Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Josephine Paolucci, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images generously made available by Cornell University Digital Collections). THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE Of Literature, Science, and Art. VOLUME V. JANUARY TO APRIL, 1852. NEW-YORK: STRINGER & TOWNSEND, 222 BROADWAY. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. BY THE NUMBER, 25 CTS; THE VOLUME $1; THE YEAR, $3. ADVERTISEMENT. The April number of the INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE completes the fifth volume, and the series. The Publishers respectfully announce to its readers and the public, that from the issue of the present Volume, the Magazine will be blended with _Harpers' Monthly Magazine_, and, therefore, suspended as a distinct publication. To the numerous subscribers to THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE, the Publishers beg to say, that each one will be served with HARPER'S MAGAZINE to the end of his term; or, if preferred, furnished with any other Magazine to the amount of his unexpired subscription. The Publishers cannot take leave of the friends of the work, without expressing in terms of thankfulness their sense of the extensive and cordial support it has received during the period of its publication. They are happy to know that its good qualities will be perpetuated in the prosperous, admirable, and widely circulated periodical with which it will hereafter be united. NEW-YORK, _March 30_, 1852. CONTENTS. VOLUME V. JANUARY TO APRIL, 1852. American War-Engines: Colt and Jennings. (Seven Engravings.) 33 Ariadne, the Story of.--_By Erastus W. Ellsworth_, 45 Annuaries: A Series of Poems.--_By Alice Carey_, 87 Autumn Leaves.--_By John R. Thompson_, 188 Aztecs, At the Society Library. (Engraving.) 289 Army Private, A Word About The. 315 Ashburner, Mr., in New-York.--_By Frank Manhattan, Jr._, 324 Author of the Fool of Quality, The. 460 Adventures of an Army Physician in New-York, 496 _Arts, The Fine._--Kaulbach's Last Works, 133.--The Publication of the Works of Ingres, 133.--The Art-Unions, 277.--An Artist Sycophant in Naples, 277.--Kugler's History of Art, 277.--Copies of Ancient Egyptian Sculptures, 277.--Drawings by Schiller, 277.--Kaulbach, 277.--Greenough, 267.--Kaulbach's Cartoon of Homer, 424.--Gallaît's Last Moments of Egmont, 424.--Monument to Metastasio, 424.--New England Art-Union, Etching of Alston's "Witch of Endor," 425.--Drawing of the American Art-Union, 425.--Philadelphia Art-Union, 425. _Authors and Books._--Henry Heine turned Christian, 124.--Dr. Schmidt on German Romanticism, 125.--German version of Firdusi, 125.--Bulau's Secret History of Enigmatical Men, 125.--Historical Concert at Dresden, 125.--Leipzig Book Fair, 125.--History of Music, 125.--Works of Bach, 125.--Lachmann, the Philologist, 125.--German work on Jonathan Edwards, 125.--Dr. Andree's _Das Westland_, 126.--The Gotha Almanac, 126.--Fruits of Humboldt's Kosmos, 126.--Auerbach's Village Stories, 126.--Religious Novel by Storch, 126.--Schneider's House Chronicles, 126.--Mugge's new Book, 126.--Wells's Middle Kingdom in German, 126.--Geograpica Italiæ, 126.--German History of the British Empire in India, 126.--Reverence In Reviewing, 126.--Adolph Stahr, 126.--Countess Hahn-Hahn, 127.--Prince Windischgratz's History of the Hungarian War, 127.--Menzel's new Novel, 127.--Miss Bremer on the World's Fair, 127.--Frederick the Great, 127.--Kohl's last Book of Travels, 127.--Shakspeare in Swedish, 127.--New History of German Literature, 127.--Listz's new Operas, 127.--Haddock's Somnolism and Psycheism, 127.--Gervinus on German Poetry, 127.--Silvio Pellico, 127.--English Eclectic Magazine in Tuscany, 127.--Gioberti on the Regeneration of Italy, 128.--The Israel of the Alps, 128.--Christian Missions in China, 129.--New work on Horticulture in Paris, 130.--Laurent's International Law, 130.--Alexander Dumas, 130.--Prudhon's last Absurdities, 130.--M. Lefranc on the French Revolution, 131.--The Waverly Novels in France, 131.--The Photographic Album, 131.--Guizot's Moral Studies and Meditations, 131.--F. Arago, 131.--M. Ott, on Socialism, 131.--M. Reybaud, 131.--Lord Brougham, 131.--Hartzenbusch's Spanish Authors, 131.--The Grenville Papers and the new volumes of Lord Mabon's History of England, 131.--Sir James Stephens's History of France, 132.--Mr. Merrivale's History of the Romans, 132.--Memoirs of Dr. Chalmers, 132.--Alice Carey's Clovernook, Grace Greenwood's new volume of Tales and Letters, and Miss Cheesebro's Dreamland by Daylight, 132.--Daniel Webster, Mr. Bancroft, and Mr. Irving, on the Life of Washington, 132.--Baucher's Horsemanship, 132.--Heroes and Martyrs of the Missionary Enterprise, 132.--Gutzkow's Ritter Vom Geiste, 268.--Henry Taylor reviewed in the _Grenzboten_, 268.--Germany in the Revolutionary Period of 1522, 268.--Reading Poems, 268.--German views of Carlyle's Life of Sterling, 268.--Curious German work on Shakspeare, by Veshe, 269.--The Gothic Runic Alphabet, 269.--Fac Simile of an Ancient copy of the Gospels, 269.--German Historical Monuments, 269.--Hagberg's Swedish version, of Shakspeare, 269.--German version of Dunlap's History of Fiction, 269.--The Vagabonds, by Holtei, 269.--New German Poems, 269.--Richers on Nature and Spirit, 270.--German Domestic Legends, 270.--Fecknor's Zend Avista, 270.--Rappert's Negromancer Virgilius, 270.--German Temperance Tales, 270.--Nichl on Civil Society, 270.--Correspondence of Goethe and Knebel, 270.--New Collection of Eastern MSS. at Berlin, 270.--German versions of Longfellow, Dr. Mayo, and Bunyan, 270.--Recent German Historical Literature, 271.--German Booksellers, 271.--Wholesale system of acquiring Languages, 271.--Adolf Stahr's Prussian Revolution, 271.--Schleisenger's Wanderings through London, 271.--Arabic MS. of Euclid, 271.--New work by Baron Eötvös, 271.--Wagner's Journey to Persia, 271.--Continuation of Humboldt's Kosmos, 271.--German work on Kossuth, 271.--Cheever's Sandwich Islands, in German, 271.--Silvio Pellico, 271.--Clemens Brentano, 271.--New Books on Scandinavia, 272.--The Widow of Weber, 272.--Professor Nuytz, 272.--Maria Monk in Germany, 272.--Works of Kepler, 272.--Works Prohibited in Russia, 272.--Liebeck, on Landscape Gardening, 272.--Cotta's new edition of Faust, 272.--Writings of Spalatin, 272.--Scientific Works from China, 272.--Biot's Translation of an Ancient Chinese History, 273.--The Library of Cardinal Mezzofanti, 273.--Michelet, 273.--Nicolas and Ritter, 273.--Works of Paganini, 274.--Philarete Chasles on American Literature, 274.--Lafuente's History of Spain, 274.--New Paris edition of Fenimore Cooper, 274.--Guizot on Shakspeare, 274.--Paris by a Hungarian, 274.--Villegos, the Spanish Historian, 274.--Tranion on Land Tenure, 274.--Lady Bulwer's New Novel, 274.--New Works on French History, 275.--Count Joseph de Maistro, 275.--Don Antonio Saco, on Cuba, 275.--New edition of Turner's Anglo Saxons, 275.--John Howard Hinton on the Voluntary Principle in America, 275.--New Discussions as to Junius, 275.--Smith's Natural History of the Human Species, 275.--Bonynge's Wealth of America, 276.--The Past and it's Legacies, by J. D. Nourse, 276.--Head's Bundle of French Sticks, 276.--Legends of Alexander in the East, 414.--Hofner, on Dresses of Christians, in the Middle Ages, 414.--German Version of Popular Nomenclature of American Plants, 414.--German Works on History, 414.--Count Von Hugel on India, 414.--Von Rommer's Historical Pocket Book, 415.--The Art Journal, 415.--Beeker's Roman Antiquities, 415.--Ennemoser's Inquiries Respecting the Human Soul, 415.--New Edition of Brackhaus's Lexikon, 415.--Sources of Popular German Songs, 415.--Saupe's Schiller and his Paternal House, 416.--German Military Books, 416.--Thirtieth Volume of the Library of Collected German Literature, 416.--Biography of Karl Lachmann, 416.--History of German Literature, 416.--Ludwig Kossuth, 416.--Behse's History of the Austrian Court, 416.--Forty Questions addressed to Mahomet, by the Jews, 416.--Böckh's Political Economy of the Athenians, 416.--Hettner's Æsthetic Inquiries into the Modern Drama, 416.--Lepsius on Egyptian Theology, 417.--History of the Russian Empire, 417.--Bavarian Traditions. 417.--S. Didung, 417.--Zahn's Pompeii, 417.--Miss Bremer's American Homes, 417.--A German Wandering Jew, 417.--Mittermaier on American Systems of Punishment, 417.--History of Costumes, 417.--Amyot and the Old French Translators, 417.--Silvio Pellico's Works in France, 417.--History of the Bastile, 418.--Count Montalembert, 418.--Greek Professorship of Edinburgh, 418.--Dr. Smith's Pilgrimage to Palestine, 418.--Turkish Grammar, 418.--Bulwer's Poems, 418.--Lady Bulwer's Letters to the Morning Post, 418.--Memoir of Lord Jeffrey, 418.--New Candidate for the authorship of Junius, 419.--Unpublished papers of Torquato Tasso, 419.--Bancroft's History, 419.--Palfrey's Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities, 420.--Howadji in Syria, 420.--The History of Classical Literature by R. W. Browne, 420.--Thompson's Literature of the Southern States, 420.--Poems of Winthrop Mackworth Praed, 420.--New Book by G. W. Curtis, 420.--R. H. Stoddard, 420.--Schopenhauer's "Little Philosophical Writings," 549.--Wachsmuth's History of Civilization, 550.--German Theology, 550. Wagner's Journey to Persia, 550.--Roman Catholic Missions, 551.--Professor Brandes on the Mormons, 551.--Constitutions of the Country Towns in Saxony, 551.--Gottleib Fichte's Ethics, 551.--Memoirs Of the Margravine of Bayreuth, 552.--Fannbacher's Recollections of Greece, &c., 552.--Remains of Klaproth, 552.--Daumer's Poems, 552.--Gutzkow's Bitter vom Geiste, 552.--New Scandinavian Literature, 553. Philology and Politics In Denmark, 553.--Poems of Annete Von Droste, 553.--Jahn on Beethoven, 553. German Version of Byron, 553.--Wagner on the Opera and Drama. 553.--Record of Books on Goethe and Schiller, 553.--German Translations of English Ballads, 553.--New Additions to the Index Expurgatorius, 553.--Hettner's Modern Drama, 553.--Layard In German, 553.--The Tubingen Theological Quarterly, 554.--George Stephens in Sweden, 554. Eugene Sue, 554.--Villefort, 554.--New Book by Houissaye, 554.--Louis Blanc's New Volume on the French Revolution, 554.--Edmund Texier on Paris, 554.--The Catacombs of Rome, 554.--The Shelley Forgeries, 555.--Discovery of a corrected Text of Shakspeare, 555.--Sir James Stephen, 555.--Miss Vandenhoff's Play, 555.--Mr. Carlyle, 555.--Mrs. Robinson and William Hazlitt, 556.--Literary Men in the English Cabinet, 556.--Life in Bombay and the Neighboring Nations, 556.--Philarete Chasles on American Literature, 556.--The Standard Speaker, by Epes Sargent, 557.--Memoirs of Margaret Fulier, 558.--Bayard Taylor in Africa, 558.--Works by American Women In Press, 558.--Dr. Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, 559.--Illustrated Edition of General Morris's Poems, 559.--Books on Austria and Hungary, by Mr. Brace, and Mr. Stiles, 559. Foreign Versions of Ticknor's Spanish Literature, 559.--Arvine's Anecdotes, 559.--Dr. Gardner's Tractate on Female Physicians, 559.--Mrs. Conant's Translation of Neander on James, 559.--New Volume of Poems by Boker, 559.--Professor Stuart's Last Commentary, 559. Bull Fight at Madrid.--_By the Author of "The Castilian"_, 222 Brooding-Places on the Falkland Islands.--_From the German_, 45 Bancroft's History of the American Revolution, 461 Colonial Churches in Virginia: St. John's Church, Hampton.--_By Rev. John C. M'Cabe._ (Three Engravings, after original Drawings, by Rev. Louis P. Clover.) 39 Cicero, A New Portrait of, 162 Columbus at the Gates of Genoa.--_By the Author of "Nile Notes of a Howadji"_, 182 Camargo, Mademoiselle De, 282 Chatsworth, A Day At (Thirteen Engravings.) 291 Cats, A Chapter On, 372 Cagliostro, the Magician.--_By Charles Wyllis Elliott_, 452 Choice Secrets, 546 Dark Deed of Days Gone By, 110 Divination, Witchcraft, and Mesmerism, 198 _Deaths, Recent._--Dr. De Kay and Dr. Manley, 140.--Sovigny, the Naturalist, 140.--The late King of Hanover, 141.--Chevalier Levy, 141.--Augusta Byron (Mrs. Leigh), 142.--General Merchant, 142.--Matthias Attwood, 142.--Cardinal d'Astes, 142.--Emir Pasha, 142.--Alexis de Saint Priest, 142.--Joel R. Ponisett, LL.D., 281.--Moses Stuart D.D., 282.--William Grimshaw, 282.--Marshal Soult, 283.--Karl Frederich Runinhagen, 283.--Michael Sallantian, 283.--Dr. Graeffe, 283.--General Kiel, 283.--Wilhelm Meinhold, 283.--J. W. M. Turner, 284.--Basil Montagu, 286.--Admiral Henry G. Morris, 286.--Mr. Sapio, 286.--General Jatrako, 284.--Presnitz, 287.--Professor Dunbar, 287.--Henry Luttrell, 287.--R. C. Taylor, 287.--Professor Franz, 287.--William Jacob, F.R.S., 287.--Paul Burras, 287.--Dr. A. Sidney Doane, 427.--R. A. Davenport, 428.--Giovanni Berchet, 428.--Miss Berry, 428.--Louis Bertin Parant, 428.--Benjamin Laroche, 428.--Eugene Levesque, 428.--Thomas Williams, 428.--Baron Kemenyi, 429.--Herbert Rodwell, 429.--Sir Frederick Phillipse Robinson, 430.--Rev. John Taylor Jones, 430.--Eliot Warburton, 430.--Frederick Ricci, 430.--Baron D'Ohson, 430.--Mrs. Harlowe, 431.--Acheson Maxwell, 431.--William Ware, 560.--John Frazee, 561.--Dr. John Park, 561.--William Thompson, 561.--Robert Reinick, 562.--William Henry Oxberry, 562. Rev. Christopher Anderson, 562.--Madame Thiers, 562.--Thomas Moore, 563.--Samuel Prout. 565.--Archbishop Murray, 565.--Bishop McNicholas, 565. Mr. Holcroft, 565.--M. Benchot, 565.--Professor Kollar, 566.--The Widow of Kotzbue, 566.--Baron Krudener, 566.--M. de Martigny, 566.--M. Smitz, 566.--Bishop Eylert, 566.--Victor Falck, 566. Epitaphs.--_By F. Lawrence_, 213 Edward Everett and Daniel Webster, 307 Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Miss Mitford, 310 Enemy of Virginia, The.--_By Dr. Smith_, 312 Election Row in New-York.--_By C. Astor Bristed_, 341 Emille De Coigny.--_By Richard B. Kimball._ (Illustrated by Darley.); 444 Franklin, Grave of Sir John: Richardson's Journey, 30 Falls of the Bounding Deer.--_By Alfred B. Street_, 49 Fielding, Henry: The man and his Works, 71 Fashionable Forger, 118 Faust of Wittenburgh and Faust of Mentz, 172 Feathertop: A Moralized Legend.--_By Nathaniel Hawthorne_, 182, 333 Freedom of Thought, and the Latest Miracles, 186 French Missionaries in Tartary and Thibet, 850 Fete Days at St. Petersburg.--_By Alex. Dumas_, 508 Greece, Present State of the Ancient Monuments of (Thirteen Engravings.), 4 Good Old Times in Paris: A Tale of Robbers, 216 Gambling, Chapter On, 337 Ghosts, New Discoveries In, 381 Gentlemen's and Ladies' Fashions, (With Engravings.), 143, 287, 431, 566 Guizot and Montalembert, in the Academy, 523 Homes of Cowley and Fox, at Chertsey. (Thirteen Engravings,) 146 Happiness of Oysters, 311 Hungarian Popular Songs.--_By Charles G. Leland_, 332 Heirs of Randolph Abbey, 375, 400, 477 Historical Review of the Month, 163, 288 Hooker, Herman, and his Works. (Portrait), 442 Jackson, Flint--_By a Police Officer_, 74 Jewish Heroine: A Story of Tangier, 345 Kossuth, Louis. (Portraits of Kossuth and of his Family.), 1 Leopards: Zoological Notes and Anecdotes, 54 Legend of the East Neuk of Fife, 63 Lee, Jesse, and the Lawyers, 84 Love Song.--_By R. S. Chilton_, 188 Legend of the Weeping Chamber, 219 Leonora to Tasso.--_By Mary E. Hewitt_, 331 Lady and the Flower.--_By G. P. R. James_, 226 Lamb, The White.--_By R. H. Stoddard_, 411 Legend from the Spanish, A.--_By Mary E. Hewitt_, 451 Life in Canada.--_By Mrs. Moodie_, 470 My Novel--_By Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton_. (Continued.) 89, 239, 395, 530 Mahon's, Lord, History of the American Revolution, with Sketches of Washington, Patrick Henry, Franklin, La Fayette, Horne Tooke, Wilkes, Lord Thurlow, Burke, &c., 164 Men and Women of the Eighteenth Century, 300 Model Traveller: Frederick Gerstacker, 305 Mysterious History, Touching Apparitions, 306 Murder of La Tour, The.--_By W. H. Stiles_, 457 New-York Society, by the Last English Traveller, 443 Niebuhr, Barthold George, The Historian, 517 _Noctes Amicitiæ._--Ambitious Christenings, 134.--The Passport System, 134.--A Mayor's Proclamation, 134.--Ingenious way of Hiding a Secret, 134.--Last Days of Alexander Lee, 134.--Anecdotes of Elephants, 134.--Madame Kossuth on Woman's Rights, 135.--Story of an English Lord in Paris, 135.--The Spectator on the sacrilege of Dramatists, 135.--Tipsey Drollery, 266.--Anthony Benezet and his Rats, 266.--Descartes and the Ladies, 266.--An American "Characteristic," 266.--Broussais and Water Cure, 267.--Story of Tom Cooke, 267.--Odd Statistics from Portugal, 267.--First Duel in New England, 267.--Ariosto and Humbugs, 667.--Ole Bull, 267. Opera, The.--_By Thomas Carlyle_, 29 Owen, John, at Oxford: A Biography, 80 Old Maid's First Love, 228 Pulszky, Francis, 122 Poems, Some Small.--_By R. H. Stoddard_, 174, 459 Punishment of Gina Montani, 189 Picture Advertising, in South America, 530 Reminiscences of Printers, Booksellers, Authors, &c., in New-York--_By Dr. John W. Francis, LL.D._, 258 Reclaiming of the Angel--_By Alice Carey_, 311 Red Feather: An Indian Story.--_By I. McLellen_, 319 Robinson, John, The Pastor of the Pilgrims, 367 Rainbow Making: The Ribbon Factories, 511 Story of Dr. Lindhorst.--_By Richard B. Kimball_, 109 Soult, The late Marshal, Duke of Dalmatia. (Portrait.), 145 Story, Mr. Justice, With Reminiscent Reflections. _By A. Oakey Hall_, 175 Smiles and Tears.--_By Richard Coe_, 186 Song Queen, The.--_Written in a Concert Room, by James T, Fields_, 188 Story of Gasper Mendez.--_By Catherine Crowe_, 362 Simms, William Gilmore, LL.D. (With a Portrait.), 433 Sunset: A Sonnet.--_By R. S. Chilton_, 443 Some Small Poems.--_By R. H. Stoddard_, 459 Squier, Mr., in Nicaragua, 474 Sequel to the Jewish Heroine, 491 String of Proverbs, A. 502 _Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies._--Papers in the Paris Academy of Sciences, 139.--African Expeditions, 139.--Perpetual Motion, 139.--Grants of Parliament for Scientific Purposes, 139.--Balloons in Ancient Nineveh, 139.--Invention for Determining Distances, 140.--Interesting Experiments by Professor Gorini, 140.--Count Castelnau's Paper on Men with Tails, 140.--Hatching Turtles by Artificial Heat, 140.--Process for Contracting Fibres of Calico, 280.--Memoir on the Production of Wool, 281.--European Experiments in Electro-Magnetism, 281.--Curious Astronomical Fact respecting Lalande, 281.--Mr. Squier's Address before the London Royal Society of Literature on Mexican Hieroglyphics, 425.--Experiments in Photography, 425.--French experiments in Electro-Magnetism applied to Locomotives, 425.--Lord Brougham's Optical and Mathematical Inquiries, 425.--Mr. Lea's work on the Genus Unio, &c., 426.--Catlin's plan for a Museum of Mankind, 426.--French Academy on Yellow Fever, 426.--Dissolution of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, 426.--Society of Antiquaries at Copenhagen, 426. Taylor and Stoddard, Poems of. (Portrait of R. H. Stoddard.), 13 Trangott Bromme's Views of America and Americans, 157 To Sundry Critics,--_By R. H. Stoddard_, 319 Threnodia,--_By Mrs. R. B. Kimball_, 323 The Palaces of Trade, (Six Engravings.), 435 Treatment of Gold and Gems, The. 524 Underground Territories of the United States. (Seven Engravings.), 17 Visit to the Fire Worshippers' Temple at Baku, 160 Vision of Charles the Twelfth, 196 Winter.--_By Alice Carey_, 28 Wits About the Throne of Louis the Fourteenth, 32 Wolf Gathering, 391 Warburton, Eliot, The Late, 459 THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE Of Literature, Art and Science. Vol. V. NEW-YORK, JANUARY 1, 1852. No. 1. [Illustration] KOSSUTH. On the preceding page is the best portrait we have seen of the illustrious Hungarian, whose presence in America is destined to mark one of the brightest pages in the history of Liberty. Of his personal appearance we transcribe the description in the _Tribune_. He is taller than had generally been supposed, and his face has an expression of penetrating intellect which is not indicated in any portrait. It is long, the forehead broad, but not excessively high, though a slight baldness makes it seem so, and the chin narrow, but square in its form. His hair is thin in front and of a dark brown, as is his beard, which is quite long, but not very thick, and arranged with neatness and taste. His moustache is heavy and rather long. His eyes are very large, and of a light blue; his complexion is pale like that of a man who is not in perfect health, and his appearance yesterday was that of the spirit bearing up against the exhaustion of the body; he was sea-sick during the passage, and had not slept for two or three nights. His manner in speaking is at once incomparably dignified and graceful. Gestures more admirable and effective, and a play of countenance more expressive and magnetic, we remember in no other public speaker. He stands quite erect, and does not bend forward like some orators, to give emphasis to a sentence. His posture and appearance in repose are imposing, not only from their essential grace and dignity, but from a sense of power they impress upon the beholder. This sense of unused power, this certainty that he is not making an effort and doing his utmost, but that behind all this strength of fascination there are other treasures of strength, other stores of ability not brought into use, possibly never brought into use, is perhaps what constitutes the supreme charm of his oratory. He speaks as if with little preparation, and with that peculiar freshness which belongs to extemporaneous speaking; there is no effort about it, and the wonderful compactness and art of his argument are not felt until you reflect upon it afterward. His every movement is perfectly easy, and he gesticulates much, equally well with either arm. Nothing could be more beautiful in its way than the sweep of his right hand, as it was raised to Heaven, when he spoke of the Deity--nothing sweeter than the smile which at times mantles his face. His voice is not very loud, but it was heard distinctly through the large pavilion. On the whole our previous impression was perfectly confirmed by hearing him. In speaking, Kossuth occasionally referred to notes which lay on the stand before him. He was dressed after the Hungarian fashion, in a black velvet tunic, single breasted, with standing collar and transparent black buttons. He also wore an overcoat or sack of black velvet with broad fur and loose sleeves. He wore light kid gloves. Generally his English is fluent and distinct, with a marked foreign accent, though at times this is not at all apparent. He speaks rather slowly than otherwise, and occasionally hesitates for a word. His command of the language, astonishing as it is in a foreigner, seems rather the result of an utter abandonment to his thought, and a reliance on that to express itself, than of an absolute command of the niceties of the grammar and dictionary. He evidently has no fear of speaking wrong, and so, as by inspiration, expresses himself often better even than one to whom the language is native and familiar. Though he often uses words with a foreign meaning, or a meaning different from that we usually give them, he does not stop to correct himself, but goes on as if there were no doubt that he would be perfectly apprehended. The character of Kossuth has been very amply discussed in all the journals both before and since his triumphal entry into New-York. The judgment of the London _Examiner_ is the common judgment of at least the Saxon race, that, while the extraordinary events of 1848 and 1849, afforded the fairest opportunities for the advent of a great man, the people who were ready for battle against oppression, were all stricken down on account of the incapacity of their leaders--except in one instance. The exception was in the case of Kossuth. And he was no new man, but had been steadily building a great fame from his youth; had labored in the humblest as well as highest offices of patriotism; and as a thinker, a speaker, and a writer, had been before the public eye of all Europe for years. He was born in 1806, at Monok, in Hungary, of parents not rich, yet possessing land, and calling themselves noble. His native district was a Protestant one, and in the pastor of that district he found his first teacher. On their death, while he was still young, more devoted to books than to farming, he was sent to the provincial college, where he remained until eighteen years of age, and earned the reputation of being the most able and promising youth of the district. In 1826, he removed to the University of Pesth, where he came in contact with the political influences and ideas of the time; and these, blending with his own historic studies and youthful hopes, soon produced the ardent, practical patriot, which the world has since seen in him. According to the Constitution of Hungary, the _Comitats_ or electoral body treated those elected to sit in the Diet more as delegates than as deputies. They gave them precise instructions, and expected the members not only to conform to them, but to send regular accounts of their conduct to their constituents for due sanction, and with a view to fresh instructions. This kind of communication was rather onerous for the Hungarian country gentleman, and hence many of the deputies employed such young men as Kossuth to transact their political business, and conduct their correspondence. Acting in this capacity for many members of the Diet, Kossuth came into intimate relations with the _comitats_, and acquired skill in public affairs. He was soon himself made a member, and from the first was distinguished in the Diet as a speaker. Here he felt, and soon pointed out to his colleagues, how idle and powerless were their debates unless these were known to the public in some more efficient manner than by the private correspondence of the deputies. Influenced by his representations, the chief members of the Diet resolved to establish a journal for the publication of their discussions; and Kossuth was selected as one of those who were to preside over it; but the Archduke Palatine objected, of course, because the object was to curtail the reports and garble them. Kossuth, however, was enabled by the more liberal of his colleagues to publish the reports on his own account. He then extended the journal by the insertion of leading articles; and his counsels and criticisms on the instructions of the _comitats_ to the deputies, so stirred the bile and counteracted the views of the Austrian authorities, that they interfered and suspended his newspaper by seizing his presses. But, even this did not stop his pen, nor those of his many amanuenses; until, at last, Metternich, exasperated by his obstinacy, caused him to be seized and condemned to three years' imprisonment in the citadel of Ofen. He was liberated in 1837; and during the years that elapsed between that epoch and 1848 the history of Hungary was that of Kossuth, who, amidst the many men of noble birth, wealth, high character, and singular talents, who surrounded him, still held his ground, and shone pre-eminent. In 1847 he was the acknowledged leader of the constitutional party, and member for the Hungarian capital. It is unnecessary to pursue this narrative. The events of 1848 and 1849 have passed too recently and vividly before us to need relation. The part that Kossuth played in those years was but the logical consequence of his previous life. The struggle was for the rights of Hungary, in all circumstances and against all foes. For these he fought along with the Hungarian aristocracy, as long as they had the courage to resist Austria; and when they wavered, he went on without them, appealing to the _comitats_ and to the smaller landed proprietors in the absence of the greater, and to the squires instead of the nobles. [Illustration: THE WIFE AND CHILDREN OF KOSSUTH--FROM A RECENT DAGUERREOTYPE.] The result thus far we all know. The final result perhaps we in America are to decide. THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF GREECE. [Illustration: THE ACROPOLIS.] Every one can understand the regret with which we behold the remains of ancient grandeur, and the capitals of buried empires. This feeling, so profound in Jerusalem and Rome, is even more so in Athens,-- "the eye of Greece, mother of arts And eloquence, native to famous wits, Or hospitable--" a city never so large as New-York, but whose inhabitants produced within the short space of two centuries, reckoning from the battle of Marathon, as Landor says, a larger number of exquisite models, in war, philosophy, patriotism, oratory and poetry--in the semi-mechanical arts which accompany or follow them, sculpture and painting--and in the first of the mechanical, _architecture_, than the remainder of Europe in six thousand years. The monuments of antiquity which still exist in Athens have been described by Chandler, Clarke, Gell, Stuart, Dodwell, Leake, and other travellers, the most recent and competent of whom perhaps is Mr. Henry Cook, of London, author of _Illustrations of a Tour in the Ionian Islands, Greece, and Constantinople_, who has just made, or rather is now making for the _Art-Journal_ a series of drawings of those which are most important, representing them in their present condition. These drawings by Mr. Cook, so far as they have appeared, we reproduce in the _International_, making liberal use at the same time of his descriptions. Until the sacrilegious hand of the late Lord Elgin despoiled Athens of "what Goth, and Turk, and Time had spared," the world could still see enough to render possible a just impression of her old and chaste magnificence. It is painful to reflect within how comparatively short a period the chief injuries have been inflicted on such buildings as the Parthenon, and the temple of Jupiter Olympus, and to remember how recent is the greater part of the rubbish by which these edifices have been choked up, mutilated, and concealed. Probably until within a very few centuries, time had been, simply and alone, the "beautifier of the dead," "adorner of the ruin," and, but for the vandalism of a few barbarians, we might have gazed on the remains of former greatness without an emotion except of admiration for the genius by which they were created. The salient feature (probably the only one) in the present rule at Athens is one which affords the highest satisfaction to those interested in this subject. Slowly, indeed, and with an absence of all energy, is going on the restoration of some, the disinterment of others, and the conservation of all the existing monuments; and time will probably ere long give us back, so far as is possible, all that the vandalism or recklessness of modern ages has obscured or destroyed. On the Acropolis the results of these efforts at restoration are chiefly visible; day by day the debris of ruined fortifications, of Turkish batteries, mosques, and magazines, are disappearing; every thing which is not Pentelic marble finds its way over the steep sides of the fortress, and in due time nothing will be left but the scattered fragments which really belonged to the ancient temples. "The above sketch," says Mr. Cook, "represents faithfully the present condition of this most sublime creation. The details of the partial destruction of this old fortress--founded 1556 years before the advent of the Saviour--under the fire of the Venetians, commanded by Morosini, are so well known, that I have thought it unnecessary to repeat them; but it is impossible to recall them without a shudder, as the reflection is forced on one, of what must have been their fate whose wickedness caused an explosion which could scatter, as a horse's hoof may the sands of the sea-shore, the giant masses which for ever bear witness to the power of that mighty agent we have evoked from the earth for our mutual destruction." At the west end of the Acropolis, by which alone it was accessible, stood the Propylæa, its gate as well as its defence. Through this gate the periodical processions of the Panathenaic jubilee were wont to move, and the marks of chariot wheels are still visible on the stone floor of its entrance. It was of the Doric order, and its right wing was supported by six fluted columns, each five feet in diameter, twenty-nine in height, and seven in their intercolumniation. Of the Propylæa itself Mr. Cook gives no individual drawing, the only sketch he had opportunity of making, being in its relation to the Acropolis generally; "it will, however," he says, "serve in some degree to show what has been done. Here perhaps the chief work has been accomplished; all the now detached columns were built up with solid brickwork, batteries were erected on the spot occupied by the Temple of 'Victory without wings,' and on the square which answered to it on the opposite side of the flight of marble steps; the whole of which were deeply buried (not until they had severely suffered), beneath the ruins of the fortification which crumbled away under the Venetian guns. These walls have been removed, the batteries destroyed, and the material of which they were composed taken away; the steps exhumed, and the five grand entrances, by which the fortress was originally entered, opened, although not yet rendered passable. It would be, I imagine, impossible to conceive an approach more magnificent than this must have been. The whole is on such a superb scale, the design, in its union of simplicity and grandeur is so perfect, the material so exquisite, and the view which one has from it of the Parthenon and the Erechtheum so beautiful, that no interest less intense than that which belongs to these temples would be sufficient to entice the stranger from its contemplation." [Illustration: THE PARTHENON.] On the right wing of the Propylæa stood the temple of Victory, and on the left was a building decorated with paintings by the pencil of Polygnotus, of which Pausanias has left us an account. In a part of the wall still remaining there are fragments of excellent designs in basso-relievo, representing the combat of the Athenians with the Amazons; besides six columns, white as snow, and of the finest architecture. Near the Propylæa stood the celebrated colossal statue of Minerva, executed by Phidias after the battle of Marathon, the height of which, including the pedestal, was sixty feet. The chief glory of the Acropolis was the Parthenon, or temple of Minerva. It was a peripteral octostyle, of the Doric order, with seventeen columns on the sides, each six feet two inches in diameter at the base, and thirty-four feet in height, elevated on three steps. Its height, from the base of the pediments, was sixty-five feet, and the dimensions of the area two hundred and thirty-three feet, by one hundred and two. The eastern pediment was adorned with two groups of statues, one of which represented the birth of Minerva, the other the contest of Minerva with Neptune for the government of Athens. On the metopes was sculptured the battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ; and the frieze contained a representation of the Panathenaic festivals. Ictinus, Callicrates, and Carpion, were the architects of this temple; Phidias was the artist; and its entire cost has been estimated at seven million and a half of dollars. Of this building, eight columns of the eastern front and several of the lateral colonnades are still standing. Of the frontispiece, which represented the contest of Neptune and Minerva, nothing remains but the head of a sea-horse and the figures of two women without heads. The combat of the Centaurs and Lapithæ is in better preservation; but of the numerous statues with which this temple was enriched, that of Adrian alone remains. The Parthenon, however, dilapidated as it is, still retains an air of inexpressible grandeur and sublimity; and it forms at once the highest point in Athens, and the centre of the Acropolis. [Illustration: THE ERECHTHEUM.] To stand at the eastern wall of the Acropolis, and gaze on the Parthenon, robed in the rich colors by which time has added an almost voluptuous beauty to its perfect proportions--to behold between its columns the blue mountains of the Morea, and the bluer seas of Egina and Salamis, with acanthus-covered or icy-wedded fragments of majestic friezes, and mighty capitals at your feet--the sky of Greece, flooded by the gorgeous hues of sunset, above your head--Mr. Cook describes as one of the highest enjoyments the world can offer to a man of taste. He is opposed to the projects of its restoration, and says that, "to real lovers of the picturesque, the Parthenon as it now stands--a ruin in every sense of the term, its walls destroyed, its columns shivered, its friezes scattered, its capitals half-buried by their own weight, but clear of all else--is, if not a grander, assuredly a more impressive object than when, in the palmiest days of Athenian glory, its marble, pure as the unfallen snow, first met the rays of the morning sun, and excited the reverential admiration of the assembled multitudes." On the northeast side of the Parthenon stood the Erechtheum, a temple dedicated to the joint worship of Neptune and Minerva. There are considerable remains of this building, particularly those beautiful female figures called Caryatides, which support, instead of columns, three of the porticoes; besides three of the columns in the north hexastyle with the roof over these last columns, the rest of the roof of this graceful portico fell during the siege of Athens, in 1827. Lately, much has been done in the way of excavation; the buried base of this tripartite temple has been cleared; the walls, which had been built to make it habitable, have been removed; the abducted Caryatid replaced by a modern copy, the gift of Lord Guildford, and the whole prepared for a projected restoration. The Temple of Victory without wings, already mentioned is, with the exception of the pavement, entirely a restoration; for nearly two centuries all trace of it was lost, all mention omitted. In removing one of the Turkish batteries, in order to clear the entrance to the Propylæa, some fragments were found which led to a more minute investigation; and, after a short time, the foundation, the pavement, and even the bases of some of the columns were disinterred, making its reconstruction not only very easy, but extremely satisfactory. It is small, but of exquisite proportions, and now perfect, with the exception of a portion of the frieze, which is in the British Museum. A peculiarity of this temple is, that it stands at an angle slightly differing from that of the Propylæa itself,--a fact for which, as it clearly formed one of the chief ornaments to, and was certainly built after, this noble portico, it is difficult to assign any very good reason. Such is an outline of the chief buildings of the Acropolis, which, in its best days, had four distinct characters: being at once the fortress, the sacred inclosure, the treasury, and the museum of art, of the Athenian nation. It was an entire offering to the deity, unrivalled in richness and splendor; it was the peerless gem of Greece, the glory and the pride of genius, the wonder and envy of the world. Beneath the southern wall of the Acropolis, near its extremity, was situated the Athenian or Dionysiac theatre. Its seats, rising one above another, were cut of the sloping rock. Of these, only the two highest rows are now visible, the rest being concealed by an accumulation of soil, the removal of which would probably bring to light the whole shell of the theatre. Plato affirms it was capable of containing thirty thousand persons. It contained statues of all the great tragic and comic poets, the most conspicuous of which were naturally those of Æschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, among the former, and those of Aristophanes and Menander among the latter. On the southwest side of the Acropolis is the site of the Odeum, or musical theatre of Herodes Atticus, named by him the theatre of Regilla, in honor of his wife. On the northeast side of the Acropolis stood the Prytaneum, where citizens who had rendered services to the state were maintained at the public expense. Extending southwards from the site of the Prytaneum, ran the street to which Pausanias gave the name of Tripods, from its containing a number of small temples or edifices crowned with tripods, to commemorate the triumphs gained by the Choragi in the theatre of Bacchus. Opposite to the west end of the Acropolis is the Areopagus, or hill of Mars, on the eastern extremity of which was situated the celebrated court of the Areopagus. This point is reached by means of sixteen stone steps cut in the rock, immediately above which is a bench of stone, forming three sides of a quadrangle, like a triclinium, generally supposed to have been the tribunal. The ruins of a small chapel consecrated to St. Dionysius the Areopagite, and commemorating his conversion by St. Paul, are here visible. About a quarter of a mile southwest from the centre of the Areopagus stands Pnyx, the place provided for the public assemblies at Athens in its palmy days. The steps by which the speaker mounted the rostrum, and a tier of three seats hewn in the solid rock for the audience, are still visible. This is perhaps the most interesting spot in Athens to the lovers of Grecian genius, being associated with the renown of Demosthenes, and the other famed Athenian orators, "whose resistless eloquence Wielded at will that fierce democratie, Shook the arsenal and fulmined over Greece, To Macedon, and Artaxerxes' throne." [Illustration: THE ARCH OF HADRIAN.] Descending the Acropolis, the eye is at once arrested by the magnificent remains of the temple of Jupiter Olympus, and by the Arch of Hadrian. Whether from its proximity to the gorgeous monument first named, or that it is intrinsically deficient in that species of merit which appeals directly to the senses, the Arch of Hadrian attracts comparatively little notice. It is, however, a highly interesting monument, bearing unmistakable marks of the decline of art; yet distinguished for much of that quality of beauty which gives so peculiar a character to the architecture of the Greeks. The inscriptions on the sides of the entablature have given rise to much learned discussion, and have led to a far more lucid arrangement of the city and its chief ornaments, than would in all probability have been accomplished, had not inquiry and investigation been spurred on by the difficulty of comprehending their exact meaning. [Illustration: TEMPLE OF JUPITER OLYMPUS.] [Illustration: ANOTHER VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER OLYMPUS.] Of two views of the temple of Jupiter Olympus, Mr. Cook chose that in which the Acropolis is seen in the distance. The three lofty Corinthian columns in the other engraving are diminished to the scale of the arch, while the Acropolis, from its greater complexity of parts, adds, perhaps, something of a quality in which the subject is rather wanting. "I am not sure," says Mr. Cook, "that the remains of the temple of Jupiter Olympus are not the most impressive which Athens offers to the eye and heart of the traveller, partly from their abstract grandeur--a grandeur derived from every element which could contribute to such an end--and partly from a position than which it would be impossible to conceive any thing more magnificent. The gigantic columns struck me with a sense of awe and bewilderment, almost oppressive; they consist, as may be seen by the engraving, of sixteen, the sole representatives of the one hundred and twenty which once formed this mightiest of Athenian temples. The least thoughtful person could scarcely avoid the question of where and how the remaining one hundred and four of these enormous masses can have vanished; and assisted by the fullest information which is to be acquired on the subject, it remains a matter of wonder to all. That time itself has had but little to answer for, the almost perfect preservation of portions is sufficient to prove; in some cases the flutings are as sharp and clean as when the hand of the sculptor left them, while, more generally, they bear disgraceful evidence of ill-usage of every kind, from that of the cannon ball to the petty mischief of wanton idleness. The proportion of these columns is quite perfect, and the mind is lost in charmed wonder, as wandering from part to part of the vast platform, it is presented at every step with combinations perpetually changing, yet always beautiful. So difficult do I find it to determine from what point of view these ruins are seen to the greatest advantage, that I have appended two engravings, from which the reader may select that which best conveys to him the magnificence of the structure which has been thus slightly described." The temple of Jupiter Olympus was one of the first conceived, and the last executed of the sacred monuments of Athens. It was begun by Pisistratus, but not finished till the time of the Roman emperor Adrian, seven hundred years afterwards. [Illustration: MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES.] A proof of the varied character of the Athenian architectural genius may be found in the exquisite model, the lantern of Demosthenes, or, as it is more properly called, the Choragic monument of Lysierates. It is, in common with the greater number of the remains of which we speak, of Pentelic marble. By whomever conceived, designed, or executed, this must have been a labor of love, and the result is such as might be anticipated from the consequent development of the highest powers of one to whom a people like the Athenians would entrust the task of doing honor to those who had paid to their native land a similar tribute. It is small, and formed of a few immense masses: the roof is one entire block; the temple or monument itself is circular, and is formed of six slabs of pure white marble, the joints of which are concealed by an equal number of beautiful Corinthian columns, partly imbedded into, and partly projecting from them. These have been fitted with such exactness, that before the "fretting hand of time and change" had done its work, the whole must have appeared as if cut from one solid mass. We have this single example of a class of buildings once so numerous that they formed an entire street; but however grateful one may feel to the hospice, which, being built over, protected it from the ruin of its companions, we can scarcely regret its disappearance, through which alone this exquisite result of intellect and refined taste may be seen as represented in the engraving. [Illustration: TEMPLE OF THE WINDS.] The Temple or Tower of the Winds, has been very justly termed "the most curious existing monument of the practical gnomonics of antiquity." In architecture no very elevated rank can be assigned to this edifice, nor is there, even in its ornamental portions, any very remarkable evidence of the higher order of Grecian art; the execution, indeed, can in nowise be considered equal to the conception, which, if somewhat fancifully elaborated, is at least highly to be esteemed, as uniting in a more than ordinary degree the practically useful with the poetical ideal. Near the new Agora, and consequently in the heart of the more densely populated division of the city, this indicator of the wind and hour must have been a valuable contribution to the Athenians, and must have given to its founder, Andronicus Cyrrestes, a proud position among the _bene merenti_ of the moment. Its form is octagonal, the roof being of marble, so cut as to represent tiles; upon the upper portion of each face is sculptured the figure of one of the eight Winds; these floating in an almost horizontal position convey, either by their dress, the emblems which they bear, or the expression of their features, the character of the wind they are respectively intended to personify. Within a very recent period this building, which was more than half buried, has been exhumed, and many important facts have been discovered during the process of excavation. The interior has been cleared, and in the pavement may be seen the channels by which the water was conveyed to the machinery by whose agency the hour was indicated, when the absence of the sun rendered the dials described upon the marble faces of the tower of no avail. These dials have been tested and pronounced perfectly correct, by a no less celebrated authority than Delambre. The two arches on the left of the illustration are the only remaining portions of the aqueduct by which the necessary supply was conveyed, according to Stuart, from the spring in the grotto of Pan; it is a matter of gratulation alike to the antiquarian and the lover of the picturesque, that these have been spared. From the amount of excavation necessary to arrive at its basement, it is clear that this portion of the town must have been raised, by ruins and atmospheric deposits, at least eight or nine feet above its original level. The temple of Theseus, apart from the present town, and in a comparatively elevated and isolated position, built by Cimon, shortly after the battle of Salarnis, is one of the most noble remains of the ancient magnificence of Athens, and the most perfect, if not the most beautiful, existing specimen of Grecian architecture. It is built of Pentelic marble; the roof, friezes, and cornices still remain; and so gently has the hand of time pressed upon this venerable edifice, that the first impression of the mind in beholding it, is doubt of its antiquity. It was raised thirty years before the Parthenon, unlike which it appears to have been but sparingly supplied with sculptural decoration; but that which was so dedicated was of the highest merit, and remaining in an almost perfect condition, is most deeply interesting to the artist and the historian: supplying to the one models of beauty, and to the other the most undeniable data, upon which to establish the identity of this with the temple raised by the Athenians to the Hero-God. [Illustration: TEMPLE OF THESEUS.] After having been successively denominated the remains of the Palace of Pericles, of the temple of Jupiter Olympus (an unaccountable blunder), the Painted Portico, the Forum of the inner Ceremeicus, the magnificent wreck of which the following engraving may convey a general idea, has been finally decided to have formed a portion of the Pantheon of Hadrian. For some time after this opinion had been started by Mr. Wilkins, and sanctioned by Sir William Gell, great doubts, despite the remarkable verification afforded by the language of Pausanias, remained as to its truth; but the Earl of Guildford has at length placed the matter beyond question. Some extensive excavations made under his personal direction resulted in the discovery of the Phrygian stone so minutely described by the enthusiastic traveller. [Illustration: PANTHEON OF HADRIAN.] The portico forming the next illustration was a long time considered the only remaining portion of a temple dedicated to the Emperor Augustus, but it is now clearly established as having been one of the entrances to a market-place. This idea, suggested to the mind of Stuart, by certain minute yet well marked variations in the proportion of the columns from those devoted to sacred purposes, has been sustained by research, and finally demonstrated to be correct by the discovery of an inscription which has put the question at rest for ever. In one of these the names of two prefects of the market are preserved; and another, still perfect, is an edict of Hadrian respecting the duties to be levied on certain articles of consumption, and regulating the sale of oils, &c. Nothing can be more picturesque than the present condition of this portico, the latest specimen of the pure Greek Art. Its coloring is rich and varied, while its state of ruin is precisely that in which the eye of the painter delights, sufficient to destroy all hardness or angularity, yet not so great as to rob it of one element of grandeur. [Illustration: ENTRANCE TO THE MARKET-PLACE: FORMERLY SUPPOSED TO BE PART OF A TEMPLE DEDICATED TO AUGUSTUS.] The building called the Monument of Philopappus, despite its somewhat fantastic elaboration of detail, is very remarkable and interesting; it was created either during the lifetime, or as a memorial immediately after his death, to Caius Julius Antiochus Philopappus, a descendant of the royalty of Syria, and an adopted citizen of Athens. It consists of a basement supporting a pilastrade of semi-circular form, and presenting upon its concave surface three niches, containing sitting statues, and three recesses richly ornamented with the representation in strong relief of a Roman triumph. Upon the basement also were various sculptures in honor of the Emperor Trajan. These, and, indeed, all the decorative sculpture, &c., profusely lavished upon this building have suffered greatly. The two remaining
{'title': 'The International Monthly Magazine, Volume 5, No. 1, January, 1852 by Various', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}