Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs. May 20, 1963 The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México BY TICUL ALVAREZ UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1963 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing. * An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows: Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950. *Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951. *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951. 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951. Index. Pp. 651-681. *Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951. Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953. *Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952. Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955. Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956. Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955. 2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955. 3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955. 4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956. 5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956. 7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956. 8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956. 9. Extension of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956. 10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957. 11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957. 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958. 13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958. 14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958. 15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958. 16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959. 17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus montanus. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables. August 1, 1959. 18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January 14, 1960. 19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960. 20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960. 22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960. 23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960. Index. Pp. 671-690. (Continued on inside of back cover) UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs. May 20, 1963 The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México BY TICUL ALVAREZ UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1963 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs. Published May 20, 1963 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1963 29-4228 The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México BY TICUL ALVAREZ CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 365 PHYSIOGRAPHY 366 CLIMATE 368 AFFINITIES OF TAMAULIPAN MAMMALS 370 PLANT-MAMMAL RELATIONSHIPS 371 BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF MOVEMENT 376 HISTORY OF MAMMALOGY 379 CONSERVATION 381 METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 384 GAZETTEER 386 CHECK-LIST 388 ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES 393 LITERATURE CITED 467 INTRODUCTION From Tamaulipas, the northeasternmost state in the Mexican Republic, 146 kinds of mammals, belonging to 72 genera, are here reported. Mammals that are strictly marine in habit are not included. The state is crossed in its middle by the Tropic of Cancer. Elevations vary from sea level on the Golfo de México to more than 2700 meters in the Sierra Madre Oriental; most of the state is below 300 meters in elevation. Its area is 79,602 square kilometers (30,732 square miles). Tamaulipas, meaning "lugar en que hay montes altos" (place of high mountains), was explored in 1516 by the Spaniard Francisco Fernández de Córdoba, but it was not until the 18th century that José de Escandón established several villages in the new province of Nueva Santender from which, in the time of Iturbide's Empire, Tamaulipas was separated as a distinct political entity, with about the same boundaries that it now has. My first contact with the state of Tamaulipas, as a mammalogist, was in 1957, when in company with Dr. Bernardo Villa R. I visited the Cueva del Abra in the southern part of the state. On several occasions since then I have been in the state, especially when employed by the Dirección General de Caza of the Mexican Government. In 1960-1962 I had the opportunity of studying the mammalian fauna of Tamaulipas at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. The approximately 2000 specimens there represent many critical localities, but are not sufficient to make this report as complete as could be desired. Consequently the following account should be considered as a contribution to the knowledge of the mammals of México and is offered in the hope that it will stimulate future studies of the Mexican fauna, especially that of the eastern region. PHYSIOGRAPHY Tamaulipas can be divided into three physiographic regions, which from east to west are Gulf Coastal Plain, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Central Plateau or Mexican Plateau (Fig. 1). Gulf Coastal Plain This physiographic region covers most of the state and extends northward into Texas and a short distance southward into Veracruz. According to Tamayo (1949) and Vivo (1953), the Gulf Coastal Plain is formed by sedimentary rocks from Mesozoic to Pleistocene in age. The most common type of soil is Rendzin, especially in the coastal area. Elevations range from sea level to 300 meters. The area is in general a flat plain inclined to the sea but this plain is broken by several small sierras. The more important of these are the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which rises to more than 1000 meters, and the Sierra San Carlos, which has a maximum elevation of approximately 1670 meters. The Sierra de San José de las Rucias is smaller. Sierra Madre Oriental This physiographic region is represented in Tamaulipas by a small part of the long Sierra Madre Oriental that extends from the Big Bend area in Texas southward to the Trans-volcanic Belt of central México. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the southwestern part of Tamaulipas. The Sierra was formed by folding of the Middle and Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits that now are 400 to 2700 meters in elevation. In general, the soils are Chernozems. This physiographic region is situated between the other two physiographic regions in Tamaulipas and represents a barrier to the distribution of some tropical mammals on the one hand and to those from the Mexican Plateau on the other. [Illustration: FIG. 1. Three physiographic regions: 1 Coastal Plain; 2 Sierra Madre Oriental; 3 Central Plateau.] Central Plateau This physiographic region, commonly termed the Mexican Plateau, occupies only a small area of Tamaulipas in its southwesternmost part. The plateau is approximately 900 meters above sea level. In general, the Mexican Plateau was formed by Cretaceous sediments. The most common type of soil is Chestnut. CLIMATE Owing to the differences in elevations and varying distances from the sea, the climate of Tamaulipas is varied. Tamayo (1949), following the Koeppen System, assigned to Tamaulipas 10 different climate types that result principally from differences in temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Temperature The annual mean temperature for the lands less than 1000 meters in elevation, which make up most of the state, is between 20° and 25° C.; and the difference in monthly means is 5° C. In the areas above 1000 meters, the annual mean is between 15° and 20° C., and the difference in the monthly means is 15° C. The maximum temperature recorded in the state is 45° C. in the region of Ciudad Victoria, between the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra San Carlos, and the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Minima recorded are between O° and 5° C. on the southeastern coast, O° to -5° C. between 98° 20´ long. and 99° 00´ long., and -5° to -10° C. in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Precipitation Rainfall varies seasonally and can be described as follows: In January it amounts to 25 to 50 mm. in the coastal region and 10 to 25 mm. in the rest of the state. In April there is more than 25 mm. to the north of about 23° north latitude, 10 to 25 mm. in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental, and less than 10 mm. in the extreme southwestern part of the state. In July rainfall amounts to less than 25 mm. in Nuevo Laredo and San Fernando, is from 25 to 50 mm. in the northeastern and central parts of the state, 50 to 100 mm. in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra Madre Oriental, and 100 to 200 mm. in the area south of Soto la Marina and east of the Sierra Madre Oriental. In October rainfall is less than 50 mm. in the northern half of the state, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, and 50 to 100 mm. in the rest of the state, except on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental and in the area near Tampico, which receive between 100 and 200 mm. The number of rainy days per year varies from 60 to 90 at Sierra San Carlos, Sierra Madre Oriental, and in the lowlands south of 23° north latitude; the rest of the state has about 60 rainy days, excepting the Mexican Plateau, which has fewer than 60. Although Tamayo (1949) followed the Koeppen System in classifying types of climate and thereby recognized 10 different kinds of climate in Tamaulipas, these can be grouped into three major categories as follows: Steppe Dry Climate (Clima Seco de Estepa) This kind of climate can be divided into two categories based on the average annual temperature. _Warm_ The average annual temperature exceeds 18° C. but the mean of the coolest month is less than 18° C. This sub-climate is characterized by a short rainy season in summer and occurs on the west side of the southern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental and on the Mexican Plateau; it occurs also in the area northwest of Reynosa and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental but in these areas the rainfall is irregularly distributed in the year. _Cool_ The average annual temperature is less than 18° C. but the mean of the warmest month exceeds 18° C. This sub-climate occurs only on the west side of the northern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Moderate Rainy Temperature Climate (Clima Templado Moderato Lluvioso) This type of climate is characterized by the coolest month having a temperature of between -3° and 18° C. In the northeastern and central parts of Tamaulipas, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Gómez Farías, Rancho Pano Ayuctle, and Llera, the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C.; the winters are dry and not rigorous, and the wettest month has ten times as much rain as the driest. In the Sierra San Carlos the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C., and the rainy season is in the autumn. Tropical Rainy Climate (Clima Tropical Lluvioso) This climate is characterized by the average temperature of all months being above 18° C. and the mean-annual rainfall being above 75 cm. According to the distribution of precipitation this type of climate can be divided into: (1) areas having periodic rain and wet winters (southeastern Tamaulipas, south of 22° north latitude and east of 99° west longitude), and (2) areas having an irregular rainy season and dry winters (area around Ciudad Mante, between 99° 30´ and 98° 30´ west longitude and south of 22° 30´ north latitude). AFFINITIES OF TAMAULIPAN MAMMALS Owing to the differences in climate from one region to another, the flora and fauna also differ, especially in the southern part of the state as compared with the northern part. For expressing the taxonomic resemblance of mammalian faunas having nearly equal numbers of taxa, Burt (1959:139) recommended the following formula: C × 100/(N_{1} + N_{2} - C) (where C is the number of taxa common to the two faunas, N_{1} is the number of taxa in the smaller fauna, and N_{2} is the number of taxa in the larger fauna). For non-flying mammals the resemblance of the Tamaulipan fauna to that of Texas, adjacent to the north, and Veracruz, adjacent to the south, is as follows: _Genera._--Texas 65 per cent, Veracruz 60 per cent. _Species._--Texas 45 per cent, Veracruz 39 per cent. For bats the resemblance of the Tamaulipan fauna to those of Texas and Veracruz is as follows: _Genera._--Texas 40 per cent, Veracruz 51 per cent. _Species._--Texas 24, Veracruz 39. TABLE 1.--NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES OF NON-INTRODUCED LAND MAMMALS IN THREE STATES. ==========+===========================+=========================== | Number of taxa | Number of taxa in common +-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- | genera | species | genera | species ----------+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----+--------+---- States |non-bats|bats|non-bats|bats|non-bats|bats|non-bats|bats ----------+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----+--------+---- Texas | 51 | 12 | 103 | 25 | 39 | 10 | 58 | 12 Tamaulipas| 48 | 23 | 83 | 36 | .. | .. | .. | .. Veracruz | 53 | 36 | 94 | 60 | 38 | 20 | 50 | 27 ----------+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----+--------+---- For all of the land mammals of Tamaulipas, the resemblance is as follows: _Genera._--Texas 58, Veracruz 57. _Species._--Texas 40, Veracruz 39. On the whole, the fauna of Tamaulipas resembles faunas of both the Brazilian Subregion and the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion (see Hershkovitz, 1958:611). Considering the 48 genera of non-flying land mammals of Tamaulipas, 24 genera occur in habitats from the North American part through habitats of northern México into the Brazilian Subregion. Of the remaining 24 genera, 16 occur in the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion or in it and the part of northern México north of the Brazilian boundary, whereas eight occur in the Brazilian Subregion or in it and the northern part of México. None occurs only in Tamaulipas or only in northern México. The non-flying fauna of the coastal plain east of the Sierra Madre Oriental and south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina is mainly tropical in affinities; only 27 per cent of that fauna (at the subspecific level) resembles the fauna north of Soto la Marina, which is Nearctic in its affinities. The fauna of the Sierra de Tamaulipas has a greater taxonomic resemblance (20.4 per cent at subspecific level) to that of the Sierra Madre Oriental, than does the fauna of the Sierra San Carlos (17.6 per cent). Taxonomic resemblance between the faunas from the Sierra San Carlos and the Sierra de Tamaulipas amounts to only 16.1 per cent. Therefore, the faunas of these two Sierras (both are included in the same zoogeographic unit) resemble each other less than either resembles the fauna of the Sierra Madre Oriental (in another zoogeographic unit). Of the three sierran faunas, those of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra de Tamaulipas have most in common. Migration from one to the other in relative recent time may account for the resemblance. The Sierra San Carlos may have been isolated for a long time and interchange between its fauna and those of the other two sierras, therefore, may have been slight. Study of the taxonomic resemblance shows that the dividing line, in eastern México, between Nearctic and Neotropical faunas is along the eastern base of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the southern base of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and thence to the coast at or near Soto la Marina. PLANT-MAMMAL RELATIONSHIPS Merriam (1898) assigned to Tamaulipas four Life-zones. There were: Transitional on the highest elevations of the Sierra Madre; Upper Austral at lower elevations on the Sierra Madre; Lower Austral over most of the state; and Tropical in the coastal areas. Dice (1943) outlined Biotic Provinces on a map of North America and in the northern part of Tamaulipas showed two Biotic Provinces, Tamaulipan and Potosian. He did not show the southeastern limits of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province nor any of the limits of the Veracruzian Biotic Province and in text mentioned nothing about the limits of these two provinces with reference to Tamaulipas. Later, Goldman and Moore (1946) divided Tamaulipas in three Biotic Provinces: Tamaulipas, Sierra Madre, and Veracruz. Still later (1949), Smith published a map of Mexican Biotic Provinces based on the herpetofauna of the Republic. He divided Tamaulipas among four Provinces. Two were Nearctic (Austro-oriental and Tamaulipan) and the other two were Neotropical (Veracruzian and Cordoban). Leopold (1950 and 1959) recognized five principal vegetational types in Tamaulipas as follows: Mesquite-grassland; Pine-oak Forest; Thorn Forest; Tropical Deciduous Forest; and Desert. For dealing with the mammals of Tamaulipas in the following accounts the four Biotic Provinces (Tamaulipan, Potosian, Veracruzian, and Chihuahuan) of Dice are the most useful. For dealing with types of vegetation in the accounts that follow, Leopold's (1950) system is employed although reference is made to other associations and formations that have been reported in Tamaulipas. Tamaulipan Biotic Province This Province is recognized by most authors who have written about the zoogeography of México. It is the most extensive in the state and includes the northern part of the Coastal Plain (see Fig. 2). The vegetation of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province is in general Mesquite-grassland but in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra de Tamaulipas other types of vegetation are found. Two formations occur in the Mesquite-grassland. The first is the Mesquite Scrub, in which the dominant plant is the mesquite (_Prosopis juliflora_), associated with _Cordia boissieri_, several species of _Acacia_, and in some areas with _Opuntia_ and _Yucca treculeana_. The dominant grasses are of the genera _Bouteloua_ and _Andropogon_. The second formation is the Gulf Bluestem Prairie, where species of _Andropogon_ are the dominants on the well-drained sites. Sloughs and depressions are occupied by cordgrass, _Spartina spartinae_. Many areas have been invaded by mesquite and other shrubs. [Illustration: FIG. 2. Four biotic provinces: 1 Tamaulipan; 2 Potosian; 3 Chihuahuan; 4 Veracruzian.] Around the Sierra de Tamaulipas and in the area between it and the Sierra San Carlos the vegetation is Thorn Forest (Tropical Thorn Forest of Martin _et al._, 1954), in which the dominant plants are _Acacia_, _Ichthyomethia_, _Ipomea_, _Prosopis_, and _Cassia_. Another type of vegetation in the Sierra de Tamaulipas is the Tropical Deciduous Forest at 300 to 700 meters elevation, the trees of which are 20 meters high with a canopy averaging eight meters high (Martin _et al._, _op. cit._). The common species of trees belong to the genera _Tabebuia_, _Ipomea_, _Bombax_, and _Conzattia_. Species of _Bursera_, _Acacia_, and _Cassia_ are less abundant. In the low canyons _Bursera_, _Ceiba_, and _Psidium_, draped with lianas and various epiphytes, can be found. The Pine-oak Formation grows above an elevation of 800 meters in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and is characterized by _Pinus cembroides_, _P. nelsonii_, _P. teocote_, and _Quercus arizonica_. Martin _et al._ (_op. cit._) recorded Montane Scrub from the dry areas, between elevations of 600 and 900 meters. That scrub is formed by huisaches (_Acacia farnesiana_) along with a few oaks and some trees of the Tropical Deciduous Forest. The vegetation of the Sierra San Carlos was studied by Dice (1937) and divided into three life belts, each with several associations. For more information about the plants of each association and their related mammals see the publication of the mentioned author. Endemic mammals of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province, in the part of it that is in Tamaulipas, are the following: _Scalopus inflatus_; _Lepus californicus curti_; _Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus_; _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_; _Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus_; and _Sigmodon hispidus solus_. Other characteristic mammals of this Province in the state of Tamaulipas are: _Sylvilagus floridanus connectens_; _S. audubonii parvulus_; _Lepus californicus merriami_; _Perognathus merriami merriami_; _Dipodomys ordii compactus_; _Orzomys melanotis carrorum_; _Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius_; _Peromyscus boylii ambiguus_; _Canis latrans texensis_; _C. l. microdon_; _C. lupus monstrabilis_; _Taxidea taxus berlandieri_; _Mephitis mephitis varians_; _Felis pardalis albescens_; _Trichechus manatus latirostris_; and _Odocoileus virginianus texanus_. Many other kinds of mammals occur mainly in the Tamaulipan Province but are not listed above because they occur also in one or more of the other provinces. The Sierra de Tamaulipas is placed in the Tamaulipan Biotic Province because the fauna, especially of non-flying mammals, is closely related to that of the rest of the Province. Nevertheless, many mammals found in this Sierra are tropical in relationship. This is especially true of the bats. Therefore, most of the tropical bats that occur in Tamaulipas occur in the Veracruzian Biotic Province and in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Potosian Biotic Province This Province occupies all of the Sierra Madre Oriental and, therefore, the southwestern part of the state. The vegetation in general is Pine-oak Forest, in which the most common trees are _Abies religiosa_, _Pinus flexilis_, _P. patula_, _P. montezumae_, _P. teocote_, _Populus tremuloides_, _Juniperus flaccida_, _Quercus arizonica_, _Q. clivicola_ and _Q. polymorpha_. In his study of plants of the Gómez Farías area, Martin (1958) recorded several different types of vegetation, which in part can be placed in the Potosian Biotic Province, especially those types that occur to the northwest of the Cloud Forest. In addition to the Cloud Forest, Martin recognized Humid Pine-oak Forest, Dry Oak-pine Forest, Chaparral, Thorn Forest and Scrub, and Thorn Desert. The only mammal endemic to the Potosian Province in Tamaulipas is _Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis_. Other mammals that occur mainly in this Province are: _Sorex saussurei_; _Notiosorex crawfordi_; _Glaucomys volans herreranus_; _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_; _Perognathus nelsoni_; _Liomys irroratus alleni_; _Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus_; _Microtus mexicanus subsimus_; _Ursus americanus eremicus_; _Conepatus leuconotus texensis_; and _Odocoileus hemionus_. The fauna of this Province is a mixture of elements with tropical affinities on the east side of the Sierra Madre and with those of the Mexican Plateau on the west side. Chihuahuan Biotic Province This Province occurs in Tamaulipas only in a small portion of the Central Plateau physiographic region and occupies the southwesternmost part of the state. The vegetation is of two types: Desert or Mesquite-grassland. The last is like that described for the Tamaulipan Biotic Province. In the Desert type the dominant plants are the cactus, _Opuntia leptocaulis_, and yuccas, _Yucca filifera_ and _Y. potosina_. Subdominants are mariola, guayule, _Agave lechugilla_, _A. stricta_ or _Larrea divaricata_. Along stream banks mesquite, _Prosopis juliflora_, can be found. No endemic mammals of the Chihuahuan Province are known in Tamaulipas. Mammals that occur principally in this Province are: _Dipodomys merriami atronasus_; _D. ordii durranti_; _Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus_; _P. difficilis petricola_; _Onychomys torridus subrufus_; and _Neotoma albigula subsolana_. Veracruzian Biotic Province This Province includes the southern part of the Coastal Plain physiographic region, south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina. But the exact line between this Province and the Tamaulipan Province to the north is difficult to draw. The northern boundary of the Veracruzian Province is the line between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions in eastern México. Vegetation of most of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is Tropical Deciduous Forest. This Forest is made up of _Tabebuia_, _Ipomea_, _Bombax_, and _Conzattia_, along with some _Ceiba_, _Bursera_, and _Psidium_. The mammalia fauna of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is tropical in nature. This is especially true of the bats. Representatives of the tropical genera _Micronycteris_, _Sturnira_, _Artibeus_, _Enchistenes_, _Desmodus_, _Diphylla_, and _Molossus_ have their northern distributional limits in this Province. The non-flying mammals characteristic of the Province in Tamaulipas are: _Philander opossum pallidus_; _Marmosa mexicana_; _Ateles geoffroyi velerosus_; _Geomys tropicalis_; _Oryzomys melanotis rostratus_; _O. alfaroi huastecae_; _O. fulvescens engracie_ (endemic to this Province in Tamaulipas); _O. f. fulvescens_; _Reithrodontomys mexicanus_; _Peromyscus orchraventer_ (endemic); _Neotoma micropus angustapalata_; _Eira barbara senex_; _Felis wiedii oaxacensis_; and _Mazama americana temama_. BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF MOVEMENT The distributional patterns and affinities of the mammalian fauna of Tamaulipas suggest possible routes of migration and barriers that limited or controlled movements of the mammals. Mammals may have reached Tamaulipas by way of a Northern route, a Trans-plateau route, a Montane route, or a Tropical route (Fig 3). The Northern route permitted species of mammals from the temperate region to the north to enter the Tamaulipan Biotic Province from or via Texas. Several came from the Great Plains, and a few came from the eastern part of the United States. Also, a few mammals that may have originated in the Tamaulipan Province moved northwards. Some of these, according to Dice (1937:267) were _Liomys irroratus texensis_, _Peromyscus leucopus texensis_, and _Lepus californicus merriami_. Other mammals thought to have moved north by this route are _Didelphis marsupialis_, _Dasypus novemcinctus_, _Oryzomys palustris_, _Nasua narica_, and _Tayassu tajacu_. Some mammals that passed through Tamaulipas into Texas have extended their geographic ranges far north of Texas. Mammals that came _via_ the Trans-plateau route (name proposed by Baker, 1956:146) came no farther into Tamaulipas than the Chihuahuan Biotic Province. They encountered the barrier formed by the Sierra Madre Oriental. These mammals were listed in the account of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province. The route that Baker (1956:146) termed the "Southern Route" I here term the Montane route because I think it was used for movement southward as well as northward. [Illustration: FIG. 3. Routes of movement: 1 Northern; 2 Trans-Plateau; 3 Montane; 4 Tropical.] The Montane route was used by mammals of boreal affinities (_Microtus_ and _Neotoma_), that moved into Tamaulipas from the north; also in this category are bats of the family Vespertilionidae. For movement from south to north, the route was used by several species native to México, for example, _Cratogeomys castanops_. The seaward slope of the montane area has enabled some tropical mammals to move farther north than they have done at higher and lower elevations. _Philander opossum_ seems to be an example. The fourth route, the Tropical one, was used by mammals of tropical origin. Most moved into Tamaulipas only as far as the Veracruzian Biotic Province. The principal mammals that have used this route are the bats and marsupials, but _Sylvilagus brasiliensis_, _Ateles geoffroyi_, _Heterogeomys hispidus_, _Eira barbara_, and _Mazama americana_ also can be included here. Some tropical mammals, as was pointed out previously, not only reached Tamaulipas but have moved through the state and far northward. The major barriers to dispersal of mammals in Tamaulipas are three (see Fig. 2). Two of them, the Río Grande Barrier and the Sierra Madre Barrier, are physiographical, but the Tropical Barrier is maintained by a combination of environmental factors. The three barriers separate the four Biotic Provinces in Tamaulipas. The Sierra Madre Oriental, which forms the Potosian Biotic Province, lies between the Tamaulipan and Chihuahuan provinces. The Tropical barrier separates the Tamaulipan and Veracruzian biotic provinces. The Río Grande, as was pointed out by R. H. Baker (1956:146), has low banks, is relatively shallow, and does not form an effective barrier for most mammals. For only two species, insofar as I know, has the Río Grande constituted a barrier. _Cratogeomys castanops_ has not entered southeastern Texas from México, and _Spermophilus spilosoma_ has not entered México from southeastern Texas except on the coastal barrier beach. Alvarez (1962:124) postulated that the beach was the route by which _S. spilosoma_ arrived at La Pesca where the barrier beach meets the mainland. The Sierra Madre Barrier is a good filter for some small mammals, especially for those that occur on the Mexican Plateau and those of tropical origin. The mammals that occur on each side of the Sierra are listed in accounts of the Chihuahuan (west side), Veracruzian and Tamaulipan (east side) biotic provinces. The Tropical Barrier is formed mainly by a climatic complex (probably a change in temperature and rainfall) in the coastal region at or about the latitude of Soto la Marina, where no geographic barrier is found. In the western and central part of the Tropical Barrier, the climatic factor is supported by a geographic factor. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the west and the Sierra de Tamaulipas is in the center. The several mammals that are affected by this barrier are listed in the accounts of the Veracruzian and Tamaulipan biotic provinces. A peculiar pattern of distribution is that presented by _Scalopus inflatus_ and _Geomys tropicalis_. Both are the only known species of their genera in northeastern México. Each is isolated from other species of its genus. The nearest known record of _Scalopus_ is 45 miles northward and the nearest record of _Geomys_ is approximately 165 miles northward. A possible explanation for the distribution of these two kinds is that each was widely distributed in one of the glacial periods and when the glacier receded to the north these animals remained in Tamaulipas, where they evolved and formed distinct species. The two species, _G. tropicalis_ and _S. inflatus_, are fossorial and for this reason probably were able to resist inhospitable climates better than non-burrowing species. HISTORY OF MAMMALOGY In Tamaulipas the first exploration directed in substantial measure toward finding out about the mammalian fauna, at least as far as I know, was made by Dr. L. Berlandier, who traveled mainly in the northern half of the state. His collections provided specimens of several previously unknown mammals, which were described by Baird (1858). The original manuscript of Berlandier never has been published. About 1880 Dr. E. Palmer collected mammals in the southern part of Tamaulipas, in the area around Tampico. The results of his exploration were reported by J. A. Allen (1881). E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman twice collected in Tamaulipas (Goldman, 1951). In 1898 they visited and collected mammals in the southern part of the state, around Tampico, Altamira, Victoria, Forlón, and Miquihuana. In 1901-1902 they visited the area between Nuevo Laredo and Bagdad, then went south to Soto la Marina and Victoria. From their collections several species and subspecies have been described. Between 1910 and the early 1920's little was done in the way of scientific exploration because of the Mexican Revolution. From 1930 on, several expeditions yielded new information about the native mammals. In that year L. B. Kellum visited the Sierra San Carlos. The results were reported by Dice (1937). Another important collection from Tamaulipas was made by Marian Martin in the area of Gómez Farías. Mammals collected by her were reported by Goodwin (1954). Hooper (1953) also reported specimens from Gómez Farías but included in his report records of mammals collected in other areas as well. In 1950 E. R. Hall and C. von Wedel made a trip to the barrier beach in the northeastern part of the state and collected several kinds of mammals among which three were described as new by Hall (1951). The report here presented is based upon specimens in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas that were collected mainly by the persons named beyond. Gerd H. Heinrich and his wife Hilda collected in 1952 and 1953 in the areas around Miquihuana, Ciudad Victoria, Soto la Marina, Sierra de Tamaulipas, and Altamira. W. J. Schaldach collected in 1949 and 1950 in the Sierra Madre Oriental south of Ciudad Victoria; he returned to Tamaulipas in 1954 in company with V. Grissino and worked in the Sierra Madre Oriental south and north of Ciudad Victoria. In 1961 P. L. Clifton and J. H. Bodley collected in the northwestern part of the state and in the western part, around Tula, Nicolás, and Tajada. Some students and staff members of the Museum have occasionally collected in Tamaulipas. As a result of all the mentioned expeditions and others, 32 species and subspecies have been described with type localities in Tamaulipas. They are: Altamira _Lepus californicus altamirae_ Nelson _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ (Cuvier) (by restriction) _Sciurus deppei negligens_ Nelson _Geomys tropicalis_ Goldman Antiguo Morelos, 8 mi. N of _Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea_ Goodwin Brownsville (Texas), 45 mi. from _Scalopus inflatus_ Jackson Charco Escondido _Perognathus hispidus hispidus_ Baird _Neotoma micropus micropus_ Baird El Carrizo _Peromyscus ochraventer_ Baker Gómez Farías _Heterogeomys hispidus negatus_ Goodwin Hacienda Santa Engracia _Oryzomys fulvescens engracia_ Osgood Jaumave _Dipodomys ordii durranti_ Setzer La Pesca, 1 mi. E of _Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus_ Alvarez Matamoros _Cryptotis parva berlandieri_ (Baird) _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ (H. Allen) _Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus_ Peters (by restriction) _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman _Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli_ Berlandier Matamoros, 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W of _Lepus californicus curti_ Hall _Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus_ Hall _Sigmodon hispidus solus_ Hall Mier _Canis latrans microdon_ Merriam Miquihuana _Idionycteris mexicanus_ Anthony (_Plecotus phyllotis_) _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman _Onychomys torridus subrufus_ Hollister _Neotoma albigula subsolana_ Alvarez _Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis_ Goldman and Kellogg Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gómez Farías _Cryptotis mexicana madrea_ Goodwin _Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi_ Goodwin Rancho Santa Ana, about 8 mi. SW Padilla _Oryzomys melanotis carrorum_ Lawrence Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra _Myotis keenii auriculus_ Baker and Stains Sierra San Carlos, 12 mi. NW San Carlos _Peromyscus pectoralis collinus_ Hooper CONSERVATION A relatively large number of the species of Mexican big game occurs in Tamaulipas because its geographic position permits it to have species from the tropics and those from the northern plains and mountains. Eight of the 11 Mexican species that are considered as Big Game are recorded from the state. Until this century Tamaulipas was not densely populated by man either in the pre-colonial period or thereafter. Therefore many species of game are still relatively abundant. Of the eight species that originally lived in Tamaulipas, the mule deer, brocket, and black bear never have been abundant there and now are in danger of extirpation. The pronghorn was also rare in the state and now has been extirpated as it has been in many other parts of México. The white-tailed deer, javalin, jaguar, and puma are still abundant in suitable habitats. The white-tailed deer is found almost everywhere in the state; in some areas it damages cornfields, and for this reason is killed by natives who eat the meat and sell the skins. The price of skins is low; in 1959 at Ciudad Mante tanners paid natives less than one dollar (10.00 Mexican pesos) per hide. Some idea of the abundance of deer in Tamaulipas is provided by our having found in one tanner's shop, in 1959 at Ciudad Mante, about 500 deer skins. Besides these, we found about 65 skins of other species--jaguar, bear, ocelot, puma, margay, and raccoon. Additionally there was a large number of coati skins. Considering that México has no professional trappers and that commerce in skins of wild animals is illegal, it is felt that the number of skins found in the tanner's shop indicated a relative large population of game mammals. The number of species of small game also is large. Some species are killed by natives for food, but most are killed in order to protect the cultivated crops, which are injured mainly by rabbits and squirrels. Baker (1958) pointed out that the future of the game species in the northern part of México was not encouraging. He gave valid reasons for his view. In Tamaulipas, however, in some respects the outlook is more encouraging because there are many areas in which with a minimum of effort the authorities can save a good number of species. As Baker (_op. cit._) remarked, the fauna in México is declining mainly because many areas recently have been cultivated for the first time. Also, better roads have enabled hunters to reach areas that formerly were natural refuges for wild animals. Many times it has been said that the populations of wild animals were declining in México because the number of game wardens is too small to protect game in all parts of the country. In some ways this is true but it seems that the problem is really one of education. The people do not realize that the animals are part of nature and therefore have the same right to live that man has. Most people see only the bad side of the animals' activities and never consider the benefit that wild mammals provide for man. A typical case is that of the coyote, which is oftentimes killed only because it is a coyote. Sometimes individual coyotes do kill domestic animals, but the people seem never to understand that the coyote destroys a large number of mice, rabbits, and insects as has been shown by studies of the contents of coyote stomachs. The Mexican Government at this time is making a concentrated effort to provide schools in all parts of the country and is formulating new programs of education. In this official program some lectures in conservation are needed with reference to the animal life. I know that some education now is given to people with respect to conservation of the water, soil, and forest, but gather that there is little that covers also conservation of animals. I do not deny the necessity for some natives to kill wild animals. People need to eat fresh meat and for some it is almost impossible to obtain meat in any other way than by killing wild animals. Some natives cannot afford to purchase meat in the markets or they live too far from any village or city to do so. Also, natives need to protect their cultivated areas; some of them have only four to six acres of land, on which corn is the only crop. When one deer in a night can destroy part of the corn, and in some areas not only one deer but several invade a field, and when one considers that besides deer there are rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, and coati, to name only some animals that feed on the corn, we find that the small cornfield at the end of the season may not contain any corn to harvest. It is understandable, therefore, that the natives kill the animals. In this way they protect their cultivated fields, obtain food and sometimes money for the skins. Many natives, however, destroy the wildlife only for pleasure or to obtain money for skins and meat, which sometimes is sold to restaurants. Probably the best solution for the problem of conservation of wild animals is the establishment of wildlife refuges. In Tamaulipas, at least three refuges are needed in order to preserve the mammalian wildlife. These areas would serve also as a refuge for game birds and other vertebrates. A large area with suitable habitat for white-tailed deer, brocket, jaguar, puma, javalin, and fox could be established in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which presents favorable habitat for all of the species named. A second area that does not need to be so large as the first could be established in the Sierra Madre Oriental, probably including some part of Nuevo León, where the black bear and the mule deer find suitable habitat. Probably the beaver can be introduced in the streams of the high mountains; beaver live in the same Sierra a little farther north in Nuevo León. The three species mentioned are in imminent danger of disappearing from Tamaulipas, if they have not already disappeared. The third refuge could be in some area of the northern part of the state near the Río Grande. This refuge should give protection to the beaver--a rare animal in México and in danger of extirpation over all the country. The pronghorn also would find suitable habitat in this area, but would have to be reintroduced there. With the establishment of these three refuges and with good management the fauna of Tamaulipas could be saved from extinction, would provide some recreation for sportsmen, and especially for the people in general who wish to study, photograph, or merely observe the native animal life. The time is excellent for the establishment of the wildlife refuges in Tamaulipas because large areas are still in Federal ownership and because a considerable number of animals remain. Other favorable factors are that roads are not yet good in the areas proposed for refuges, the human population is low, and agriculture consequently is not practiced. But, with the rapid increase in population in México, these favorable conditions will change in a few years and it will be almost impossible to establish the refuges then. METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The families, genera, and species recorded in this report are arranged following Hall and Kelson (1959). Subspecies are in alphabetical order under the species. Remarks are given on natural history in each species account, if information is available. Discussion of subspecies known from the state is included. Under each subspecies, the citation to the original description is given with mention of type locality. Next is the citation to the first usage of the current name-combination. Then, synonyms are listed if there be such in the sense that original descriptions of the alleged species or subspecies had type localities in Tamaulipas. Measurements, unless otherwise noted, are of adults and are given in millimeters. External measurements are in the following order: total length; length of tail vertebrae; length of hind foot; length of ear from notch. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Capital letters designate teeth in the upper jaws and lower case letters designate teeth in the lower jaws; for example, M2 refers to the second upper molar and m2 refers to the second lower molar. The localities of specimens examined and additional records are listed from north to south and their geographic positions can be found in the gazetteer and on the map (Fig. 4). Most of the specimens examined are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Unless otherwise indicated, catalogue numbers relate to that collection. A few specimens from other collections were seen. Abbreviations identifying those collections are: UMMZ, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; AMNH, the American Museum of Natural History; and GMS, George M. Sutton collection (University of Oklahoma). I am grateful to Prof. E. Raymond Hall and Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., for their advice and kind help that have enabled me to complete this work. I thank Dr. William E. Duellman for his advice concerning Zoogeography and Biologist Gastón Guzmán for help with the names of plants. For the loan of specimens I am grateful to Dr. George M. Sutton of the University of Oklahoma, to Dr. David H. Johnson and Dr. Richard H. Manville of the United States National Museum, to Drs. William H. Burt and Emmet T. Hooper of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and to Dr. Richard Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History. I thank, also, Dr. William Z. Lidicker, Jr., for information about the locality called Lulú, and the collectors from the Museum of Natural History, especially Gerd H. Heinrich, William J. Schaldach, Percy L. Clifton, and John H. Bodley. I am grateful also to Charles A. Long and to several other persons, not named here, who helped me in some way to complete my study of the mammals of Tamaulipas. Most of the field work was financed by the Kansas University Endowment Association. Some laboratory work was done when the author was half-time Research Assistant under Grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foundation. GAZETTEER The specimens examined and additional records are listed with reference to the following place names. The geographic position of each was taken from the maps of the American Geographical Society of New York, scale 1:1,000,000, and the Atlas Geográfico de la República Mexicana, scale 1:500,000. Acuña.--23°26´, 98°25´. Agua Linda.--23°05´, 99°14´. Aldama.--22°55´, 98°04´. Alta Cima.--23°05´, 99°11´. Altamira.--22°23´, 97°56´. Antiguo Morelos.--22°33´, 99°05´. Aserradero del Infernillo [Infiernillo].--23°04´, 99°13´. Aserradero del Paraiso.--22°59´, 99°15´. Bagdad.--25°57´, 97°09´. Camargo.--26°20´, 98°50´. Cerro del Tigre.--23°04´, 99°17´. Chamal.--22°49´, 99°14´. Charco Escondido.--25°46´, 98°22´. Ciudad Victoria.--23°45´, 99°07´. Cueva de Quintero.--22°39´, 99°02´. Cueva La Esperanza.--23°55´, 99°17´. Cueva La Mula.--see La Mula. Cueva Los Troncones.--23°49´, 99°15'. Cues.--22°58', 98°13´. Ejido Santa Isabel.--23°14´, 99°00´. El Carrizo.--23°15´, 99°05´. El Encino.--23°08´, 99°07´. El Mante (Cd. Mante).--22°45´, 99°01´. El Mulato.--24°54´, 98°57´. El Pachón.--22°36´, 99°03´. Forlón.--23°14´, 98°49´. Gómez Farías.--23°02´, 99°10´. Guemes.--23°55´, 99°00´. Guerrero.--26°48´, 99°20´. Hacienda Santa Engracia.--24°02´, 99°12´. Hidalgo.--24°15´, 99°26´. Jaumave.--23°24´, 99°23´. Joya de Salas.--23°11´, 99°17´. Joya Verde.--23°35´, 99°14´. La Azteca (Ejido).--23°05´, 99°08´. La Mula.--23°36´, 99°17´. La Pesca.--23°47´, 97°48´. La Purisima.--24°18´, 99°28´. La Vegonia.--24°40´, 99°05´. Limón.--22°49´, 99°00´. Marmolejo.--24°38´, 99°00´. Matamoros.--25°55´, 97°30´. Mesa de Llera.--23°20´, 99°01´. Mier.--26°27´, 99°09´. Miquihuana.--23°27´, 99°46´. Nicolás.--23°21´, 100°04´. Nuevo Laredo.--27°30´, 99°30´. Ocampo.--22°50´, 99°21´. Ojo de Agua.--22°35´, 98°58´. Padilla.--24°01´, 98°46´. Palmillas.--23°18´, 99°33´. Piedra.--23°30´, 98°06´. Rancho del Cielo.--23°04´, 99°12´. Rancho Pano Ayuctle.--23°07´, 99°13´. Rancho Santa Rosa.--23°58´, 99°16´. Rancho Tigre.--22°54´, 99°20´. Rancho Viejo.--23°02´, 99°13´. Reynosa.--26°06´, 98°15´. Río Bravo (Town).--26°04´, 98°08´. Río Corono [Corona].--23°50´, 98°50´. San Antonio.--23°08´, 99°23´. San Carlos.--24°35´, 98°57´. San Fernando.--24°51´, 98°09´. San José.--24°41´, 99°06´. San Miguel.--24°45´, 99°05´. Santa María.--23°31´, 98°41´. Santa Teresa.--25°27´, 97°29´. Savinito.--(?)23°43´, 98°51´. Soto la Marina.--23°46´, 98°15´. Tajada.--23°16´, 99°55´. Tamaulipeca.--24°45´, 99°05´. Tampico.--22°12´, 97°51´. Tula.--23°00´, 99°42´. Villagran.--24°29´, 99°29´. Villa Mainero.--24°34´, 99°36´. Washington Beach.--25°53´, 97°09´. Xicotencatl.--23°00´, 98°57´. Zamorina.--23°20´, 97°58´. [Illustration: FIG. 4. Place names, in Tamaulipas, mentioned in text.] CHECK-LIST The 146 kinds of native mammals of 120 species found in Tamaulipas belong to 72 genera of 25 families of 10 orders. Non-native mammals introduced by man are not included. Class MAMMALIA Order MARSUPIALIA Family Didelphidae PAGE _Didelphis marsupialis californicus_ Bennett 393 _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen 394 _Philander opossum pallidus_ (J. A. Allen) 394 _Marmosa mexicana mexicana_ Merriam 395 Order INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae _Sorex saussurei saussurei_ Merriam 396 _Cryptotis parva berlandieri_ (Baird) 396 _Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis_ Jackson 396 _Cryptotis mexicana madrea_ Goodwin 396 _Notiosorex crawfordi_ (Coues) 397 Family Talpidae _Scalopus inflatus_ Jackson 397 Order CHIROPTERA Family Phyllostomatidae _Pteronotus rubiginosus mexicana_ (Miller) 398 _Pteronotus davyi fulvus_ (Thomas) 398 _Choeronycteris mexicana_ Tschudi 399 _Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla_ (Peters) 399 _Micronycteris megalotis mexicana_ Miller 400 _Glossophaga sorocina leachii_ (Gray) 400 _Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis_ (Saussure) 401 _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman 401 _Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis_ Leach 402 _Artibeus lituratus palmarum_ Allen and Chapman 402 _Artibeus toltecus_ (Saussure) 403 _Artibeus aztecus_ Andersen 403 _Enchistenes hartii_ (Thomas) 404 _Centurio senex_ Gray 404 Family Desmodontidae _Desmodus rotundus murinus_ Wagner 405 _Diphylla ecaudata_ Spix 406 Family Natalidae _Natalus stramineus saturatus_ Dalquest and Hall 407 Family Vespertilionidae _Myotis velifer incautus_ (J. A. Allen) 407 _Myotis keenii auriculus_ Baker and Stains 408 _Myotis californicus mexicanus_ (Saussure) 408 _Myotis nigricans dalquesti_ Hall and Alvarez 409 _Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus_ (F. Cuvier) 409 _Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus_ Dalquest 410
{'title': 'The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México by Ticul Alvarez', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}