Psychedelic treatment of depression and anxiety: How can psychedelics help in treating depression and anxiety? Important points about this section: What is the problem and why is it important? Consider providing some focus questions. Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health conditions among people today (Richards, 2011). Depression has been estimated to cost society hundreds of billions of dollars annually in both direct and indirect costs, but what is arguably more important is it is the cause of an extreme amount of human suffering and premature death. Depression can range in duration from a minor, short term episode to a chronic and debilitating lifelong condition. The news is not all bad, as depression has been shown to be treatable, and while treatments have been discovered which show an effect, there remains much to be improved regarding the best ways to treat those suffering. Despite not being introduced to western societies until relatively recently, psychedelic drugs are thought to have a long history of use within traditional and ancient cultures. In the 15th century, after establishing colonies in South America, the Spanish wrote about how the indigenous tribes conducted Ayahuasca ceremonies where powerful psychedelics were consumed, playing a vital role in their health and relationships, both within tribes and between tribes (Luna, 2011). In West Africa, Ibogaine is a psychedelic derived from tree bark and has been used as a medicine for thousands of years (George et al., 2020). In Central America, Peyote was used in similar ways and ceremonies utilising Magic Mushrooms were engaged in by the Aztecs and beyond. Similarities in cave paintings found in Africa, Australia and Europe suggests a ceremonial use of psychedelic mushrooms dating back tens of thousands of years (Akers et al., 2011; Pettigrew, 2011). Much research is underway to investigate to what extent these ancient medicines can be used as powerful tools, assisting in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety today. Akers, B. P., Ruiz, J. F., Piper, A., & Ruck, C. A. (2011). A prehistoric mural in Spain depicting neurotropic Psilocybe mushrooms?. Economic Botany, 65(2), 121-128. Pettigrew, J. (2011). Iconography in Bradshaw b rock art: breaking the circularity. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 94(5), 403-417. George, J. R., Michaels, T. I., Sevelius, J., & Williams, M. T. (2020). The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 4-15. Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca: an overview. The ethnopharmacology of ayahuasca, 2, 01-21. Araújo, A. M., Carvalho, F., de Lourdes Bastos, M., De Pinho, P. G., & Carvalho, M. (2015). The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Archives of Toxicology, 89(8), 1151-1173. Richards, D. (2011). Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review. Clinical psychology review, 31(7), 1117-1125. Hofmann, A. (1970). The discovery of LSD and subsequent investigations on naturally occurring hallucinogens. Discoveries in biological psychiatry, 91-106. Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Goodwin, G. M. (2017). The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: past, present, and future. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(11), 2105-2113. Content goes here. For the topic development, provide at least 3 bullet-points of key content to be covered. Include key citations. For the book chapter, write in paragraphs typically consisting of three to five sentences. Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Nicholas, C. R., Raison, C. L., & Hutson, P. R. (2020). The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112749. Vargas, A. S., Luís, Â., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., & Pereira, L. (2020). Psilocybin as a New Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety in the Context of Life-Threatening Diseases—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Biomedicines, 8(9), 331. Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., ... & Su, Z. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1165-1180. Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Day, C. M. J., Rucker, J., Watts, R., Erritzoe, D. E., ... & Rickard, J. A. (2018). Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 399-408. Goldberg, S. B., Shechet, B., Nicholas, C., Ng, C. W., Deole, G., Chen, Z., & Raison, C. Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. If a section has a lot of content, then consider structuring it into two to five sub-headings such as is shown here. Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Bolstridge, M., Demetriou, L., Pannekoek, J. N., Wall, M. B., ... & Leech, R. (2017). Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-11. Kometer, M., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., & Volleinweider, F. X. (2015). Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations. Psychopharmacology, 232(19), 3663-3676. Preller, K. H., Duerler, P., Burt, J. B., Ji, J. L., Adkinson, B., Stämpfli, P., ... & Anticevic, A. (2020). Psilocybin induces time-dependent changes in global functional connectivity. Biological Psychiatry. Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(9), 1091-1120. Preller, K. H., Duerler, P., Burt, J. B., Ji, J. L., Adkinson, B., Stämpfli, P., ... & Anticevic, A. (2020). Psilocybin induces time-dependent changes in global functional connectivity. Biological Psychiatry. Ly, C., Greb, A. C., Cameron, L. P., Wong, J. M., Barragan, E. V., Wilson, P. C., ... & Duim, W. C. (2018). Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity. Cell reports, 23(11), 3170-3182. Lebedev, A. V., Lövdén, M., Rosenthal, G., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart‐Harris, R. L. (2015). Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego‐dissolution under psilocybin. Human brain mapping, 36(8), 3137-3153. Mertens, L. J., Wall, M. B., Roseman, L., Demetriou, L., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020). Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 34(2), 167-180. Ly, C., Greb, A. C., Cameron, L. P., Wong, J. M., Barragan, E. V., Wilson, P. C., ... & Duim, W. C. (2018). Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity. Cell reports, 23(11), 3170-3182. Roseman, L., Demetriou, L., Wall, M. B., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Increased amygdala responses to emotional faces after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Neuropharmacology, 142, 263-269. Grimm, O., Kraehenmann, R., Preller, K. H., Seifritz, E., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2018). Psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(6), 691-700. Figures should be captioned (using APA style) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at Wikimedia Commons. Possible uses for feature boxes include: Focus questions Case studies or examples Take-home messages There are many different ways of creating feature boxes (e.g., see Pretty boxes) Quiz questions are optional. Important points about using quizzes: Can be used to help make a chapter more interactive. 2 A typical neuron fires ________ times per second. Hirschfeld, T., & Schmidt, T. T. (2020). How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans. bioRxiv. Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology, 187(3), 268-283. Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2011). Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology, 218(4), 649-665. Goldberg, S. B., Shechet, B., Nicholas, C., Ng, C. W., Deole, G., Chen, Z., & Raison, C. Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Run through the theory, put pic of pyramid Show evidence about a feeling of a better sense of connection to oneself and others, nature, the universe. Ego dissolution Watts, R., Day, C., Krzanowski, J., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2017). Patients’ accounts of increased “connectedness” and “acceptance” after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of humanistic psychology, 57(5), 520-564. Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Watts, R., Kettner, H., Mertens, L. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020). Post-Psychedelic Reductions in Experiential Avoidance Are Associated With Decreases in Depression Severity and Suicidal Ideation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 782. Explain internal stable uncontrollable etc Bandura Negative interpretation of events? Show research about the new perspectives, the people with addictions maybe etc Lyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 811-819. Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Jesse, R., MacLean, K. A., ... & Klinedinst, M. A. (2018). Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(1), 49-69. Lasting changes in personality. Openness to experience MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011). Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1453-1461. Erritzoe, D., Roseman, L., Nour, M. M., MacLean, K., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart‐Harris, R. L. (2018). Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(5), 368-378. Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Watts, R., Kettner, H., Mertens, L. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020). Post-Psychedelic Reductions in Experiential Avoidance Are Associated With Decreases in Depression Severity and Suicidal Ideation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 782. Quiz questions are optional. Important points about using quizzes: Can be used to help make a chapter more interactive. 2 A typical neuron fires ________ times per second. Helpful in incorporating the lessons etc etc. ETHICS TOO Earleywine, M., & De Leo, J. (2020). Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for depression: How dire is the need? How could we do it?. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(2), 88-92. Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Day, C. M. J., Rucker, J., Watts, R., Erritzoe, D. E., ... & Rickard, J. A. (2018). Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up. Psychopharmacology, 235(2), 399-408. Anecdotal reports of dangerous effects etc have not been supported by the literature, safety profile etc etc. Non-toxic. Dangers are from behaviours etc Intense experience so one needs to be in a good place internally (set - mindset) and externally (setting - environment) Kuypers, K. P. (2020). The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 2045125320950567. Needs more research Internal focus vs external? Fadiman, J., & Korb, S. (2019). Might microdosing psychedelics be safe and beneficial? An initial exploration. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 51(2), 118-122. Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., DeFelice, B. C., Fiehn, O., & Olson, D. E. (2019). Chronic, intermittent microdoses of the psychedelic N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) produce positive effects on mood and anxiety in rodents. ACS chemical neuroscience, 10(7), 3261-3270 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Important points about this section: Arguably the most important section. The Golden Nugget - connection Important points about this section: Provide up to approximately half-a-dozen internal (wiki) links to relevant: Wikiversity pages especially motivation and emotion book chapters Wikipedia articles Present in alphabetical order. For example (note alphabetical order): Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation (Book chapter, 2016) David McClelland (Wikipedia) Loss aversion (Book chapter, 2018) Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Wikipedia) Important points about this section: Present cited references in APA style. Important elements include: Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": {{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}} Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces Year of publication in parentheses Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by a dash with spaces either side, followed by a full-stop. Full doi website URL as a working hyperlink Common mistakes include: incorrect capitalisation incorrect italicisation providing the "retrieved from" date (no longer part of APA style). citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted For example: Blair, R. J. R. (2004). Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). Trends in Neurosciences, 31(3), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(5), 998-1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x Important points about this section: Judiciously selected links to important external resources about this topic Present in alphabetical order Include the source in parentheses after the link For example (note alphabetical order): Headings (Grant State Valley University) The importance of structure (skillsyouneed.com)
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