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[Illustration: La Fayette [FROM THE PORTRAIT GALLERY OF EMINENT MEN AND WOMEN.] ] THE LIFE OF LA FAYETTE ------- THE KNIGHT OF LIBERTY IN TWO WORLDS AND TWO CENTURIES. BY LYDIA HOYT FARMER, AUTHOR OF âTHE BOYSâ BOOK OF FAMOUS RULERS,â âGIRLSâ BOOK OF FAMOUS QUEENS,â âA STORY BOOK OF SCIENCE,â âTHE PRINCE OF THE FLAMING STAR,â ETC. [Illustration] NEW YORK: THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., 13 ASTOR PLACE. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _Copyright_, BY THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. 1888. ---------------------------------------------------------------- TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., BOSTON. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DEDICATED TO =My Husband=. PREFACE. THE life of the General Marquis de La Fayette is intimately connected with the two most important epochs in the history of both France and America. His name binds together these nations by indissoluble bonds of sympathy; and Washington and La Fayette will forever be found side by side in the annals of history. As a large portion of the material presented in this volume has been gathered from French works never before translated and which are now out of print, and also from original files of newspapers, and various manuscripts written by members of the La Fayette family, a more complete life of General La Fayette is here offered than has before appeared, either in this country or in Europe. THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. ------- CHAPTER PAGE I. LA FAYETTEâS EARLY LIFE 1 II. HIS ARRIVAL IN AMERICA.âBATTLE OF BRANDYWINE 18 III. SCENES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 58 IV. LA FAYETTEâS DIPLOMATIC MEASURES IN FRANCE AND 99 SPAIN, IN BEHALF OF AMERICA V. LA FAYETTE ELECTED A MEMBER OF THE NOTABLES 127 VI. LA FAYETTEâS EFFORTS IN DEFENCE OF KING AND 158 CONSTITUTION VII. VIRGINIE LA FAYETTEâS ACCOUNT OF HER FATHERâS 191 AND MOTHERâS IMPRISONMENT VIII. DREADFUL SCENES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 216 IX. LA FAYETTE LIBERATED FROM THE PRISON AT OLMÃTZ 258 X. LA FAYETTE PRESENTED TO THE PREMIER CONSUL 288 XI. LA FAYETTEâS VISIT TO AMERICA 315 XII. ENTHUSIASTIC RECEPTION OF THE MARQUIS IN THE 339 UNITED STATES XIII. LA FAYETTE ELECTED TO THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES 365 XIV. REVOLUTION OF 1830 397 XV. LA FAYETTEâS CHARACTER AND FAMILY LIFE 427 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ------- PAGE PORTRAIT OF LA FAYETTE _Frontispiece_ BIRTHPLACE OF LA FAYETTE 6 BARON DE KALB 10 LOUIS XVI. 12 MARIE ANTOINETTE 14 WASHINGTON 24 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 26 COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU 74 LORD CORNWALLIS 82 COUNT DE GRASSE 92 LA FAYETTEâS ROOM AT MOUNT VERNON 110 FREDERICK II. 114 ASSEMBLY OF THE NOTABLES 132 âGO AND TELL YOUR MASTERâ 140 THE CROWD ARM THEMSELVES AT THE INVALIDES 142 VIEW OF THE BASTILE 144 THE CROWD SHOUT, âTO VERSAILLES!â 148 THE KING COMES TO THE HOTEL DE VILLE 158 KEY OF THE BASTILE 160 FESTIVAL IN THE CHAMPS DE MARS 164 THE KING ACCEPTING THE CONSTITUTION 172 THE MOB INVADE THE TUILERIES 180 PRINCESS ELIZABETH 182 FREDERICK WILLIAM II., KING OF PRUSSIA 186 FRANCIS I., EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA 186 RETURN OF THE ROYAL FAMILY TO PARIS 194 BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL 210 SENTENCED TO THE GUILLOTINE 220 MADAME DE STAÃL 240 EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI. 250 ALEXANDER HAMILTON 262 DIRECTEUR SIEYÃS 266 NAPOLEON 268 JOSEPH BONAPARTE 292 CHARLES JAMES FOX 296 GENERAL JACKSON 332 BUST OF LA FAYETTE 380 LOUIS PHILIPPE 398 ENTRANCE TO CHÃTEAU LA GRANGE 431 CHÃTEAU LA GRANGE 433 CORPORAL OF THE PRISON AT OLMÃTZ 436 VASE PRESENTED BY MIDSHIPMEN OF THE âBRANDYWINEâ 437 CANE PRESENTED BY COMMODORE TAYLOR 438 CLOCK BELONGING TO LA FAYETTE 438 SEALS BELONGING TO LA FAYETTE 439 ROMAN STANDARD PRESENTED BY CITY OF LYONS 439 MEDAL PRESENTED BY ELECTORS OF MEAUX 440 RING GIVEN BY GRANDSON OF WASHINGTON 440 WASHINGTONâS DECORATION OF THE CINCINNATI 441 PIN PRESENTED BY FRANKLINâS GRANDDAUGHTER 442 RING CONTAINING HAIR AND PORTRAIT OF JEREMY BENTHAM 442 CRYSTAL BOX CONTAINING MEMENTOS OF RIÃGO 442 ROUND WOODEN BOX 443 SWORD PRESENTED BY NINTH REGIMENT ARTILLERY 444 SWORD PRESENTED BY CONGRESS 443 VASE PRESENTED BY THE NATIONAL GUARD 449 LA FAYETTEâS DEATH CHAMBER 470 LA FAYETTEâS TOMB 472 THE LIFE OF LA FAYETTE. CHAPTER I. Libertyâs Knightâ_LâHomme des Deux Mondes_âAncestry of La FayetteâHis Birth and Early YearsâYouthful EnthusiasmâCollege LifeâIntroduction to the French CourtâVast InheritanceâA Page to the QueenâMember of the _Mousquetaires du Roi_âPromoted a Commissioned OfficerâPersonal AppearanceâEarly MarriageâHis Wifeâs FamilyâStationed at MetzâNews of the American RevolutionâInfluence on La FayetteâHis ResolveâOppositionâVisit to LondonâReturn to ParisâSecret PreparationsâSovereign DispleasureâHasty FlightâAboard the _Victory_âLetters to his Wife. âThe love of liberty with life is given, And life itself the inferior gift of Heaven.ââDRYDEN. âFor Freedomâs battle once begun, Bequeathâd by bleeding sire to son, Though baffled oft, is ever won.ââBYRON. LA FAYETTE was not only the Knight of Liberty in two worlds and in two centuries, but was also the champion of law and order. Other men have fought for freedom; but few men in history have so truly and broadly comprehended the indissoluble tie which must ever bind liberty to law, if the shackles of oppression be unloosed, and the equal rights of men become the watchwords of national peace and prosperity. The battle of Minden, in 1758, was fought, and a young and valiant French marquis sacrificed his life upon that battle-field. He was the first Marquis de La Fayette. At that time his son, Marie-Jean-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert de Motier La Fayette, lay in his cradle, an infant of seven months old. The warlike mantle of the father fell upon the son. But gentler spirits than _Stern War_ hovered over his pillow. _Gleaming-eyed Liberty_ said, âI will make him my championâ; and _mild-eyed Law_ bent over the cradle and smoothed the baby brow, murmuring, âI will make him love peace and order.â Thus War, Liberty, and Law christened the fatherless child, and to the long list of titled names which already weighted his infant forehead, they added yet another, of nobler rank than all; for they placed there, in letters of glowing light, the unrivalled title, _Knight of Liberty_. The name of La Fayette was distinguished as far back as the fourteenth century. âThe founder of the family was a Marshal de La Fayette, who defeated the English at the battle of BaugÃ© shortly before the time of Jeanne dâArc,âa success which raised the hopes of the Dauphin, who afterwards recovered the French throne. âIn the seventeenth century two noble and illustrious women bore the ancient name. One of these ladies was Louise de La Fayette, maid of honor to Queen Anne of Austria, whose son, Louis XIII., fell so deeply in love with the young lady that he proposed to establish her in his country house at Versailles, a royal shooting-box built before the time of the great chÃ¢teau. Alarmed at the infatuation of the king, and seeing no way of resisting the royal commands save by devoting herself to Heaven, Louise de La Fayette retired to the Convent of the Visitation, and at once took the vows. She died at the age of fifty, as _MÃ¨re AngÃ©lique_, abbess of Chaillot, a convent she had founded. âHer brother, Count La Fayette, married, in 1655, Marie Madeline Pioche de la Vergne, an intimate friend of Madame de SÃ©vignÃ©, and authoress of the âPrincesse de ClÃ¨ves,â a classical romance of the old school, still read by lovers of the literature of the Renaissance. âThe wife of the renowned General La Fayette, whom he married in 1774, when he was sixteen and she a year younger, was Marie Adrienne FranÃ§oise, second daughter of the Duke dâAyen, and granddaughter of MarÃ©schal de Noailles. After three years of happy married life, he left her shortly before the birth of their second child, to hasten to the aid of the American colonies. The infant born during her fatherâs absence became Madame Charles de Latour-Maubourg.â In 1881, in the Paris _Figaro_ appeared the following account of the descendants of General La Fayette: âHis only son, George Washington La Fayette, married, in 1802, Mademoiselle Desture de Thacy, and had five children. The eldest, Oscar, died in 1881. His wife, a relative of M. de Pusy, one of the prisoners at OlmÃ¼tz, had died after one year of married life, and he never married again. The second son, Edmond, the present head of the house, is now sixty-two, and a bachelor. âThe daughters are Madame Adolphe PÃ©rier (her husband was a nephew of Casimir PÃ©rier), Madame Bureaux de Pusy, and Madame Gustave de Beaumont. Mesdames Pusy and Beaumont are still living. The former has a son, an officer of merit, and two daughters. M. Paul de Beaumont, son of Madame Gustave de Beaumont, was a cabinet minister under M. Daufaure. Madame PÃ©rier left daughters, one of whom married M. de Sahune. âMadame Charles de Latour-Maubourg, who was born whilst her father, General La Fayette, was serving in America, had two daughters, Madame de Brigode and Madame de Perron. General Perron, husband of the latter lady, was a Piedmontese, and a president of the Council of Ministers in Piedmont. He was killed at the battle of Novara. âLa Fayetteâs other daughter, Madame de Lasteyrie, was named Virginie. She was the comfort and staff of her fatherâs age. She married, in 1800, the Marquis Louis de Lasteyrie, who served with the army for some years, but being wounded, retired to the ChÃ¢teau of La Grange, between Fontainbleau and Paris,âa place which became the happy home of the entire La Fayette family. There lived the general and the family of Charles de Latour-Maubourg; and thither, too, after a time, came George Washington La Fayette and his children. âThe Marquis de Lasteyrie, who died before General La Fayette, left four children. Of these are Madame Charles de RÃ©musat, whose husband is the son of the distinguished lady whose âMemoirsâ have been recently given to the world; and Madame de Corcelle, wife of a former ambassador to Rome. M. Jules de Lasteyrie, the only son, was made a senator. He married a lady of the English branch of the House of Rohan-Chabot. His only son holds an office at present at Abbeville. The third and youngest daughter of the Marquis de Lasteyrie married M. dâAssailly, and is mother of two sons: one, councillor-general of the Deux-SÃ¨vres; the other, a captain of Chasseurs. âThe connections of the La Fayette family are distinguished and numerous. Through the De Grammonts, they are allied to the Count de Merode, senator from the Department of the Doubs; to his brother, who held high office under Pius IX.; and to Anna, Countess of Montalembert. The family of SÃ©gur is also related to the La Fayette family.â Beranger called La Fayette â_LâHomme des deux mondes_â (the man of two worlds), and he might also have added, the man of two centuries. Europe and America have both united to do him homage, and the glorious independence which he aided in securing in one century, he lived to behold in the next, realizing greater permanency and prosperity than even his fondest dreams had dared to hope for. The American Republic held him in grateful remembrance as a _Revolutionary Hero_; while France venerated his memory as the Friend and Protector of the People. High on the lists of chivalry the name of La Fayette glows with undying lustre; but as the defender of the oppressed and the protector of the weak, he is the _Peopleâs Hero_. While his remains were being carried to the tomb, surrounded by an escort of the National Guard, a poor man, with tattered clothing and tottering steps, endeavored to press his way through the crowd and place himself in the funeral procession directly behind the bier. One of the Guard, obstructing his passage, said to him, âYou see that none but the family are admitted here.â âWe all belong to his family,â replied the old man, with a voice choked with emotion and eyes full of tears; âwe all belong to his family, for he loved us all as his children.â Immediately the ranks of the National Guard fell reverently backward, and a way was quickly opened for the old peasant, and he walked to the cemetery directly behind the remains of him whose self-sacrificing devotion had won for him this beautiful testimony of love and honor; and in the name of humanity and brotherly kindness, this old manâunconsciouslyâlaid upon the tomb of La Fayette the most precious memorial which could be offered to his memory. In the ChÃ¢teau of Chavaniac, in the province of Auvergne, the Marquis de La Fayette was born and passed the first seven or eight years of his life. He was so frail a child that for some years the indications were strong that he would enjoy only a brief career. Being fatherless, his education was the care of his mother, who faithfully performed her sacred duties. A faint tinge of health began gradually to glow in his cheeks, his attenuated frame showed some signs of vigor, and the presage of an early death became less foreboding. While his body had been so frail, however, his mind had made rapid progress. To a friend he said in after years: âYou ask me at what period I first experienced my ardent love for liberty and glory. I recollect no time of life anterior to my enthusiasm for anecdotes of glorious deeds, and to my projects of travelling over the world to acquire fame. At eight years of age my heart beat when I heard of a wolf that had done some injury, and caused still more alarm in our neighborhood, and the hope of meeting it was the object of all my walks. When I arrived at college, nothing ever interrupted my studies except my ardent wish to study without restraint. I never deserved to be chastised, but, in spite of my usual gentleness, it would have been dangerous to attempt to do so. I recollect with pleasure that, when I was to describe in rhetoric a perfect courser, I sacrificed the hope of obtaining a prize, and described the one which, on perceiving the whip, threw his rider. âRepublican anecdotes always delighted me, and when my new connections wished to obtain for me a place at court, I did not hesitate displeasing them to preserve my independence.â [Illustration: CHÃTEAU OF CHAVANIAC.âLAFAYETTEâS BIRTHPLACE.] At the age of twelve years La Fayette was entered at the college of Louis le Grand, in Paris, where he zealously pursued his studies. In Latin and Greek classics he became especially proficient. Owing to his high rank his literary pursuits were subject to frequent interruptions, for he early gained the attention of royalty, and the gay French court was very alluring to a youth passionately fond of brilliant society. However, his love for study and his enthusiasm for the military calling prevented his becoming a courtier. By the death of his mother in 1770, and of his grandfather a short time after, he became possessed of great wealth, which, being entirely at his own control, surrounded him with a crowd of fawning flatterers. At the age of fifteen he became a page to Queen Marie Antoinette, and was enrolled a member of the _Mousquetaires du Roi_, the body-guard of the king, which was composed solely of the descendants of the most highly titled families in France. Through the influence of the queen, he was promoted to the rank of a commissioned officer in this corps. Speaking of which, he said âthat his military services only interrupted his studies on review days.â At the age of sixteen La Fayette was married to the Comtesse de Noailles, daughter of the Duke dâAyen. Madame de La Fayette herself gives the following account of her somewhat strange wooing. âI was scarcely twelve years old, when M. de La Fayette was proposed to my mother for one of us. He himself was only fourteen. His extreme youth, no parents to guide him,âhaving lost all his near relatives, and having no one in whom he could repose confidence,âa large fortune already in his possession, which my mother looked upon as a dangerous giftâall these considerations made her at first refuse him, notwithstanding the good opinion she had acquired of his personal qualities. She persisted several months in her refusal; but my father was not discouraged, and as one of his friends observed to him that my mother had gone too far ever to change her mind, he did justice to her straightforwardness in the midst of his anger against her. âYou do not know Madame dâAyen,â he said; âhowever far she may have gone, you will see that she will give way like a child if you prove to her that she is in the wrong; but, on the other hand, she will never yield if she does not see her mistake.â âAccordingly, when she was told that her daughter would not leave her during the first years of her marriage, and that it would only be celebrated at the end of two years, after M. de La Fayette had finished his education, she accepted him whom she cherished ever after as the most tenderly beloved son, whom she valued from the first moment that she became acquainted with him, and who alone could have sustained the strength of my heart after having lost her. âIt was some time after my motherâs consent that I was spoken to of M. de La Fayette, towards whom I was already attracted by feeble forerunners of that deep and tender affection which every day has united us more and more in the midst of all the vicissitudes of this life, in the midst of the blessings and misfortunes which have filled it for the last twenty-four years. âWith what pleasures I learned that, for more than a year, my mother had looked upon him and loved him as a son! She told me all the good she had heard with regard to him, all she thought of him herself, and I saw that he already felt for her that filial affection which was to be the blessing of my life. She tried to calm my poor weak brain, which was over-excited by the importance of the coming event. She taught me to prayâshe prayed herselfâfor the blessings of Heaven on my future happiness. As I had the happiness of remaining with her, my only feelings were those of deep emotion. I was then fourteen and a half.â La Fayetteâs wife brought to him a fortune, which, together with his own inheritance, gave him a yearly revenue of $37,500. The young marquis is thus described at this time: âHe was then a handsome young man, of commanding figure and pleasing features, notwithstanding his deep red hair. His forehead, though receding, was fine; his eyes clear hazel, and his mouth and chin delicately formed, exhibiting beauty rather than strength. The expression of his countenance was strongly indicative of a generous and gallant spirit, with an air of conscious greatness. âHis manners were frank and amiable, his movements light and graceful. Formed, both by nature and education, to be the ornament of a court, and already distinguished by his varied and attractive qualities in the circle of his noble acquaintance, his free principles were neither withered by the sunshine of royalty, nor weakened by flattery and temptation. He dressed in a costume then worn by a gentleman who affected not the extreme of fashion, nor the reverse. His bearing was elegant, full of vivacity, and his conversational powers were of a high order, and their activity varied much with his moods, sometimes mild and winning, and again ardent and enthusiastic.â In the summer of 1776 La Fayette, as an officer of the French army, was stationed on military duty in the citadel of Metz. At this time he was little over eighteen years of age. Through the Duke of Gloucester, a brother of the king of England, La Fayette first learned of the struggles in America. The Duke of Gloucester had been exiled from the court of Great Britain on account of his impolitic marriage, and was then at Metz. The duke was constantly receiving reports of the American struggle for independence, and he openly described the plans of the British ministry to crush this uprising of the colonists. La Fayetteâs fiery ardor in the cause of liberty was quickened at the news of the oppressed Americans, fighting with such vast odds against them, bravely defying the most powerful nation on the globe. La Fayette immediately resigned his position at Metz, and hastened to Paris, determined to devote his life and fortune to the aid of the courageous band of patriots who had just declared their independence. Knowing the opposition he would meet from family, friends, and the government, he made his preparations with the greatest secrecy, not even revealing his intentions to his wife, to whom he was most devoted. His heaven-born principles of liberty could no longer be kept in check by inaction, and he was ready to sacrifice every personal interest in life to the cause of oppressed humanity. After having partially completed his arrangements, La Fayette disclosed his scheme to his relative the Count de Broglie. The count was bitterly opposed to the undertaking, and pictured to La Fayette all the difficulties and dangers of the enterprise. âYour uncle perished in the wars in Italy,â said he; âyour father fell in the battle of Minden; and now I will not be accessory to the ruin of the only remaining branch of the family.â [Illustration: De Kalb] But nothing could quench the ardor of the dauntless La Fayette. He found in the Baron de Kalb a kindred sympathy, and through the baron, the Marquis de La Fayette was introduced to Mr. Silas Deane, who had been sent by the American Congress to negotiate with the French government. La Fayette made known to Mr. Deane his generous desire to offer his personal services in the American war. Whereupon Mr. Deane gave to him the following paper:â âThe desire which the Marquis de La Fayette shows of serving among the troops of the United States of North America, and the interest which he takes in the justice of their cause, makes him wish to distinguish himself in this war, and to render himself as useful as he possibly can. But not thinking that he can obtain leave of his family to pass the seas and to serve in a foreign country till he can go as a general officer, I have thought that I could not better serve my country and those who have entrusted me, than by granting to him, in the name of the very honorable Congress, the rank of major-general, which I beg the states to confirm and ratify to him, and to deliver him the commission to hold and take rank from this day with the general officers of the same degree. âHis high birth, his alliances, the great dignities which his family hold at this court, his considerable estates in this realm, his personal merit, his reputation, his disinterestedness, and above all, his zeal for the liberty of our provinces, are such as to induce me alone to promise him the rank of major-general in the name of the United States. In witness of which I have signed these presents this 7th day of December, 1776. âSILAS DEANE.â âThe secrecy,â says La Fayette, âwith which this negotiation and my preparations were made, appears almost a miracle; family, friends, ministers, French spies, and English spies, all were kept completely in the dark as to my intentions.â But just at this time news of disastrous defeats in the Revolutionary army reached France. The bells of London rang out joyful peals at this welcome intelligence; but many sympathizing hearts in Paris saddened at this dire misfortune to the little band fighting for their rightful independence. The court of Versailles had not yet openly espoused the American cause, and now Louis XVI. and others, friendly to the Americans, waited for more encouraging prospects before lending their aid. But not so the liberty-loving La Fayette. He was never so great as when in the midst of the most stupendous difficulties, and he was never so true and faithful and staunch in his patriotic principles, as when the cause to which he was attached hung trembling betwixt victory and defeat. Discouragements but nerved him to new ardor; obstacles but strengthened his determination to overcome every barrier in the way of his successful progress. His was truly a soul and nature most eminently fitted for the important part he was called upon to take in the struggle for liberty and freedom. At this time affairs in the new world were in a most desperate condition. The battle of Brooklyn had been fought, resulting in the total rout of the continental forces, and the evacuation of Long Island. New York, after an heroic resistance, had been given up to the British. General Howe was master of Forts Washington and Lee. General Washington, with the remnants of the army, with tattered uniforms and scanty food, was retreating before the foe. The country was in despair. Dark indeed were the clouds which threw their shadows over sorrowful homes and the suffering patriots of the struggling nation. [Illustration: LOUIS XVI.] Even the American commissioners at Paris were paralyzed by this dreadful blow. They dared not urge the French further in the behalf of their stricken country, which seemed doomed to defeat. They even counselled La Fayette to abandon his project of enlisting in their cause, representing to him that their affairs were now so desperate that they could not offer him a passage to America, nor any assurance of success should he venture to go. But La Fayetteâs love of liberty was not dependent upon success or defeat. His principles were as unflinching in disaster as when crowned with victory; and to La Fayetteâs courage America in a large measure owes her ultimate success. Study the history of those times, and then try to answer the question, What would have been the result of the American Revolution, without the aid of La Fayette? To the discouraged commissioners, La Fayette made this noble reply:â âI thank you for your frankness, but now is precisely the moment to serve your cause; the more people are discouraged, the greater utility will result from my departure. Until now you have only seen my ardor in your cause, but that may not prove at present wholly useless. If you cannot furnish me with a vessel, I will purchase one and freight it at my own expense, to convey your despatches and my person to the shores of America.â With unflagging labor La Fayette now occupied himself in carrying out his promised plan. From his own estates he raised the money necessary for the expedition, and prepared to purchase and equip a vessel. King Louis, owing to the recent reverses in America, began to distrust the expediency of an open alliance. La Fayette, being suspected of favoring the American cause, was constantly watched by French and English spies. To escape the knowledge of his family and the royal surveillance, the ship was purchased through La Fayetteâs friend, Mr. Duboismartin, who warmly sympathized with his liberal principles. In the midst of these preparations La Fayette was sent by the French government on a diplomatic mission to London. Lest he should excite suspicion by refusal, La Fayette departed for England with his associate, the Prince de Poix. On reaching London, it was a significant fact that before La Fayette paid his respects to the British court, he sought an interview with Bancroft, _the American_. La Fayette was received at the English court with every mark of distinguished honor, but court flatteries were little now to his taste. He was yearning to return to Paris, to continue his preparations for his chivalrous project. âAt the end of three weeks,â he writes, âwhen it became necessary for me to return home, while refusing to accompany my uncle, the ambassador, to court, I confided to him my strong desire to take a trip to Paris. He suggested that he should say that I was ill during my absence. I should not have made use of this stratagem myself, but did not object to his doing so.â Hastening back to Paris, he continued his secret preparations. Without making known his return to any of his friends, with the exception of those interested in his plans, La Fayette set out for Bordeaux, where a ship was being equipped for him. But information regarding his mysterious manÅuvres was now communicated to the court of Versailles, and led to an order for his arrest. La Fayette, being warned, departed to Passage, a Spanish port, intending to embark for America from there. He now openly avowed his intentions, and declared that nothing should induce him to relinquish his plans. [Illustration: MARIE ANTOINETTE.] But now his firmness was put to the severest test. Letters arrived from his family, containing the bitterest reproaches. He was even accused of want of parental care and gross neglect of his wife and home. This was indeed hard to bear. La Fayette was deeply in love with his winsome and affectionate wife. But with an unselfishness which amounted to the sublimity of heroism, his young wife restrained her tears, lest he should be blamed, and bravely determined to bear the parting uncomplainingly. Such a heroine as she afterwards proved herself to be made her a truly worthy companion for her hero-husband. Letters came, also, under kingly authority, forbidding his embarkation for America, threatening severe displeasure in case of disobedience. Sovereign displeasure, La Fayette was well aware, meant liability to the confiscation of all his property, and public disgrace. Feigning obedience, La Fayette returned to Bordeaux, and wrote to the ministry, requesting permission to carry out his plans, representing the benefits which France would derive by the wresting of this coveted land from proud England. But the king was not prepared to excite the wrath of his powerful neighbor, and no reply was sent directly to La Fayette, though he was made to understand, through friends, that his petition had been refused. He shortly afterwards received orders to proceed to Marseilles, and join himself to the Duke dâAyen, who was going into Italy. La Fayette now determined to brave all hazards. He accordingly departed ostensibly for Marseilles, but soon changed his route and went directly to Passage, and there embarked on his gallant ship _Victory_, and unfurled the sails, pointing the prow of his vessel towards the land of liberty. As soon as it was ascertained that La Fayette had gone, despatches were sent to arrest him at the West Indies. But La Fayette, suspecting this, ordered his captain to steer directly for America. His wearisome voyage lasted for two months. Seasickness added its discomforts to the anxieties, regrets, and aspiring longings which made keen warfare in his saddened heart. Would his wife forgive him for this seeming desertion? Would his country renounce him? Would his unselfish and magnanimous sacrifice avail in the cause of liberty, which was the ruling passion of his life? Weak with sickness and tempest-tossed, he addressed to his wife these pathetic letters:â âOn board the _Victory_, May 30, 1777. â... How many fears and anxieties enhance the keen anguish I feel at being separated from all that I love most fondly in the world! How have you borne my second departure? Have you loved me less? Have you pardoned me? Have you reflected that, at all events, I must equally have been parted from youâwandering about in Italy, dragging on an inglorious life, surrounded by the persons most opposed to my projects and to my manner of thinking? All these reflections did not prevent me from experiencing the most bitter grief when the moment arrived for quitting my native shores. Your sorrow, and that of my friends, all rushed upon my thoughts; and my heart was torn by a thousand painful feelings. I could not, at that instant, find any excuse for my own conduct. If you could know all that I have suffered, and the melancholy days that I have passed while thus flying from all that I love best in the world! Must I join to this affliction the grief of hearing that you do not pardon me? I should, in truth, my love, be too unhappy.â Again he writes:â âOn board the _Victory_, June 7. âI am still floating upon this dreary plain, the most wearisome of all human habitations. To console myself a little I think of you and of my friends. I think of the pleasure of seeing you again. How delightful will be the moment of my arrival! I shall hasten to surprise and embrace you. I shall, perhaps, find you with your children. To think, only, of that happy moment is an inexpressible pleasure to meâdo not fancy that it is distant; although the time of my absence will appear, I confess, very long to me, yet we shall meet sooner than you can expect. While defending the liberty which I adore, I shall enjoy perfect freedom myself; I but offer my services to that interesting Republic from motives of the purest kind, unmixed with ambition or private views; her happiness and my glory are my only incentives to the task. I hope, that for my sake, you will become a good American, for that feeling is worthy of every noble heart. The happiness of America is intimately connected with the happiness of all mankind. She will become the safe and respected asylum of virtue, integrity, toleration, equality, and tranquil happiness.â CHAPTER II. Arrival in AmericaâLetter to his Wife from CharlestonâLa Fayetteâs First Impressions of AmericaâLetter from PetersburgâArrival in PhiladelphiaâChilling Reception by CongressâLa Fayetteâs Magnanimous OfferâResolution passed by CongressâThe First Meeting between Libertyâs Knight and the âMan of the AgeââWashingtonâs Kindly Reception of the Young MarquisâLetter from Franklin to Washington regarding La FayetteâBattle of BrandywineâLa Fayette woundedâLetter to his Wife from PhiladelphiaâLa Fayette in the Care of the Moravian SocietyâLetter to his WifeâLa Fayetteâs Home Life described by his Daughter VirginieâLa Fayette again in the FieldâThe Battle of GloucesterâCongress commissions the Marquis to the Command of a DivisionâWinter Quarters at Valley ForgeâLetter from La Fayette to his Father-in-law, the Duke dâAyenâHis Impressions regarding American AffairsâA Treacherous Intrigue against WashingtonâLa Fayetteâs Manly Letter to himâWashingtonâs Noble ReplyâThe New Board of WarâLa Fayette appointed to the Command of the Expedition into CanadaâHis Letter to Washington from AlbanyâExpedition to Canada abandonedâLa Fayetteâs Return to Valley ForgeâSir William Howe outwitted by the Young MarquisâLa Fayetteâs Influence in the ArmyâDeath of La Fayetteâs Little DaughterâHis Touching Letter to his Wife. âWhen Freedom from her mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night And set the stars of glory there.ââDRAKE. ON the 14th of June, 1777, La Fayette landed at Winyau Bay, about sixty miles northeast from Charleston. Nature had clothed herself in her loveliest garb to welcome the knight of liberty who had sacrificed wealth and luxury and the gay life of courts, to unsheathe his sword in this new land in defence of freedom. It was midnight under the soft June skies. The stars glowed in benediction, and the moon shed a calm radiance over the scene. As the canoe conveyed the travellers up the picturesque bay, the wooded land beyond seemed to stretch out its leafy hands of welcome, and the air was perfumed with the delicious fragrance of innumerable flowers. Such was Americaâs greeting to her brave defender. Of this, let La Fayetteâs own letters speak. Back to the love of his heart, the wife whose constant devotion was his guiding star, fly quickly his thoughts, on the swift wings of affection, and he hastens to pen these lines:â âJUNE 19. âI landed at Charleston, after having sailed for several days along a coast swarming with hostile vessels. On my arrival here every one told me that my ship would undoubtedly be taken, because two English frigates had blockaded the harbor. I even sent, both by land and by sea, orders to the captain to put the men on shore, and burn the vessels, if he had still the power of doing so. _Eh bien!_ by a most extraordinary piece of good fortune, a sudden gale of wind having blown away the frigates for a short time, my vessel arrived at noonday, without having encountered friend or foe. At Charleston I have met General Howe, a general officer now engaged in service. The governor of the state is expected this evening from the country. All the persons with whom I wished to be acquainted have shown me the greatest attention and politenessânot European politeness merely. I can only feel gratitude for the reception tendered me, although I have not yet thought proper to enter into any details respecting my future prospects and arrangements. I wish to see the Congress first. I hope to set out in two days for Philadelphia, which is a land journey of more than two hundred and fifty leagues. We shall divide into small parties. I have already purchased horses and light carriages for this purpose. âI shall now speak to you, my love, about the country and its inhabitants, who are as agreeable as my enthusiasm led me to imagine. Simplicity of manner, kindness of heart, love of country and of liberty, and a delightful state of equality are universal. The richest and the poorest men are completely on a level; and, although there are some immense fortunes in this country, I may challenge any one to point out the slightest difference in their respective manner toward each other. I first saw and judged of a country life at Major Hugerâs house. I am at present in this city, where I notice a resemblance to English customs, except that I find more simplicity here than in England. âCharleston is one of the best built, handsomest, and most agreeable cities that I have ever seen. The American women are very pretty, and have great simplicity of character. The extreme neatness of their appearance is truly delightful. Cleanliness is everywhere even more studiously regarded here than in England. What gave me most pleasure is to see how completely the citizens are all brethren of one family. In America there appear to be none poor, and none even who can be called peasants. Each citizen has some property, and all citizens have the same rights as the richest individual or landed proprietor in the country. The inns are very different from those in Europe; the host and hostess sit at table with you, and do the honors of a comfortable meal, and when you depart you pay your bill without being obliged to fee attendants. If you dislike going to inns, you always find country houses, in which you will be received as a good American, with the same attention that you expect to find at a friendâs house in Europe. âMy own reception has been peculiarly agreeable. To have been merely my travelling companion suffices to secure the kindest welcome. I have just passed five hours at a large dinner, given in compliment to me by an individual of this town. Generals Howe and Moultrie, and several officers of my suite, were present. We drank each otherâs health, and endeavored to talk English, which I am beginning to speak a little. I shall pay a visit to-morrow, with these gentlemen, to the governor of the state, and make the last arrangements for my departure. The next day the commanding officer here will take me to see the town and its environs, and I shall then set out to join the army. âFrom the agreeable life I lead in this country, from the sympathy which makes me feel as much at ease with the inhabitants as if I had known them twenty years, the similarity between their manner of thinking and my own, my love of glory and liberty, you might imagine that I am very happy; but you are not with me, my dearest love; my friends are not with me; and there is no happiness for me when far away from you and them. I often ask you if you still love, but I put that question still more often to myself, and my heart ever answers yes. I trust that my heart does not deceive me. I am inexpressibly anxious to hear from you, and hope to find some letters at Philadelphia. My only fear is lest the privateer which was to bring them to me may have been captured on her way. Although I can easily imagine that I have excited the special displeasure of the English, by taking the liberty of coming hither in spite of them and landing before their very face, yet I must confess that we shall be even more than on a par if they succeed in catching that vessel, the object of my fondest hopes, by which I am expecting to receive your letters. âI entreat you to send me both long and frequent letters. You are not sufficiently conscious of the joy with which I shall receive them. Embrace, most tenderly, my Henriette; may I add, embrace our children! The father of those poor children is a wanderer, but he is, nevertheless, a good, honest man, a good father, warmly attached to his family, and a good husband also, for he loves his wife most tenderly. The night is far advanced, the heat intense, and I am devoured by mosquitoes; but the best countries, as you perceive, have their inconveniences. Adieu, my love, adieu.â Again La Fayette writes to his wife from Petersburg, Va., July 17, 1777:â âI am now eight daysâ journey from Philadelphia, in the beautiful state of Virginia. All fatigue is over, and I fear that my martial labors will be very light if it be true that General Howe has left New York, to go I know not whither. But all the accounts I receive are so uncertain that I cannot form any fixed opinion until I reach my destination. âYou must have learned the particulars of the beginning of my journey. You know that I set out in a brilliant manner, in a carriage, and I must now tell you that we are all on horseback,âhaving broken the carriage according to my usual praiseworthy custom,âand I expect soon to write to you that we have arrived on foot. The journey is somewhat fatiguing; but, although several of my comrades have suffered a great deal, I have scarcely, myself, been conscious of fatigue. The captain, who takes charge of this letter, will perhaps pay you a visit. I beg you, in that case, to receive him with great kindness. âThe farther I advance to the north, the better pleased I am with the country and its inhabitants. There is no attention or kindness that I do not receive, although many scarcely know who I am. But I will write all this to you more in detail from Philadelphia.â As soon as La Fayette arrived in Philadelphia, he presented himself before Congress, then in session. The moment was inauspicious. Mr. Deane had given so many foreigners the same promises, that Congress found itself in a very embarrassing situation. Many of these foreigners were brave men, and true, who had come to America with philanthropic motives, but others were mere adventurers, and Congress therefore received the young Marquis de La Fayette with coldness and indifference, which he illy deserved, and which in the light of after events proved a mortifying mistake. La Fayette laid his stipulations with Mr. Deane before Congress, but, with surprise and chagrin, he was informed by the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs that there was little hope that his request would be granted. Imagine the feelings of the noble young marquis of nineteen. He had sacrificed home, family, friends, and fortune, to give his aid to this struggling nation, and his immense personal sacrifices were thus insultingly thrown into his face. What blindness in Congress! What heroic magnanimity in La Fayette! Pride and patriotism battled in his sensitive soul. But unselfish patriotism conquered, and never does he appear more truly great than at this moment. Seizing a pen, he writes to Congress this brief but immortal note:â âAfter the sacrifices I have made, I have a right to exact two favors: one is, to serve at my _own expense_; the other is, to serve as a _volunteer_.â Astonished at such unprecedented generosity, and conscious of their mistake in classing the young marquis with other foreigners, who were actuated by selfish avarice and love of adventure, Congress accordingly passed the following preamble and resolution on the 31st of July, 1777:â â_Whereas_, the Marquis de La Fayette, out of his great zeal in the cause of liberty in which the United States are engaged, has left his family and connections, and, at his own expense, come over to offer his service to the United States, without pension or particular allowance, and is anxious to risk his life in our cause; â_Resolved_, That his services be accepted, and that in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connections, he have the rank and commission of a Major-General in the army of the United States.â La Fayetteâs first meeting with Washington was at a dinner party in Philadelphia, on the 1st of August. The commander-in-chief looked with sympathy upon the noble young hero, and their hearts were quickly united in a bond of friendship which ignored diversity of age, country, and experience, for they mutually recognized a self-sacrificing devotion to the sacred and sublime cause of human liberty. [Illustration: G o. Washington] âWhen the company were about to separate, Washington took La Fayette aside, spoke to him very kindly, complimented him on the noble spirit he had shown, and the sacrifices he had made in favor of the American cause, and then told him that he should be pleased if he would make the headquarters of the commander-in-chief his home, establish himself there whenever he thought proper, and consider himself at all times as one of his family; adding in a tone of pleasantry, that he could not promise him the luxuries of a court, or even the conveniences which his former habits might have rendered essential to comfort; but since he had become an American soldier he would doubtless contrive to accommodate himself to the character he had assumed, and submit with a good grace to the customs, manners, and privations of the republican army.â Little was the bold spirit of La Fayette dismayed at the prospect of difficulties and privations. His soul could not be confined by hardships, dangers, or even defeats. He eagerly accepted the invitation of Washington, and well repaid his kindly courtesy. It was about this time that the following letter was written from Paris by Franklin to Washington:â âSIR: The Marquis de La Fayette, a young nobleman of great expectations and exceedingly beloved here, is by this time probably with you. By some misapprehension in his contract with the merchants of Bordeaux he was prevented from using the produce of the cargo he carried over, and so was left without a supply of money. His friends here have sent him over about Â£500 sterling, and have proposed sending him more; but on reflection, knowing the extreme generosity of his disposition, and fearing that some of his necessitous and artful countrymen may impose on his goodness, they wish to put his money into the hands of some discreet friend, who may supply him from time to time, and by that means knowing his expenses, may take occasion to advise him if necessary, from too much imposition. âThey accordingly have desired us to name such a person to them. We have not been able to think of one so capable and so suitable from the influence of situation to perform that kind office as General Washington, under whose eye the gentleman will probably be. âWe beg, therefore, in his behalf, what his friends out of respect would not take the liberty of asking, that Your Excellency would be pleased to furnish him with what money he may want in moderation, and take his drafts payable to us for sums paid him, which we shall receive
{'title': 'The Life of La Fayette, the Knight of Liberty in Two Worlds and Two Centuries', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}