Proto-Turkic The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. The various Turkic languages share a common ancestor. Though no surviving examples of this language have been found (That is to say, it is unattested), linguistic reconstruction allows for insight to be gained about how the language worked and operated. Yet, there are lexical descriptions about Proto-Turkic, but little is known about its grammatical and morphology. Some linguists like András Roná-Tas in his chapter The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question, have described the grammar of Proto-Turkic. However, his reconstructions have Common Turkic features like -z- in place of -ŕ- (like rat but palatalized with y as in young), and he said that: ... But Proto-Turkic can only be reconstructed by taking the Kipchak languages, thus also Proto-Kipchak, into consideration. —András Roná-Tas, "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question", The Turkic Languages (1998) Because of this, the users BurakD53 and DanielWhernchend have reconstructed the Proto-Turkic grammar by relying on some sources and also, original research. It is not recommended to use this book as a reference in Wikipedia article as it represents original researches of two users. This Proto-Turkic page on Wikibooks first created by User:BurakD53 in 21 July 2021. This is a list of contributors to this page (please don't add if you don't have important contributions): BurakD53 (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count) — The author of this page, has uploaded several images to be used in one of the lessons DanielWhernchend (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count) — Contributor of mostly minor edits, but nevertheless created few subpages Mbrickn (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count) — Added Tonyukuk inscription as its illustration The history of the Proto-Turkic language is mostly written from the Xiong-nu period, which we have not yet reached from the first-hand sources, but which we can obtain from the second-hand sources past the Chinese written sources. The Xiong-nu state is still considered complex in terms of its ethnic structure, it is a common view that it is multinational. It is controversial whether the rulers are Mongolic, Turkic or Tungusic, and it is a federation that it somehow accepts as the ancestor of all of them. It is also associated with European Huns due to their different pronunciations. Professor C. Atwood continued using the term “xwn” to establish phonological equivalence with Chinese Xiongnu, Sogdian Xwn, Sanskrit Hūna, Greek Ounnoi, and Latin Hunni. The French Orientalist Joseph de Guignes first proposed in 1756 that the ancestors of the mysterious Huns were the Xiongnu of Northeastern Asia, as based on the phonetic resemblance of the ethnonyms of the two peoples. It is believed by some historians that the Oghurs founded the European Hun state when they migrated to the west. But the identity of European Huns is not clear either. Xiong-nu language texts in Chinese sources are limited. Let's take a look at these limited resources. 撑犁 term in Chinese inscriptions is associated with the old Turkic tengri. Tengri means sky. Pu Liben, quoting Perhier (Pelliot 1944), pointed out that the word chēng lí, which many think is related to the Huns and Turkic languages, actually constitutes the pronoun tärim in Turkish. There are also variants of this word. The fact that it is undecided in both Turkic and Mongolian languages indicates that the Hunnic word chēng lí may be a borrowed word. 头曼 means ten thousand. This word is also found in Mongolic and Tungusic, and it is a word that is most likely taken from each other. In addition, the name of the founder of the Xiong-nu state was Tóu-màn. 瓯脱 has many meanings. The most common is known as the room or chamber, suggesting that it may be a borrowing from the word *otag., also reconstructed as *ōtag. Although linguists concentrate on *otag, since long vowels are not preserved in languages that need to be protected, there are also those who claim that it is derived from the Proto-Turkic word *ōt which means fire(see Proto-Turkic Vocabulary lesson). *otag means tent or room, but also fireplace is suggested. But 瓯脱 was used in many meanings other than "room" and was more likely borrowed from Proto-Turkic *ordu/*ortu, which is also the root of English horde. *ordu/*ortu means palace and was also used in Old Chinese to denote the Xiong-nu people. 居次 (jū cì) means girl, daughter. Compared to Proto-Turkic *kï̄ŕ (girl). 冒顿 (mò dú) is a Chanyu from Xiongnu state. Compare to Turkic Mete. 熐蠡 (mì lǐ) explains Xiongnu villages. Compared to Proto-Turkic *bialïk (city). 径路 (jìng lù) Although the Göktürk inscriptions are known as the first written sources of the Turkic languages, the Yenisei inscriptions written in a more primitive alphabet are older than them. Despite this, the Yenisei inscriptions are overshadowed by the fact that the Göktürk inscriptions are khanate inscriptions. The written monuments concentrated along coast of the river Yenisei are named "Yenisei inscriptions". Nevertheless, Yenisei inscriptions are short inscriptions that belong the Turkic world, old Turk states, namely times of "the Kirghiz state" on historical aspect, and which are not of historical importance, but consist of simple sentences that are important in terms of language. In other words, they are inscriptions belonging to an older period of Göktürks, not affiliated with Xiong-nu Turkic, but briefly Shaz Turkic. It is inevitable that the inscriptions will remain in the shadow of the inscriptions that shed light on important historical events in the Second Göktürk Khaganate. The Orkhon inscriptions have been found in Altai, Khangai, Sayan, Khentii mountains, Gobi desert and along the rivers Orhon, Selenge, Tuul, Ongin, Kerulen, Onon, Hanui, Hunui, Tes, Hovd and lakes Huvsgul, Hyargas Nuur, Har Us Nuur, Uvs Nuur. Inscriptions of Göktürks are everywhere in territory of Mongolia - from east to west, from north to south. The most important of these are the Tonyukuk, Kül Tigin and Bilge Kagan monuments, which are the khanate monuments. It is estimated that the Kül Tigin inscription was erected in 732, Bilge Kagan was erected in 735, Tonyukuk was erected between 716-734. Inscriptions are called as Orkhun because it is located around the Koça-Çaydam lake in Central Mongolia, near the Orkhon river. In this inscription erected by Bilge Kagan, the elder brother of Kul Tigin, II. The struggles of the heroes who founded the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and their sons to protect their lives and countries are mentioned. It is an inscription that is estimated to have been erected by Bilge Kagan's son, Tengri Kagan, on September 24, 735, upon the death of his father on November 25, 734. He explained the services of Bilge Kagan and stated that he was a Khan for a nation that was scattered and fragmented, and that he resurrected and fed the dying nation with the grace of God. In the inscription erected by the great statesman of the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Vizier Tonyukuk, the historical events of this period, the troubles for independence, the struggles and the successes of Tonyukuk are explained. Bilge Tonyukuk states that he was enthroned by İlteriş and Kapgan khan, and that the state became the state, the nation a nation with them. The key to the Proto-Turkic language is hidden in the Oghur group. Because if they had not migrated to the west and formed a new group, it would not have been possible to go back this far in this language today. That's why inscriptions from the Oghur group are also gold, even if they appeared much later than those of the Shaz group. Many inscriptions belonging to these groups have been found, but unfortunately they have not been deciphered. The issues that are tried to be resolved are still controversial. So much so that the complexity of the Danubian Bulgar inscriptions was carried to the word of Iranian origin and formed the theory of Iranian Bulgars. The first deciphered inscriptions of the Oghur group that we can understand were given by the Volga Bulgars in Arabic script. Although there are older texts, as we said, it is difficult to analyze them. Volga Bulgarian texts consist of tombstones that contain many Arabic words. It was written for the same purpose as the Yenisei inscriptions, but the difference is that the Volga Bulgar inscriptions are written from the mouth of the person who wrote it, not the mouth of the deceased. At the same time, the Volga Bulgarian inscriptions give the exact date of the death of the deceased according to the Hijri calendar. Volga Bulgarian texts dazzle with their proximity to Proto-Turkic. But unfortunately, today's Chuvash language has changed this language a lot. Since the Volga Bulgarian inscriptions are tombstones that give full dates, most of the numbers can be reached. Let's look at the numbers and examine how far Chuvash has moved away from the Volga Bulgar language. It should be noted that some Volga Bulgarian texts were written in Shaz Turkic and in all respects they show the characteristics of Shaz Turkic. Presumably, these texts do not belong to the Volga Bulgars, but to the Kipchaks who lived around the Volga river at that time. Although these texts are included in the Volga Bulgarian texts, they cannot be included in the language. In one of the Volga Bulgarian texts, the prayer part was written in Shaz Turkic, the cause of death and the date part were written in Volga Bulgarian Turkic. The text of the prayer is exactly the same as the prayer in the Kipchak Volga Bulgar inscriptions and it is definitely a quote. This monument can be considered written in Bulgar language only in the part of the cause of death and date. Hi! Welcome to the Proto-Turkic alphabet. Since Proto-Turkic is a configuration language like other proto-languages, it is expressed with Latin letters. Unlike today's Turkic languages, there are no /z/ and /š/ sounds in Proto-Turkic. Instead, there are palatalized sounds /ŕ/ and /ĺ/ whose later became /z/ and /š/ in Common Turkic, but /r/ and /l/ instead in Oghur languages. The letters ⟨J j⟩, however, are usually used over ⟨Y y⟩. Carons on the letter ⟨č⟩ is pronounced /tʃ/ as in charge. Vowel letters with lines on them give the same sound as letters without, but are pronounced long. Dots below on the letters ⟨ạ⟩ and ⟨ẹ⟩ represents a schwa /ə/ and a closed /e/, respectively. The usage of breves on the letters ⟨ă⟩ and ⟨ĕ⟩ is unclear. Next Lesson: Phonology Welcome to the Proto-Turkic pronunciation. More general explanation about pronunciations can be found at the previous lesson. There are no */ʃ/ and */z/ phonemes in Proto-Turkic, instead, the phonemes are developed from *ĺ and *ŕ. The original phoneme *ń survives nowhere in modern Turkic languages, but for historical reasons (e.g. *ańaŕ are derived from a lost root *ań-, c.f. *ań-gɨr- > Kazakh аңызақ) it is reconstructed. In intervocalic and word-final positions, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ was pronounced as allophones /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/, respectively. Such allophones can be known from the descendants, like Turkish dağ ← *tag "mountain", deve ← *tebe "camel", and ayak ← *adak "foot". Additionally, /k/ are also pronounced as /q/ when adjacent to back vowels. All vowels contrast short and long vowels. Long vowels are indicated by macrons at top of vowels, so the long vowels include ⟨ā⟩, ⟨ạ̄⟩, ⟨ē⟩, ⟨ẹ̄⟩, ⟨ī⟩, ⟨ï̄⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ȫ⟩, ⟨ü⟩, and ⟨ǖ⟩ orthographically. Also, some words are contrasted by vowel length, for example *at "horse" vs. *āt "name". Only a number of Turkic languages that use inherited vowel length, for example Turkmen, Khalaj, or Yakut; note that Kyrgyz vowel lengths are formed through compensatory lengthening processes. Proto-Turkic words are prototypically stressed in the last syllable (adak "foot", tabïĺgan "rabbit"), like almost all today's Turkic languages. However, the negator suffix -ma/-me (placed between the stem and the tense ending), including its irregular formation in the present tense -maŕ, -meŕ are always unstressed (kẹlmedi "(he) not came", not kẹlmedi); although in Turkish even in Old Turkic the suffix -mez (< -meŕ) is always stressed, while in Chuvash makes these negative suffixes became uniformly stressed. These suffixes will explained in the lessons 3: Basics (for -meŕ) and 8: Verbals (for -me). In a verb clause sentence, the main stress is always on the item before the predicate. If the predicate is at the beginning, the stress is on the predicate. Depending on this, the location of the items can of course change. E.g; The difference between Bẹ ebke tǖn kẹltim and Ebke tǖn bẹ kẹltim ("I came home at night.") is that the main stress is on tǖn in the first one and bẹ in the second, as in Ural-Altaic languages. (Underlined items are predicates.) The main stress in the noun clause is always in the predicate. E.g; Bẹ ebe (turur) ("I am good."). However, if it is expressed together with the verb turur, it becomes a verb clause and since turur can only come after the predicate in noun clauses, the stress will automatically be in the same item. E.g; ebe (turur) bẹ or ebe turur bẹ. (never ebe bẹ turur. If you make that sentence, it will mean ebe bẹ turur "good is me") There is no special stress in monosyllabic words except adverbs. Such phonemes include d-, g-, l-, ĺ-, m-, ŋ-, r-, and ŕ-. In Proto-Turkic language, there is no letter g at the beginning of the word. But sometimes some Altaic defenders have a g at the beginning of the word in Proto-Turkic, since there is a g at the beginning of the word in Proto-Mongolic. These configurations are wrong. The g per word is just an Oghuz variation. Whether there is a d at the beginning of the word is another matter of debate. Sometimes in some words we accept d at the beginning of the word and the number *dȫrt is one of them. But this is a very rare configuration. Except for the first syllable, there is no letter o in any syllable. The *dạmor configuration is an incorrect configuration. Its correct configuration is *tạmur. Next Lesson: Pronouns and numbers Sun, X. (2020). Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. Christopher P. Atwood, “Huns and Xiōngnú: New Thoughts on an Old Problem,” in Dubitando: Studies in History and Culture in Honor of Donald Ostrowski, ed. Brian J. Boeck, Russell E. Martin, and Daniel Rowland, Bloomington: Slavica Publishers, 2012: 27-52. https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cchina%5Cbigchina&first=1&text_character=%E5%8C%88 Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Güzel, ÜNİVERSİTELER İÇİN TÜRK DİLİ (I- II) DERS KİTABI (Gözden Geçirilmiş Yedinci Baskı) 1 蒲立本 (E. G. Pulleyblank)著,潘悟云、徐文堪译:<匈奴语>,《上古汉语的辅音系统》[The Consonantal System of Old Chinese](北京:中华书局,1999),页163-167. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touman https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C5%8Dtag 瓯脱 from Chinese dictionary https://bitig.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegest_inscription http://aseddergi.aksaray.edu.tr/tr/download/article-file/1178856page 112 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate#cite_ref-6 https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/orhon-yazitlari https://bitig.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1 http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/ESKI%20TURK%20DILI/talat_tekin_elegest_yaziti.pdf https://orhunyazitlari.blogspot.com/p/index.html New Volga Bulgarian Inscriptions F. S. Hakimjanov A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas Unpublished Volga Bulgarian inscriptions A. H. Khalikov and J. G. Muhametshin https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bulgar_numerals http://bulgarizdat.ru/index.php/book1/article1-1 https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/chuvash.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/31986 page 273 [1] The author, however, do not include d- and g- but included n- (except in *ne "what"). Welcome to your first Proto-Turkic lesson! I - *bẹ /be/, *ben- /bɛn-/ we - *biŕ /birj/ you (singular) - *sẹ /se/, *sen- /sɛn-/ you (plural) - *siŕ /sirj/ he/she/it - *ol /ol/, *an- /än-/ they - *olar /olär/ (unclear) Whether the Chuvash эпӗ derives from *ben or *bẹ is a matter of debate. However, the word п becomes м when it is suffixed in Chuvash and this phonetic change is not seen in эпӗ (epĕ), indicating that it is more likely to derive from *bẹ. The pronoun *olar is unclear, since it was derived from *ol with a plural ending, Common Turkic have the reflexes of it, but Chuvash has вӗсем (vĕsem) instead (many plural endings of Proto-Turkic are disputed, see also the Plurality section of the third lesson). The fact that the word has not experienced m-n affinity in Tonyukuk inscription, Old Anatolian Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Turkish is proof that this is a sound development that developed later. Therefore, the letter b does not turn into m when we add a suffix starting with n to the pronoun that starts with b. Also, pronouns ending in a vowel always take the n consonant when adding suffixes. my - *bẹ- > *beniŋ /beniŋ/ our - *biŕ- > *biŕniŋ /birjniŋ/ your - *sẹ- > *seniŋ /seniŋ/ your (plural) - *siŕ- > *siŕniŋ /sirjniŋ/ him/her/its - *an- > *anïŋ /änɨŋ/ their - *olar- > *olarnïŋ /olärnɨŋ/ (unclear) And unlike many other languages, there is no grammatical gender in Proto-Turkic. So there is no distinction between he, she and it. There's only ol. And unlike modern Turkic languages, there are no words like "am/is/are". Numbers in Proto-Turkic are in decimal basis, so the components for tens are often less clear, like suppletion between *ẹki "two" and *yẹgirmi "twenty", or adding suffixes which unclear in meaning like *altï "six" and *altmïĺ "sixty". To make teens, simply add numbers after tens (*ōn bīr "eleven", *ōn ẹki "twelve", *ōn üč "thirteen", ...). one - *bīr /biːr/ two - *ẹki /eki/ three - *üč /ytʃ/ four - *dȫrt /døːrt~dœːrt/ five - *bēĺ(k) /bɛːlj(k)/ six - *altï /ältɨ/ seven - *yẹti /jeti/ eight - *sẹkiŕ /sekirj/ nine - *tokuŕ /tokurj/ ten - *ōn /oːn/ twenty - *yẹgirmi thirty - *otuŕ forty - *kïrk fifty - *ellig sixty - *altmïĺ seventy - *yẹtmiĺ eighty - *sẹkiŕ ōn ninety - *tokuŕ ōn hundred - *yǖŕ thousand - *bïŋ In Proto-Turkic we provide questions with *ka- and *nē-. In this case, the words *kanča and *nēnče are used to ask how much something is. A: How much barley is there? - Kanča/nēnče arpa bār? Next Lesson: Basics Welcome to the second lesson of Proto-Turkic! Verb clauses are formed by adding a tense to the end of the verb. Let's consider the aorist suffix *-ur, *-ür and its opposite *-maŕ, *meŕ. I love horses. - Bẹ ătïŕïg sebür. My mother doesn't love him. - Anam anï sebmeŕ. However, in some Turkic languages like Turkish, Tatar, or even Old Turkic, this suffix was combined with another suffix *-aŕ or *-eŕ to form unpredictable choice of aorist form. There are no noun clauses in Proto-Turkic. The verb to stand or to be (auxiliary) takes the suffix *-ur, *-ür in the present tense, and noun phrases are provided in this way. If the sentence is positive, it may not take any verb or suffix. Hen is a bird - Tiakïgu kuĺ (turur/erür). Butter is not a fruit - Yāg yẹ̄miĺč turmaŕ/ermeŕ. mother - *ana father - *ata girl, daughter - *kï̄ŕ boy - *ēr son - *ogul elder sister - *eke elder brother - *ĕčey younger sister - *siŋil younger brother - *ini (unclear, perhaps Proto-Common-Turkic) bride - *kẹlin son-in-law - *küdegü a man's wife's younger sister - *bāldïŕ husbands of sisters - *bāčanak The reason why *ini is not clear is that it is not found in the Oghur group. Sometimes some words are reconstructed for Proto-Turkic even though they are not found in Lir Turkic. These configurations include Proto-Common-Turkic, non-Lir legacy configurations are not Proto-Turkic. Next Lesson: Locative-ablative case and plurality Welcome to the third lesson of Proto-Turkic! In Proto-Turkic, two different forms of the same suffix are used for locative and ablative: *-de for locative and *-den for ablative. Or just *-de can be used for both cases. There is no work at home. - Ebde īĺč yōk. I came from home. - Bẹ ebde(n) kẹlti. Since the personal pronoun is added to the end of the tense in today's Turkic languages, it is not obligatory to use the personal pronoun. But in Proto-Turkic it is a must to use the personal pronoun to indicate who is doing the action. Because in the Proto language there is no suffix denoting the subject. But in the past tense seen, it may be the privilege of this situation. Because in Old Turkic there is am/is/are only for past tense and it matches with Chuvash. house - *eb fireplace, tent - *ōtag hut, hovel - *koĺ sea - *teŋiŕ lake - *kȫl mountain - *tāg hill - *tepü forest - *orman swamp - *batgak seashore - *kïdïg Plurality in Proto-Turkic is an imprecise issue. The suffixes used to indicate the plural in the Lir and Shaz group are different from each other. However, there is an attachment that is specific for paired objects. It is used very rarely and although it exists today, its uses are limited. we - *biŕ you (plural) - *siŕ twins - *ẹkiŕ triplets - *üčüŕ arrows - *okuŕ (origin of Oghur and Oghuz) The plural suffix in modern Turkic languages ​​can be configured as *-lar, *-ler for Proto-Common-Turkic, but its presence in Proto-Turkic is not clear. The suggested forms for Proto-Turkic differ from Proto-Common-Turkic. Even although, Róna-Tas, András (1998) in his chapter The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question said that these suffixes exist in Proto-Turkic with the Chuvash plural suffix -сем (-sem) being a late replacement. The suffix -lar in today's Turkic languages may have been placed in Proto-Mongolic as -nar from Common-Turkic. The time between Proto-Turkic and Proto-Mongolic is quite long. While Proto-Turkic dates back to 500 BCE, Proto-Mongolic can go as far as 1000 AD. Therefore, not every word in Proto-Mongolic has to be in Proto-Turkic. While the Mongolic languages lived their Proto times, the Turkic languages were already divided into groups. Another suffix whose existence is controversial in Proto-Turkic is *-t. Although some linguists claim to have passed from Mongolic, it is found in old Turkic a lot. It is related to *-/d/ in Proto-Mongolic and *-/ta/, *-/te/ in Proto-Tungusic. If it did not pass through Mongolic, its presence in the Tungusic can be shown as evidence of its existence in Proto-Turkic. sons - *ogulut Another plural suffix is now dead, except for the stereotyped words. But more examples are needed to prove it. sons - *ogulan flames - *örten Kurykans - *kurïkan (uncertain) cities, places - *orun (uncertain) Next lesson: Past tenses and vowel harmony Welcome to the forth lesson of Proto-Turkic! There are two forms of past tense in Proto-Turkic: The past tense, which we call the seen or clear past tense, is used when an event is encountered in the first degree. Even if it is clear, you cannot use this past tense in the case of history that you are not contemporary with. The certainty that is meant here is that the person is sure of what s/he sees. But this includes other sense organs. If you heard the sound of rain and you are sure that it is rain, you can use this past tense, but if you learned from the television news that it is raining, you cannot use this past tense even if you are sure of it. Another example; If you did not feel the earthquake, you cannot use this past tense. This past tense is actually the first-order witnessing past. The reason why I call it so is that it is also refer to as the past tense seen in Turkish. It rained – Yagmur yagtï. S/he sit – Olturtu Contrary to modern usages, as in Old Turkic and Volga Bulgar language, the soft consonants are followed by the strong consonant form (-t-); strong consonants and vowels are followed by the soft consonant form (-d-). flew - *učdu walked - *yüridi went - *bartï If something has become an indisputable truth, this supplement can be used even if it is not witnessed. For example, it is not wrong to use the past tense suffix when saying Edison invented the light bulb. But it is not wrong to use the other past tense in the same way either. The past tense heard is a past tense that we use when we witness any event at a second or higher degree. What is meant by hearing is a partially obligatory term since no one was a first-degree witness in the event, but if you learned about an event that you did not witness first-degree by using your sight on television or your hearing on the radio, you would still use this past tense suffix. The term past tense heard is symbolic. Its usage areas are also quite wide. This past tense is used in non-contemporary historical events. This suffix is used necessarily in literary works such as fairy tales, epics and partially in literary works such as novels and stories. You also often use this past tense suffix when gossiping with your friends. :) s/he knelt down - *čökmiĺ s/he came - *kẹlmiĺ These two past tense suffixes can be combined for the past tense of the past tense. This suffix is defined as *-miĺ erti with *-tur- (to stand) and *er- (to be (auxiliary)) in Proto and serves as the past of the past. The reason why it is not directly combined with the affix *-ti is that the verb cannot take the tense a second time after taking the tense once. First of all, he observed you for me. - İlik sẹni bẹniŋ üčün tẹrkemiĺ erti. The present tense of the past tense is provided with *-tur- (to stand) and *er- (to be (auxiliary)) just like noun phrases. Because the verb that takes the tense once, again cannot take the tense a second time. In modern Turkish, while the past tense with *-miĺ is mostly used in colloquial language, *-miĺ turur is used instead of *-miĺ in literature and history. Because values related to the past, such as the birth, achievements and death of someone, are always the same characteristics that do not change. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk died in 1938. - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1938(bïŋ tokuŕ yǖŕ otuŕ sẹkiŕ)'de ölmiĺ turur. The past tense of the present tense can be compared with the English used to tense. Usage distinctions are also distinguished by first-order and two- or more-degree testimony. She used to come every day. - Ol bārča kün kẹlür erti. My mother used to go to my father's grave every day. - Anam bārča kün atamnïŋ yẹbegine barur ermiĺ. Non verbs cannot directly take past tenses. The verb Proto-Turkic *er- (to be (auxiliary)) takes the past tense suffix and with it the meaning of the past tense is provided. A: It was a house. - Eb erti. B: No, brother/old man told (me). It was a hut. - Yōk, ĕčey tēdi. Koĺ ermiĺ. In the Proto-Turkic language, the personal inflections only exists in certain tenses, including the past tense seen. It is an inflection for person and numbers, so instead of using **bẹ erti for synthetic tenses, Proto-Turkic has (bẹ) ertim "I was" (pronouns were optional!). We will explain these endings in Lesson 8: Verbals. It differs in the first person plural in most modern Turkic languages such as Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk branches. It uses the component *-k instead (*ertik). Vowel harmony is an important feature in Proto-Turkic. Most Turkic languages, except Uzbek, preserved the feature. That is, words with final back vowels are always suffixed with back vowel variants, never front variants, and vice versa. Unlike Korean, Finnish, Hungarian, and Mongolian, there is no neutral vowels in Proto-Turkic. It specifically means that: Words with the last vowel in a, ạ, ï, o, and u always take suffixes with back vowel variant. Words with the last vowel in e, ẹ, i, ö, and ü always take suffixes with front vowel variant. If the suffix has rounded variants, words with the last vowel in o and u always take back unrounded variant, while ö and ü always take back unrounded variant. Many suffixes has two variants, back or front variants. The Proto-Turkic suffixes are usually has final low vowels (-A-) or (both rounded and unrounded) high vowels (-X-), but also sometimes rounded high vowels alone (-U-), as in the case of the suffix *-ur, and sometimes unrounded high vowel vowels alone (-I-). In the next lessons, you will see -A-, -I-, -U- and -X- for the suffixes' names instead. Further discussion for the accusative case can be found at Lesson six: Genitive, accusative and dative cases. Next lesson: Vocabulary Welcome to fifth lesson in Proto-Turkic, wikibooks! The fact that the Lir group still has a living language keeps its vocabulary wide for Proto-Turkic. Although there are different configurations, they are close to each other. This takes us to a language very close to Xiongnu Turkic. However, it is necessary not to rely on the Common Turkic and Altaic configurations made unconsciously. In this way, you can prevent information pollution. water - *sub earth - *toprak fire - *ōt wind - *yẹl The words are short for the peoples who lead a nomadic life in the steppes of East Asia. Due to this lifestyle and various factors, people have formed words with one or two syllable roots. Long words are only provided with suffixes. Food and animal names are also made up of short words. wheat - *bodagay barley - *arpa millet - *tạrïg egg - *yumurtka salt - *tūŕ onion - *sogan hen - *tiakïgu meat - *et milk - *sǖt honey - *bạl butter - *yāg cherry - *yidge (complicated) strawberry - *yidgelek (complicated) bird cherry - *yïmurt fruit, vegetable - *yẹ̄miĺč In today's Turkic languages, an old Common-Turkic word *čiye and Proto-Turkic *yidgelek are blended. Therefore, there is confusion in inheritances. horse - *ăt foal - *kulum cow - *ingek calf - *buŕagu dog - *it wolf - *bȫrü fox - *tilkü ox - *öküŕ bull - *buka worm - *kūrt bird - *kuĺ small bird - *torgay hawk, falcon - *kïrguy aquila fulva, eagle - *bürküt fish - *bālïk sheatfish - *yāyïn carp - *sāŕgan lion - *arsïlan snake - *yï̄lan mosquito - *siŋek wasp, bee - *ārï beetle - *koŋuŕ insect - *bȫg elk - *bulan he-goat - *teke sheep - *sarïk donkey - *eĺgek (/eĺčgek) ... Animals have a very wide range in this language. It's not strange at all, considering the years it was spoken. Next lesson: Genitive, accusative and dative cases Welcome to sixth lesson of Proto-Turkic! We have already mentioned the genitive case in lesson one. The suffix *-nIŋ gives us the genitive case. The important thing here is how you will provide the possessive case. Because there are six different forms according to the pronoun. It takes *-Xm for first person singular, *-Xŋ for second person singular, *-XmXŕ for first person plural, *-XŋXŕ for second person plural, the forms *-sI and *-I for both third person singular and third person plural. Unlike Turkish or Azerbaijani, there is no separate third person plural possessive suffix. My father - Beniŋ atam My dog - Beniŋ itim My horse - Beniŋ atïm My arrow - Beniŋ okum My ox - Beniŋ öküŕüm If you are confused about vowel harmony, please go back to the previous fourth lesson. Your father - Seniŋ ataŋ Your dog - Seniŋ itiŋ Your horse - Seniŋ atïŋ Your arrow - Seniŋ okuŋ Your ox - Seniŋ öküŕüŋ Our father - Biŕniŋ atamïŕ Our dog - Biŕniŋ itimiŕ Our horse - Biŕniŋ atïmïŕ Our arrow - Biŕniŋ okumuŕ Our ox - Biŕniŋ öküŕümüŕ Your father - Siŕniŋ ataŋïŕ Your dog - Siŕniŋ itiŋiŕ Your horse - Siŕniŋ atïŋïŕ Your arrow - Siŕniŋ okuŋuŕ Your ox - Siŕniŋ öküŕüŋüŕ It takes the suffix *-sI after the vowel and *-I after the consonant. Twofold suffix is only available in third person possessive. In Oghur, however, final vowels are deleted before adding the suffix -ï, as opposed to the rest of Turkic (ana → ana-ï → anï, ebniŋ anï). Ebniŋ anasï - mother of the house Dabulnuŋ adakï - the end of the storm Eligniŋ ạbučï - palm of hand Ẹk(k)iŕniŋ ētüki - boot(s) of twins It is not necessary to have the genitive suffix in the third person. (e.g; eb anasï - mother of the house, dabul adakï - the end of the storm). If exists, such forms is only exist paradigmatical category. One of the complex subjects in Proto-Turkic is accusative and dative cases. Because these cases may vary if they have the possessive suffix. So let's start with accusative. In the Oghur group, both in Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash, accusative and dative are provided with the same suffixes. This of course creates confusion for linguists. But the fact that both cases watch as close attachments brings us to a configuration. In early Proto-Turkic, this suffix would be *-nIg, if the last letter isn't a later mongolic appendage, in Mongolic *-nig. me (accusative) — bẹni house (accusative) — ebni The accusative case, which comes after the third person possessive suffix in some Common-Turkic languages, is added without the i letter. But it was probably a Shaz variant. That's why we don't experience any changes when it takes a possessive suffix. In this context, accusative is not as complex as dative. his/her/its house — anïŋ ebini Dative case is configured as *-kA. to the wall - *tāmka to the sea - *teŋiŕke The letter k falls after the first, second and third possessive suffixes, it only takes the -a suffix in many Turkic languages but Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions and also modern Kyrgyz language don't have this change, shows that it was developed later. There's nothing different. to my sword - bẹniŋ kïlï̄čïmka to your bow - Sẹniŋ yāyïŋka If suffixes that start with a consonant come in a word that ends with a monosyllable and a vowel, they take the n consonant unless the initial letter is n, and in this context *bẹ becomes *ben. In Shaz Turkic, *ben has become stereotyped and has taken the place of *bẹ. at me — *bente from you — *senten to me — *benke Same situation also applies to words with third-person possessive suffixes. on the mountains of country — ēlniŋ tāgïŕïnda from the border of wall — tāmnïŋ kïdïgïndan to his/her/its house — anïŋ ebinke It would not be correct to say that these configurations are correct, as there is only -ne form in the Lir group. But what we have can lead us to this configuration at most. The probability of it being correct is therefore quite high. Next lesson: Suffixes used to create new words with new meanings https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-%C3%BCr https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-me%C5%95 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ata https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C3%AF%CC%84%C5%95 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C4%93r https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ogul https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%E1%BA%B9lin https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/eb https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C5%8Dtag#cite_note-1 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/te%C5%8Bi%C5%95 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C8%ABl https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/t%C4%81g https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tep%C3%BC https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/orman https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/batgak https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-%C5%95 https://www.turkcenindirilisi.com/akademik/turk-dilinde-cogul-ekleri-arif-cengiz-erman-h6797.html Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva, eds (1998). "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question". The Turkic Languages. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–80. ISBN 0-415-08200-5. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ti SEKİZ HALAÇÇA ATASÖZÜ ACHT CHALADSCH SPRICHWÖRTER* EIGHT KHALAJ PROVERBS Doefer’s original article was published in the book ‘Prof. Dr. Muharrem Ergin’e Armağan” (1992). https://tr.wikisource.org/wiki/Orhun_Yaz%C4%B1tlar%C4%B1_(Tonyukuk) A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas https://orhunyazitlari.appspot.com/bilgekagan.html https://tr.glosbe.com/tr/cv/edildik https://en.chuvash.org/e/554e49542054454e20284356204d616e75616c2c204772616d6d617229 https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ni https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/sub https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C5%8Dt https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/bu%C4%9Fda#Azerbaijani https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/t%E1%BA%A1r%C3%AF-g https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yumurtka https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%83#Ottoman_Turkish https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/at [2] https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/bu%C5%95agu https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C3%B6k%C3%BC%C5%95 https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/buka https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/aslan https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/si%C5%8Bek https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ni%C5%8B https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-im https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-i%C5%8B https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-imi%C5%95 https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-si https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ni https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ka Welcome to seventh lesson of Proto-Turkic. Languages belonging to the Altaic group are agglutinative languages. New words are always born from roots. In order to define the suffixes that make nouns from the verb, we first need a root verb. Nouns (or adjectives, adverbs) formed by this method are in close meaning with the root verb. Here are some examples: *uŕa- (“to be taller, to be longer”) → *uŕak (“far; long (time), late”) *kīči- (“to tickle”) → *kīčik (“itching, tickling”) *tīre- (“to support”) → *tīrek (“support”) *sogï- (“to get cold”) → *sogïk (“cold”) Here are some examples: *kẹl- (“to come”) → *kẹlin (“bride”) *yarï- (“to shine”) → *yarïn (“morning, tomorrow”) *oy- (“to jump”) → *oyun (“game”) *tüt- (“to smoke, reek”) → *tütün (“tobacco, smoke”) *bur- (“to bend”) → *burgu (“trumpet, horn; pipe (of a plant)”) See dead verbs for more. *yum- → *yumuĺ (“work”) (from a dead verb, perhaps from *yum- (“to round”)) The same suffix also has a different function. But that is the subject of Suffixes that make verbs from a verb. *kam- (“to gather”) → *kamug (“all, together”) *agrï- (“to ache, hurt”) → *agrïg (“ache, pain”) *köpür- (“dead verb”) → *köpürüg (“bridge”) *bat- (“to sink; to fit into, get into”) → *batgak (“swamp, marsh”) See dead verbs for more. Some suffixes of this type do not change the meaning, and most suffixes have meanings very close to the root. Here are some examples: *el (“hand”) → *elig (“hand”) *siar(ï) (“yellow, white”) → *siarïg (“yellow, white”) It corresponds to the -ful suffix in English. Here are some examples: *kǖč (“power”) → *kǖčlüg (“powerful”) *köpür (“bridge”) → *köpürlüg (“bridge-ful, with bridges”) *us (“mind”) → *uslug (“well-behaved, mind-ful”) *el (“hand”) → *ellig (“fifty; with hand”) You can give the same meaning by adding this suffix to any word you want. But of course you can't get a new number by adding it to numbers. :) This is only for the number fifty. It corresponds to the -less suffix in English. *kǖč (“power”) → *kǖčsüŕ (“powerless”) *köpürüg (“bridge”) → *köpürügsüŕ (“bridgeless, without bridges”) *us (“mind”) → *ussuŕ (“mindless, without mind”) You can give the same meaning by adding this suffix to any word you want. It corresponds to the -ness suffix in English. *kǖčlüg (“powerful”) → *kǖčlüglük (“powerfulness”) *bẹ (“I, me”) → *benlik (“me-ness, my pair of shoes”) *kara (“black, dark”) → *kara(n)lïk (“darkness”) *it (“dog”) → *itlik (“dogness, dog's pair of shoes”) *yubka (“thin, slender, unsubstantial”) → *yubkalïk (“thin-ness, slender-ness”) You can give the same meaning by adding this suffix to any word you want. This suffix is identical to the English suffix -er. *sǖt (“milk”) → *sǖtči (“milkman”) *īĺč (“work”) → *īĺčči (“worker”) *oyun (“game”) → *oyunčï (“gamer”) *sub (“water”) → *subčï (“water seller”) Creates ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers. The structure of this suffix may have been provided by the fact that the word takes the previous *-čI suffix after taking the instrumental. *bīr (“one”) → *bīrinči (“first”) *üč (“three”) → *üčünči (“third”) *altï (“six”) → *altïnčï (“sixth”) It just makes the noun an adjective. For example, it cannot be used as "**bīrinči kẹltim (I came first)". It should be used as follows: "*bīrinči bōlsa kẹltim (I came as being first)". Or there is the word *il(i)k, which you can use in the same sense, although it does not mean exactly the same on its own. (e.g: *il(i)k keltim, I came before). Such suffixes can answer questions such as who is performing the action, whether it is one person or more than one person, without a second additional sentence. They don't change the meaning of the verb, they just add. This appendix indicates that the action was performed by more than one person. The same sentence can be made without this suffix, but this suffix saves extra words. You can get this meaning by adding this suffix to any verb you want. It is also sometimes used to mean doing something by oneself. But it died in Chuvash, except for formulaic words. The Chuvash, the only representative of the Lir group, uses the Shaz form. Therefore, it is not clear what purpose it was used in Proto-Turkic. *tab- (dead verb) → *tabïĺ- (“to run”) We infer the existence of this verb in Proto-Turkic from the existence of the Lir form in Para-Mongolic. There is also the possibility that the verb is root. Indicates that a job is done by itself Creates the passive state First of all, this can be a bit difficult for non-native speakers to understand. Because the use of these suffixes varies according to the consonant in the last letter. If the consonant in the last letter is t or n, it always takes the suffix *-Il. If the consonant in the last letter is l, it always takes the suffix *-In. However, other consonants may vary from Turkic languages to Turkic languages and are irregular. It has been observed that in Turkish, vowel endings always have -n suffix and no -l suffix. On the contrary, the Kazakh word bastaw takes the suffix -l and the new verb becomes bastalw. Since there is no -l suffix in Turkish, başlamak became başlanmak. In general, *-In is used more like in the first item, and *-Il more like in the second item. In some verbs, a suffix can provide both clauses. For example, since the word *kat- ends with the letter t, it cannot take the suffix *-In and necessarily provides both with *-Il. *seb- (“to love, like”) → *sebil- (“to be loved, liked (by)”), *seb- (“to love, like”) → *sebin- (“rejoice in oneself”) *ker- (“to stretch”) → *keril- (“to be stretched (by)”), *ker- (“to stretch”) → *kerin- (“give oneself a stretch”) *ēn- (“to go down”) → *ēnil- (“to be gone down (by); to go down on one's own”) *ạt- (“to throw”) → *ạtïl- (“to be thrown (by); to throw on one's own”) *ạl- (“to take”) → *ạlïn- (“to be taken (by); to take on one's own”) This suffix provides the meaning of making someone do it. *ol- (“to become”) → *oltur- (“to make someone be; to sit”) *kẹl- (“to come”) → *kẹltür- (“to make something/someone come; to bring”) *öl- (“to die”) → *öltür- (“to make someone die; to kill”) *seb- (“to love”) → *sebtür- (“to make someone love”) If it is multiple syllables, it takes the suffix *-t. *semir- (“to fatten”) → *semirt- (“to make something fatten”) *okï- (“to read”) → *okït- (“to make someone read”) (Shaz) If the last letter is t or n, it does not take the letter t even if it is multiple syllables, it takes the form *-tUr. *ẹlit- (“to hear”) → *ẹlittür- (“to make something hear”) *sebin- (“to love oneself”) → *sebintür- (“to make someone love oneself”) The word can take from these suffixes twice. *kẹltür- (“to make something come; to bring”) → *kẹltürt- (“to make someone make something/someone come; to make someone bring”) *öltür- (“to make someone die; to kill”) → *öltürt- (“to make someone make someone die; to make someone kill”) Let's explain with a few examples since it seems confusing. S/he died. - Ol öltü. S/he killed him. - Ol anï öltürtü. S/he had her killed by him. - Ol anï anka öltürtdü. By adding this suffix to the verbs, the meaning of negation is provided. *seb- (“to love, like”) → *sebme- (“to not love, not like”) *bar- (“to go”) → *barma- (“to not go”) See next lesson 8: Verbals for more information about negation suffix. Here are some examples: *tïŋ (dead noun) → *tïŋla- (“to listen; to hear; to consider, meditate”) *āŋ (“intelligence”) → *āŋla- (“to understand; to hear; to discern”) *yï̄g (“weeping, crying”) → *yï̄gla- (“to weep, cry”) (Proto-Shaz) *āb (“hunt”) → *ābla- (“to hunt”) (Proto-Shaz) It is provided by the previously mentioned *-lA- and *-n-. This suffix gives the meaning of to have (something). Here are some examples: *eb (house) → *eblen- (“to have a house; to marry”) *āb (“hunt”) → *āblan- (“to have a hunt”) (Proto-Shaz) This suffix gives the meaning of to turn (something). It seems to be used only in colors. Here are some examples; *kȫk (blue) → *kȫker- (“to turn blue”) *kara (black) → *karar- (“to turn black”) *siarïg (yellow, white) → *siarïgar- (“to turn yellow, white”) Here are some examples: *kẹr (dead noun) → *kẹrge- (“to need”) *em (“dead noun”) → *emge- (“to suffer, be tortured”) Sometimes this verb takes a noun suffix and becomes a noun again, but the suffix *-gAk added to verbs and *-gA- added to nouns should not be confused with each other. For example, *bat- is a verb and becomes a noun by taking the suffix *-gAk. But *kẹr is a noun, and it becomes a verb by taking the suffix *-gA-, and then it becomes a noun again by taking the suffix *-k. In Lir, same noun takes the *-lIg verb deriavtional suffix from noun. We come across dead verbs from time to time in Proto languages. A noun has taken the noun suffix from the verb lives, but the root verb dies when it is not needed enough. Any root used in ancient inscriptions may no longer survive. Even after splitting into branchs, new roots can be developed. For example, çekmek (to pull) used only by the Oghuz and Arghu today may be a late formation. While havlamak (to bark) in Turkish can be associated with the sound of dogs, the word ürümek (to bark) should have been used more often than havlamak. Because ürümek comes from Old Turkic ür- (to blow) and compare to Mongolic uri- (to blow). This shows that there is a new root born in Anatolia. That's how verbs don't just die, sometimes new roots can be born no matter what century you're in. Here are some dead verbs from Proto-Turkic language: *döle- → *dölek (“tranquil, sedate, quiet”) *topra- (“to turn into dust, dry out”) → *toprak (“earth, soil”) *süŋ- (“to battle, war”) → *süŋgü (“lance, spear”) *buŕa- (“to bear a calf”) → *buŕagu (“calf”) *küde- → *küdegü (“bridegroom, son-in-law”) *tiakï- → *tiakïgu (“hen”) *yum- → *yumuĺ (“work”) *in- → *ingek (“cow”) *eĺ-(/eĺč-) → *eĺgek (“donkey”) *čï̄p- → *čï̄pgan (“furuncle; rash, pimple”) (see next lesson verbals for the suffix) Next Lesson: Verbals https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-k https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-in https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-g%C3%BC https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-i%C4%BA https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ig https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-lig https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-si%C5%95 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-lik https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-in%C4%8Di Welcome to eighth lesson of Proto-Turkic! In the previous leasons, we learned about the verb tense suffixes like *-mIĺ, *-dI, or *-Ur, but in this lesson we will learn more verb suffixes. They exist so that we can use the verb in a noun clause. I want to go - Bẹ barmaknï/barmanï kǖsedi. Everbody wants to be loved - Bār kiĺi sebilmekni/sebilmeni kǖser. Staying is harder than leaving - Kiālma(k), kē(y)tme(k)den kạtï. Isn't it easy to get into a heart? - Köyŋilke kīrme(k) keŋes ermeŕ mi? However, *-mA form is the same as *-mA- negation suffix, and since both are for verbs, sometimes the meaning distinction can only be made by reading the sentence or by hearing the accent (or tone). You can also use both at the same time. For example; sebmeme ("to not loving"), barmama ("to not going"). Indicates how through the verb. dog who love me - bẹni sebgen it falcon that snatches its hunt - ābïnï kapgan kïrguy the fish that eaten by - yēngen bālïk Sometimes verbal adjectives turn into an adjective pronoun and become stereotyped for one thing. For example; ‎*sïč- (“to shit”) + ‎-gan → ‎*sïčgan (“(someone) who shit”) became stereotyped for rat, mouse; ‎*tabïĺ- (“to run”) + ‎-gan → ‎*tabïĺgan (“(someone) who run”) became stereotyped for hare. In some of modern Turkic languages, this suffix changed its meaning to past tenses (indefinite value, but also sometimes used as past participles). Synonym of *-gAn. See lesson: 12 to clear up confusion in usages. This suffix gives the verb the meaning of "by ...ing, while ...ing". Gives the meaning of "if". (preposition) In today's Turkic languages, the meaning of the verbal adverb has lost its existence by being overshadowed by the new suffixes. But the old Shaz Turkic inscriptions, Volga Bulgar inscriptions and Chuvash language prove that this meaning belongs to Proto-Turkic. Let's base it on a few examples of these uses. When the meaning of 'if' is meant, a Farsi word eger can be added to the beginning in modern languages. Negating the verb (as in "I don't come") Like the section above, do not to be confused with *-mA in the sense of verbal nouns. Contrary to the rule that Proto-Turkic words were stressed in the last syllable, in many of Turkic languages, *-mA- are always unstressed while as the verbal noun are always stressed (i.e. sebme, "don't love (it)", sebme, "to love"). To make negation to other tenses, place this suffix between the verb's stem and the tense ending (sebmedi "(he) don't love (it)", sebmemiĺ "(he's) seems not love (it)"). However, when negating the present tense (-Ur), it becomes *-mAŕ, with irregular palatalization on final -r → -ŕ (it is already explained on the previous lesson 2: Basics). However, some languages featured alteration between Common Turkic -z (< -ŕ) : -r, as in Turkmen gelmerin "I don't come": gelmez "he doesn't come". This alteration is because the palatalization on final -r- affected by unstressed -ĭ, the third-person singular copula suffix for verbs (see section below), in early times: sebmér-ĭ → sebméŕĭ > sebméŕ. Unlike the English verb be, Proto-Turkic has multiple copulas, but not conjugated as one suppletive verb. Bōlma(k) is the regular verb for "to be", while erme(k) is the auxiliary verb. However, the latter verb is defective, usually only exists in positive clear and unclear past tenses (erdi, ermiĺ), conditional (erse), negative present (ermeŕ) (this tense exists in languages such as Uzbek, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Salar...) and the verbal adjective (ergen). However, the auxiliary one was likely fully conjugated in Old Turkic, as in the present form erür. In addition to those verbs, we can use personal pronouns after the noun or adjective. Copulas can also left without overt marking (teŋiŕ kȫk "the sea is blue", note the absence of "is"), a rule of zero copula, which happens in many languages. Also in the third person singular, the verb form turur (< turma(k) "to stand") is also used for emphasis. To negate nouns or adjectives, add ermeŕ into front of them,
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