A number of changes in modern Quenya seem rather irregular at first sight, when we look at the evolution from Old-Elvish to Quenya however, they can be explained. Let’s look at an example: `C7E5 aran "king" → `C7E5% arani "kings" `Vj$5 elen "star" → `Vj$5% eleni "stars" but... 1Ej#5 talan "floor" → 1Dj#t% talami "floors" Notice how 1Ej#t% talami has an t m in the plural, and not an 1Ej#t% n. On the page Nouns we have said that 1Ej#t\ talam- was the stem of 1Ej#5 talan and we find the word as 1Ej#5 ›1Ej#t\› talan (talam-) in the word-lists. This makes for the word 1Ej#5 talan to be an irregular noun as it doesn't end with t m. The reason for this irregularity is that modern Quenya no longer allows an t m to appear at the end of a word (see Phonology). So during the evolution of the language this t m turned into an 5 n in the nominative form. In all other cases it kept the t m, as it wasn't the final sound at the end of the word, thus allowing t m to stay. All nouns with a u-dual that belong to one of the categories on this page, use their stem-forms but are otherwise regular (we use 9C7E5 haran, 9C65\ harn- "leader"): The irregular stem-forms can be found on a separate page: Exceptional stems. The first group of words ends in \5 –n, \6 –r or \j –l. Their stem-forms are made by adding a \2\ –d–. The second group ends in \5 –n, \6 –r or \8 –s and add \1 -t to form the stem. A list of the known Quenya-words belonging to this group can be found on following page: Quenya/Nouns: d/t-stems. The adjectives on \5 –n probably also belong to the 2\ d- stems (PE 14 pg. 77): `B cE7T2% i hwarindi "the crooked (ones)" cE7T2% 5$7T hwarindi neri "crooked men" When they are used as final declinable words (see Inflected adjectives), they get the vowels \`V\ –e– or \`B\ –i– between the stem and the case-ending: 9C6t# eU7T2$,F harma furindessë "in a concealed treasure" `M7U6 ~M7T2$5 urur úrindinen "with blazing hot fires" The declension of 2\ d- and 1\ t- stems is regular except in the possessive singular. In this case we use the suffix \nE –wa with the nominative (all nouns in this group have u-duals): Another group of stems lose the vowel of the second syllable. So the stem-form is a contracted form of the nominative. Following nouns belong to this group: aH7Y5 coron, aH65\ corn- "ball" eR7R5 feren, eR65\ fern- "beech" 9C7E5 haran, 9C65\ harn- "leader" 9U`C5 huan, 9~M5\ hún- "dog" j#t#5 laman, j#t5\ lamn- "animal" iH7Y5 soron, iH65\ sorn- "eagle" In quite a number of cases of the singular these words use the nominative to produce these cases. In the partitive plural they also use the nominative: There is a second group that have lost the final vowel + n in the nominative aDjt#6 calmar, aDjt#65\ calmarn- "child of light" 9Cj#1T6 halatir, 9Cj#1T65\ halatirn- "kingfisher" t$`C6 mëar, t$`C65\ mëarn- "gore, blood" qU6 pur, qU65\ purn- "(artificial) fire" 1EyE6 tavar, 1EyE65\ tavarn- "dale sprite" and also iFj$6 seler, iFj°\ sell- "sister" They have in the singular only two exceptional cases: There are also words in -t that have a doubled stem but they can be found on the page about Exceptional stems. A number of stems double their final -s: aDj#8 calas, aDj#,\ calass- "brass" alYt#8 coimas, alYt#,\ coimass- "lembas" `VzF8 eques, `VzF,\ equess- "saying" eDj#8 falas, eDj#,\ falass- "shore, beach" `B2%8 indis, `B2%,\ indiss- "bride" `B5nTj%8 inwilis, `B5nTj%,\ inwiliss- "fairy" `B8 is, `B,\ iss- "light snow" `B1T8 itis, `B1T,\ itiss- "fly bite" j%8 lis, j%,\ liss- "honey" 5$8 nes, 5$,\ ness- "mead, valley, land" 5%zG8 niquis, 5%zG,\ niquiss- "frost-pattern" 5~B8 nís, 5~B,\ niss- "woman" lY5#j%8 oinalis, lY5#j%,\ oinaliss- "ointment" `Nj^8 olos, `Nj^,\ oloss- "snow" iG4%j%8 sintilis, iG4%j%,\ sintiliss- "sparkling (of crystal)" 1T7T8 tiris, 1T7T,\ tiriss- "watch" 1Yj^8 tolos, 1Yj^,\ toloss- "knob, lump" 1ÎY8 tyos, 1ÎY,\ tyoss- "cough" alYt#8 coimas also has the stem-form alYt#81\ coimast-. The long ~B í shortens before a double consonant. This word also has the nominative `Nj^,R olossë. It should not be confused with `Nj^8 olos "dream" which has an irregular stem-form (see Exceptional stems). The proper name 1UjaD8 Tulcas also belongs to this group. The word iHj^6 solor "surf" has stem-form iHj^,\ soloss- and uses the same forms as these words except the possessive singular which is iHj^6nE solorwa. Final j l and 5 n can also be doubled: `Ct%j amil, `Ct%j°\ amill- "mother" `C7E5$j aranel, `C7E5$j°\ aranell- "princess" 9Y7T5$j horinel, 9Y7T5$j°\ horinell- "pine-needle" t%7Tj miril, t%7Tj°\ mirill- "jewel" 7T`Vj riel, 7T`Vj°\ riell- "flower-girl" `BiGj isil, `BiGj°\ isill- "moon" 1Yj tol, 1Yj°\ toll- "island" The cases of 1Yj tol are formed with an \`N\ –o– between stem and ending (see Exceptional stems). lDj%5 ailin, lDj%5:\ ailinn- "lake" alDj$5 cailen, alDj$5:\ cailenn- "throat" aDj%w#5 calimban, aDj%w#5:\ calimbann- "barbarian land" aDr%5 campin, aDr%5:\ campinn- "hips" aHjt#5 colman, aHjt#5:\ colmann- "summit" `VjnR5 elwen, `VjnR5:\ elwenn- "heart" 9Rj%5 helin, 9Rj%5:\ helinn- "pansy" `B7T5 irin, `B7T5:\ irinn- "town" `B6t%5 irmin, `B6t%5:\ irminn- "inhabited world" j#1~MaF5 latúcen, j#1~MaF5:\ latúcenn- "tin" j%aG5 licin, j%aG5:\ licinn- "horn" t%2^5 mindon, t%2^5:\ mindonn- "turret" `NjnR5 olwen, `NjnR5:\ olwenn- "branch, wand" `N5%5 onin, `N5%5:\ oninn- "anvil" qRzF5 pequen, qRzF5:\ pequenn- "comb" 1Et%5 tamin, 1Et%5:\ taminn- "forge" 1~M7T5 túrin, 1~M7T5:\ túrinn- "province" nTj%5 wilin, nTj%5:\ wilinn- "bird" The proper name iGjt#7Tj Silmaril also belongs to these words. The exceptional cases are: the possessive singular and the allative or ablative in singular and plural forms. A list of words that have the rr- stem: aH2^6 condor, aH2^7;\ condorr- "warrior" 9Y81E6 hostar, 9Y81E7;\ hostarr- "tribe" `B2^6 indor, `B2^7;\ indorr- "groom" j#t#2#6 lamandar, j#t#2#7;\ lamandarr- "herdsman" j#6 lar, j#7;\ larr- "place, region" t#zD6 maquar, t#zD7;\ maquarr- "(human) jaw" t%j5#6 milnar, t%j5#7;\ milnarr- "sown field" 5$m^6 neldor, 5$m^7;\ neldorr- "beech" They are declined as follows: As told in the introduction, the letter t m is no longer allowed at the end of a word and has changed into 5 n in the nominative: `C61E5 artan, `C61Et\ artam- "hammer" `Bj%5 ilin, `Bj%t\ ilim- "milk" t$5 men, t$t\ mem- "nose, beak" zG5 quin, zGt\ quim- "female" 7E5 ran, 7Et\ ram- "noise" 1Ej#5 talan, 1Ej#t\ talam- "floor" These words have exceptional locatives, instrumentals and partitive plurals: The words with stem on \s -ng also behave like these words: eDj#8nT5 falaswin, eDj#8nTs\ falaswing- "wavecrest" eF5 fen, eFs\ feng- "reed" The locative is eF2$ fendë and the partitive plural eFj°% felli (but the instrumental is regular: eFs$5$5 fengenen). Four words originally ended in \a -c, and this letter is also not allowed at the end of a word: eGj%1 filit, eGj%a\ filic- "little bird" 5$j$1 nelet, 5$ja\ nelc- "tooth" `N7ÎD1 oryat, `N7ÎDa\ oryac- "badger" zF,F1 quesset, zF,Ra\ quessec- "pillow" They are declined as follows: The locative of 5$j$1 nelet is 5$j$1R+ neletsë, but otherwise it is declined the same as the other three nouns. >> Neo-Quenya >> Nouns >> Stem-forms
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