Produced by Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriberâs Notes: Underscores â_â before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs â=â before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. Many of the entries in the article âTHE BIRDS OF THE RED DEER RIVERâ on page 248, have an star before the name of the bird. This star denotes that specimens were taken or are in the collection of the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada. Old } CONTINUATION OF THE { New Series, } BULLETIN OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB { Series, Vol. XLIV } { Vol. XXXVI The Auk A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology Vol. XXXVI APRIL, 1919 No. 2 [Illustration] PUBLISHED BY The American Ornithologistsâ Union CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Entered as second-class mail matter in the Post Office at Boston, Mass. âAcceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on September 23, 1918.â CONTENTS PAGE MRS. OLIVE THORNE MILLER. By _Florence Merriam Bailey_. (Plate VII.) 163 AN EXPERIENCE WITH HORNED GREBES (_Colymbus auritus_). By _Alexander D. DuBois_. (Plates VIII-X.) 170 HISTORICAL NOTES ON HARRISâS SPARROW (_Zonotrichia querula_). _By Harry Harris_ 180 NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PALATE IN ICTERIDÃ. By _Alexander Wetmore_ 190 THE CROW IN COLORADO. By _W. H. Bergtold_ 198 WINTER ROBINS IN NOVA SCOTIA. By _Harrison F. Lewis_ 205 REMARKS ON BEEBEâS âTROPICAL WILD LIFE.â By _Thomas E. Penard_ 217 PROBLEMS SUGGESTED BY NESTS OF WARBLERS OF THE GENUS DENDROICA. By _John Treadwell Nichols_ 225 ON THE POPULAR NAMES OF BIRDS. By _Ernest Thompson Seton_ 229 THE REALITY OF SPECIES. By _Leverett Mills Loomis_ 235 GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN THE BLACK-THROATED LOONS. By _A. C. Bent_ 238 REASONS FOR DISCARDING A PROPOSED RACE OF THE GLAUCOUS GULL (_Larus hyperboreus_). By _Jonathan Dwight, M. D._ 242 THE BIRDS OF THE RED DEER RIVER, ALBERTA. By _P. A. Taverner_ 248 FOURTH ANNUAL LIST OF PROPOSED CHANGES IN THE A. O. U. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By _Harry C. Oberholser_ 266 NEW FORMS OF SOUTH AMERICAN BIRDS AND PROPOSED NEW SUBGENERA. By _Charles B. Cory_ 273 GENERAL NOTES.âProcellariidÃ¦ versus HydrobatidÃ¦, 276; Long-tailed Jaeger in Indiana. 276; _Larus canus brachyrhynchus_ in Wyoming, 276; _Polysticta_ Eyton versus _Stellaris_ Bonaparte, 277; Further Record of the European Widgeon at Madison, Wis., 277; A Late Record for _Rallus elegans_ for Maine, 277; The Proper Name of the Ruff, 278; Heteractitis versus Heteroscelus, 278; The Status of _Charadrius rubricollis_ Gmelin, 279; A Self-tamed Ruffed Grouse, 279; Unusual Contents of a Mourning Doveâs Nest, 281; Mourning Dove Wintering in Vermont, 282; _Thrasaetos_ versus _Harpia_, 282; The Status of the Generic Name _Archibuteo_, 282; Harrisâs Hawk (_Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi_) in Kansas, 283; The Proper Name for the Texas Barred Owl, 283; Concerning a Note of the Long-eared Owl, 283; The Short-eared Owl Breeding on Nantucket, 284; Early Occurrence of the Snowy Owl and the Pine Grosbeak in Monroe County, New York, 285; The Deep Plantar Tendons in the Puff-birds, Jacamars and their Allies, 285; The Status of the Genus _Hypocentor_ Cabanis, 286; A Correction Involving Some Juncos, 287; An Additional Record of _Ammodramus savannarum bimaculutus_ in Eastern Washington, 287; The Dickcissel in New Hampshire, 288; Early Nesting of the Loggerhead Shrike, 288; A Note on the Decrease of the Carolina Wren near Washington, D. C., 289; The Affinities of _ChamÃ¦thlypis_, 290; Blue-winged Warbler Feeding a Young Field Sparrow, 291; The Blue-winged Warbler near Boston, 292; Nashville Warbler (_Vermivora ruficapilla_) in New York in Winter, 293; Four Rare Birds in Sussex County, New Jersey, 293; Notes from a Connecticut Pine Swamp, 293; The Name _erythrogaster_, 294; Constant Difference in Relative Proportions of Parts as a Specific Character, 295; âOffâ Flavors of Wildfowl, 296. RECENT LITERATURE.ââThe Game Birds of California,â 297; Mathewsâ âThe Birds of Australia,â 299; De Fenis on Bird Song in its Relation to Music, 300; Dwight on a New Gull, 301; McAtee on the Food Habits of the Mallard Ducks, 301; Stone on Birds of the Canal Zone. 302; Shufeldt on the Young Hoatzin, 302; Riley on Celebes Birds, 302; Oberholserâs âMutanda Ornithologica V,â 303; Millerâs âBirds of Lewiston-Auburn and Vicinity,â 303; Recent Papers by Bangs, 304; Economic Ornithology in Recent Entomological Publications, 304; The Ornithological Journals, 307; Ornithological Articles in Other Journals, 312; Publications Received, 314. CORRESPONDENCE.âIdentifications (Characters vs. Geography), 316. NOTES AND NEWS.âObituary: Frederick DuCane Godman, 319; Robert Day Hoyt, 319; The Mailliard Collection, 320; Recent Expeditions, 321; The Flemming Collection, 321; Rare Birds in the Philadelphia Zoo, 321; Meeting of the R. A. O. U., 322; U. S. National Museum Collection, 322; A. O. U. Check-List, 322; New National Parks, 322; Geographic Distribution of A. O. U. Membership, 323; The Migratory Bird Law, 323; The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, 323; Common Names of Birds, 324; Birds of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, 324. âTHE AUK,â published quarterly as the Organ of the AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTSâ UNION, is edited, beginning with volume for 1912, by Dr. WITMER STONE. TERMS:â$3.00 a year, including postage, strictly in advance. Single numbers, 75 cents. Free to Honorary Fellows, and to Fellows, Members, and Associates of the A. O. U. not in arrears for dues. THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS AT 30 BOYLSTON ST., CAMBRIDGE, BOSTON, MASS. Subscriptions may also be addressed to DR. JONATHAN DWIGHT, Business Manager, 134, W. 71ST ST., NEW YORK, N. Y. =Foreign Subscribers= may obtain âTHE AUKâ through WITHERBY & CO., 326, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W. C. All =articles and communications= intended for publication and all books and =publications= for notice, may be sent to DR. WITMER STONE, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, LOGAN SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Manuscripts for general articles must await their turn for publication if others are already on file but they must be in the editorâs hands at least six weeks, before the date of issue of the number for which they are intended, and manuscripts for âGeneral Notesâ, âRecent Literatureâ, etc., not later than the first of the month preceding the date of the number in which it is desired they shall appear. [Illustration: PLATE VII. _Olive Thorne Miller_] THE AUK: A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY. ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ VOL. XXXVI. APRIL, 1919. NO. 2. ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ MRS. OLIVE THORNE MILLER. BY FLORENCE MERRIAM BAILEY. _Plate VII._ Little more than a month after the last meeting of the A. O. U., at which greetings were sent from the Council to Mrs. Miller as the oldest living member of the Union, came the announcement of her death, on December 26, 1918. Born on June 25, 1831, she had indeed been allotted a full span, and for thirty-one of her eighty-seven years she had been associated with the American Ornithologistsâ Union joining four years after it was founded and being made Member in 1901 when that class was established. Harriet Mannâfor the more familiar name of Olive Thorne Miller was the pen name adopted after her marriageâwas born at Auburn, New York, where her father, Seth Hunt, was a banker; but she was of New England ancestry on both sides of the family, her paternal grandfather being an importing merchant of Boston, and her great-grandfather, Captain Benjamin Mann, having organized a company during the revolution of which he was in command at Bunker Hill. From Auburn the family moved to Ohio when she was eleven years old, making the journey, in lieu of railroads, by âpacketâ on the canal through the Mohawk Valley, by steamer across Lake Erie, and finally by an old-fashioned thoroughbrace coach for twenty-five miles through Ohioâa journey full of romance to an imaginative child, and described entertainingly in one of Mrs. Millerâs delightful and in this case largely autobiographical child stories, âWhat Happened to Barbara.â In Ohio she spent five years in a small college town where she attended private schools, among them one of the Select Schools of that generation, with an enrollment of some forty or fifty girls. At the age of nine, as she says, she âgrappled with the problems of Watts on the Mind!â To offset the dreariness of such work, she and half a dozen of her intimate friends formed a secret society for writing stories, two members of the circle afterwards becoming well known writers. For writing and reading even then were her greatest pleasures. The strongest influence in her young life, she tells us, was from books. âLoving them above everything, adoring the very odor of a freshly printed volume, and regarding a library as nearest heaven of any spot on earth, she devoured everything she could lay her hands upon.â As she grew older the shyness from which she had always suffered increased painfully, and coupled with a morbid sensitiveness as to what she considered her personal defects made people a terror to her; but solitary and reticent, she had the writerâs passion for self expression and it is easy to understand her when she says, âTo shut myself up where no one could see me, and speak with my pen, was my greatest happiness.â In 1854, she married Watts Todd Miller, like herself a member of a well known family of northern New York, and in her conscientious effort to be a model wife and to master domestic arts to which she had never been trained, she sacrificed herself unnecessarily. âMany years I denied myself the joy of my lifeâthe use of my pen,â she tells us, âand it was not until my children were well out of the nursery that I grew wise enough to return to it.â The history of the vicissitudes of her literary life is at once touching and enlightening. Full of ardor to reform the world, to prevent needless unhappiness and to set people on the right path, her first literary attempt was the essay, but as she expressed it, âthe editorial world did not seem to be suffering for any effusions of mine,â and her manuscripts were so systematically returned that she was about giving up, concluding during very black days that she had mistaken her calling; when a practical friend gave her a new point of view. What did the public care for the opinions of an unknown writer? she asked. Let her give what it wantedâattractively put information on matters of fact. Then when her reputation was established, people might be glad to listen to her views of life. Philosophically accepting the suggestion, she calmly burned up her accumulated âsentiments and opinions,â and set about writing what she termed âsugar-coated pills of knowledgeâ for children. The first, the facts of china-making in the guise of a story, she sent to a religious weekly which had a childrenâs page, and to her surprise and delight received a check for itâher firstâtwo dollars! This was apparently in 1870, and for twelve years, she worked in what she terms that âGradgrind fieldâ in which during that period she published some three hundred and seventy-five articles in religious weeklies, âOur Young Folks,â âThe Youthâs Companion,â âThe Independent,â âSt. Nicholas,â âThe Chicago Tribune,â âHarperâs,â âScribnerâs,â and other papers and magazines, on subjects ranging from the manufacture of various familiar articles, as needles, thread, and china to sea cucumbers, spiders, monkeys, and oyster farms; and during those twelve years, in addition she published five books, the best known of which were perhaps âLittle Folks in Feathers and Fur,â 1873, âQueer Pets at Marcyâs,â 1880, and âLittle People of Asia,â 1882. About this time, having lived in Chicago nearly twenty years, the Millers, with their two sons and two daughters, moved to Brooklyn, where they lived until Mr. Millerâs death. Not long after settling in Brooklyn, when she had spent twelve years mainly on miscellaneous juvenile work, Mrs. Miller was visited by a friend who gave her a new subject, completely changing the course of her life. The friend was none less than Mrs. Sara A. Hubbard, whom she had known as a book reviewer in Chicago, but who was also an enthusiastic bird womanâlater an Associate of the A. O. U.âand whose greatest desire in coming to New York had been to see the birds. As Mrs. Miller naÃ¯vely remarks, âof course I could do no less than to take her to our park, where were birds in plenty.â And here, in Prospect Park when she was nearly fifty years oldâincredible as it seems in view of her later workâMrs. Miller got her first introduction to birds. âI knew absolutely nothing about ornithology,â she confesses; âindeed, I knew by sight not more than two birds, the English Sparrow and the Robin, and I was not very sure of a Robin either! I must say in excuse for myself,â she adds, âthat I had never spent any time in the country and had been absorbed all my life in books. My friend was an enthusiast, and I found her enthusiasm contagious. She taught me to know a few birds, a Vireo, the charming Catbird, and the beautiful Wood Thrush, and indeed before she left me I became so interested in the Catbird and Thrush that I continued to visit the park to see them, and after about two summersâ study the thought one day came to me that I had seen some things that other people might be interested in. I wrote what I had observed and sent an article to the âAtlantic Monthlyâ and it was accepted with a very precious letter from Mr. Scudder, who was then editor. All this time my love of birds and my interest in them had been growing, and soon I cared for no other study. I set up a bird-room in my house to study them winters and I began to go to their country haunts in the summer.â Of the bird-room described so interestingly in âBird Waysâ it is only necessary to say that first and last Mrs. Miller had about thirty-five species of birds which she bought from the bird stores in winter and allowed to fly about in her bird room, where she could study them unobtrusively at her desk by means of skillfully arranged mirrors. For twenty summers, from 1883 to 1903, she spent from one to three months in the country studying the wild birds, visiting among other sections, Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, North Carolina, Michigan, Colorado, Utah, and California, taking careful notes in the field and writing them up for publication at the end of the season. To one who has not known her, the method may sound deliberate and commercial, but to one who has worked joyfully by her side, each yearâs journey is known to have meant escape from the world, to the ministering beneficence of Nature. Let her speak for herself.ââTo a brain wearied by the din of the city ... how refreshing is the heavenly stillness of the country! To the soul tortured by the sights of ills it cannot cure, wrongs it cannot right, and sufferings it cannot relieve, how blessed to be alone with nature, with trees living free, unfettered lives, and flowers content each in its native spot, with brooks singing of joy and good cheer, with mountains preaching divine peace and rest!â[1] Freed from city life and the tortures imposed by her profound human sympathy, each gift of fancy and imagination, each rare quality of spirit, joined in the celebration of the new excursion into fields elysian. But while each sight she saw was given glamour and charm by her imagination and enthusiasm, her New England conscience ruled her every word and note, and not one jot or tittle was let by, no word was set down, that could not pass muster before the bar of scientific truth. Mrs. Millerâs first bird book was published in 1885 and the others followed in quick succession although they were interlarded with magazine articles and books on other subjectsâas âThe Womanâs Club,â 1890, âOur Home Pets,â 1894, âFour Handed Folk,â 1896, and a series of childrenâs stories, 1904 to 1907. Her eleven bird books, published by the Houghton, Mifflin Company, were âBird Ways,â 1885, âIn Nesting Time,â 1887, âLittle Brothers of the Air,â 1892, âA Bird Lover in the West,â 1894, âUpon the Tree Tops,â 1897, âThe First Book of Birds,â 1899, âThe Second Book of Birds,â 1901, âTrue Bird Stories from my Note-Books,â 1902, âWith the Birds in Maine,â 1903, âThe Bird our Brother,â 1908, and her last book, âThe Childrenâs Book of Birdsââa juvenile form of the First and Second Book of Birdsâ1915. The newspaper and magazine articles of this second period of Mrs. Millerâs literary work, beginning with the time when she first began to study birds, were published not only in the principal religious weeklies and others of the former channels, but by various syndicates, in âHarperâs Bazar,â and the âAtlantic Monthly.â They included not only a large number of bird papers, some of which appeared later in her books, but also articles on general subjects, proving her friendâs statement, for now that her reputation had become established on a basis of fact, the public was ready to profit by her âsentiments and opinions.â Her last book of field notesââWith the Birds in Maineââwas published in 1903, when she was seventy-two, after which time she was able to do very little active field work and her writing was confined mainly to childrenâs books. In 1902 Mrs. Miller had visited her oldest son, Charles W. Miller, in California, and fascinated by the outdoor life and the birds and flowers of southern California, she would have returned to live, without delay, had it not been that her married daughter, Mrs. Smith, and her grandchildren lived in Brooklyn. In 1904, however, accompanied by her younger daughter, Mary Mann Miller, she did return to California, where her daughter built a cottage on the outskirts of Los Angeles on the edge of a bird-filled arroyo where rare fruits and flowers ran riot and the cottageâEl Nidoâbecame embowered in vines and trees. From 1870-1915, as nearly as can be determined by her manuscript lists, Mrs. Miller published about seven hundred and eighty articles, one booklet on birds and twenty-four booksâeleven of them on birds, her books being published mainly by the Houghton Mifflin Company and E. P. Dutton. When we stop to consider that her real work did not begin until she was fifty-four, after which four hundred and five of her articles and nineteen of her books were written, and moreover that during her later years, by remarkable self-conquest, she became a lecturer and devoted much of her time to lecturing on birds in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and other towns, we come to a realization of her tireless industry and her astonishing accomplishment. When living in Brooklyn she was a member of some of the leading womenâs clubs of New York and Brooklyn, giving her time to them with the earnest purpose that underlay all her work. In the midst of her busy life, it is good to recall as an example of her devotion to her friends, that for years Mrs. Miller gave up one day a week to visiting an old friend who had been crippled by an accident; and after she had gone to California took time to make for her a calendar of three hundred and sixty-five personally selected quotations from the best in literature. Among Mrs. Millerâs pleasures during her later years in the East were the meetings of the LinnÃ¦an Society held in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and the A. O. U. meetings which she attended in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Washington, enjoying not only the papers of other workers, but the rare opportunity to meet those interested in her beloved work. In a letter written after one of the meetings she exclaimedââYou donât know what a good time we have always. We had a real âlove feastâ this time. Not only all the old standbysâMr. Brewster, Mr. Sage, Dr. Allen, Dr. Merriam and the rest, but a lot of Audubonites and John Burroughs. I went over and stayed with Mrs. May Riley Smith and attended every session.â In this same letter she speaks of her promotion to the new class of membership and says, âIt is a great pleasure to have _honest work_ recognized, and encourages one to keep at it.â When Mr. Brewster, in view of a discovery made by Mrs. Miller, wrote in âThe Auk,â regretting that one âgifted with rare powers of observationâ should not record at least the more important of her discoveries in a scientific journal, Mrs. Miller replied in another note to âThe Auk,â confessing that she would not know what was a discovery; adding with the enthusiasm that vitalized her workââto me everything is a discovery; each bird, on first sight, is a new creation; his manners and habits are a revelation, as fresh and as interesting to me as though they had never been observed before.â Explaining her choice of a literary rather than a scientific channel of expression, she gives the key to her nature work, one of the underlying principles of all her workââmy great desire is to bring into the lives of others the delights to be found in the study of Nature.â Looking over the bookshelf where the names of Burroughs, Torrey, Miller, and Bolles call up each its own rare associations, I am reminded of a bit of advice that came long years ago from Mr. Burroughsâ kindly penââPut your bird in its landscapeââas this seems the secret of the richness and charm of this rare company of writers, for while beguiling us with the story of the bird, they have set it in its landscape, they have brought home to us âthe river and sky,â they have enabled us to see Nature in its entirety. Remembering this great boon which we owe Mrs. Miller, it seems rarely fitting that when her three score years and ten were accomplished, her last days should have been spent in the sunshine surrounded by the birds and flowers which brought her happiness in beautiful California. FOOTNOTE: [1] âUpon the Tree-Topsâ, 3, 1897. AN EXPERIENCE WITH HORNED GREBES (_COLYMBUS AURITUS_). BY ALEXANDER D. DUBOIS. _Plates VIII-X_ The southeastern portion of Teton County, Montana, lying in the prairie region east of the Rocky Mountains, comprises flat and rolling bench-lands, traversed at frequent intervals by coulees which are tributary to the Teton and Sun Rivers. On these benches are occasional shallow depressions which have no natural drainage. They form transient âprairie sloughsâ which may be dry at one season and wet meadows or ponds of water at another. The slough which afforded the present observations is a crescent-shaped depression, not more than ten or twelve acres in extent, curving about a knoll upon which stands a homesteaderâs cabin. There are no lakes or water courses in the immediate vicinity. During the last few years the region has been rapidly transformed into grain farms. At the time these notes were made the meadow in question was bordered on three sides by plowed fields. The spring of 1917 was an extremely rainy one, following a winter of much more than normal snowfall. In consequence, the crescent-shaped meadow became a marshy sheet of water. On the open water of this pond two Grebes were seen on several days in May. On the third of June, while walking around the pond scanning its surface with a field-glass, I was suddenly amazed to see a Grebe sitting upon a nest which protruded above the water amid the scant vegetation. Careful examination showed the bird to be _Colymbus auritus_. She slipped from the nest, as I slowly waded toward her, and swam about in the open water, anxiously watching my every movement. The interest was mutual. After watching the bird for some time I went up to the nest and found that it contained two eggs. Subsequent visits showed that the eggs were deposited at intervals of two days; the dates of the visits and number of eggs found at each visit being as follows: June 3 (2); June 5 (3); June 7 (4); June 9 (5); June 12 (6); June 13 (6). [Illustration: PLATE VIII. 1. NESTING SITE OF HORNED GREBE IN A FLOODED MEADOW. NEST BEYOND OPEN WATER. WHEAT STUBBLE IN FOREGROUND.] [Illustration: 2. HORNED GREBE ON HER NEST, SHOWING SCANT SURROUNDING VEGETATION.] Whenever I appeared at the edge of the slough, it was the custom of the two Grebes to float about upon the area of open water with an air of supreme unconcern. They busied themselves constantly with their toilets, preening the feathers of all parts of their bodies and very frequently tipping or rolling themselves in the water to reach their under parts with their bills. In this half-capsized posture they would float for several seconds, exposing to view the strikingly prominent white area that is normally below the water-line. This preening and floating in different positions, on the part of both birds, proceeded without interruption during my entire stay, each day that I visited them. It became very evident that it was practiced as a ruse to hold the attention of the intruder and thus divert him from their nest. On the morning of June 12, a camera was taken to the nest-site with the purpose of making photographs of the nest and eggs. On the land to the south, a homesteader with eight horses to his plow, was turning over the virgin sod. His furrows ended at the edge of the slough southwest from the nesting site of the Grebes. Upon wading to the nest I found the six eggs shielded on the southwest side, by a partial covering of vegetation which had been pulled up on that side only. The general character of the country and location of the nest are shown in the photograph on Plate VIII. After making a photograph, and remaining for a time near the nest to observe the parent birds, I left the tripod and camera in position and went away. The female was continually gaining either confidence or bravery and had been swimming about in an agitated manner, not far from me, as I stood quietly by the camera. Before I had gotten out of sight of the nest I saw her go to it and change the covering or shielding material to its opposite edge, thus sheltering the eggs from the too inquisitive gaze of the cameraâs eye. When I returned from the cabin the bird was on the nest, incubating. She took to the water as I came up, but continued to swim back and forth among the scant, neighboring tufts of marsh grass. As I stood very quietly for some time behind the camera her boldness gradually increased, until at length I was able to photograph her near the nest, with the aid of only ten feet of rubber tubing attached to the shutter release. The making of these photographs consumed much time and continually the Grebe was growing bolder. She swam almost under the camera, and when I came close to the nest she made a dash at me, shooting entirely out of the water. This show of force was afterward repeated frequently, and it sometimes ended with a violent, splashing dive which sent a shower of spray over the camera outfit and the photographer. Meanwhile her spouse drifted quietly at a safe and respectful distance. Although one photograph of the bird on her nest was secured by means of a very long thread, the result was rather unsatisfactory. On the following day, June 13, I donned the hip boots again and stationed myself with the camera outfit, determined to see if patience would be rewarded by an opportunity to photograph the bird on her nest at close range. It was a wearisome experiment, but not without result, for eventually the Grebes became remarkably bold. The female was the first to approach. She swam around the nest repeatedly, but for a long time refused to venture upon it. For the most part the male witnessed her adventures from a discreet distance. Occasionally however, he came up; and finally, while the female was showing her agitation by swimming hurriedly about, the male swam deliberately to the nest, climbed up its side, and sat on the eggs, facing me. A plate was exposed on this unexpected sitter but unfortunately was ruined by an accident before development. He became alarmed by my activities in changing plate-holders, or perhaps by the removal of my head from beneath the focusing cloth, and suddenly slipped off the nest into the water. Both birds were subsequently photographed together, near the nest. I cautiously moved the camera somewhat closer and waited. The female frequently shot out of the water at me with a rush accompanied by a harsh cry, and sometimes ended her attack with a dive and a great splash. Eventually she went upon the nest, and once in contact with her eggs, she became invincible. I photographed her thus; then moved the tripod toward her, slowly and cautiously, keeping my head beneath the cloth. In this way the camera was placed within armâs length of the bird and another exposure made, which resulted in the intimate portrait of Plate X, fig. 1. I uncovered my head, but she remained firm, and when I extended my hand toward her she reached out her long neck and delivered a vicious, stinging stab with her sharp bill. The threatening attitude of the bird, just previous to striking, is shown in Plate X, fig. 2. The exposed situation of this nest is shown in several of the photographs. It consisted of a mass of coarse grasses, many of them fresh and green, floating in about a foot of water, the body of the nest below the water line being of such bulk as to almost touch the muddy bottom. The nest-lining, in the bottom of the well hollowed cavity, was very wet and soggy, being only slightly above the water surface when the nest was unoccupied, and probably below it when the weight of the bird was added to that of the nest. This lining was composed of decaying vegetation which was decidedly warm to the touch, in the sunshine, while the wet rim of the nest was cold. The eggs of this set were taken. They were of course in various stages of incubation, from fresh in the last, to well begun in the first-laid egg. For some time after I had left the empty nest, taking the camera with me, the two Grebes swam to and fro beside it, or circled around it, frequently going to the nest and climbing part way up. Occasionally one of the birds, presumably the female, sat upon the nest for a brief period, shifting herself in a restless manner, and then returned to the water. For several days I stayed away. Would these birds nest again in this small and rapidly diminishing slough at so late a season? Would they leave the slough and go elsewhere to nest? Or would they abandon the duty of reproduction altogether? These questions seemed of sufficient interest to demand further observations, but not wishing to further inject the factor of the human menace into their already complicated affairs, I left the birds entirely to themselves. Meanwhile extremely dry warm weather was causing rapid evaporation and the slough was shrinking very perceptibly. My next visit, on the eighteenth of June, disclosed the fact that the Grebes were not only present but were building a new nest not far from the old one. The nest seemed nearly completed. The two birds were floating near each other on the open water, preening their plumage in the ostentatious manner previously described. At seven-thirty on the morning of June 21, the new nest contained two eggs, partially covered, especially on the northwest side, which was the direction from which I approached the slough. There was a striking difference in the coloring of the two eggs, in view of the slight difference in their ages. One egg was a drab-tinted cream; the other a beautiful greenish tint with a freshness and delicacy which is difficult to describe, and which marked it as having just been deposited by the bird. A schedule of the subsequent visits to this nest is given in the accompanying table: ââââââ¬âââââââââ¬âââââââââââ¬âââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââ Visitâ Date â Time of â# ofâ Were eggs â Was either No. â â day âeggsâ covered? â bird seen? ââââââ¼âââââââââ¼âââââââââââ¼âââââ¼âââââââââââââââââââ¼âââââââââââââââââââ 1 âJune, 18â â 0 â âBoth on open water 2 â " 21â 7:30 A.M.â 2 âPartially covered â 3 â " 22â 8:00 A.M.â 2 âSparsely covered â 4 â " 23â 7:30 A.M.â 3 â âNot seen 5 â " 24â 9:00 A.M.â 4 âCovered âBird seen on nest 6 â " 25â 7:30 A.M.â 4 âLightly covered âNot seen 7 â " 25â Sunset â 4 âCovered on E. sideâNot seen 8 â " 26â 7:30 A.M.â 5 âCovered âOne on open water 9 â " 27â 7:00 A.M.â 5 âNot covered âSaw bird leave nest 10 â " 28â 7:30 A.M.â 5 âChiefly on E. sideâNot seen 11 â " 29â Evening â 5 âCovered âNot seen 12 âJuly, 4â â 5 âCovered on top âNot seen 13 â " 8â â 5 âCovered âYes; in waterâlane 14 â " 9â â 5 âCovered âNot seen 15 â " 10â 8:00 P.M.â 5 âNot covered âOne bird seen 16 â " 11â 6:00 P.M.â 5 âNot covered âNot seen 17 â " 12â 5:00 P.M.â 5 âPartially covered âOne on open water 18 â " 13â 6:00 P.M.â 4 âNot covered âNot seen 19 â " 14â â 4 âLightly covered âNot seen 20 â " 15â Evening â 3 â âBird on nest 21 â " 16â10:00 A.M.â 3 âNot covered âNot seen 22 â " 17â10:00 A.M.â 3 âNot covered âOne seen with young 23 â " 18â 7:30 P.M.â 2 âNot covered âNot seen 24 â " 20â 6:00 A.M.â 2 âNot covered âNot seen 25 â " 22â 7:30 P.M.â 2 âNot covered âNot seen 26 â " 23â 9:00 A.M.â 2 âNot covered âNot seen 27 â " 24â Evening â 2 âNot covered âNot seen ââââââ´âââââââââ´âââââââââââ´âââââ´âââââââââââââââââââ´âââââââââââââââââââ [Illustration: PLATE IX. 1. A PAIR OF HORNED GREBES AT HOME. FEMALE AT RIGHT.] [Illustration: 2. NEST AND EGGS OF HORNED GREBE.] When I approached on the morning of June 24, the Grebe was on her nest. She made herself as inconspicuous as possible by holding her head down, close to the nest rim. As I came within twenty-five or thirty yards of the nest the bird hastily pulled a covering of green-stuff over the eggs and slid silently into the water, disappearing completely. Although I watched for some time I did not succeed in catching even a glimpse of either of the birds. On the occasion of the sixth visit (June 26) I found the nest lightly covered with fresh green stems and blades which had been plucked by the bird. At that time I made the notation in my field book: âNever see the birds on the open water any more.â However, on the next day, some time after I had left the nest, I did see one of the Grebes floating on the open water. The eggs had again been covered with fresh vegetation. On the morning of June 27, I approached by a circuitous route, passing by the nest with my interest ostensibly concentrated elsewhere. But as I passed too near her the bird slipped quickly off the nest without stopping to cover the eggs; and I could not find her afterward. It will be noted from the tabulated schedule that neither of the birds was seen at the tenth, eleventh, or twelfth visits. The thirteenth visit was more successful for I saw a Grebe sitting perfectly motionless, at the edge of a water-lane which traversed some of the thickest vegetation, its bright red eyes appearing as its only conspicuous feature. The next day (fourteenth visit), I could not find the birds, and the fifteenth visit gave me only a fleeting glimpse of a Grebe. The eggs were not covered but were slightly shielded on the side from which I had come. On the evening of July 12, one of the birds was observed floating, silent and solemn, with head toward me, at the farthest side of the open water. It was evident at this time that the birds had changed their dress since my acquaintance with them at their first nest, for no yellow âhornsâ were now visible. On July 13, finding only four eggs in the nest, and pieces of egg shell both there and in the water, I searched carefully in the vicinity of the nest but without result. I could neither find the newly hatched young nor catch any glimpse of either parent. On the next day the conditions were the same except that the eggs were slightly covered and a few small feathers had been left on the nest, showing that the bird had been upon it. The twentieth visit, on the evening of July 15, gave me an opportunity to examine the bird at close range. She was on the nest and allowed me to approach, cautiously, to a point twenty or thirty feet from her. She was considerably changed in appearance. The yellowish-white tip of the bill remained unaltered and the light line through the lower margin of the lore was observed to still persist, but the plumage of the head was much subdued, the yellow plumes having been exchanged for mere inconspicuous grayish streaks on the sides of the head. As I came up I could see a young bird poking its head through her wing. She soon left the nest, with a startling rush, and swam rapidly away, leaving three eggs in the nest and two tiny youngsters in the water. The newly hatched downy young can both swim and dive in a feeble way. As I approached them they tried to escape by diving. When I held them in my hands they gave utterance to a little cry not greatly different from that of domestic chicks. The downy young are very striking in appearance. They are striped longitudinally with black and white stripes; the white however is rather a âsoiledâ or grayish white. There are two narrow white stripes on the head which converge to a point at the base of the bill. Between these stripes, on the forehead, is a small slightly raised bare spot, of a bright red color, back of which is a white elongated blotch, or median stripe. The bill is pink and has on both mandibles a white tip which resembles white porcelain. This is larger on the upper mandible than on the lower. On the upper mandible between the nostrils there is a black spot. The iris is brown, not red like that of the adults. The lobate feet are remarkably well developed, but the wings are rudimentary. On the following day, July 16, I failed to find either the parent or the young at the nest. The three remaining eggs were not covered. Again on the morning of the seventeenth, the nest held only the three uncovered eggs; but when I skirted the east end of the slough to examine a Soraâs nest, I was startled by the parent Grebe taking wing not far from me. She flew over the farthest part of the slough, but soon returned, after circling a time or two, to the small area of open water, where she alighted with a splashing glide. When on the wing this bird shows very prominent white markings. The white secondaries cause the posterior portion of the wing to show as a prominent white area, and of course the entire under surface of the body, being white, is very conspicuous when the bird wheels. The flight is so duck-like that the flying Grebe might readily be mistaken, at a distance, for a duck. I waded to the spot whence this bird had taken flight and presently saw the water agitated by some small creature beneath the surface. It was one of the diminutive downy Grebes, floating submerged, head downward, with its forward parts thrust into a mass of filamentous vegetation (algae), while its legs, stretched to their full extent posteriorly, were pointed vertically upward toward the surface of the water. I easily took it up in my hand. The next day, July 18, at 7:30 P. M., another egg had hatched. The nest was not covered. It contained two eggs and nearly all of the opened shell of the other, which last circumstance was of course unusual. I heard the young bird, and by following the faint sound of its voice found it, in the water, about six or eight feet from the nest. It was small enough to have just emerged from the shell. Its bill was very pink and the naked red spot, or comb, on its forehead very bright, though only slightly raised above the surrounding skin. By the merest chance I discovered a downy young duck within a few feet of the Grebeâs nest. It was not identified. Perhaps it had been attracted by the cry of the little Grebe. The adult Grebes were not seen, either on this visit or on July 20, when I looked for them early in the morning. On the latter date the two eggs and the nest were cold and the orphan above mentioned was dead, on the slope of the nest just above the surface of the water. There was an opening in the top of its skull through which its brain had been removed by some small creature. This nestling had probably never seen its parents but had taken to the water wholly by instinct. On the evening of July 22, the two eggs were cold and had not been disturbed since my previous visit, at which time their positions had been carefully noted. However one of them was âpippedâ and I could distinctly hear the voice of the bird within the shell. A search for the parent Grebes was without avail. A faint voice, at the other side of the water, was detected and was followed several times, but when its author was finally located it proved to be not a Grebe but a recently hatched Sora Rail. The next morning, although the sun shone upon the nest, the eggs were cold and the fetuses in both of them were dead. No birds were seen. My last visit, on the evening of July 24, yielded no further result. But I noted now, that there was no water around the nest. It was stranded upon a mud-bar. This was undoubtedly the cause of forced abandonment of the nest. The Grebes were unable to reach it by a water route, and no other mode of travel was possible to them. A search around the water area, now very small and shallow, gave no further evidence. The Grebes were never seen again. In reviewing the account of these observations certain groups of data suggest themselves for summarization: It is interesting to note that only six days elapsed between the removal of the first set of eggs and the deposition of the first egg in a new nest. The period of incubation is twenty-four or twenty-five days, as shown in the following table of dates, noted at the second nest: ââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââ â â â Incubation Egg â Date Laid â Date Hatched â Period in No. â â â days ââââââ¼ââââââââââââââââ¼ââââââââââââââââââââ¼ââââââââââââ 1 â June 19 (?) â July 13 â 24 2 â June 21 â July 15 â 24 3 â June 22 or 23 â July 17 or 18 â 25 4 â June 24 â July 22, (Pipped) â Fetus died 5 â June 26 â Fetus died â ââââââ´ââââââââââââââââ´ââââââââââââââââââââ´ââââââââââââ It will be observed that the fourth egg was alive and on the point of hatching, twenty-eight days after it was deposited, but this cannot be considered normal, since the egg had been deprived of the parent heat for several days. It seems remarkable that the fetus survived the cool nights. [Illustration: PLATE X. 1. HORNED GREBE WITHIN ARMâS LENGTH OF THE CAMERA.] [Illustration: 2. FEMALE, HISSING AND READY TO STRIKE IN DEFENSE OF NEST.] The change of color which these eggs undergo, is also worthy of note. I do not refer to the nest-stains caused by contact with the fermenting vegetation of the nest lining, but to a uniform color change of the surface layer of the shell, which is brought about presumably by exposure to light and atmosphere. Referring to the eggs of the second nest by numbers it will be noted that egg number two, when first observed at 7:30 A. M., had apparently just been deposited. As previously stated, its color was a very delicate bluish-green. Egg number one had already attained its final color; a sort of drab-tinted buff, which rendered it less conspicuous in the nest. Twenty-four hours later, egg number two had changed to the same color as egg number one. No data were recorded for egg number three in this respect. Egg number four, after thirty-six hours, was ânearly but not quite the same color as the others.â After it had been in the nest forty-eight hours it was noted as, âsame color as other eggs.â But egg number five could scarcely be recorded as fully changed after eighty-four hours had elapsed. These notes would seem to indicate that the first-laid eggs change color more rapidly than the later ones. It may be noted in this connection that the first eggs are slightly richer in the light green pigment; possibly, also, they receive less shelter from the parent bird than the later eggs. The usual vocal performance of these Grebes, so far as I was able to determine, is a sort of âko-wee, ko-wee,â repeated at regular intervals. It might be compared to the squeak of a dry wheelbarrow producing one double squeak at each revolution of the wheel. It is however of a clearer quality than this comparison might indicate. Each âko-weeâ has rising inflection and its two syllables are run closely together, with the accent on the last syllable. The remarkable change of manner which came over these birds as the moult began will be appreciated by reference to the tabulated schedule of visits. The pugnacious bravery of the female at her first nest is amply attested by the photographs, while the records of the second nest show that the birds rarely permitted themselves to be observed, even at a distance, although they had eggs as before. These Horned Grebes were absolutely isolated so far as concerns other individuals of the species.[2] There were certainly no other Grebes in the slough. Their nesting associates were as follows: Red-winged Blackbird (_Agelaius phÅniceus fortis_), about three pairs nesting; Sora Rail (_Porzana carolina_), three or four pairs nesting; Wilsonâs Phalarope (_Steganopus tricolor_), several pairs; Killdeer (_Oxyechus vociferus_), one pair in evidence; Savannah Sparrows (_Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus_) were present at the slough all summer; and a pair of Pintails (_Dafila acuta_) were believed to have a nest in an adjoining field. The adjoining prairie was monopolized, as usual, by the Horned Larks (_Otocoris alpestris leucolÃ¦ma_) and Longspurs (_Calcarius ornatus_ and _Rhynchophanes mccowni_). At the present writing this slough is dry; the road which passes through it is traveled every day by automobiles; and the spot where the Grebes established their home a year ago has now been plowed and planted. FOOTNOTE: [2] Mr. A. A. Saunders advises me that so far as he is aware this is the only record of nesting of the Horned Grebe in Montana, although he has found two previous records of occurrence of the species in the state. HISTORICAL NOTES ON HARRISâS SPARROW (_ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA_). BY HARRY HARRIS. During the early decades of the nineteenth century when those pioneer ornithological enthusiasts, whose names and discoveries are familiar to all students of the science, were pushing beyond the frontiers in quest of new objects of study, the Kansas City region was the gateway to the wilderness and the very outpost of civilization. In this immediate neighborhood where the down-rushing Missouri is joined by the less turbulent Kaw, and where the great river bends finally to the east, were situated the frontier settlements of Independence, Fort Osage (Fort Clark, of Lewis and Clark), Westport, and the great Konzas Indian village, while a short distance up-stream were three other landmarks frequently mentioned by travelers. Fort Leavenworth, the mouth of Little Platte River, and the Black Snake Hills. These names bring to mind several notable ornithologists and botanists whose published
{'title': 'The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Vol. XXXVI APRIL, 1919 No. 2', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}