weeks, but the patient was unfortunately lost for the planned three, six and twelve-month follow up.
Discussion
To conclude, in our search of the literature no cases of similar hybrid lesions were reported, except for one reported by Geetha et al. 22 To our knowledge, our case is the second to be documented as a hybrid lesion involving CGCG and JOF. Therefore, we believe that this report would significantly contribute to the understanding and clinical management of such a rare lesion.
Data availability
Underlying data All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required.
Consent
Written informed consent for publication of clinical details and clinical images was obtained from the guardian of the patient.
Grant information
The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.
Maedeh Ghorbanpour
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Maedeh Ghorbanpour
In keywords: Fibrous dysplasia should be deleted.
Maedeh Ghorbanpour
Please check the keywords to be according to MeSH system.
Maedeh Ghorbanpour
In introduction: Last sentence of second paragraph about JTOF? In most references psammomatoid type of the JOF is more common in craniofacial skeleton than trabecular type It is recommended to summarize previously reported cases of hybrid CGCG in a separate table.
Maedeh Ghorbanpour
The manuscript needs . major revision
Is the background of the case's history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes
Are enough details provided of any physical examination and diagnostic tests, treatment given and outcomes?
Is the background of the case's history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes
Partly

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