Produced by Jon Ingram, Richard Hulse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net The Foreign Biblical Library. EDITED BY THE REV. W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A., LL.D. _12 Volumes. Large crown 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. each._ I. =Still Hours.= By RICHARD ROTHE. Translated by JANE T. STODDART. With an Introductory Essay by the Rev. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A. II. =Biblical Commentary on the Book of Psalms.= By Professor FRANZ DELITZSCH, of Leipzig. From the latest edition specially revised by the Author. Translated by the Rev. DAVID EATON, M.A. In three Volumes. III. =A Manual of Introduction to the New Testament.= By BERNHARD WEISS. Translated by Miss DAVIDSON. _In 2 Vols._ IV. =Church History.= By Professor KURTZ. Authorized Translation, from the latest Revised Edition, by the Rev. J. MACPHERSON, M.A. _In 3 Vols._ V. =Selected Sermons of Schleiermacher.= Translated by MARY F. WILSON. VI. =A Commentary on the Book of Isaiah.= By Professor FRANZ DELITZSCH. Translated by the Rev. JAMES DENNEY, B.D. _In 2 Vols._ LONDON: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW. ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ â â â Transcriberâs Notes â â â â â â Punctuation has been standardized. â â â â The Table of Contents has been updated to agree with the â â headings and subheadings of the text. â â â â The â symbol next to a date was not defined in the text. It â â appears to mean approximate year of death. â â â â Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. â â â â Non-printable characteristics have been given the following â â transliteration: â â Italic text: --> _text_ â â bold text: --> =text=. â â â â Italics have been dropped on leading alpha characters (a. b. â â c.) to improved readability. â â â â This book was written in a period when many words had â â not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have â â multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in â â the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated â â with a Transcriberâs Note. â â â â Many names appear with multiple spelling variations. The â â most common form used has been added in brackets following â â alternate forms to facilitate document searching. â â â â Latin words and quotations are regularly italicized in the â â text. Italics have been added to words missed by the printer. â â â â Additions noted in the appendix of Volume 2 have been â â incorporated into its main text. â â â â Footnotes are numbered consecutively through the 3 volumes â â and are identified in the text with a number in brackets [2] â â and have been accumulated in a single section at the end of â â the text. â â â â Transcriberâs Notes are used when making corrections to the â â text or to provide additional information for the modern â â reader. These notes are not identified in the text, but have â â been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book. â â â ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ CHURCH HISTORY. BY PROFESSOR KURTZ. _AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM LATEST REVISED EDITION BY THE_ REV. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A. THREE VOLUMES IN ONE. _SECOND EDITION._ London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCXCI., MDCCCXCII., MDCCCXCIII. BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FROME, AND LONDON. PREFACE. The English reader is here presented with a translation of the ninth edition of a work which first appeared in 1849, and has obtained a most distinguished place, it might be said almost a monopoly, as a text-book of Church History in the German Universities. Since 1850, when the second edition was issued, an English translation of which has been widely used in Britain and America, Dr. Kurtz has given great attention to the improvement of his book. The increase of size has not been caused by wordy amplification, but by an urgent necessity felt by the author as he used the vast materials that recent years have spread out before the historical student. In 1870 Dr. Kurtz retired from his professorship, and has conscientiously devoted himself to bring up each successive edition of his text-book to the point reached by the very latest scholarship of his own and other lands. In his Preface to the ninth edition of 1885 he claims to have made very special improvements on the presentation of the history of the first three centuries, where ample use is made of the brilliant researches of Harnack and other distinguished scholars of the day. In the exercise of that discretion which has been allowed him, the translator has ventured upon an innovation, which he trusts will be generally recognised as a very important improvement. The German edition has frequently pages devoted to the literature of the larger divisions, and a considerable space is thus occupied at the beginning of most of the ordinary sections, as well as at the close of many of the sub- sections. The books named in these lists are almost exclusively German works and articles that have appeared in German periodicals. Experience has shown that the reproduction of such lists in an English edition is utterly useless to the ordinary student and extremely repulsive to the reader, as it seriously interferes with the continuity of the text. The translator has therefore ventured wholly to cancel these lists, substituting carefully selected standard English works known to himself from which detailed information on the subjects treated of in the several paragraphs may be obtained. These he has named in footnotes at the places where such references seemed to be necessary and most likely to be useful. Those students who know German so thoroughly as to be able to refer to books and articles by German specialists will find no difficulty in using the German edition of Kurtz, in which copious lists of such literature are given. The first English volume is a reproduction without retrenchment of the original; but in the second volume an endeavour has been made to render the text-book more convenient and serviceable to British and American students by slightly abridging some of those paragraphs which give minute details of the Reformation work in various German provinces. But even there care has been taken not to omit any fact of interest or importance. No pains have been spared to give the English edition a form that may entitle it to occupy that front rank among studentsâ text-books of Church History which the original undoubtedly holds in Germany. JOHN MACPHERSON. FINDHORN, _July, 1888_. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Â§ 1. IDEA AND TASK OF CHURCH HISTORY. Â§ 2. DISTRIBUTION OF CHURCH HISTORY ACCORDING TO CONTENTS. (1) The Various Branches Included in a Complete Course of Church History. (2) The Separate Branches of Church History. Â§ 3. DISTRIBUTION OF CHURCH HISTORY ACCORDING TO PERIODS. Â§ 4. SOURCES AND AUXILIARIES OF CHURCH HISTORY. (1) Literature of the Sources. (2) Literature of the Auxiliary Sciences. Â§ 5. HISTORY OF GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY. (1) Down to the Reformation. (2) The 16th and 17th Centuries. (3) The 18th Century. (4) The 19th Century. (5) The 19th Century--Continued. (6) The 19th Century--Continued. HISTORY OF THE PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY. The pre-Christian World preparing the way of the Christian Church. Â§ 6. THE STANDPOINT OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Â§ 7. HEATHENISM. (1) The Religious Character of Heathenism. (2) The Moral Character of Heathenism. (3) The Intellectual Culture in Heathenism. (4) The Hellenic Philosophy. (5) The Heathen State. Â§ 8. JUDAISM. (1) Judaism under special Training of God through the Law and Prophecy. (2) Judaism after the Cessation of Prophecy. (3) The Synagogues. (4) Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. Â§ 9. SAMARITANISM. Â§ 10. INTERCOURSE BETWEEN JUDAISM AND HEATHENISM. (1) Influence of Heathenism upon Judaism. (2) Influence of Judaism upon Heathenism. Â§ 11. THE FULNESS OF TIME. THE HISTORY OF THE BEGINNINGS. The Founding of the Church by Christ and His Apostles. Â§ 12. CHARACTER OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEGINNINGS. I. THE LIFE OF JESUS. Â§ 13. JESUS CHRIST, THE SAVIOUR OF THE WORLD. (1) Year of Birth and Year of Death of Jesus. (2) Earliest Non-Biblical Witnesses to Christ. II. THE APOSTOLIC AGE. A.D. 30-70. Â§ 14. THE MINISTRY OF THE APOSTLES BEFORE PAUL. Beginning and Close of Apostolic Age. Â§ 15. THE MINISTRY OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. Details of Paulâs Life. Â§ 16. THE OTHER APOSTLES AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. (1) The Roman Episcopate of Peter. (2) The Apostle John. (3) James, the brother of the Lord. (4) The Later Legends of the Apostles. Â§ 17. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, AND DISCIPLINE. (1) The Charismata of the Apostolic Age. (2) The Constitution of the Mother Church at Jerusalem. (3) The Constitution of the Pauline Churches. (4) The Church in the Pauline Epistles. (5) Congregational and Spiritual Offices. (6) The Question about the Original Position of the Episcopate and Presbyterate. (7) Christian Worship. (8) Christian Life and Ecclesiastical Discipline. Â§ 18. HERESIES IN THE APOSTOLIC AGE. (1) Jewish Christianity and the Council of Apostles. (2) The Apostolic Basis of Doctrine. (3) False Teachers. FIRST DIVISION. History of the Development of the Church during the GrÃ¦co-Roman and GrÃ¦co-Byzantine Periods. Â§ 19. CONTENT, DISTRIBUTION AND BOUNDARIES OF THOSE PERIODS. FIRST SECTION. History of the GrÃ¦co-Roman Church during the Second and Third Centuries (A.D. 70-323). Â§ 20. CONTENT, DISTRIBUTION AND BOUNDARIES OF THIS PERIOD. (1) The Post-Apostolic Age. (2) The Age of the Old Catholic Church. (3) The Point of Transition from the One Age to the Other. I. THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRA-CHRISTIAN PAGANISM AND JUDAISM TO THE CHURCH. Â§ 21. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY. Â§ 22. PERSECUTIONS OF THE CHRISTIANS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. (1) Claudius, Nero and Domitian. (2) Trajan and Hadrian. (3) Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. (4) Septimius Severus and Maximinus Thrax. (5) Decius, Gallus and Valerian. (6) Diocletian and Galerius. (7) Maximinus Daza, Maxentius and Licinius. Â§ 23. CONTROVERSIAL WRITINGS OF PAGANISM. (1) Lucianâs Satire _De Morte Peregrini_. (2) Worshippers of an Ass. (3) Polemic properly so-called. Â§ 24. Attempted Reconstruction of Paganism. (1) Apollonius of Tyana. (2) Neo-platonism. Â§ 25. Jewish and Samaritan Reaction. (1) Disciples of John. (2) The Samaritan Heresiarchs. a. Dositheus. b. Simon Magus. c. Menander. II. DANGER TO THE CHURCH FROM PAGAN AND JEWISH ELEMENTS WITHIN ITS OWN PALE. Â§ 26. GNOSTICISM IN GENERAL. (1) Gnosticism. (2) The Problems of Gnostic Speculation. (3) Distribution. (4) Sources of Information. Â§ 27. THE GENTILE CHRISTIAN GNOSTICISM. (1) Cerinthus. (2) The Gnosticism of Basilides. (3) IrenÃ¦usâ Sketch of Basilideanism. (4) Valentinian Gnosticism. (5) Two Divisions of the Valentinian School. (6) The Ophites and related Sects. (7) The Gnosis of the Ophites. (8) Antinomian and Libertine Sects. a. The Nicolaitans. b. The Simonians. c. The Carpocratians. d. The Prodicians. (9) Saturninus. (10) Tatian and the Encratites. (11) Marcion and the Marcionites. (12) Marcionâs Disciples. (13) Hermogenes. Â§ 28. EBIONISM AND EBIONITIC GNOSTICISM. (1) Nazareans and Ebionites. (2) The Elkesaites. (3) The Pseudo-Clementine Series of Writings. a. HomiliÃ¦ XX Clementis. b. Recognitiones Clementis. c. EpitomÃ¦. (4) The Pseudo-Clementine Doctrinal System. Â§ 29. MANICHÃISM. (1) The Founder. (2) The System. (3) Constitution, Worship, and Missionarizing. III. THE DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENT AND APOLOGETICAL ACTIVITY OF THE CHURCH. Â§ 30. THE THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE OF THE POST-APOSTOLIC AGE, A.D. 70-170. (1) The Beginnings of Patristic Literature. (2) The Theology of the Post-Apostolic Age. (3) The so-called Apostolic Fathers. a. Clement of Rome. (4) b. Barnabas. c. Pastor Hermas. (5) d. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch. (6) e. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. f. Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis. g. Epistle to Diognetus. (7) The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. (8) The Writings of the Earliest Christian Apologists. (9) Extant Writings of Apologists of the Post-Apostolic Age. a. Justin Martyr. (10) b. Tatian. c. Athenagoras. d. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch. e. Hermias. Â§ 31. THE THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE OF THE OLD CATHOLIC AGE, A.D. 170-323. (1) The Theological Schools and Tendencies. 1. CHURCH FATHERS WRITING IN GREEK. (2) Church Teachers of the Asiatic Type. a. IrenÃ¦us. (3) b. Hippolytus. (4) The Alexandrian Church Teachers. a. PantÃ¦nus. b. Titus Flavius Clement. (5) c. Origen. (6) d. Dionysius of Alexandria. e. Gregory Thaumaturgus. f. Pamphilus. (7) Greek-speaking Church Teachers in other Quarters. a. Hegesippus. b. Caius of Rome. (8) c. Sextus Julius Africanus. (9) d. Methodius. e. Lucian of Samosata. 2. CHURCH FATHERS WRITING IN LATIN. (10) The Church Teachers of North Africa. Tertullian. (11) Cyprian. (12) Various Ecclesiastical Writers using the Latin Tongue. a. Minucius Felix. b. Commodus. c. Novatian. d. Arnobius. e. Victorinus of Pettau. f. Lucius Lactantius. Â§ 32. THE APOCRYPHAL AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHICAL LITERATURE. (1) Professedly Old Heathen Prophecies. (2) Old Testament Pseudepigraphs. a. Book of Enoch. b. Assumptio Mosis. c. Fourth Book of Ezra. d. Book of Jubilees. (3) Pseudepigraphs of Christian Origin. a. History of Assenath. b. The Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs. c. _Ascensio IsaiÃ¦_ and _Visio IsaiÃ¦_. d. _Spelunca thesaurorum._ (4) New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigraphs. I. Apocryphal Gospels. (5) II. Apocryphal Histories and Legends of the Apostles. (6) ---- Apocryphal Monographs. (7) III. Apostolic Epistles. IV. Apocryphal Apocalypses. V. Apostolical Constitutions. (8) The Acts of the Martyrs. Â§ 33. THE DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES OF THE OLD CATHOLIC AGE. (1) The Trinitarian Questions. (2) The Alogians. (3) The Theodotians and Artemonites. (4) Praxeas and Tertullian. (5) The NoÃ«tians and Hippolytus. (6) Beryllus and Origen. (7) Sabellius; Dionysius of Alexandria; Dionysius of Rome. (8) Paul of Samosata. (9) Chiliasm. IV. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, LIFE AND DISCIPLINE. Â§ 34. THE INNER ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH. (1) The Continuation of Charismatic Endowments into Post-Apostolic Times. (2) The Development of the Episcopal Hierarchy. (3) The Regular Ecclesiastical Offices of the Old Catholic Age. (4) Clergy and Laity. (5) The Synods. (6) Personal and Epistolary Intercourse. (7) The Unity and Catholicity of the Church. (8) The Roman Primacy. Â§ 35. THE ADMINISTRATION OF BAPTISM. (1) The Preparation for Receiving Baptism. (2) The Baptismal Formula. (3) The Administration of Baptism. (4) The Doctrine of Baptism. (5) The Controversy about Hereticsâ Baptism. Â§ 36. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND ITS VARIOUS PARTS. (1) The Agape. (2) The _Missa Catechumenorum_. (3) The _Missa Fidelium_. (4) The _Disciplina Arcani_. (5) The Doctrine of the Lordâs Supper. (6) The Sacrificial Theory. (7) The Use of Scripture. (8) Formation of a New Testament Canon. (9) The Doctrine of Inspiration. (10) Hymnology. Â§ 37. FEASTS AND FESTIVAL SEASONS. (1) The Festivals of the Christian Year. (2) The Paschal Controversies. (3) The Ecclesiastical Institution of Fasting. Â§ 38. THE CHURCH BUILDINGS AND THE CATACOMBS. (1) The Catacombs. (2) The Antiquities of the Catacombs. (3) Pictorial Art and the Catacombs. (4) Pictorial and Artistic Representations. a. Significant Symbols. b. Allegorical Figures. c. Parabolic Figures. d. Historical Pictures of O. T. Types. e. Figures from the Gospel History. f. Liturgical Figures. Â§ 39. LIFE, MANNERS, AND DISCIPLINE. (1) Christian Morals and Manners. (2) The Penitential Discipline. (3) Asceticism. (4) Paul of Thebes. (5) Beginning of Veneration of Martyrs. (6) Superstition. Â§ 40. THE MONTANIST REFORMATION. (1) Montanism in Asia Minor. (2) Montanism at Rome. (3) Montanism in Proconsular Africa. (4) The Fundamental Principle of Montanism. (5) The Attitude of Montanism toward the Church. Â§ 41. SCHISMATIC DIVISIONS IN THE CHURCH. (1) The Schism of Hippolytus at Rome about A.D. 220. (2) The Schism of Felicissimus at Carthage in A.D. 250. (3) The Schism of the Presbyter Novatian at Rome in A.D. 251. (4) The Schism of Meletius in Egypt in A.D. 306. SECOND SECTION. The History of the GrÃ¦co-Roman Church from the 4th-7th centuries. A.D. 323-692. I. CHURCH AND STATE. Â§ 42. THE OVERTHROW OF PAGANISM IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. (1) The Romish Legend of the Baptism of Constantine. (2) Constantine the Great and his Sons. (3) Julian the Apostate (A.D. 361-363). (4) The Later Emperors. (5) Heathen Polemics and Apologetics. (6) The Religion of the Hypsistarians. Â§ 43. THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE AND THE ECCLESIASTICAL LAW. (1) The _Jus Circa Sacra_. (2) The Institution of Åcumenical Synods. (3) Canonical Ordinances. (4) Pseudepigraphic Church Ordinances. (5) The Apostolic Church Ordinances. II. MONASTICISM, CLERICALISM AND HIERARCHISM. Â§ 44. MONASTICISM. (1) The Biography of St. Anthony. (2) The Origin of Christian Monasticism. (3) Oriental Monasticism. (4) Western Monasticism. (5) Institution of Nunneries. (6) Monastic Asceticism. (7) Anti-Ecclesiastical and Heretical Monasticism. Â§ 45. THE CLERGY. (1) Training of the Clergy. (2) The Injunction of Celibacy. (3) Later Ecclesiastical Offices. (4) Church Property. Â§ 46A. THE PATRIARCHAL CONSTITUTION AND THE PRIMACY. (1) The Patriarchal Constitution. (2) The Rivalry between Rome and Byzantium. Â§ 46B. HISTORY OF THE ROMAN CHAIR AND ITS CLAIMS TO THE PRIMACY. (3) From Melchiades to Julius I., A.D. 310 to A.D. 352. (4) From Liberius to Anastasius, A.D. 352 to A.D. 402. (5) From Innocent I. to Zosimus, A.D. 402 to A.D. 418. (6) From Boniface I. to Sixtus III., A.D. 419 to A.D. 440. (7) From Leo the Great to Simplicius, A.D. 440 to A.D. 483. (8) From Felix III. to Boniface II., A.D. 483 to A.D. 532. (9) From John II. to Pelagius II., A.D. 532 to A.D. 590. (10) From Gregory I. to Boniface V., A.D. 590 to A.D. 625. (11) From Honorius I. to Gregory III., A.D. 625 to A.D. 741. III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. Â§ 47. THE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS AND THEIR MOST CELEBRATED REPRESENTATIVES. (1) The Theological Schools and Tendencies. a. In the 4th and 5th centuries. b. Of the 6th and 7th Centuries. 1. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE EASTERN CHURCH. (2) The Most Celebrated Representative of the Old Alexandrian School----Eusebius. (3) Church Fathers of the New Alexandrian School. a. Athanasius. (4) ---- The Three Great Cappadocians. b. Basil the Great. c. Gregory Nazianzen. d. Gregory of Nyssa. (5) e. Apollinaris. f. Didymus the Blind. (6) g. Macarius Magnes. h. Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria. i. Isidore of Pelusium. (7) ---- Mystics and Philosophers. k. Macarius the Great or the Elder. l. Marcus Eremita. m. Synesius of Cyrene. n. Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa. o. Ãneas of Gaza. (8) The Antiocheans. a. Eusebius of Emesa. b. Diodorus of Tarsus. c. John of Antioch (Chrysostom). (9) d. Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia. e. Polychronius, Bishop of Apamea. f. Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus. (10) Other Teachers of the Greek Church during the 4th and 5th Centuries. a. Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem. b. Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis. c. Palladius. d. Nilus. (11) Greek Church Fathers of the 6th and 7th Centuries. a. Johannes Philoponus. b. Dionysius the Areopagite. (12) c. Leontius Byzantinus. d. Maximus Confessor. e. Johannes Climacus. f. Johannes Moschus. g. Anastasius Sinaita. (13) Syrian Church Fathers. a. Jacob of Nisibis. b. Aphraates. c. Ephraim the Syrian. d. Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. e. Jacob, Bishop of Edessa. 2. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE WESTERN CHURCH. (14) f. During the Period of the Arian Controversy. a. Jul. Firmicus Maternus. b. Lucifer of Calaris. c. Marius Victorinus. d. Hilary of Poitiers. e. Zeno, Bishop of Verona. f. Philaster, Bishop of Brescia. g. Martin of Tours. (15) g. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. h. Ambrosiaster. i. Pacianus, Bishop of Barcelona. (16) During the Period of Origenistic Controversy. a. Jerome. (17) b. Tyrannius Rufinus. c. Sulpicius Severus. d. Peter Chrysologus, Bishop of Ravenna. (18) The Hero of the Soteriological Controversy--Augustine. (19) Augustineâs Works. a. Philosophical Treatises. b. Dogmatic Treatises. c. Controversial Treatises. d. Apologetical Treatises. e. Exegetical Works. (20) Augustineâs Disciples and Friends. a. Paulinus, Deacon of Milan. b. Paul Orosius. c. Marius Mercator. d. Prosper Aquitanicus. e. CÃ¦sarius, Bishop of Arelate. f. Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe. (21) Pelagians and semi-Pelagians. I. Pelagius. II. Semi-Pelagians or Massilians. a. Johannes Cassianus. b. Vincent Lerinensis. c. Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons. d. Salvianus, Presbyter at Marseilles. e. Faustus of Rhegium. f. Arnobius the Younger. (22) The Most Important Church Teachers among the Roman Popes. a. Leo the Great. b. Gelasius I. c. Gregory the Great. (23) The Conservators and Continuators of Patristic Culture. a. BoÃ«thius. b. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus. c. Dionysius Exiguus. Â§ 48. BRANCHES OF THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND CHRISTIAN POETRY. (1) Exegetical Theology. (2) Historical Theology. (3) Systematic Theology. a. Apologetics. b. Polemics. c. Positive Dogmatics. d. Morals. (4) Practical Theology. (5) Christian Poetry. (6) Christian Latin Poetry. (7) Poetry of National Syrian Church. (8) The Legendary History of Cyprian. IV. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES AND HERESIES. Â§ 49. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE GENERALLY. Heretical Developments. Â§ 50. THE TRINITARIAN CONTROVERSY, A.D. 318-381. (1) Preliminary Victory of the Homoousia, A.D. 318-325. (2) Victory of Eusebianism, A.D. 328-356. (3) Victory of Homoiousianism, A.D. 357-361. (4) Final Victory of the Nicene Creed, A.D. 361-381. (5) The Pneumatomachians, A.D. 362-381. (6) The Literature of the Controversy. (7) Post-Nicene Development of the Dogma. (8) Schisms in consequence of the Arian Controversy. I. The Meletian Schism at Antioch. II. The Schism of the Luciferians. III. The Schism of Damasus and Ursacius at Rome. Â§ 51. THE ORIGENIST CONTROVERSIES, A.D. 394-438. (1) The Monks of the Scetic and Nitrian Deserts. (2) The Controversy in Palestine and Italy, A.D. 394-399. (3) The Controversy in Alexandria and Constantinople, A.D. 399-438. Â§ 52. THE CHRISTOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY. (1) The Apollinarian Controversy, A.D. 362-381. (2) Christology of the Opposing Theological Schools. (3) The Dyoprosopic or Nestorian Controversy, A.D. 428-444. (4) The Monophysite Controversy. I. Eutychianism, A.D. 444-451. (5) II. Imperial Attempts at Union, A.D. 451-519. (6) III. Justinianâs Decrees, A.D. 527-553. (7) IV. The Monophysite Churches. (8) The Monothelite Controversy, A.D. 633-680. (9) The Case of Honorius. Â§ 53. THE SOTERIOLOGICAL CONTROVERSIES, A.D. 412-529. (1) Preliminary History. (2) The Doctrine of Augustine. (3) Pelagius and his Doctrine. (4) The Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 411-431. (5) The Semi-Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 427-529. Â§ 54. REAPPEARANCE AND REMODELLING OF EARLIER HERETICAL SECTS. (1) ManichÃ¦ism. (2) Priscillianism, A.D. 383-563. V. WORSHIP, LIFE, DISCIPLINE AND MORALS. Â§ 55. WORSHIP IN GENERAL. The Age of Cyril of Alexandria. Â§ 56. FESTIVALS AND SEASONS FOR PUBLIC WORSHIP. (1) The Weekly Cycle. (2) Hours and Quarterly Fasts. (3) The Reckoning of Easter. (4) The Easter Festivals. (5) The Christmas Festivals. (6) The Church Year. (7) The Church Fasts. Â§ 57. WORSHIP OF SAINTS, RELICS AND IMAGES. (1) The Worship of Martyrs and Saints. (2) The Worship of Mary and Anna. (3) Worship of Angels. (4) Worship of Images. (5) Worship of Relics. (6) The Making of Pilgrimages. Â§ 58. THE DISPENSATION OF THE SACRAMENTS. (1) Administration of Baptism. (2) The Doctrine of the Supper. (3) The Sacrifice of the Mass. (4) The Administration of the Lordâs Supper. Â§ 59. PUBLIC WORSHIP IN WORD AND SYMBOL. (1) The Holy Scriptures. (2) The Creeds of the Church. I. The NicÃ¦no-Constantinopolitan Creed. II. The Apostlesâ Creed. III. The Athanasian Creed. (3) Bible Reading in Church and Preaching. (4) Hymnology. (5) Psalmody and Hymn Music. (6) The Liturgy. (7) Liturgical Vestments. (8) Symbolical Acts in Worship. (9) Processions. Â§ 60. PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP, BUILDINGS AND WORKS OF ART. (1) The Basilica. (2) Secular Basilicas. (3) The Cupola Style. (4) Accessory and Special Buildings. (5) Church furniture. (6) The Graphic and Plastic Arts. Â§ 61. LIFE, DISCIPLINE AND MORALS. (1) Church Discipline. (2) Christian Marriage. (3) Sickness, Death and Burial. (4) Purgatory and Masses for Souls. Â§ 62. HERETICAL REFORMERS. (1) Audians and Apostolics. (2) Protests against Superstition and External Observances. (3) Protests against the Over-Estimation of Doctrine. Â§ 63. SCHISMS. (1) The Donatist Schism, A.D. 311-415. (2) The _Concilium Quinisextum_, A.D. 692. VI. THE CHURCH OUTSIDE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. Â§ 64. MISSIONARY OPERATIONS IN THE EAST. (1) The Ethiopic-Abyssinian Church. (2) The Persian Church. (3) The Armenian Church. (4) The Iberians. Â§ 65. THE COUNTER-MISSION OF THE MOHAMMEDANS. (1) The Fundamental Principle of Islam. (2) The Providential Place of Islam. THIRD SECTION. HISTORY OF THE GRÃCO-BYZANTINE CHURCH IN THE 8TH-15TH CENTURIES (A.D. 692-1453). I. Developments of the Greek Church in Combination with the Western. Â§ 66. ICONOCLASM OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCH (A.D. 726-842). (1) Leo III., the Isaurian, A.D. 717-741. (2) Constantine V. A.D. 741-775. (3) Leo IV., Chazarus, A.D. 775-780. (4) Leo V., the Armenian, A.D. 813-820. Â§ 67. DIVISION BETWEEN GREEK AND ROMAN CHURCHES AND ATTEMPTS AT UNION, A.D. 857-1453. (1) Foundation of the Schism, A.D. 867. (2) Leo VI., the Philosopher, A.D. 886-911. (3) Completion of the Schism, A.D. 1054. (4) Attempts at Reunion. (5) Andronicus III. PalÃ¦ologus and Barlaam. (6) Council of Florence. (7) Decay of Byzantine Empire. II. Developments in the Eastern Church without the Co-operation of the Western. Â§ 68. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. (1) Revival of Classical Studies. (2) Aristotle and Plato. (3) Scholasticism and Mysticism. (4) The Branches of Theological Science. (5) Distinguished Theologians. (6) Barlaam and Josaphat. Â§ 69. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES IN THE 12TH-14TH CENTURIES. (1) Dogmatic Questions. (2) The Hesychast Controversy, A.D. 1341-1351. Â§ 70. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP AND LIFE. (1) The Arsenian Schism, A.D. 1262-1312. (2) Public Worship. (3) Monasticism. (4) Endeavours at Reformation. Â§ 71. DUALISTIC HERETICS. (1) The Paulicians. (2) The Children of the Sun. (3) The Euchites. (4) The Bogomili. Â§ 72. THE NESTORIAN AND MONOPHYSITE CHURCHES OF THE EAST. (1) The Persian Nestorians. (2) Monophysite Churches. (3) The Maronites. (4) The Legend of Prester John. Â§ 73. THE SLAVONIC CHURCHES ADHERING TO THE ORTHODOX GREEK CONFESSION. (1) Slavs in the Greek Provinces. (2) The Chazari. (3) The Bulgarians. (4) The Russian Church. (5) Russian Sects. (6) Romish Efforts at Union. SECOND DIVISION. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN AND ROMAN CHURCH DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. Â§ 74. CHARACTER AND DIVISIONS OF THIS PERIOD OF THE DEVELOPMENT. (1) The Character of MediÃ¦val History. (2) Periods in the Church History of the German-Roman Middle Ages. FIRST SECTION. HISTORY OF THE GERMAN-ROMAN CHURCH FROM THE 4TH TO THE 9TH CENTURY (DOWN TO A.D. 911). I. Founding, Spread, and Limitation of the German Church. Â§ 75. CHRISTIANITY AND THE GERMANS. (1) The Predisposition of the Germans for Christianity. (2) Unopposed Adoption of Christianity. (3) Mode of Conversion in the Church of these Times. Â§ 76. THE VICTORY OF CATHOLICISM OVER ARIANISM. (1) The Goths in the lands of the Danube. (2) The Visigoths in Gaul and Spain. (3) The Vandals in Africa. (4) The Suevi. (5) The Burgundians. (6) The Rugians. (7) The Ostrogoths. (8) The Longobards in Italy. (9) The Franks in Gaul. Â§ 77. VICTORY OF THE ROMISH OVER THE OLD BRITISH CHURCH. (1) The Conversion of the Irish. (2) The Mission to Scotland. (3) The Peculiarities of the Celtic Church. (4) The Romish Mission to the Anglo-Saxons. (5) Celtic Missions among the Anglo-Saxons. (6) The Celtic Element Driven out of the Anglo-Saxon Church. (7) Spread and Overthrow of the British Church on the Continent. (8) Overthrow of the Old British System in the Iro-Scottish Church. Â§ 78. THE CONVERSION AND ROMANIZING OF GERMANY. (1) South-Western Germany. (2) South-Eastern Germany. (3) North-Western Germany. (4) The Missionary Work of Boniface. (5) The Organization Effected by Boniface. (6) Heresies Confronted by Boniface. (7) The End of Boniface. (8) An Estimate of Boniface. (9) The Conversion of the Saxons. Â§ 79. THE SLAVS IN GERMAN COUNTRIES. (1) The Carantanians and Avars. (2) The Moravian Church. (3) The Beginnings of Christianity in Bohemia. Â§ 80. THE SCANDINAVIAN NATIONS. (1) Ansgar. (2) Ansgarâs Successor--Rimbert. Â§ 81. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM. (1) Islam in Spain. (2) Islam in Sicily. II. THE HIERARCHY, THE CLERGY AND THE MONKS. Â§ 82. THE PAPACY AND THE CAROLINGIANS. (1) The Period of the Founding of the States of the Church. (2) Stephen III., A.D. 768-772. Hadrian I., A.D. 772-795. (3) Charlemagne and Leo III., A.D. 795-816. (4) Louis the Pious and the Popes of his Time. (5) The Sons of Louis the Pious and the Popes of their Days. (6) The Legend of the Female Pope Joanna. (7) Nicholas I. and Hadrian II. (8) John VIII. and his Successors. (9) The Papacy and the Nationalities. Â§ 83. THE RANK OF METROPOLITAN. (1) The Position of Metropolitans in General. (2) Hincmar of Rheims. (3) Metropolitans in other lands. Â§ 84. THE CLERGY IN GENERAL. (1) The Superior Clergy. (2) The Inferior Clergy. (3) Compulsory Celibacy. (4) Canonical life. Â§ 85. MONASTICISM. (1) Benedict of Nursia. (2) Benedict of Aniane. (3) Nunneries. (4) The Greater Monasteries. (5) Monastic Practices among the Clergy. (6) The Stylites. Â§ 86: THE PROPERTY OF CHURCHES AND MONASTERIES. (1) The Revenues of Churches and Monasteries. (2) The Benefice System. Â§ 87. ECCLESIASTICAL LEGISLATION. (1) Older Collections of Ecclesiastical Law. (2) The Collection of Decretals of the Pseudo-Isidore. (3) Details of the History of the Forgery. (4) The Edict and Donation of Constantine. III. THE CHURCH AND THE PEOPLE. Â§ 88. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND ART. (1) Liturgy and Preaching. (2) Church Music. (3) The Sacrifice of the Mass. (4) The Worship of Saints. (5) Times and Places for Public Worship. (6) Ecclesiastical Architecture and Painting. Â§ 89. NATIONAL CUSTOMS, SOCIAL LIFE AND CHURCH DISCIPLINE. (1) Superstition. (2) Popular Education. (3) Christian Popular Poetry. (4) Social Condition. (5) Practice of Pubic Law. (6) Church Discipline and Penitential Exercises. IV. THEOLOGY AND ITS BATTLES. Â§ 90. SCHOLARSHIP AND THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE. (1) Rulers of the Carolingian Line. Charlemagne, A.D. 768-814. Louis the Pious, A.D. 814-840. Charles the Bald, A.D. 840-877. (2) The most distinguished Theologians of the Pre-Carolingian Age. 1. Merovingian France. 2. South of the Pyrenees. 3. England. (3) The most distinguished Theologians of the Age of Charlemagne. 1. Alcuin. 2. Paulus Diaconus. 3. Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans. 4. Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia and Bishop Leidrad of Lyons. 5. Hatto, Abbot of Reichenau. (4) The most distinguished Theologians of the Age of Louis the Pious. 1. Agobard of Lyons. 2. Claudius, Bishop of Turin. 3. Jonas of Orleans. 4. Amalarius of Metz. 5. Christian Druthmar. 6. Rabanus Magnentius Maurus. 7. Walafrid Strabo. (5) The Most Distinguished Theologians of the Age of Charles the Bald. 1. Hincmar of Rheims. 2. Paschasius Radbertus. 3. Ratramnus. 4. Florus Magister. 5. Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt. 6. Servatus Lupus. 7. Remigius of Auxerre. 8. Regius of PrÃ¼m. (6) 9. Anastasius Bibliothecarius. 10. Eulogius of Cordova. (7) 11. Joannes Scotus Erigena. (8) The Monastic and Cathedral Schools. (9) Various Branches of Theological Science. 1. Exegesis. 2. Systematic Theology. 3. Practical Theology. 4. Historical Theology. (10) Anglo-Saxon Culture under Alfred the Great, A.D. 871-901. Â§ 91. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES. (1) The Adoptionist Controversy, A.D. 782-799. (2) Controversy about the Procession of the Holy Spirit. (3) The Eucharistic Controversy, A.D. 844. (4) Controversy about the Conception of the Virgin. (5) The Predestinarian Controversy A.D. 847-868. (6) The Trinitarian Controversy, A.D. 857. Â§ 92. ENDEAVOURS AFTER REFORMATION. (1) The Carolingian Opposition to Image Worship, A.D. 790-825. (2) Agobard of Lyons and Claudius of Turin. SECOND SECTION. HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH, FROM THE 10TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY. A.D. 911-1294. I. The Spread of Christianity. Â§ 93. MISSIONARY ENTERPRISES. (1) The Scandinavian Mission Field. (2) Denmark. (3) Sweden. (4) The Norwegians. (5) In the North-Western Group of Islands. (6) The Slavo-Magyar Mission-field. (7) The Poles. (8) Hungary. (9) The Wendish Races. (10) Pomerania. (11) Mission Work among the Finns and Lithuanians. (12) Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland. (13) The Prussians. (14) Lithuania. (15) The Mongolian Mission Field. (16) The Mission Field of Islam. Â§ 94. THE CRUSADES. (1) The First Crusade, A.D. 1096. (2) The Second Crusade, A.D. 1147. (3) The Third Crusade, A.D. 1189. (4) The Fourth Crusade, A.D. 1217. (5) The Fifth Crusade, A.D. 1228. (6) The Sixth, A.D. 1248, and Seventh, A.D. 1270, Crusades. Â§ 95. ISLAM AND THE JEWS IN EUROPE. (1) Islam in Sicily. (2) Islam in Spain. (3) The Jews in Europe. II.--The Hierarchy, the Clergy, and the Monks. Â§ 96. THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE GERMAN NATIONALITIES. (1) The Romish Pornocracy and the Emperor Otto I., â A.D. 973. (2) The Times of Otto II., III., A.D. 973-1002. (3) Otto III.; Pope Sylvester II. (4) From Henry II. to the Synod at Sutri, A.D. 1002-1046. (5) Henry III. and his German Popes, A.D. 1046-1057. (6) The Papacy under the Control of Hildebrand, A.D. 1057-1078. (7) Gregory VII., A.D. 1073-1085. (8) Gregoryâs Contention with Henry IV. (9) The Central Idea in Gregoryâs Policy. (10) Victor III. and Urban II., A.D. 1086-1099. (11) Paschalis II., Gelasius II., and Calixtus II., A.D. 1099-1124. (12) English Investiture Controversy. (13) The Times of Lothair III. and Conrad III., A.D. 1125-1152. (14) The Times of Frederick I. and Henry VI., A.D. 1152-1190. (15) Alexander III., A.D. 1159-1181. (16) The Times of King Henry II. and CÅlestine III., A.D. 1154-1198. (17) Innocent III., A.D. 1198-1216. (18) ---- Fourth Lateran Council of A.D. 1215. (19) The Times of Frederick II. and his Successors, A.D. 1215-1268. (20) Innocent IV. and his Successors, A.D. 1243-1268. (21) The Times of the House of Anjou down to Boniface VIII., A.D. 1288-1294. (22) Nicholas III. to CÅlestine V., A.D. 1277-1294. (23) Temporal Power of the Popes. Â§ 97. THE CLERGY. (1) The Roman College of Cardinals. (2) The Political Importance of the Superior Clergy. (3) The Bishops and the Cathedral Chapter. (4) Endeavours to Reform the Clergy. (5) The Pataria of Milan. Â§ 98. MONASTIC ORDERS AND INSTITUTIONS. (1) Offshoots of the Benedictines. 1. The Brethren of Clugny. 2. The Congregation of the Camaldolites. 3. The Order of Vallombrosa. 4. The Cistercians. 5. The Congregation of Scottish Monasteries. (2) New Monkish Orders. 1. The Order of Grammont. 2. The Order of St. Anthony. 3. The Order of Fontevraux. 4. The Order of the Gilbertines. 5. The Carthusian Order. 6. The Premonstratensian Order. 7. The Trinitarian Order. 8. The CÅlestine Order. (3) The Beginnings of the Franciscan Order down to A.D. 1219. (4) The Franciscans from A.D. 1219 to A.D. 1223. (5) The Franciscans from A.D. 1223. (6) Party Divisions within the Franciscan Order. (7) The Dominican or Preaching Order. (8) The Dominican Constitutional Rules. (9) The Female Orders. 1. Dominican Nuns. 2. Nuns of St. Clara. (10) The other Mendicant Orders. (11) Penitential Brotherhoods and Tertiaries of the Mendicant Orders. (12) Working Guilds of a Monkish Order. (13) The Spiritual Order of Knights. 1. The Templars. 2. The Knights of St. John. 3. The Order of Teutonic Knights. 4. The Knights of the Cross. (14) Bridge-Brothers and Mercedarians. III. Theological Science and its Controversies. Â§ 99. SCHOLASTICISM IN GENERAL. (1) Dialectic and Mysticism. (2) The Philosophical Basis of Dialectic Scholasticism. (3) The Nurseries of Scholasticism. (4) The Epochs of Scholasticism. (5) The Canon Law. (6) Historical Literature. Â§ 100. THE _SÃCULUM OBSCURUM_: THE 10TH CENTURY. (1) Classical Studies--Germany; England. (2) ---- Italy; France. Â§ 101. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. (1) The Most Celebrated Schoolmen of this Century. 1. Fulbert. 2. Berengar of Tours. 3. Lanfranc. 4. Hildebert of Tours. 5. Anselm of Canterbury. 6. Anselm of Laon. 7. William of Champeaux. 8. Guibert of Nogent. (2) Berengarâs Eucharist Controversy, A.D. 1050-1079. (3) Anselmâs Controversies. Â§ 102. THE TWELFTH CENTURY. (1) The Contest on French Soil. I. The Dialectic Side of the Gulf--Peter AbÃ¦lard. (2) ---- AbÃ¦lardâs Teachings. (3) II. The Mystic Side of the Gulf--St. Bernard of Clairvaux. (4) III. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Mysticism. (5) IV. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Dialectics. (6) The Controversy on German Soil. (7) Theologians of a Pre-eminently Biblical and Ecclesiastico-Practical Tendency. 1. Alger of LiÃ¨ge. 2. Rupert of Deutz. 3. HervÃ¦us. (8) 4. John of Salisbury. 5. Walter of St. Victor. 6. Innocent III. (9) Humanist Philosophers. Â§ 103. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. (1) The Writings of Aristotle and his Arabic Interpreters. (2) Theory of a twofold Truth. (3) The Appearance of the Mendicant Orders. (4) Distinguished Franciscan Schoolmen. (5) Distinguished Dominican Schoolmen--Albert the Great. (6) ---- Thomas Aquinas. (7) Reformers of the Scholastic Method--Raimund Lull. (8) ---- Roger Bacon. (9) Theologians of a Biblical and Practical Tendency. 1. CÃ¦sarius of Heisterbach. 2. William Peraldus. 3. Hugo of St. Caro. 4. Robert of Sorbon. 5. Raimund Martini. (10) Precursors of the German Speculative Mystics. IV. The Church and the People. Â§ 104. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND ART. (1) The Liturgy and the Sermon. (2) Definition and Number of the Sacraments. (3) The Sacrament of the Altar. (4) Penance. (5) Extreme Unction. (6) The Sacrament of Marriage. (7) New Festivals. (8) The Veneration of Saints. (9) St. Ursula and her 11,000 Virgins. (10) Hymnology. (11) Church Music. (12) Ecclesiastical Architecture. (13) Free Mason Lodges. (14) Statuary and Painting. Â§ 105. NATIONAL CUSTOMS AND THE NATIONAL LITERATURE. (1) Knighthood and the Peace of God. (2) Popular Customs. (3) Two Royal Saints. (4) Evidences of Sainthood. 1. Stigmatization. 2. Bilocation. (5) Religious Culture of the People. (6) The National Literature. Â§ 106. CHURCH DISCIPLINE, INDULGENCES, AND ASCETICISM. (1) Ban and Interdict. (2) Indulgences. (3) The Church Doctrine of the Hereafter. (4) Flagellation. Â§ 107. FEMALE MYSTICS. (1) Two Rhenish Prophetesses of the 12th Century. (2) Three Thuringian Prophetesses of the 13th Century. V. Heretical Opposition to Ecclesiastical Authority. Â§ 108. THE PROTESTERS AGAINST THE CHURCH. (1) The Cathari. (2) ---- Their Theological Systems. (3) The Pasagians. (4) Pantheistic Heretics. 1. Amalrich of Bena. 2. David of Dinant. 3. The Ortlibarians. (5) Apocalyptic Heretics. (6) Ghibelline Joachites. (7) Revolutionary Reformers. 1. The Petrobrusians. 2. Arnold of Brescia. (8) 3. The Pastorelles. 4. The Apostolic Brothers. (9) Reforming Enthusiasts. 1. Tanchelm. 2. Eon de Stella. (10) The Waldensians. 1. Their Origin. (11) 2. Their Divisions. (12) 3. Attempts at Catholicizing. (13) 4. The French Societies. (14) ---- An Alternate Origin. (15) 5. The Lombard-German Branch. (16) 6. Relations between the Waldensians and Older and Contemporary Sects. Â§ 109. THE CHURCH AGAINST THE PROTESTERS. (1) The Albigensian Crusade, A.D. 1209-1229. (2) The Inquisition. (3) Conrad of Marburg and the Stedingers. THIRD SECTION. HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH IN THE 14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES (A.D. 1294-1517). I. The Hierarchy, Clergy, and Monks. Â§ 110. THE PAPACY. (1) Boniface VIII. and Benedict XI., A.D. 1294-1304. (2) The Papacy during the Babylonian Exile, A.D. 1305-1377. (3) John XXII., A.D. 1316-1334. (4) Benedict XII., A.D. 1334-1342. (5) Innocent VI. to Gregory XI., A.D. 1352-1378. (6) The Papal Schism and the Council of Pisa, A.D. 1378-1410. (7) The Council of Constance and Martin V., A.D. 1410-1431. (8) Eugenius IV. and the Council of Basel, A.D. 1431-1449. (9) Pragmatic Sanction, A.D. 1438. (10) Nicholas V. to Pius II., A.D. 1447-1464. (11) Paul II., Sixtus IV. and Innocent VII., A.D. 1464-1492. (12) Alexander VI., A.D. 1492-1503. (13) Julius II., A.D. 1503-1513. (14) Leo X., A.D. 1513-1521. (15) Papal Claims to Sovereignty. (16) The Papal Curia. Â§ 111. THE CLERGY. (1) The Moral Condition of the Clergy. (2) Commendator Abbots. Â§ 112. MONASTIC ORDERS AND SOCIETIES. (1) The Benedictine Orders. (2) The Franciscans. (3) The Observants and Conventuals. (4) The Dominicans. (5) The Augustinians. (6) John von Staupitz. (7) Overthrow of the Templars. (8) New Orders. 1. Hieronymites. 2. Jesuates. 3. Minimi. 4. Nuns of St. Bridget. 5. Annunciate Order. (9) The Brothers of the Common Life. II. Theological Science. Â§ 113. SCHOLASTICISM AND ITS REFORMERS. (1) John Duns Scotus. (2) Thomists and Scotists. (3) Nominalists and Realists. (4) Casuistry. (5) The Founder of Natural Theology--Raimund of Sabunde. (6) Nicholas of Cusa. (7) Biblical and Practical Theologians. 1. Nicholas of Lyra. 2. Antonine of Florence. 3. John Trithemius. Â§ 114. THE GERMAN MYSTICS. (1) Meister Eckhart. (2) Mystics of Upper Germany after Eckhart. (3) The Friend of God in the Uplands. (4) Nicholas of Basel. (5) Henry Suso. (6) Henry of NÃ¶rdlingen. (7) Mystics of the Netherlands. 1. John of Ruysbroek. 2. Hendrik Mande. 3. Gerlach Peters. 4. Thomas Ã Kempis. III. The Church and the People. Â§ 115A. PUBLIC WORSHIP AND THE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE. (1) Fasts and Festivals. (2) Preaching. (3) The _Biblia Pauperum_. (4) The Bible in the Vernacular. (5) Catechisms and Prayer Books. (6) The Dance of Death. (7) Hymnology. (8) Church Music. (9) Legendary Relics. Â§ 115B. NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ECCLESIASTICAL ART. (10) The Italian National Literature. (11) The German National Literature. (12) The Sacred Drama. (13) Architecture and Painting. Â§ 116. POPULAR MOVEMENTS. (1) Two National Saints. (2) The Maid of Orleans, A.D. 1428-1431. (3) Lollards, Flagellants, and Dancers. (4) The Friends of God. (5) Pantheistic Libertine Societies. Â§ 117. CHURCH DISCIPLINE. (1) Indulgences. (2) The Inquisition. (3) The Bull â_In CÅna Domini_.â (4) Prosecution of Witches. IV. Attempts at Reformation. Â§ 118. ATTEMPTED REFORMS IN CHURCH POLITY. (1) The Literary War between Imperialists and Curialists in the 14th Century. (2) ---- Continued. (3) Reforming Councils of the 15th Century. (4) Friends of Reform in France during the 15th Century. 1. Peter dâAilly. 2. Jean Charlier (Gerson). 3. Nicholas of Clemanges. 4. Louis dâAleman. (5) Friends of Reform in Germany. 1. Henry of Langenstein. 2. Theodorich or Dietrich of Niem. 3. Gregory of Heimburg. 4. Jacob of JÃ¼terboyk [JÃ¼terbock]. 5. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa. 6. Felix Hemmerlin. 7. The Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund. (6) An Italian Apostate from the Basel Liberal Party--Ãneas Sylvius Piccolomini. (7) Reforms in Church Policy in Spain. Â§ 119. EVANGELICAL EFFORTS AT REFORM. (1) Wiclif and the Wiclifites. (2) Precursors of the Hussite Movement. 1. Conrad of Waldhausen. 2. John Milicz of Cremsier. 3. Matthias of Janow. (3) John Huss of Hussinecz. (4) ---- Rector of the University of Prague. (5) ---- Council of Constance; Trial; Execution. (6) ---- His Teachings. (7) Calixtines and Taborites. (8) The Bohemian and Moravian Brethren. (9) The Waldensians. 1. Lombard-German Waldensians. (9A) 2. French Waldensians. (10) The Dutch Reformers. 1. John Pupper of Goch. 2. John Ruchrath of Wesel. 3. John Wessel. 4. Nicholas Russ. (11) An Italian Reformer--Jerome Savonarola. Â§ 120. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING. (1) Italian Humanists. (2) German Humanism--University of Erfurt. (3) ---- Other Schools. (4) John Reuchlin. (5) _EpistolÃ¦ obscurorum virorum._ (6) Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. (7) Humanism in England. (8) Humanism in France and Spain. (9) Humanism and the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. THIRD DIVISION. History of the Development of the Church under Modern European Forms of Civilization. Â§ 121. CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF MODERN CHURCH HISTORY. FIRST SECTION. CHURCH HISTORY OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. I. The Reformation. Â§ 122. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE WITTENBERG REFORMATION. (1) Lutherâs Years of Preparation. (2) Lutherâs Theses of A.D. 1517. (3) Prierias, Cajetan, and Miltitz, A.D. 1518, 1519. (4) The Leipzig Disputation, A.D. 1519. (5) Philip Melanchthon. (6) George Spalatin. Â§ 123. LUTHERâS PERIOD OF CONFLICT, A.D. 1520, 1521. (1) Lutherâs Three Chief Reformation Writings, A.D. 1520. (2) The Papal Bull of Excommunication, A.D. 1520. (3) Erasmus, A.D. 1520. (4) Lutherâs Controversy with Emser, A.D. 1519-1521. (5) The Emperor Charles V. (6) The Diet at Worms, A.D. 1521. (7) Luther at Wittenberg after the Diet. (8) The Wartburg Exile, A.D. 1521, 1522. (9) The Attitude of Frederick the Wise to the Reformation. Â§ 124. DETERIORATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE WITTENBERG REFORMATION, A.D. 1522-1525. (1) The Wittenberg Fanaticism, A.D. 1521, 1522. (2) Franz von Sickingen, A.D. 1522, 1523. (3) Andrew Bodenstein of Carlstadt, A.D. 1524, 1525. (4) Thomas MÃ¼nzer, A.D. 1523, 1524. (5) The Peasant War, A.D. 1524, 1525. Â§ 125. FRIENDS AND FOES OF LUTHERâS DOCTRINE, A.D. 1522-1526. (1) Spread of Evangelical Views. (2) âThe Sum of Holy Scriptureâ and its Author. (3) Henry VIII. and Erasmus. (4) Thomas Murner. (5) â_Onus ecclesiÃ¦._â Â§ 126. DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORMATION IN THE EMPIRE, A.D. 1522-1526. (1) The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1522, 1523. (2) The Diet at Nuremberg, A.D. 1524. (3) The Convention at Regensburg, A.D. 1524. (4) The Evangelical Nobles, A.D. 1524. (5) The Torgau League, A.D. 1526. (6) The Diet of Spires, A.D. 1526. Â§ 127. ORGANIZATION OF THE EVANGELICAL PROVINCIAL CHURCHES, A.D. 1526-1529. (1) The Organization of the Church of the Saxon Electorate, A.D. 1527-1529. (2) The Organization of the Hessian Churches, A.D. 1526-1528. (3) Organization of other German Provincial Churches, A.D. 1528-1530. (4) The Reformation in the Cities of Northern Germany, A.D. 1524-1531. Â§ 128. MARTYRS FOR EVANGELICAL TRUTH, A.D. 1521-1529. Â§ 129. LUTHERâS PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIFE, A.D. 1523-1529. (1) Lutherâs Literary Works. (2) DÃ¶llingerâs View of Luther. Â§ 130. THE REFORMATION IN GERMAN SWITZERLAND, A.D. 1519-1531. (1) Ulrich Zwingli. (2) The Reformation in ZÃ¼rich, A.D. 1519-1525. (3) Reformation in Basel, A.D. 1520-1525. (4) The Reformation in the other Cantons, A.D. 1520-1525. (5) Anabaptist Outbreak, A.D. 1525. (6) Disputation at Baden, A.D. 1526. (7) Disputation at Bern, A.D. 1528. (8) Complete Victory of the Reformation at Basel, St. Gall, and Schaffhausen, A.D. 1529. (9) The first Treaty of Cappel, A.D. 1529. (10) The Second Treaty of Cappel, A.D. 1531. Â§ 131. THE SACRAMENTARIAN CONTROVERSY, A.D. 1525-1529. Â§ 132. THE PROTEST AND CONFESSION OF THE EVANGELICAL NOBLES, A.D. 1527-1530. (1) The Pack Incident, A.D. 1527, 1528. (2) The Emperorâs Attitude, A.D. 1527-1529. (3) The Diet at Spires, A.D. 1529. (4) The Marburg Conference, A.D. 1529. (5) The Convention of Schwabach and the Landgrave Philip. (6) The Diet of Augsburg, A.D. 1530. (7) The Augsburg Confession, 25th June, A.D. 1530. (8) The Conclusions of the Diet of Augsburg. Â§ 133. INCIDENTS OF THE YEARS A.D. 1531-1536. (1) The Founding of the Schmalcald League, A.D. 1530, 1531. (2) The Peace of Nuremberg, A.D. 1532. (3) The Evangelization of WÃ¼rttemberg, A.D. 1534, 1535. (4) The Reformation in Anhalt and Pomerania, A.D. 1532-1534. (5) The Reformation in Westphalia, A.D. 1532-1534. (6) Disturbances at MÃ¼nster, A.D. 1534, 1535. (7) Extension of the Schmalcald league, A.D. 1536. (8) The Wittenberg Concordat of A.D. 1536. Â§ 134. INCIDENTS OF THE YEARS A.D. 1537-1539. (1) The Schmalcald Articles, A.D. 1537. (2) The League of Nuremberg, A.D. 1538. (3) The Frankfort Interim, A.D. 1539. (4) The Reformation in Albertine Saxony, A.D. 1539. (5) The Reformation in Brandenburg and Neighbouring States, A.D. 1539. Â§ 135. UNION ATTEMPTS OF A.D. 1540-1546. (1) The Double Marriage of the Landgrave, A.D. 1540. (2) The Religious Conference at Worms, A.D. 1540. (3) The Religious Conference at Regensburg, A.D. 1541. (4) The Regensburg Declaration, A.D. 1541. (5) The Naumburg Bishopric, A.D. 1541, 1542. (6) The Reformation in Brunswick and the Palatinate, A.D. 1542-1546. (7) The Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne, A.D. 1542-1544. (8) The Emperorâs Difficulties, A.D. 1543, 1544. (9) Diet at Spires, A.D. 1544. (10) Differences between the Emperor and the Protestant Nobles, A.D. 1545, 1546. (11) Lutherâs Death, A.D. 1546. Â§ 136. THE SCHMALCALD WAR, THE INTERIM, AND THE COUNCIL, A.D. 1546-1551. (1) Preparations for the Schmalcald War, A.D. 1546. (2) The Campaign on the Danube, A.D. 1546. (3) The Campaign on the Elbe, A.D. 1547. (4) The Council of Trent, A.D. 1545-1547. (5) The Augsburg Interim, A.D. 1548. (6) The Execution of the Interim. (7) The Leipzig or Little Interim, A.D. 1549. (8) The Council again at Trent, A.D. 1551. Â§ 137A. MAURICE AND THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG A.D. 1550-1555. (1) The State of Matters in A.D. 1550. (2) The Elector Maurice, A.D. 1551. (3) The Compact of Passau, A.D. 1552. (4) Death of Maurice, A.D. 1553. (5) The Religious Peace of Augsburg, A.D. 1555. Â§ 137B. GERMANY AFTER THE RELIGIOUS PEACE. (6) The Worms Consultation, A.D. 1557. (7) Second Attempt at Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne, A.D. 1582. (8) The German Emperors, A.D. 1556-1612. Â§ 138. THE REFORMATION IN FRENCH SWITZERLAND. (1) Calvinâs Predecessors, A.D. 1526-1535. (2) Calvin before his Genevan Ministry. (3) Calvinâs First Ministry in Geneva, A.D. 1536-1538. (4) Calvinâs Second Ministry in Geneva, A.D. 1541-1564. (5) Calvinâs Writings. (6) Calvinâs Doctrine. (7) The Victory of Calvinism over Zwinglianism. (8) Calvinâs Successor in Geneva. Â§ 139. THE REFORMATION IN OTHER LANDS. (1) Sweden. (2) Denmark and Norway. (3) Courland, Livonia, and Esthonia. (4) England--Henry VIII. (5) ---- Edward VI. (6) ---- Elizabeth. (7) Ireland. (8) Scotland. (9) ---- John Knox. (10) ---- Queen Mary Stuart. (11) ---- John Knox and Queen Mary Stuart. (12) The Netherlands. (13) France. ---- Francis I. ---- Henry II. (14) ---- Huguenots. ---- Francis II. ---- Charles IX. (15) ---- Persecution of the Huguenots. (16) ---- The Bloody Marriage--Massacre of St. Bartholomew. (17) ---- Henry III. ---- Henry IV. ---- Edict of Nantes. (18) Poland. (19) Bohemia and Moravia. (20) Hungary and Transylvania. (21) Spain. (22) Italy. (23) ---- Aonio Paleario. (24) 1. Bernardino Ochino. 2. Peter Martyr Vermilius. 3. Peter Paul Vergerius. 4. CÅlius Secundus Curio. 5. Galeazzo Carraccioli. 6. Fulvia Olympia Morata. (25) The Protestantizing of the Waldensians. (26) Attempt at Protestantizing the Eastern Church. II. The Churches of the Reformation. Â§ 140. THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. Â§ 141. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES IN THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. (1) The Antinomian Controversy, A.D. 1537-1541. (2) The Osiander Controversy, A.D. 1549-1556. (3) Ãpinus Controversy; Kargian Controversy. (4) The Philippists and their Opponents. (5) The Adiaphorist Controversy, A.D. 1548-1555. (6) The Majorist Controversy, A.D. 1551-1562. (7) The Synergistic Controversy, A.D. 1555-1567. (8) The Flacian Controversy about Original Sin, A.D. 1560-1575. (9) The Lutheran Doctrine of the Lordâs Supper. (10) Cryptocalvinism in its First Stage, A.D. 1552-1574. (11) The Frankfort Compact, A.D. 1558, and the Naumburg Assembly of Princes, A.D. 1561. (12) The Formula of Concord, A.D. 1577. (13) Second Stage of Cryptocalvinism, A.D. 1586-1592. (14) The Huber Controversy, A.D. 1588-1595. (15) The Hofmann Controversy in Helmstadt, A.D. 1598. Â§ 142. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, LIFE, AND SCIENCE IN THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. (1) The Ecclesiastical Constitution. (2) Public Worship and Art. (3) Church Song--Luther and early Authors. (4) ---- Later Authors.
{'title': 'Church History (Volumes 1-3) by J. H. Kurtz', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}