                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


     MAJOR BARTLETT D. LUDLOW,

                          Plaintiff,

                        v.                                Civil Action 10-00236 (HHK)

     HONORABLE RAY MABUS, Secretary
     of the Navy,

                          Defendant.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Bartlett D. Ludlow, a Major in the U.S. Marine Corps, brings this action against

Ray Mabus, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Navy, under the Administrative Procedure

Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706. Ludlow contends that the Board for Correction of Naval Records

erred by refusing to remove from Ludlow’s service record an adverse fitness report related to a

2006 helicopter crash. Before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment

[## 7, 10]. Upon consideration of the motions, the oppositions thereto, and the administrative

record, the Court concludes that Ludlow’s motion must be granted and the Secretary’s motion

must be denied.


                                       I. BACKGROUND

A.     The Board for Correction of Naval Records

       10 U.S.C. § 1552 authorizes the secretary of a military department to “correct any

military record of the Secretary’s department when the Secretary considers it necessary to correct

an error or remove an injustice.” Id. § 1552(a)(1). In most cases, “such corrections shall be
made by the Secretary acting through boards of civilians of the executive part of that military

department,” and “under procedures established by the Secretary concerned.” Id. § 1552(a)(1),

(3). The Board for Correction of Naval Records (“the Board”) operates pursuant to this

authority. See 32 C.F.R. § 723.1–.11. The Board’s function is “to consider applications properly

before it for the purpose of determining the existence of error or injustice in the naval records of

current and former members of the Navy and Marine Corps, to make recommendations to the

Secretary or to take corrective action on the Secretary’s behalf when authorized.” Id. § 723.2.

B.     Factual Background

       On February 17, 2006, a pair of Marine Corps helicopters were involved in a crash off the

coast of Djibouti; ten service members were killed. A.R. at 9, 99. At the time, Ludlow was the

officer in charge of the unit to which the helicopters belonged. A.R. at 9. A few days later, the

Marine Corps initiated an command investigation of the incident, which resulted in a report dated

April 11, 2006. On May 6, John F. Sattler, Commander, Marine Forces Central Command,

endorsed the report, finding that “Ludlow’s failures as the [officer in charge] are directly related

to this mishap,” and that “[a]ppropriate administrative and/or disciplinary action should be

taken.” A.R. 100–01.

       The next month, Ludlow received an adverse fitness report based on the results of the

command investigation. A.R. 2–7. Ludlow submitted a rebuttal to the adverse fitness report,

arguing that he performed his duties in a competent and professional manner. A.R. 3–6. Ludlow

then received a letter from his commanding general stating that Ludlow was not qualified for a

promotion to lieutenant colonel (for which he had been approved prior to the accident); Ludlow

submitted a rebuttal to that letter as well. A.R. 102–08. In February 2007, the Commandant of


                                                  2
the Marine Corps recommended to the Secretary that he remove Ludlow from the lieutenant

colonel promotion list for fiscal year 2007. A.R. 9–12. The Secretary did so. A.R. 23.

       In May 2008, Ludlow petitioned the Performance Evaluation Review Board (“PERB”),

which is the forum of first resort for Marine Corps fitness report appeals, to remove the adverse

fitness report from his service record. After receiving an advisory opinion from the Judge

Advocate Division (“JAD”) on Ludlow’s petition, the PERB concluded that the fitness report

was administratively and procedurally correct and complete; accordingly, it found that the fitness

report should remain part of Ludlow’s record, and forwarded Ludlow’s petition to the Board for

final action. A.R. 31–33. Ludlow petitioned the Board for relief, see A.R. 77–98, alleging that

the report contained numerous factual inaccuracies and seven “material errors.” A.R. 78.

       In September 2008, after giving Ludlow an opportunity to review and respond to the JAD

and PERB opinions, the Board denied Ludlow’s petition. A.R. 25–26. The Board found that

Ludlow’s evidence was “insufficient to establish the existence of probable material error or

prejudice,” and “substantially concurred” with the PERB and JAD opinions. A.R. 26. In June

2009, Ludlow sought reconsideration of the Board’s decision, arguing that it had applied the

wrong standard of review in reaching its initial determination. The Board denied Ludlow’s

request on the ground that it does not reconsider its decisions absent “new and material evidence

or other matter not previously considered.” which Ludlow had not produced. A.R. 14. It also

stated that it had applied “the correct standard of proof” in denying Ludlow’s petition. A.R. at

14. Ludlow commenced this action in October 2009, seeking review of the Board’s decision

under the APA.




                                                 3
                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD

       Decisions of the military review boards are, like other federal agency action, subject to

review under the APA, Frizelle v. Slater, 111 F.3d 172, 176 (D.C. Cir. 1997), which requires a

reviewing court to “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to

be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”

5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A).1 However, the final decisions of military correction boards are reviewed

under “an unusually deferential application of the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard.” Kreis v.

Sec’y of the Air Force, 866 F.2d 1508, 1514 (D.C. Cir. 1989); accord Cone v. Caldera, 223 F.3d
789, 793 (D.C. Cir. 2000). This is both because the statutory language authorizing the Secretary

to correct errors accords him expansive discretion, see Kreis, 866 F.2d at 1514 (citing 10 U.S.C.

§ 1552(a)), and because “the courts [should] not become a forum for appeals by every [service

member] dissatisfied with his or her ratings, a result that would destabilize military command

and take the judiciary far afield of its area of competence.” Cone, 223 anna39@example.org. Even so, like

all other agency decisions, those of the review boards must be explained sufficiently to allow for

effective review. See Dickson v. Sec’y of Def., 68 F.3d 1396, 1404–06 (D.C. Cir. 1995).


                                         III. ANALYSIS

       The parties’ arguments focus largely on two questions: whether the Board (and JAD and

PERB) applied the proper standard of review, and whether the Board’s decision had factual



       1
                 Summary judgment is the appropriate mechanism to resolve an APA challenge to
agency action. See Stuttering Found. of Am. v. Springer, 498 F. Supp. 2d 203, 207 (D.D.C.
2007) (citing Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n.28 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). Because, however,
“the district judge sits as an appellate tribunal” in such cases, Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson,
269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001), the usual summary judgment standard does not apply.

                                                  4
support. But Ludlow also advances, albeit briefly, another argument: that the Board’s opinion is

too cursory to allow for effective judicial review. He asserts that the Board’s reasoning is unclear

and that its resolution of the facts cannot be discerned from its opinion. Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to

Def.’s Mot. & in Supp. of Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 5. The Secretary does

not respond to this argument. Regardless, Ludlow is correct.

       It is axiomatic that before the Court can review an agency’s decision, it must know what

the agency decided, and why. See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196–97 (1947); Dickson

v. Sec’y of Def., 68 F.3d 1396, 1404–06 (D.C. Cir. 1995); Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. FAA, 988 F.2d
186, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Thus, the APA’s arbitrary-and-capricious standard “mandat[es] that

an agency . . . provide an explanation that will enable the court to evaluate the agency’s rationale

at the time of decision.” Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. LTV Corp., 496 U.S. 633, 654 (1990).

This is true even under the unusually deferential standard accorded to military review boards.

See Dickson, 68 F.3d at 1404–06 (holding that an Army Board for Correction of Military Records

decision was arbitrary and capricious because it “omitted the critical step [of] connecting the

facts to the conclusion”).

       Here, the Board’s opinion denying Ludlow’s application for correction does not allow the

Court to discern its reasoning. The opinion is two pages long, and contains one single paragraph

of (cursory) analysis.2 By contrast, Ludlow’s statement to the Board in support of his application


       2
               The entirely of the Board’s analysis is contained in this paragraph:

       Although the fitness report at issue did not expressly state you were relieved of
       command, the Board noted that the reporting senior [officer] did state . . . that you
       were “not qualified to command” and that [he] “would not allow [you] to lead
       Marines in [his] command in the future.” The Board was unable to find that your
       primary duty was not “future operations officer” as shown in section A, item 4 of the

                                                 5
ran to twenty-one pages, see A.R. 78–98, and identified seven discrete “material errors”

associated with the adverse fitness report, A.R. at 78–79, 88–98, and numerous alleged factual

inaccuracies. A.R. at 80–88. His responses to the PERB and JAD opinions likewise addressed

in detail the report’s alleged factual inaccuracies. See A.R. 40–45, 57–62, 68–72.3 Before this

Court, Ludlow presents thirteen pages of argument as to the factual basis and merit of the

Board’s conclusion, see Pl.’s Mem. at 5–18, which the Secretary counters with eleven of his

own. See Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 14–21; Def.’s

Reply to Pl.’s Mem. at 5–7. And the administrative record is five hundred and thirty one pages

long. The mismatch between the length and scope of the Board’s decision and the volume of

materials presented to the Board and this Court is telling.

       More importantly, however, the Board’s decision is simply silent as to most of the issues

raised by Ludlow. For example, the fitness report stated that Ludlow “routinely failed to comply

with . . . directives pertaining to . . . human factors.” A.R. 2.2 Similarly, Sattler wrote in his

endorsement that Ludlow’s unit “did not conduct monthly Human Factors Councils as mandated


       fitness report. Finally, the Board found the provisions of [naval regulations]
       regarding the concept of privilege of information adduced in aircraft mishap board
       proceedings did not excuse your deceptions alleged in the contested report.

A.R. 26.
       3
              The administrative record appears to contain three versions of Ludlow’s response
to the PERB and JAD opinions, but they are substantially identical. See A.R. 40–45, 57–62,
68–72.
       2
               “Human factors is a discipline that incorporates a study of human behaviors,
limitations and capabilities into the design of products, systems and equipment.” Winters v.
Fru-Con Inc., 498 F.3d 734, 741 (7th Cir. 2007). Marine human factors councils “are convened
to identify human factors that could adversely affect a pilot or aircrewman’s performance.” A.R.
171.

                                                   6
by [Marine Corps Order] 5100.29.” A.R. 147. Ludlow’s position is both that he was not in fact

required by Marine Corps regulations to hold formal human factor councils, and that he held

informal human factor councils anyway. Pl.’s Mem. at 8; see A.R. 69, 84–85. But how did the

Board resolve this issue? Did it conclude that Ludlow was required to convene formal monthly

councils? Did it accept that informal meetings would be sufficient, but determine that Ludlow

never held any? Or did it accept Ludlow’s human-factors argument in the entirety but

nevertheless conclude that he had not demonstrated that the report should be excised from his

record? There is simply no way for the Court to know.3 And the same is true as to most of

Ludlow’s other arguments.

       Consequently, the Secretary’s extensive rebuttal of Ludlow’s arguments (and, for that

matter, Ludlow’s arguments themselves) are simply beside the point; because the Court’s task is

“to identify whether ‘the decision making process was deficient, not whether [the] decision was

correct,’” Dickson, 68 F.3d at 1405 (quoting Kreis v. Sec’y of the Air Force, 866 F.2d 1508, 1511

(D.C. Cir. 1989)), the Court cannot sustain an unexplained agency decision “on the basis of . . .

theories that the agency might have adopted and findings that (perhaps) it might have made.”

Envtl. Def. Fund, Inc. v. EPA, 898 F.2d 183, 189 (D.C. Cir. 1990); see also Wisc.’s Envtl.

Decade, Inc. v. SEC, 882 F.2d 523, 528 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (stating that reviewing courts cannot

“accept the rationalizations first advanced by counsel in . . . litigation [or] entertain[] arguments

not relied upon by the agency itself” (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80 (1943))). The



       3
                The Secretary contends that Marine Corps regulations require units like Ludlow’s
to convene monthly human factors councils. But, even if that is true, the Secretary’s assertion
that “the Board appropriately took these [regulations] into consideration” in denying Ludlow’s
petition, Def.’s Mem. at 16, is mere speculation, unsupported by the Board’s own opinion.

                                                  7
parties, perhaps without realizing it, are not arguing about the merits of the Board’s decision at

all; they are debating whether the fitness report was flawed. But that question is not ultimately

before the Court, which must decide whether the Board’s decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). In light of

the Board’s cursory treatment of Ludlow’s arguments, the Court must conclude that it was.

Accordingly, this action will be remanded to the Board for a more reasoned explanation of its

decision. See Dickson, 68 F.3d at 1407 (remanding to the Army Board for Correction of Military

Records because “[w]here an agency ‘has failed . . . to explain the path it has taken, we have no

choice but to remand for a reasoned explanation.’” (quoting Tex Tin Corp. v. EPA, 935 F.2d
1321, 1324 (D.C. Cir. 1991))); Benvenuti v. Dep’t of Defense, 587 F. Supp. 348, 356–57 (D.D.C.

1984) (same).


                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion for summary judgment [#7] must be

denied and plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment [#10] must be granted. This action

will be remanded to the Board for proceedings not inconsistent with this memorandum opinion.

A separate order is docketed concurrently with this opinion.



                                                      Henry H. Kennedy, Jr.
                                                      United States District Judge




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