Produced by Chris Curnow, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) _For Sale by_ Eagle Clothing Company, No. 52 North Main Street, CONCORD, N. H. [Illustration: Prof Dr. Pettenkofer _Director of Hygienic Institute, Munich._] JAROS HYGIENIC WEAR THE THERAPEUTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC APPLICATION. BY I. JAROS. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW YORK. JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR CO., 52 EAST 10TH STREET. COPYRIGHTED BY THE JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR CO. 1890. FOURTH EDITION. To the learned gentlemen of the Medical Profession. The comments herein given on the value of the "JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR" are acknowledgments on the practical accomplishment of scientific theories. Prof. Mattieu Williams remarks: "They present an interesting instance of how a logical effort to apply pure science to practical business may react in such a manner, that practical business shall become a beneficent contributor to pure science." I tender thanks for the kind expressions herein embodied, all of which are given with due regard for the ethics of the profession. Yours, I. Jaros NEW YORK, 1890. Contents Introductory Section Hygienic Clothing Philosophy of Clothing Hygienic Underwear Testimonials Professors Von Pettenkofer, Parkes, and Buck, pronounced Hygienists, have contributed largely to establishing theories regarding clothing materials and their relations to health. These conclusions have led to a more general consideration thereof, in the therapeutics, as well as prophylaxis in medical practice. Wool is regarded as deserving first consideration. [Illustration: MAGNIFIED--WOOL FIBRE.] The fibres are cylindrical collections of numerous cells, and present each the appearance of a tube covered with epidermic scales which overlap each other. The zigzag markings are characteristic. Cotton, for various reasons, may be regarded as next in importance, providing consideration be given to the manner of application, in combination with wool. This is fully verified by Krieger's experiments. [Illustration: MAGNIFIED--COTTON FIBRE.] [Illustration: SECTION SAME--COTTON FIBRE.] The fibres of cotton appear to be made up of flat, ribbon-shaped cells, thicker at the edges than in the middle. They are irregularly twisted, with a broad longitudinal cavity more or less well defined. There is frequently a kind of net-work striation apparent on the surface. With regard to the comparative value of these fibres in application we refer here to the Tables of Mattieu Williams, page 31 of this Treatise. It remains, therefore, to have a material of these fibres so constructed that it will embody all scientific essentials. The first satisfactory material of the "Jaros Hygienic Wear" was laid before the Medical Profession in Chicago, November, 1884, and, guided by their suggestions, the "Wool Fleece Fabric" was so materially improved that, on January 4, 1886, L. L. McArthur, M.D., in a paper before the Chicago Medical Society, states: "Now, gentlemen, this device was a particularly 'happy one,' in that all the requirements of a truly hygienic wear are provided--porosity, warmth, absorbent powers and elasticity." [Illustration: JAROS HYGIENIC MATERIAL--MAGNIFIED.] It will be seen that the material is a fleecy wool surface knitted into a cotton framework--resembling in many essential points a natural sheep's pelt. A prominent factor regarded in the claim for a reproduction of the natural pelt, is the preservation of the yolk which, if left in the wool, preserves its pliancy. It forms a kind of natural soap, consisting principally of potash salts with animal oil almost entirely soluble in cold water. Special care must therefore be taken in washing the wool, and this has been one of the latest results added to the success of the "Jaros Hygienic Material." The features warranting precaution in scouring wool, and advised by scientists, are based on the following possibilities: Excess of alkali has to be guarded against, since uncombined caustic acts energetically on the wool fibre, and is indeed a solvent of it. On this account soap solutions cannot be too carefully prepared to prevent making the wool brittle. "A material of loose texture confining much air in its interstices is warmer than same amount of clothing material closely woven. Wool or cotton carded and spread out in the shape of a wadding and held, will make a warmer garment than the same quantity spun and woven, and similarly covered. This applies with force to underclothing."--"Ziemsen," Vol. XVIII. PROPHYLAXIS.--In the consideration of a prophylactic measure this Underwear accomplishes the desideratum for protection. L. D. Rogers, A.M., M.D., in a paper, states: A fabric, therefore, so constructed as to allow a layer of woolen fibre to lie between the skin and a layer of cotton fibre, and sufficiently open and loose as to contain the largest possible amount of air is the ideal. _The Jaros Hygienic Underwear material, a new fabric, seems beautifully adapted to this end. A layer of woolen fibres, soft and fleecy, is firmly held on one side of and in the meshes of an exceeding porous cotton fabric, so that while one extremity of a fibre lies against the skin, the other is in contact with the cotton; thus admitting of the rapid transference of all dampness of perspiration to the cotton where it is retained, and consequently leaving no moisture next to the skin to absorb and diminish the heat of the body. The importance of this subject, and the possibilities of this new fabric for the prevention of colds, and their resultant diseases, can only be appreciated when we remember the simple fact that it is impossible to take a cold so long as a healthy condition of the skin, and an even temperature of the surface of the body, are maintained_. REPORT OF C. B. HOLMES, President Chicago City Railway Company. ""The Jaros Hygienic Underwear" has been in use with Conductors and Gripmen of this Company since November, 1885, having been recommended by the Company's Surgeon, Dr. D. A. K. Steele. We speak for the men in asserting that this underwear is considered the best possible protection against cold and changeable temperatures, which are especially characteristic of this latitude, and its use has resulted in great protection of health and a corresponding increased efficiency. With conductors, whose occupation necessarily prevents the wearing of a very heavy overcoat, it is of great advantage, and gripmen and drivers are enabled to thoroughly protect themselves in their exposed positions without an overplus of clothing, otherwise necessary." These citations might be continued at great length, covering Reports of Police and Fire Departments in our large cities, and from many Railway Corporations and Physicians. THERAPEUTICS.--In the Therapeutics of Medicine the Underwear is regarded as specially indicated in Rheumatism, Kidney Disease (Bright's), and Pulmonary Consumption. * * * * * RHEUMATISM. J. NEVINS HYDE, A. M., M. D., gives expression as follows: "I have often employed the "Jaros Hygienic Underwear" in cases of muscular and other forms of rheumatism, and always with advantage to the patient. I have had knowledge of these undergarments sufficiently long to justify me in stating very positively that I regard them as a valuable means of protecting the surface of the body from the climatic changes to which it is much exposed." * * * * * DAVID WARMAN, M. D. "One of my patients wearing the "Jaros Hygienic Underwear" is a sufferer from muscular rheumatism, and since he donned the garments he has not had an attack, although the weather has just been of the kind to produce the disease." KIDNEY DISEASE. BRIGHT'S DISEASE AND ALLIED AFFECTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS. By CHARLES W. PURDY, M.D., Prof. of Genito-Urinary and Renal Diseases in the Chicago Polyclinic. Chapter 1--Albuminuria.--Pages 54-55. "THE SKIN.--* * * The most thorough protection to the skin is secured by the use of the JAROS HYGIENIC WEAR, especially during the cold and damp season. * * * It will be seen that the cotton fabric secures a comparatively static condition of air next the skin, while the fleece wool combines the minimum radiation of heat from the body with the greatest attainable hydroscopic power, thus securing uniform dryness and warmth of the skin under various conditions of atmosphere. Dr. L. L. McArthur has demonstrated before the Chicago Medical Society the superiority of the Jaros Wear over all other fabrics for the purpose of protecting the skin against rapid changes of temperature and humidity, and my own experience with it altogether bears out his deduction." * * * * * DR. I. N. DANFORTH, in January, 1886, states: "I am much impressed with the value of the "Jaros Hygienic Wear," especially in renal and other diseases in which sudden changes of body temperature are hazardous. I think it will prove a valuable addition to our means of treating chronic, renal and other diseases in which full protection of the skin is all important." PULMONARY CONSUMPTION. J. W. PRICE, M. D. ADDRESS BEFORE ELMIRA ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, JULY, 1887. _Curability and Treatment of Pulmonary Consumption._ "The dress of the consumptive patient should be adapted to equalize the temperature of the body, so loose that it interferes in no way with the natural functions. The underclothing should be woolen, either lamb's wool or flannel. After an extended observation of the benefits derived from wearing the "JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERCLOTHING,"--a wool fleece knit material of graded weights, adapted to the season, I believe it to be the best protective device yet known for these patients. "They are excellent non-conductors of changes of the temperature, and at the same time absorb cutaneous moisture--two most important qualities." Added to these statements are many more in this Treatise. [Illustration: WOMEN'S COMBINATION SUIT.] Properly _fitting garments_ are advised, and as an illustration of the results achieved, exact reproductions from life are given. The manner and style adopted, is in keeping with all other features accomplished. The matter of detail has been sufficiently thorough to embody also the point of seaming. _SEAM._ A special seam is used to overcome objections which caused discomfort and irritation. This seam is flat, soft, and lends to the garments the appearance of seamless wear, to which is added the perfect fit only reached in cut and sewed underwear. [Illustration: MEN'S SUIT.] _CONCLUSION._ In the summary of the results of practice with the "Jaros Hygienic Underwear" by U.S. Army Posts, U. S. Navy Pay Inspector's Department, Police and Fire Departments, Railway Companies, etc., etc., all scientific recommendations find verification. Continuing the work of research and experiment, the aim is to aid the Profession in gaining the results desired with an ideal in clothing material. CAUTION.--The success of the "Jaros Hygienic Wear," and the recognition earned, has prescribed utmost care in properly stamping the Wear to protect the Profession against possible misrepresentations. BELOW IS TRADE-MARK. [Illustration: JAROS HYGIENIC WEAR.] "Registered Pat. Nos. 16060, 16166." HYGIENIC CLOTHING. By L. L. McArthur, M. D. Treasurer Medico-Legal Society, Chicago: Attending Physician Michael Riess and Mercy Hospitals, Chicago. [Abstract of a paper read before the Chicago Medical Society on January 4, 1886.] The object of clothing should be the promotion and maintenance of good health, together with a feeling of well-being under all atmospheric conditions. Consideration of the subject naturally sub-divides itself into: I. Materials. II. Texture. III. Form of clothing. Chief among the materials used for clothing in the order of their respective merits are linen, cotton, silk, and wool, the latter being the best. A few words as to these materials in the raw state: Linen conducts heat better than cotton, silk or wool. It absorbs moisture and does not shrink. Cotton, also a vegetable fibre, which is hard, durable and does not shrink, has serious objections, in that it is very non-absorbent of moisture. It does not conduct heat as well as linen, but more rapidly than silk or wool. Silk, an animal product, consisting of fine, smooth round fibrillæ, having been in the liquid condition before leaving the body of the silkworm, possesses no central canal, and no oily coating. It is quite a good absorbent of moisture, ranking next to wool. At ordinary temperature it always contains between 9 and 12 per centum of moisture. In its sale or purchase, account is taken of the amount of moisture in order to protect the purchaser from paying silk prices for water. Wool, the fleece of sheep, an animal fibre, whose function in nature has been two-fold, the protection from cold, and an aid to evaporation of cutaneous moisture, is admirably fitted as a material for clothing. It permits but slow radiation of heat, and absorbs moisture better than any other clothing material. It does this, according to Parkes, in two ways: 1st. By interposition between the fibres. 2d. By penetration into the central canal. His experiments led him to believe its hydroscopic powers double in proportion to its weight and quadruple for surface, as compared with cotton or linen. Perfectly dried wool has the power of absorbing 50 per centum, by weight, of water. Under ordinary conditions it contains 12 to 18 per centum. Other things being equal, then woolen fabrics will best prevent too rapid radiation of heat; silk next, cotton third, linen fourth. Wash-leather, buckskin and chamois-skin need not be considered, for one or all of the following reasons: Expense, poor provision for evaporation, poor washing qualities. As absorbers of moisture, rank, respectively: wool, silk, linen and cotton. _The advantages of cotton over wool lie in its cheapness and non-shrinking qualities. If properly constructed, however, the advantageous properties of wool can be utilized without the shrinking by using a cotton framework, into the meshes of which the loose, raw fleece is worked._ That fabric will be best adapted for health, which combined with greatest porosity, possesses the least (a) conductivity, (b) greatest hydroscopic power, and (c) best shape. By porosity is understood the freedom with which air can pass through the interstices of a fabric. Pettenkoffer's practical demonstrations with the following cloths, shows that if heavy flannel be taken as permitting 100 parts of air to pass, linen permitted 60.3 or 60 per centum; lambskin 50.7 or 50.7 per centum; silk fabric, heavy, 14.4 or 14.4 per centum; glove-leather 1.5 or 1.5 per centum. The conclusion follows that porosity does not injure the powers of preventing radiation (it even increases it) for flannel, admittedly the warmest clothing, permits the freest circulation of air. In consequence of the fact of a fabric's possessing great porosity, it contains in its interstices what might be called "residual air." Whether gases possess conductivity is open to discussion, but this is certain, that such power is very small. Could we by any means envelop the body in a layer of stationary air, we could reduce the heat-loss to a minimum. A striking example of the poor conductivity of _stationary air_ is related by Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, who found that on perfectly still days they could withstand, without suffering, a temperature of-70 F.,[A] with ears and hands exposed, but the moment a breeze sprung up it became necessary to seek immediate shelter. [A] 70° F, below Zero. Although impossible to perfectly accomplish this, (_i. e._, the surrounding of body in a stationary envelope of air), that cloth or fabric which most nearly approximates this, other things being equal, will prove itself the warmest as well as best adapted for evaporation of cutaneous moisture. Such a nearly stationary air occurs naturally in the various pelts, and although in many the integument is visible beneath, yet they can withstand the most rigorous weather. Thus Krieger's experiments with tin cylinders containing hot water with two coverings of different materials, between which an interval of 1/8 to 1/4 inch was left, proved (after subtracting the amount due for conduction) the impediment to radiation by the second layer to be, _viz_: linen, 32; silk, 32; flannel, 29. Thus showing that the stationary air, rather than the material out of which the second layer was made, was the main factor in preventing radiation. He then experimented with single and double layers of the same material surrounding these cylinders, obtaining the following instructive results; the numbers representing the proportionate loss of heat through double to single layers, the losses through the single ones being taken at 100: Double Stuff, ("Doppel Stoff") Fleece-lined cotton 69-76 Buck-skin 74-86 Flannel 86 Home-spun linen 91 Stout, extra heavy silk 94 From these results the conclusion is obvious that the substance and its weight are of less consequence, where _radiation_ is in question, than its texture and volume. Believing that the explanation was due to the "residual air," experiments have been made with loose wadding, noting the rapidity of fall of temperature, on compressing the same wadding, when the fall was far more rapid. Again, the loss of heat through a rabbit's fur being taken as 100, when shorn of its hair it rose to 190; and further destroying its porosity by a coating of gum-arabic, it rose to 296. (Dict. Hygiene.) By greatest porosity best provision is made for the evaporation of perspiration, the quantity of which varies greatly under different conditions. In a day of rest the amount as determined by Seguin and Voit is 900 grams (about 1 quart). During exercise it may increase to quantities incredible, were the figures not furnished by the best of observers. For example: Dalton mentions its increase to 380 grams per hour! and Dr. Southwood Smith has seen it rise to 1,600 grams per hour during violent exercise in a heated atmosphere! Now, if a clothing possesses no porosity, _e. g._, the mackintosh, and rubber clothing generally, even without exercise, there would collect somewhere beneath it a quart of water, but if exercise be indulged in, the quantity may become large indeed; particularly after the atmosphere beneath has been surcharged with vapor, and evaporation ceases to occur from the surface, and with it the grateful cooling process. The French Government has not permitted its introduction into its army for such obvious reasons. Of course, for a short time during a shower they may and do prove useful; but I am convinced that many have incurred most serious injury, even death, by throwing off the rubber clothing after the inner clothing had become permeated with moisture, when the chilling, incident to the sudden increased evaporation, has resulted in some acute inflammation. Moreover, the evaporation of the normal cutaneous moisture (with that of the lungs) requires 750 heat units or one-fifth of all the heat produced in the system. (Dalton.) Conservation of part of this loss contributes an equivalent amount of force to the organism, since heat and force are interchangeable terms. _This can be done._ Under normal conditions evaporation of perspiration occurs in the "insensible," _i. e._, vapor state, but change of these conditions (increased heat, and moisture in the atmosphere, increased exercise, etc.,) causes it to collect upon the integument in the visible or sensible state, and unless conducted away, may chill the body. Prevention of such condensation will avoid such dangerous and deleterious influences. The cause of condensation is a lowering of the temperature. _We have simply to maintain its temperature until at a perceptible distance from the body. This can be accomplished by a layer of loose wool, such as is hereafter described. The "residual air" having been once raised to the body temperature, it remains so, and the vapor does not assume the liquid state until meeting with the chilling influences in the outer layer of cloth._ Finally, bodies passing from the gaseous to the liquid state emit the heat--latent heat--which was essential to their assuming the gaseous condition. This occurring in the case of perspiration in the cloth interstices increases by just so much their warmth, in other words lessens the demand for heat production. Before leaving the subject of texture, note should be made of the importance of its being of a loose nature. _However great the hydroscopic power of a material in the raw state, if it be tightly woven that power is greatly diminished, or even quite destroyed. Hence the advantage of loosely knitted over tightly woven goods._ Important indeed is the proper fitting of clothing. However good the materials they may then not accomplish their purpose for the following reasons: I. By close application to the skin certain materials acting as cutaneous stimulants, maintaining an active equable circulation. Wool possesses this property most markedly; even in some delicate skins proving an irritant. A very marked increase of oily matter is excreted over these areas where oil-glands exist in greatest abundance, _i. e._, mesial line of thorax, in front and behind; thus improving the flexibility of the skin. II. By fitting neatly, chambers of air heated by the body are not with every change of position of the wearer forced out, as occurs in illy-fitting clothing. Upward currents of air naturally occur, and if permitted to exist carry off large amounts of caloric. Simple attention to these two facts reduced the death rate of the Wurtemburg Army Corps from 3.22 to 1.64, as compared with the other departments of the German Army. The general application and advantages of such an ideal clothing to diseased conditions, it is needless for me to describe to a body of medical men; but particular references ought to be made to rheumatism and nephritis, ("kidney troubles.") To the former, because best provision is made for cutaneous elimination (always acid!) so essential in that disorder, in which there is so marked a diminution in the alkalinity of the blood; to the latter because sudden congestions are obviated in an organ already overworked, by preventing sudden chilling of the surface. _It only remains for me to call your attention to my accidentally finding such a clothing upon a patient of mine (Mr. Jaros), and the tests to which I have put it._ _He described its history and manufacture as follows_: "_While suffering from an attack of rheumatic sciatica in the Harz mountains, following a peasant's advice, I enveloped myself in loose lamb's fleece which he provided, and I experienced speedy relief. On reaching Berlin I consulted Chief Councillor-of-Health, Dr. Abarbanell, who advised me to have constructed some underwear with a fleece lining. I sought a weaver and had some underwear knitted, into the meshes of which were worked, "by hand," during the process of knitting, layers of loose lamb's wool._" Now, gentlemen, this device was a particularly happy one, in that all the requirements of a truly hygienic wear are provided for. _Porosity, warmth, absorbent powers and elasticity. With advice he set to work and perfected a modification of the knitting machine which incorporated into the meshes of the cloth loose lamb's wool. The samples presented speak for themselves as to its success. By the use of such a fabric, perspiration (unless excessive indeed) remains in the insensible state until it meets with the cooling influences externally in the cotton framework, the integument remaining dry, while the cotton back, as well as the linen shirt over it, may be "wringing wet." Exposure to cold draughts with such a suit does not chill the integument because the sudden increased evaporation occurs at a distance from the skin, and is separated from it by a layer of wool._ _To test the soundness of the theory I submitted myself to a temperature of 115° F., under as nearly as possible the same atmospheric conditions, with the three chief winter suitings, and obtained the results in table below:_ ====================+==============+============+============ | | "Nonotuck" | | _Jaros | Silk | | Hygienic | Suiting, | Cartwright | Wear._ | heavy. | & Warner's --------------------+--------------+------------+------------- Weight after | 8,020 | 7,867 | 10,840 " before exposure | 7,010 grs. | 7,140 | 9,600 Difference | 1,010 grs. | 727 grs.| 1,240 Degree of absolute | | | dryness of air | 61,827 | 77.32 | 69.947 Temp, dry bulb therm| 115° F | 113° F | 116° Temp, wet bulb therm| 9° | 83° | 88° --------------------+--------------+------------+-------------- |_Warm but not |Cooler than |Sticky, |sticky; outer |other wear; |clammy; Sensation |surface damp; |sticky; skin|wet |skin dry where|damp; |through; |wear touches; |comfortable.|uncomfortable. |comfortable._ | | ====================+==============+============+============== _From these experiments it is to be seen, that of all the perspiration exuded, the silk retained (by a small amount) the least; the hygienic wear the next, and the English woolen goods the most. Note, however, must be taken of two facts concerning the experiment with the silk clothing._ _1st. The temperature was 2° F. lower than when testing the hygienic wear, and 8° than the English goods. Hence less perspiration was thrown out._ _2d. There was a difference of 15.5° of absolute dryness of the atmosphere, hence evaporation took place more rapidly from the silk goods in the dryer atmosphere. The barometer remained almost stationary during the three days of observation._ _On emerging from the hot room into one of a temperature of 70° F., an immediate chilling was felt with the silk goods; while the English gave a sensation of moisture and cold. The chilly sensation was not experienced with the woolen-lined hygienic wear._ _CONCLUSIONS._ _1st. That fleece-lined goods are warmest._ _2d. Permit at least equal evaporation with the silk._ _3. Guard against sudden chilling of the body._ _4th. Are cheaper than silk and as cheap as Cartwright & Warner's._ _5th. Are particularly indicated in rheumatism and kidney disease._ PHILOSOPHY OF CLOTHING. BY MATTIEU WILLIAMS. The following extracts are from the experiments and conclusions of Rumford, with supplements by Prof. Mattieu Williams, of England. (See "Knowledge," Nos. 171 to 205, "Philosophy of Clothing.") The physiological confirmation of these results are not quoted; confining the citations to the qualitative value of fibres, especially sheep's wool, and the possibility of materials therefrom that possess the _essentials_ recommended. The first use of clothing being to keep the wearer warm, Rumford's first inquiry was directed to find the best material for this purpose. He saw at once that clothing did this by resisting the passage outwards of the animal heat. He accordingly constructed a model wearer, as described in the following experiments: A mercurial thermometer, whose bulb was 55/100th of an inch in diameter, and its tube about ten inches long. This was suspended in the axis of a cylindrical glass tube about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, ending with a globe 1-6/10 inch in diameter, in such a manner that the center of the thermometer bulb occupied the center of the globe, thus leaving a surrounding space to be occupied by the material to be examined. The thermometer tube was graduated with 800 divisions between the freezing and boiling points of water--_i. e._, a Reaumur scale divided to tenths of degrees. The thermometer was held in its place by a long cork stopper. He described his method of clothing the bulb as follows: The thermometer being taken out of the cylindrical tube, about two-thirds of the substance which as to be the subject of the experiment is introduced into the globe; after which the bulb of the thermometer introduced a few inches into the cylinder; and after it, the remainder of the substance being placed round about the tube of the thermometer: and lastly, the thermometer being introduced further into the tube, and being brought into its proper place, that part of the substance which, being introduced last, remains in the cylindrical tube above the bulb of the thermometer, is pushed down into the globe, and placed equally round the bulb of the thermometer by means of a brass wire, which is passed through holes made for that purpose in the stopple closing the end of the cylindrical tube. The temperature he selected as the starting point was 70 degrees Reaumur=190 degrees Fahr. He preferred this to the boiling point, as he could obtain it accurately by first plunging the whole apparatus duly charged into nearly boiling water, then allowing it to fall to 70 degrees, and immediately plunging it into a mixture of pounded ice and water, where, by the aid of a little agitation, it remained steadily at the freezing point. The following table shows the results with the substances therein mentioned, the quantity in each case being 16 grains: ============+===========+=============+============ |RAW SILK AS| | HEAT LOST. |SPUN BY THE|SHEEP'S WOOL.|COTTON WOOL. | WORM. | | ------------+-----------+-------------+------------ 70° | -- | -- | -- 60 | 94´´ | 79´´ | 83´´ 50 | 110 | 95 | 95 40 | 133 | 118 | 117 30 | 185 | 162 | 152 20 | 273 | 238 | 221 10 | 489 | 426 | 378 ------------+-----------+-------------+------------ Total times | 1,284 | 1,118 | 1,046 ------------+-----------+-------------+------------ The clothing value or "warmth" of these substances as thus applied varies directly with these figures, representing the passage of heat or their "non-conducting" power. The experiments described were directed to the determination of the relative power of different materials. (We have only quoted the substances most generally used for clothing purposes.) These were followed by another series upon certain given materials differently arranged, or in different conditions of density. The same "passage thermometer" was used. The question to be determined was, whether the protecting power of the substances used in the previous experiments was due to the non-conduction of the material of those substances themselves, or whether the air imprisoned between their fibres was an important factor. If the silk, wool and cotton did all the obstructive work independently of the air, then the amount of obstruction should vary with the quantity of fibre. As, in the experiments already described, the fibres were loosely arranged round the bulk of the thermometer, it was easy to increase their quantity by packing them more closely, and yet retaining the other conditions of bulk, etc., the same. It was evident from the results, with 16 grains, 32 grains, 64 grains, that the protective power does not increase nearly in the same proportion as the quantity of material when packed in the same space. Had such been the case, and the rate of cooling proportionately retarded, the experiment (with eider down from the duck) with 64 grains should have been 1,304x4 5,216 seconds, instead of only 1,615 seconds. The following displays the results obtained by using the same material, in same quantity, but differently disposed, 16 grains of each: --------+------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+----- | |Sewing | | | | | | | | |or | | | | | | |Linen Heat | |knitting| |Woolen| |Cotton| |Linen |Cloth lost or | |silk | |Thread| |Thread| |Thread|wrap- amount | |wound |Sheep's|wound |Cotton|wound | |wound |-ped of |Raw |round |wool, |round |wool, |round |Lint, |round |round cooling.|Silk. |bulb. |loose. |bulb. |loose.|bulb. |loose.|bulb. |bulb. --------+------+--------+=======+======+------+------+------+------+----- 70° | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- 60 | 94"| 46" | 79"| 46"| 83"| 45"| 80"| 46"| 42" | | +-------+------+ | | | | 50 | 110 | 62 | 95 | 63 | 95 | 60 | 93 | 62 | 56 | | +-------+------+ | | | | 40 | 133 | 85 | 118 | 89 | 117 | 83 | 115 | 83 | 74 | | +-------+------+ | | | | 30 | 185 | 121 | 162 | 126 | 152 | 115 | 150 | 117 | 108 | | +-------+------+ | | | | 20 | 273 | 191 | 238 | 200 | 221 | 179 | 218 | 180 | 168 | | +-------+------+ | | | | 10 | 489 | 399 | 426 | 410 | 378 | 370 | 376 | 385 | 338 --------+------+--------+=======+======+------+------+------+------+----- Tot. | | | | | | | | | times. |1,284 | 904 | 1,118 | 934 |1,046 | 852 |1,032 | 873 | 786 --------+------+--------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+----- From this it is to be seen that sheep's wool loose would retard the passage of heat more perfectly than when spun into thread. THE "JAROS HYGIENIC MATERIAL" _of sheep's wool unspun worn next the body possesses the essentials for non-conduction of heat in a manner described_. It is an instance how an effort to apply pure science to practical business may react in such manner that practical business shall become a beneficent contributor to pure science. Another practical question suggested is: Whether clothing materials differ in their powers of absorbing the cutaneous exhalations; if so, which are the most effective, and what are the relations of this function to that of confining air, and thereby maintaining the temperature of the body? If these two functions are opposed, then how shall we effect a compromise? If, on the other hand, they go together in any special material, the desirability of using this material is doubly indicated. _Sheep's wool_ does absorb (see Knowledge 191) the aqueous vapor. Loosely distributed fibres of wool in a suitable fabric take hold of the vapor of the insensible perspiration in the gaseous form, and by virtue of gaseous diffusion continually exchange this with the gasses of the outer atmosphere. The conclusion, therefore, is that such a material is best suited for clothing, both in winter and summer. Sir John Billingall (lecturer on Military Surgery) mentions his experience in India, and the proof of the utility of wool in checking the progress of a most aggravated form of dysentery in the Second Battalion of the Royals. The result of this has led to the enforcement of the use of belts for tropical service. Mr. Sage of the Army Clothing Depot at Pemlico, tells me many thousands have lately been made there. My experience and subsequent observations have proven that, although loosely woven flannels may advantageously prevent the sudden chills from the evaporations of accumulated perspiration, this is better _done by a knitted fleecy wool fabric worn next the skin_. JAROS HYGIENIC MATERIAL, WOOL FLEECE KNIT. HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR BY L. D. RODGERS, A. M., M. D. (From Peoples' Health Journal, October, 1885.) Considerable scientific attention has recently been very profitably devoted to the question of fabrics for underwear most conducive to health. Interesting experiments have been made developing facts which will surprise almost everyone on learning them for the first time. One of the simplest and most readily understood of these experiments was that of filling tin cans with hot water and wrapping each one with a different fabric, and then observing with thermometers the varying rapidity in the loss of heat. Thus showing accurately the relative heat preserving value of each fabric. Of two cans surrounded with the same amount of common cotton batting, in one case the cotton being compressed, and the other not, the loss of heat was found to be much more rapid in the former than in the latter. Showing, therefore, conclusively, that loose open fabrics are warmer than those which contain less air in their interstices. This accords with the well-known fact that the new flannel is warmer than old which has undergone the felting or fulling processes. Assuming that flannel contains 100 units of air in its interstices, the permeability of other substances have been found to be as follows: Linen, 58; silk, 40; buckskin, 58; kid, 1; chamois, 51. Doubling the layers of any given material does not diminish the loss of heat in the same proportion. Assuming the loss of heat through a single layer to be 100, through a double layer of the same material it is found to be as follows: Thin silk, 97; gutta percha, 96; shirtings, 95; stout silk, 94; thick home-spun linen, 91; chamois leather, 88-90; flannel, 86; summer buckskin, 88; winter buckskin, 86. Thus we see that the loss of heat through two layers of thin silk is only three per cent. less than through one layer. The inference is that what the substance is and what its weight, does not make so much difference as its texture and volume. How the body may lose heat rapidly by wet clothing, and ill results follow, is shown by the following experiment: A rabbit was shorn of its fur, its temperature was then found to be 102 degrees. It was wrapped with a wet cloth and placed in a room, the temperature of which was 66 degrees. At the expiration of five hours the temperature of the rabbit was found to be 76 degrees. The capacity of water to absorb heat is known to be greater than any other substance. Now, when our clothing is damp from perspiration or from any other cause, our bodies lose just as much heat as the moisture in our clothing is capable of absorbing. The importance of always having dry material next to the skin is evident, and that material which will retain the least moisture is the best. Woolen fibre is found to answer this purpose more nearly than any other. In addition to its well-known filtering capacity, it has a greater stimulating action upon the skin than any other. On the other hand, cotton fibre, on account of its great capillary attraction, rapidly absorbs and retains moisture. A fabric, therefore, so constructed as to allow a layer of woolen fibre to lie between the skin and a layer of cotton fibre, and sufficiently open and loose as to contain the largest possible amount of air is the ideal. _The Jaros Hygienic Underwear material, a new fabric, seems beautifully adapted to this end. A layer of woolen fibres, soft and fleecy, is firmly held on one side of and in the meshes of an exceeding porous cotton fabric, so that while one extremity of a fibre lies against the skin, the other is in contact with the cotton; thus admitting of the rapid transference of all dampness of perspiration to the cotton where it is retained, and consequently leaving no moisture next to the skin to absorb and diminish the heat of the body. The importance of this subject, and the possibilities of this new fabric for the prevention of colds, and their resultant diseases, can only be appreciated when we remember the simple fact that it is impossible to take a cold so long as a healthy condition of the skin, and an even temperature of the surface of the body, are maintained._ TESTIMONIALS EXTRACTS--RENAL DISEASE, GEN'L VALUE. BRIGHT'S DISEASE AND ALLIED AFFECTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS. BY CHARLES W. PURDY, M. D., Prof. of Genito-Urinary and Renal Diseases in the Chicago Polyclinic. Chapter 1.--Albuminuria.--Pages 54-55. THE SKIN.--"* * * The most thorough protection to the skin is secured by the use of the JAROS HYGIENIC WEAR, especially during the cold and damp season. * * * It will be seen that the cotton fabric secures a comparatively static condition of air next the skin, while the fleece wool combines the minimum radiation of heat from the body with the greatest attainable hygroscopic power, thus securing uniform dryness and warmth of the skin under various conditions of atmosphere. Dr. L. L. McArthur has demonstrated before the Chicago Medical Society the superiority of the Jaros Wear over all other fabrics for the purpose of protecting the skin against rapid changes of temperature and humidity, and my own experience with it altogether bears out his deduction." * * * * * CHRONIC BRIGHT'S DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS. J. H. PRICE, M. D., Elmira, N. Y. (Abstract of Paper read before N. Y. State Medical Society, July, 1886.) "Fleece lined or silk under garments, according to the season, should be worn next to the skin the entire year. I would especially recommend for these patients the "Jaros Hygienic Underwear." These garments are light, warm, and delightfully soft. They afford full protection to the body against sudden chilling." * * * * * PHYSICIANS--RENAL DISEASE, GEN'L VALUE. MOSES GUNN, M. D., LL. D., Treas. Rush Medical College, Professor Surgery, 2101 Calumet Ave. MR. J. JAROS. CHICAGO, Dec. 10, 1885. I have been wearing for the past few weeks the fleece-lined underclothing of the Jaros Hygienic Wear. As a protection in extreme cold weather, this fabric is most comfortably efficacious. It also reduces to a minimum the unpleasant chilly sensations incident to a sudden change from an overheated room to the untempered cold of out-door winter weather. It possesses, therefore, hygienic value. MOSES GUNN, M. D., LL. D. * * * * * DE LASKIE MILLER, PH. D., M. D., Secretary Rush Medical College, Prof. Obstetrics. MR. J. JAROS, City. CHICAGO, Dec. 10, 1885. I have examined specimens of your "Jaros Hygienic Wear" with much interest. In material and construction these garments fulfill completely the requirements of the scientific essentials in underwear, insuring to the highest degree both the comfort and the health of the wearer, and as such I recommend them. DE LASKIE MILLER, Ph. D., M. D. I concur in the above. J. ADAMS ALLEN, M. D., LL. D., President Rush Medical College Prof. Practice of Medicine. * * * * * I. N. DANFORTH, A. M., M. D., Prof. of Renal Diseases, Chicago Medical College. Chicago Medical College, Medical Department Northwestern University, CHICAGO, Jan. 6, 1886. J. JAROS, Esq. MY DEAR SIR:--I am much impressed with the value of the Jaros Hygienic Wear, especially in renal and other diseases in which sudden changes of body temperature are hazardous. I think it will prove a valuable addition to our means of treating chronic, renal and other diseases in which full protection of the skin is all important. Yours truly, I. N. DANFORTH, A. M., M. D. * * * * * PHY'S--PULMONARY CONSUMPTION, BRONCHITIS. W. F. BOGART, M. D. BLACK HAWK, COLO., Feb'y 5, '89. JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR CO., Chicago, Ill. Gents:--I am delighted with your underwear for myself, and always recommend it to my patients that are troubled with Lung or Bronchial diseases. Respectfully, W. F. BOGART, M. D. * * * * * ADDRESS BEFORE ELMIRA ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, JULY, 1887. _Curability and Treatment of Pulmonary Consumption._ BY J. W. PRICE, M. D. The dress of the consumptive patient should be adapted to equalize the temperature of the body, so loose that it interferes in no way with the natural functions. The underclothing should be woolen, either lamb's wool or flannel. After an extended observation of the benefits derived from wearing the "JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERCLOTHING,"--a wool fleece knit material of graded weights, adapted to the season, I believe to be the best protective devices yet known for these patients. They are excellent non-conductors of changes of the temperature, and at the same time absorb cutaneous moisture--two most important qualities. * * * * * S. B. MUNN, M. D. WATERBURY, CONN., Jan. 17, 1888. JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR CO.: I take great pleasure in recommending your HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR as the best I have ever seen. I have been wearing it now about four months, and can say it is the best protection from colds, and being so thoroughly a non-conductor, prevents the wearer from all ill effects of sudden changes of temperature; also a Rheumatic Prophylactic. A lady patient of mine, who has suffered some four years with chronic bronchitis, is now wearing it, and is already very much relieved and improving faster with it, and without medicine, than she has previously with medicine, and at the same time wearing good flannel. Respectfully yours, S. B. MUNN, M. D. * * * * * PHYSICIANS--BRONCHITIS, RHEUMATISM. ROBERT HUNTER, M. D., No. 103 State Street, corner of Washington. MR. J. JAROS: CHICAGO, Oct. 24, 1885. Dear Sir:--I have great pleasure in expressing my entire approval of your underwear. It affords a better protection to the body in our variable climate than any kind of flannel in use. Nothing but wool is fit to maintain the capillary circulation of the skin, preserve warmth and promote insensible perspiration, without which good health impossible. I find your garments invaluable in the treatment of lung complaints, and recommend them to all my patients. ROBERT HUNTER, M. D. * * * * * JAMES NEVINS HYDE, A. M., M. D., Professor of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Rush Medical College, 204 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO, February 17, 1888. Gentlemen:--I take especial pleasure in saying that I have often employed the _Jaros Wear_ in cases of muscular and other forms of rheumatism, and always with advantage to the patient. I have had knowledge of the value of these undergarments for a period of time sufficiently long to justify me in stating very positively that I regard them as a valuable means of protecting the surface of the body from the climatic changes to which it is much exposed in this part of the country. JAMES NEVINS HYDE. * * * * * J. E. HARPER, A. M., M. D. Prof. Ophthalmology and Otology, College Physicians and Surgeons, Ophthalmic College, and Attending Surgeon Oakwood Retreat, Lake Geneva, Wis. CHICAGO, June 6th, '88. To J. JAROS, Chicago, Ill. Dear Sir:--I have felt for some time that I would like to give expression to my high regard for your "Hygienic Underwear," and hope you will accept the following as a spontaneous estimate of its value as an adjunct to the treatment of certain diseases as well as a reliable prophylactic. I have used your underwear in my family and recommended it to my patients during the past year, and am firmly convinced that its merits can not be overestimated as regards a comfortable and protecting material for undergarments. Persons affected with the rheumatic diathesis, those who have weak heart or lungs, and those having catarrhal troubles, or who take cold easily, should use your underwear constantly. Respectfully, J. E. HARPER. * * * * * PHYSICIANS--RHEUMATISM. JOHN H. PRICE, M. D., Sec.'y Chemung County, Med. Soc., N. Y. J. JAROS, Esq. Elmira, N. Y., Apr. 29, 1887. My Dear Sir:--The object of clothing is to preserve the proper heat of the body, by protecting it both from cold and heat, and thus to prevent the injurious actions of sudden changes of temperature upon the skin. This object is most admirably accomplished by the "Jaros Hygienic Wear." I have demonstrated this most important fact in my own person during the past six months. For several years past I have been much annoyed by occasional attacks of muscular Rheumatism. Since I began to wear the "Jaros Hygienic Clothing" I have been almost entirely free from these attacks. I deem them a valuable auxiliary in the treatment of _Consumption, Bright's Disease and Rheumatism_. Very truly yours, JOHN H. PRICE, M. D. * * * * * E. J. DORING, M. D., President Chicago Medico-Legal Society, 2406 Prairie Avenue. CHICAGO, Jan. 14, 1888. MR. J. JAROS. Dear Sir:--Referring to your letter of the 12th, I wish to say in reply that I have frequently had occasion to recommend your Underwear for patients suffering from Rheumatism, Neuralgia, etc., and have been entirely satisfied with the results obtained. I shall continue to recommend it. Very respectfully, EDWIN J. DORING, M. D. * * * * * NORMAN BRIDGE, M. D., Prof. of Pathology and adjunct Professor of the principles and practice of Medicine, Rush Medical College. CHICAGO, 6, 5, 1888. J. JAROS, Esq. Dear Sir:--One winter's practical use of the Underwear manufactured by your company, as well as the observation of the use of it by others have convinced me of its great value as an under clothing for protecting the body against cold and various diseases in some measure incident thereto, especially rheumatoid affections. The physical principles of its construction appear to be correct, and it is certainly very agreeable to the wearer. Most truly yours, NORMAN BRIDGE. * * * * * DAVID WARMAN, M. D. TRENTON, N. J., Feb. 11, 1888. JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR CO., Chicago, Ill. Dear Sirs:--My experience with your Hygienic Underwear, though somewhat limited at present, I cheerfully give you. One of my patients wearing it is delighted, and so am I. The patient was a sufferer from Muscular Rheumatism, and since he donned your garments he has not had an attack; although the weather has just been of the kind to produce the disease. In this peculiar and ever changing climate of ours, it is important to wear woolen undergarments the year round. They not only protect from cold, but heat as well, by aiding in evaporation from the body and keeping the surface warm. The principles upon which your wear is constructed is undoubtedly correct, in maintaining a healthy and normal action of the skin and thereby diminishing the liability to taking cold. I take great pleasure in recommending them to my patients. Sincerely yours, DAVID WARMAN. * * * * * R. W. BISHOP, A. B., M. D., Prof. Physiology and Dermatology, Chicago Med. College. CHICAGO, Aug. 29, 1887. JAROS HYGIENIC UNDERWEAR CO. I have much pleasure in stating that I have used your Underwear for several years, and have found it invaluable as a safeguard against many of the ills caused by sudden and severe climatic changes. I also prescribe it for Rheumatism. Yours respectively, R. W. BISHOP. * * * * * S. A. CONKLING, M. D. CANTON, OHIO, Feb. 14th, 1888. JAROS HYGIENIC CO., Chicago, Ill. Gentlemen:--After a trial during the past winter of the JAROS HYGIENIC WEAR I am fully satisfied of its merits in both protecting and properly airifying the body, and especially do I recommend it as being well calculated for persons predisposed to a rheumatic diathesis and a general weakened condition of the nervous
{'title': 'Jaros Hygienic Wear: The therapeutic and prophylactic application. by I. Jaros', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}