Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Mark C. Orton, Ramon Pajares Box and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE * Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_. * Small caps are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS. * Gesperrt Greek text is enclosed in tildes as in ~ÎºÎ±á½¶ Ïá½° Î»Î¿Î¹Ïá½±~. * Original spelling, hyphenation and punctuation have been kept, but variant spellings were made consistent when a predominant usage was found. * Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected, after comparison with a later edition of this work. Greek text has also been corrected after checking with this later edition and with Perseus, when the reference was found. * Both âEuagorasâ and âEvagorasâ are used to refer to the same ruler. * The following changes were also made, after checking with other editions: page vi: âfractionsâ â âfactionsâ (they divide into three factions). page 216: âOdrysiansâ â âBithyniansâ (who charged through the Bithynians). page 326: âwithâ â âwhichâ (which his successor Teleutias ... still farther completed) note 30: âá¼Î³Î³Î±Î´Î±â â âá¼Î»Î»á½±Î´Î±â (Î¤Î¿Î¹Î¿á¿¦ÏÎ¿Î¹ Î¿á½Î½ á½Î½ÏÎµÏ, á¼Ïá½¹Î¸Î¿Ï Î½ Îµá¼°Ï Ïá½´Î½ á¼Î»Î»á½±Î´Î± Ïá½½Î¶ÎµÏÎ¸Î±Î¹). note 626: â494â â â394â (before the autumn of 394 B.C.). HISTORY OF GREECE BY GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. VOL. IX. REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EDITION. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 329 AND 331 PEARL STREET. 1880. CONTENTS. VOL. IX. PART II. CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE. CHAPTER LXIX. CYRUS THE YOUNGER AND THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS. Spartan empire.âMarch of the Ten Thousand Greeks.âPersian kingsâXerxesâArtaxerxes Longimanus.âDarius Nothus.âCyrus the younger in Ioniaâhis vigorous operations against Athens.âYouth and education of Cyrus.âHis esteem for the Greeksâhis hopes of the crown.âDeath of Darius Nothusâsuccession of Artaxerxes Mnemon.âSecret preparations of Cyrus for attacking his brother.âKlearchus and other Greeks in the service of Cyrus.âStrict administration, and prudent behavior, of Cyrus.âCyrus collects his army at Sardis.âThe Ten Thousand Greeksâtheir position and circumstances.âXenophon.âHow Xenophon came to join the Cyreian army.âCyrus marches from SardisâKolossÃ¦âKelÃ¦nÃ¦.âPeltÃ¦âKeramÃ´n-Agora, KÃ¤ystru-Pedion.âDistress of Cyrus for moneyâEpyaxa supplies him.âThymbrium.âTyriÃ¦umâReview of the Greeks by Cyrus.âIkoniumâLykaoniaâTyana.âPass over Taurus into Kilikia.âSyennesis of Kilikiaâhis duplicityâhe assists Cyrus with money.âCyrus at Tarsusâmutiny of the Greeksâtheir refusal to go farther.âKlearchus tries to suppress the mutiny by severityâhe fails.âHe tries persuasionâhis discourse to the soldiers.âHis refusal to march fartherâwell received.âDeceitful manÅuvres of Klearchus to bring the soldiers round to Cyrus.âThe soldiers agree to accompany Cyrus fartherâincrease of pay.âMarch onwardâfrom Tarsus to Issus.âFlight of Abrokomasâabandonment of the passes.âGates of Kilikia and Syria.âDesertion of Xenias and Pasionâprudence of Cyrus.âCyrus marches from the sea to Thapsakus on the Euphrates.âPartial reluctance of the armyâthey ford the Euphrates.âSeparate manÅuvre of Menon.âAbrokomas abandons the defence of the riverâhis double dealing.âCyrus marches along the left bank of the Euphratesâthe Desertâprivations of the army.âPylÃ¦âCharmandÃªâdangerous dispute between the soldiers of Klearchus and those of Menon.âEntry into Babyloniaâtreason of Orontesâpreparation for battle.âDiscourse of Cyrus to his officers and soldiers.âConception formed by Cyrus of Grecian superiority.âPresent of Cyrus to the prophet Silanus.âCyrus passes the undefended trenchâKunaxaâsudden appearance of the kingâs armyâpreparation of Cyrus for battle.âLast orders of Cyrus.âBattle of Kunaxaâeasy victory of the Greeks on their side.âImpetuous attack of Cyrus upon his brotherâCyrus is slain.âFlight of AriÃ¦us and the Asiatic force of Cyrus.âPlunder of the Cyreian camp by Artaxerxes. Victorious attitude of the Greeks.âCharacter of Cyrus.âIf Cyrus had succeeded, he would have been the most formidable enemy to Greece. 1-51 CHAPTER LXX. RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS. Dismay of the Greeks on learning the death of Cyrus. Klearchus offers the throne to AriÃ¦us.âArtaxerxes summons the Greeks to surrenderâtheir replyâlanguage of Phalinus.âAriÃ¦us refuses the throne, but invites the Greeks to join him for retreat.âThe Greeks rejoin AriÃ¦usâinterchange of oathsâresolution to retreat together.âPosition of the Greeksâto all appearance hopeless.âCommencement of the retreat, along with AriÃ¦usâdisorder of the army.âHeralds from the Persians to treat about a truce.âThe heralds conduct the Greeks to villages furnished with provisions. March over the canals.âAbundant supplies obtained in the villages.âVisit of Tissaphernesânegotiations.âConvention concluded with Tissaphernes, who engages to conduct the Greeks home.âMotives of the Persiansâfavorable dispositions of Parysatis towards Cyrus.âLong halt of the Greeksâtheir quarrel with AriÃ¦us.âSecret despair of Klearchus.âRetreating march begun, under Tissaphernesâthey enter within the Wall of Mediaâmarch to SittakÃª.âAlarm and suspicions of the Greeksâthey cross the Tigris.âRetreating march up the left bank of the Tigrisâto the Great Zab.âSuspicions between the Greeks and Tissaphernes.âKlearchus converses with Tissaphernesâand is talked over.âKlearchus, with the other Grecian generals, visits Tissaphernes in his tent.âTissaphernes seizes the Greek generals. They are sent prisoners to the Persian court, and there put to death.âMenon is reserved to perish in tortureâsentiments of queen Parysatis.âHow Klearchus came to be imposed upon.âPlans of Tissaphernesâimpotence and timidity of the Persians.âThe Persians summon the Grecian army to surrender.âIndignant refusal of the Greeksâdistress and despair prevalent among them.âFirst appearance of Xenophonâhis dream.âHe stimulates the other captains to take the lead and appoint new officers.âAddress of Xenophon to the officers. New generals are named, Xenophon being one.âThe army is convened in general assemblyâspeech of Xenophon.âFavorable augury from a man sneezing.âEncouraging topics insisted on by Xenophon.âGreat impression produced by his speechâthe army confirm the new generals proposed.âGreat ascendency acquired over the army at once by Xenophonâqualities whereby he obtained it.âCombination of eloquence and confidence, with soldier-like resource and bravery.âApproach of the Persian Mithridatesâthe Greeks refuse all parley.âThe Greeks cross the Zab and resume their march, harassed by the Persian cavalry.âSufferings of the Greeks from marching under the attacks of the cavalry. Successful precautions taken.âTissaphernes renews the attack, with some effect.âComfortable quarters of the Greeks. They halt to repel the cavalry, and then march fast onward.âVictory of the Greeksâprowess of Xenophon.âThe Greeks embarrassed as to their routeâimpossibility either of following the Tigris farther, or of crossing it.âThe strike into the mountains of the Karduchians.âThey burn much of their baggageâtheir sufferings from the activity and energy of the Karduchians.âExtreme danger of their situation.âXenophon finds out another road to turn the enemyâs position.âThe Karduchians are defeated and the road cleared.âDanger of Xenophon with the rear division and baggage.âAnxiety of the Greeks to recover the bodies of the slain.âThey reach the river KentritÃªs, the northern boundary of Karduchia.âDifficulties of passing the KentritÃªsâdream of Xenophon.âThey discover a ford and pass the river.âXenophon with the rear-guard repels the Karduchians and effects his passage.âMarch through Armenia. Heavy snow and severe cold.âThey ford the Eastern Euphrates or Murad.âDistressing marchesâextreme misery from cold and hunger.âRest in good quartersâsubterranean villages well stocked with provisions.âAfter a weekâs rest, they march onwardâtheir guide runs away.âThey reach a difficult pass occupied by the Chalybesâraillery exchanged between Xenophon and Cheirisophus about stealing.âThey turn the pass by a flank-march, and force their way over the mountain.âMarch through the country of the Taochiâexhaustion of provisionsâcapture of a hill-fort.âThrough the Chalybes, the bravest fighters whom they had yet seenâthe Skythini.âThey reach the flourishing city of Gymnias.âFirst sight of the sea from the mountain-top ThÃªchÃªâextreme delight of the soldiers.âPassage through the MakrÃ´nes.âThrough the Kolchiansâwho oppose them and are defeated.âKolchian villagesâunwholesome honey.âArrival at Trapezus on the Euxine (Trebizond).âJoy of the Greeksâtheir discharge of vows to their godsâtheir festivals and games.âAppendix. 52-120 CHAPTER LXXI. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS, FROM THE TIME THAT THEY REACHED TRAPEZUS, TO THEIR JUNCTION WITH THE LACEDÃMONIAN ARMY IN ASIA MINOR. Greek cities on the EuxineâSinÃ´pÃª with her colonies Kerasus, KotyÃ´ra, and Trapezus.âIndigenous inhabitantsâtheir relations with the Greek colonists.âFeelings of the Greeks on the Euxine when the Ten Thousand descended among them.âUncertainty and danger of what they might do.âPlans of the armyâCheirisophus is sent to Byzantium to procure vessels for transporting them.âRegulations for the army proposed by Xenophon during his absence.âAdopted by the armyâtheir intense repugnance to farther marching.âMeasures for procuring transports. Marauding expeditions for supplies, against the Colchians and the DrilÃ¦.âThe army leave Trapezus, and march westward along the coast to Kerasus.âActs of disorder and outrage committed by various soldiers near Kerasus.âMarch to KotyÃ´raâhostilities with the MosynÅki.âLong halt at KotyÃ´raâremonstrance from the Sinopians.âSpeech of Hekatonymus of SinÃ´pÃª to the armyâreply of Xenophon.âSuccess of the replyâgood understanding established with SinÃ´pÃª.âConsultation of the army with Hekatonymus, who advises going home by sea.âEnvoys sent by the army to SinÃ´pÃª to procure vessels.âPoverty and increasing disorganization or the army.âIdeas of Xenophon about founding a new city in the Euxine, with the army.âSacrifice of Xenophon to ascertain the will of the godsâtreachery of the prophet Silanus.âSilanus, Timasion, and others raise calumnies against Xenophon. General assembly of the army.âAccusations against Xenophonâhis speech in defence.âHe carries the soldiers with himâdiscontent and flight of Silanus.âFresh manÅuvres of Timasionâfresh calumnies circulated against Xenophonârenewed discontent of the army.âXenophon convenes the assembly again.âhis address in defence of himself.âHis remonstrance against the disorders in the army.âVote of the army unanimously favorable to Xenophonâdisapproving the disorders, and directing trial.âXenophonâs appeal to universal suffrage, as the legitimate political authority. Success of his appeal.âXenophon recommends trial of the generals before a tribunal formed of the lochages or captains. Satisfaction of the army with Xenophon.âManner in which discipline was upheld by the officers.âComplete triumph of Xenophon. His influence over the army, derived from his courage, his frankness, and his oratory.âImproved feeling of the armyâpeace with the Paphlagonian Korylas.âThe army pass by sea to SinÃ´pÃª.âReturn of Cheirisophusâresolution of the army to elect a single generalâthey wish to elect Xenophon, who declinesâCheirisophus is chosen.âThe army pass by sea to Herakleiaâthey wish to extort money from the Herakleotsâopposition of Cheirisophus and Xenophon.âDissatisfaction of the armyâthey divide into three factions. 1. The Arcadians and AchÃ¦ans. 2. A division under Cheirisophus. 3. A division under Xenophon.âArcadian division start first and act for themselvesâthey get into great danger, and are rescued by Xenophonâthe army reÃ¼nited at KalpÃªâold board of generals reÃ«lected, with Neon in place of Cheirisophus.âDistress for provisions at KalpÃªâunwillingness to move in the face of unfavorable sacrificesâultimate victory over the troops of the country.âHalt at KalpÃªâcomfortable quartersâidea that they were about to settle there as a colony.âArrival of Kleander, the Spartan harmost, from Byzantium, together with Dexippus.âDisorder in the army: mutiny against Kleander, arising from the treachery of Dexippus.âIndignation and threats of KleanderâXenophon persuades the army to submitâfear of Sparta.âSatisfaction given to Kleander, by the voluntary surrender of Agasias with the mutinous soldier.âAppeal to the mercy of Kleander, who is completely soothed.âKleander takes the command, expressing the utmost friendship both towards the army and towards Xenophon.âUnfavorable sacrifices make Kleander throw up the command and sail away.âMarch of the army across the country from KalpÃª to ChalkÃªdon.âPharnabazus bribes Anaxibius to carry the army across the Bosphorus into Europeâfalse promises of Anaxibius to the army.âIntention of Xenophon to leave the army immediately and go homeâfirst proposition addressed to him by Seuthes of Thrace.âThe army cross over to Byzantiumâfraud and harsh dealing of Anaxibius, who sends the army at once out of the town.âLast orders of Anaxibius as the soldiers were going out of the gates.âWrath and mutiny of the soldiers, in going awayâthey rush again into the gates, and muster within the town.âTerror of Anaxibius and all within the town.âThe exasperated soldiers masters of Byzantiumâdanger of all within itâconduct of Xenophon.âXenophon musters the soldiers in military order and harangues them.âXenophon calms the army, and persuades them to refrain from assaulting the townâmessage sent by them to Anaxibiusâthey go out of Byzantium, and agree to accept KÅratadas as their commander.âRemarkable effect produced by Xenophonâevidence which it affords of the susceptibility of the Greek mind to persuasive influences. Xenophon leaves the army, and goes into Byzantium with the view of sailing home. KÅratadas is dismissed from the command.âDissension among the commanders left.âDistress of the armyâAristarchus arrives from Sparta to supersede KleanderâPolus on his way to supersede Anaxibius.âPharnabazus defrauds Anaxibius, who now employs Xenophon to convey the Cyreians across back to Asia.âAristarchus hinders the crossingâhis cruel dealing towards the sick Cyreians left in Byzantium.âHis treacherous scheme for entrapping Xenophon.âXenophon is again implicated in the conduct of the armyâhe opens negotiations with Seuthes.âPosition of Seuthesâhis liberal offers to the army.âXenophon introduces him to the army, who accept the offers.âService of the army with Seuthes, who cheats them of most of their pay.âThe army suspect the probity of Xenophonâunjust calumnies against himâhe exposes it in a public harangue, and regains their confidence.âChange of interest in the LacedÃ¦monians, who become anxious to convey the Cyreians across into Asia, in order to make war against the satraps.âXenophon crosses over with the army to Asiaâhis povertyâhe is advised to sacrifice to Zeus Meilichiosâbeneficial effects.âHe conducts the army across Mount Ida to Pergamus.âHis unsuccessful attempt to surprise and capture the rich Persian Asidates.âIn a second attempt he captures Asidatesâvaluable booty secured.âGeneral sympathy expressed for Xenophonâlarge share personally allotted to him.âThe Cyreians are incorporated in the army of the LacedÃ¦monian general ThimbronâXenophon leaves the army, depositing his money in the temple at Ephesus.âHis subsequent return to Asia, to take command of Cyreians as a part of the LacedÃ¦monian army.âXenophon in the Spartan service, with Agesilaus against Athensâhe is banished.âHe settles at Skillus near Olympia, on an estate consecrated to Artemis.âCharms of the residenceâgood huntingâannual public sacrifice offered by Xenophon.âLater life of Xenophonâexpelled from Skillus after the battle of Leuktraâafterwards restored at Athens.âGreat impression produced by the retreat of the Ten Thousand upon the Greek mind. 121-180 CHAPTER LXXII. GREECE UNDER THE LACEDÃMONIAN EMPIRE. Sequel of Grecian affairs generallyâresumed.âSpartan empireâhow and when it commenced.âOppression and suffering of Athens under the Thirty.âAlteration of Grecian feeling towards Athensâthe Thirty are put down and the democracy restored.âThe Knights or Horsemen, the richest proprietors at Athens, were the great supporters of the Thirty in their tyranny.âThe state of Athens, under the Thirty, is a sample of that which occurred in a large number of other Grecian cities, at the commencement of the Spartan empire.âGreat power of Lysanderâhe establishes in most of the cities Dekarchies, along with a Spartan harmost.âIntimidation exercised everywhere by Lysander in favor of his own partisans.âOppressive action of these Dekarchies.âIn some points, probably worse than the Thirty at Athens.âBad conduct of the Spartan harmostsâharsh as well as corrupt. No justice to be obtained against them at Sparta.âContrast of the actual empire of Sparta, with the promises of freedom which she had previously held out.âNumerous promises of general autonomy made by Spartaâby the Spartan general Brasidas, especially.âGradual change in the language and plans of Sparta towards the close of the Peloponnesian war.âLanguage of Brasidas contrasted with the acts of Lysander.âExtreme suddenness and completeness of the victory of Ãgospotami left Lysander almost omnipotent.âThe dekarchies became partly modified by the jealousy at Sparta against Lysander. The harmosts lasted much longer.âThe Thirty at Athens were put down by the Athenians themselves, not by any reformatory interference of Sparta.âThe empire of Sparta much worse and more oppressive than that of Athens.âImperial Athens deprived her subject-allies of their autonomy, but was guilty of little or no oppression.âImperial Sparta did this, and much worseâher harmosts and decemvirs are more complained of than the fact of her empire.âThis more to be regretted, as Sparta had now an admirable opportunity for organizing a good and stable confederacy throughout Greece.âSparta might have reÃ¶rganized the confederacy of Delos, which might now have been made to work well.âInsupportable arrogance of Lysanderâbitter complaints against him, as well as against the dekarchies.âLysander offends Pharnabazus, who procures his recall. His disgust and temporary expatriation.âSurrender of the Asiatic Greeks to Persia, according to the treaty concluded with Sparta.âTheir condition is affected by the position and ambitious schemes of Cyrus, whose protection they seek against Tissaphernes.âAfter the death of Cyrus, Tissaphernes returns as victor and satrap to the coast of Asia Minor.âAlarm of the Asiatic Greeks, who send to ask aid from Sparta. The Spartans send Thimbron with an army to Asia. His ill-success and recallâhe is superseded by Derkyllidas.âConduct of the Cyreians loose as to pillage.âDerkyllidas makes a truce with Tissaphernes, and attacks Pharnabazus in the Troad and Ãolis.âDistribution of the Persian empire; relation of king, satrap, sub-satrap.âMania, widow of ZÃªnis, holds the subsatrapy of Ãolis under Pharnabazus. Her regular payment and vigorous government.âMilitary force, personal conquests, and large treasures, of Mania.âAssassination of Mania, and of her son, by her son-in-law Meidias, who solicits the satrapy from Pharnabazus, but is indignantly refused.âInvasion and conquest of Ãolis by Derkyllidas, who gets possession of the person of Meidias.âDerkyllidas acquires and liberates SkÃªpsis and Gergis, deposing Meidias, and seizing the treasures of Mania.âDerkyllidas concludes a truce with Pharnabazus, and takes winter quarters in Bithynia.âCommand of Derkyllidasâsatisfaction of Sparta with the improved conduct of the Cyreians.âDerkyllidas crosses into Europe, and employs his troops in fortifying the Chersonesus against the Thracians.âHe captures and garrisons Atarneus.âHe makes war upon Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, upon the MÃ¦ander.âTimidity of Tissaphernesâhe concludes a truce with Derkyllidas.âDerkyllidas is superseded by Agesilaus.âAlienation towards Sparta had grown up among her allies in Central Greece.âGreat energy imparted to Spartan action by Lysander immediately after the victory of Ãgospotami; an energy very unusual with Sparta.âThe Spartans had kept all the advantages of victory to themselvesâtheir allies were allowed nothing.âGreat power of the Spartansâthey take revenge upon those who had displeased themâtheir invasion of Elis.âThe Spartan king Agis invades the Eleian territory. He retires from it immediately in consequence of an earthquake.âSecond invasion of Elis by Agisâhe marches through Triphylia and Olympia; victorious march, with much booty.âInsurrection of the oligarchical party in Elisâthey are put down.âThe Eleians are obliged to submit to hard terms of peace.âSparta refuses to restore the Pisatans to the Olympic presidency.âTriumphant position of Spartaâshe expels the Messenians from Peloponnesus and its neighborhood. 181-229 CHAPTER LXXIII. AGESILAUS KING OF SPARTA.âTHE CORINTHIAN WAR. Triumphant position of Sparta at the close of the warâintroduction of a large sum of gold and silver by Lysanderâopposed by some of the Ephors.âThe introduction of money was only one among a large train of corrupting circumstances which then became operative on Sparta.âContrast between Sparta in 432 B.C., and Sparta after 404 B.C.âIncrease of peculation, inequality, and discontent at Sparta.âTestimonies of Isokrates and Xenophon to the change of character and habits at Sparta.âPower of Lysanderâhis arrogance and ambitious projectsâflattery lavished upon him by sophists and poets.âReal position of the kings at Sparta.âHis intrigues to make himself king at Spartaâhe tries in vain to move the oracles in his favorâscheme laid for the production of sacred documents, as yet lying hidden, by a son of Apollo.âHis aim at the kingship failsânevertheless he still retains prodigious influence at Sparta.âDeath of Agis, king of Spartaâdoubt as to the legitimacy of his son Leotychides. Agesilaus, seconded by Lysander, aspires to the throne.âCharacter of Agesilaus.âConflicting pretensions of Agesilaus and Leotychides.âObjection taken against Agesilaus on the ground of his lameness,âoracle produced by Diopeithesâeluded by the interpretation of Lysander.âAgesilaus is preferred as kingâsuspicions which always remained attached to Lysanderâs interpretation.âPopular conduct of Agesilausâhe conciliates the ephorsâhis great influence at Spartaâhis energy, combined with unscrupulous partisanship.âDangerous conspiracy at Spartaâterror-striking sacrifices.âCharacter and position of the chief conspirator Kinadonâstate of parties at Spartaâincreasing number of malcontents.âPolice of the ephorsâinformation laid before them.âWide-spread discontent reckoned upon by the conspirators.âAlarm of the ephorsâtheir manÅuvres for apprehending Kinadon privately.âKinadon is seized, interrogated, and executedâhis accomplices are arrested, and the conspiracy broken up.âDangerous discontent indicated at Sparta.âProceedings of Derkyllidas and Pharnabazus in Asia.âPersian preparations for reviving the maritime war against Spartaârenewed activity of Konon.âAgesilaus is sent with a land-force to Asia, accompanied by Lysander.âLarge plans of Agesilaus, for conquest in the interior of Asia.âGeneral willingness of the Spartan allies to serve in the expedition, but refusal from Thebes, Corinth, and Athens.âAgesilaus compares himself with Agamemnonâgoes to sacrifice at Aulisâis contemptuously hindered by the Thebans.âArrival of Agesilaus at Ephesusâhe concludes a fresh armistice with Tissaphernes.âArrogant behavior and overweening ascendency of Lysanderâoffensive to the army and to Agesilaus.âAgesilaus humbles and degrades Lysander, who asks to be sent away.âLysander is sent to command at the Hellespontâhis valuable service there.âTissaphernes breaks the truce with Agesilaus, who makes war upon him and Pharnabazusâhe retires for the purpose of organizing a force of cavalry.âAgesilaus indifferent to money for himself, but eager in enriching his friends.âHis humanity towards captives and deserted children.âSpartan side of his characterâexposure of naked prisonersâdifferent practice of Asiatics and Greeks.âEfforts of Agesilaus to train his army, and to procure cavalry.âAgesilaus renews the war against Tissaphernes, and gains a victory near Sardis.âArtaxerxes causes Tissaphernes to be put to death and superseded by Tithraustes.âNegotiations between the new satrap and Agesilausâthe satraps in Asia Minor hostile to each other.âCommencement of action at sea against Spartaâthe Athenian Konon, assisted by Persian ships and money, commands a fleet of eighty sail on the coast of Karia.âRhodes revolts from the Spartan empireâKonon captures an Egyptian corn-fleet at Rhodes.âAnxiety of the LacedÃ¦moniansâAgesilaus is appointed to command at sea as well as on land.âSeverity of the LacedÃ¦monians towards the Rhodian Dorieusâcontrast of the former treatment of the same man by Athens.âSentiment of a multitude compared with that of individuals.âEfforts of Agesilaus to augment the fleetâhe names Peisander admiral.âOperations of Agesilaus against Pharnabazus.âHe lays waste the residence of the satrap, and surprises his campâoffence given to Spithridates.âPersonal conference between Agesilaus and Pharnabazus.âFriendship established between Agesilaus and the son of Pharnabazusâcharacter of Agesilaus.âPromising position and large preparations for Asiatic land-warfare, of Agesilausâhe is recalled with his army to Peloponnesus.âEfforts and proceedings of Konon in command of the Persian fleetâhis personal visit to the Persian court.âPharnabazus is named admiral jointly with Konon.âBattle of Knidusâcomplete defeat of the LacedÃ¦monian fleetâdeath of Peisander the admiral. 230-283 CHAPTER LXXIV. FROM THE BATTLE OF KNIDUS TO THE REBUILDING OF THE LONG WALLS OF ATHENS. War in Central Greece against Spartaâcalled the Corinthian war.âRelations of Sparta with the neighboring states and with her allies after the accession of Agesilaus. Discontent among the allies.âGreat power of Sparta, stretching even to Northern Greeceâstate of Herakleia.âGrowing disposition in Greece to hostility against Sparta, when she becomes engaged in the war against Persia.âThe satrap Tithraustes sends an envoy with money into Greece, to light up war against Spartaâhis success at Thebes, Corinth, and Argos.âThe Persian money did not create hostility against Sparta, but merely brought out hostile tendencies pre-existing. Philo-Laconian sentiment of Xenophon.âWar between Sparta and Thebesâthe BÅotian war.âActive operations of Sparta against BÅotiaâLysander is sent to act from Herakleia on the northwardâPausanias conducts an army from Peloponnesus.âThe Thebans apply to Athens for aidâremarkable proof of the altered sentiment in Greece.âSpeech of the Theban envoy at Athens.âPolitical feeling at Athensâgood effects of the amnesty after the expulsion of the Thirty.âUnanimous vote of the Athenians to assist Thebes against Sparta.âState of the BÅotian confederacyâOrchomenus revolts and joins Lysander, who invades BÅotia with his army and attacks Haliartus.âLysander is repulsed and slain before Haliartus.âPausanias arrives in BÅotia after the death of LysanderâThrasybulus and an Athenian army come to the aid of the Thebans.âPausanias evacuates BÅotia, on receiving the dead bodies of Lysander and the rest for burial.âAnger against Pausanias at Sparta; he escapes into voluntary exile; he is condemned in his absence.âCondemnation of Pausanias not deserved.âSparta not less unjust in condemning unsuccessful generals than Athens.âCharacter of Lysanderâhis mischievous influence, as well for Sparta as for Greece generally.âHis plans to make himself king at Spartaâdiscourse of the sophist Kleon.âEncouragement to the enemies of Sparta, from the death of Lysanderâalliance against her between Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argosâthe EubÅans and others join the alliance.âIncreased importance of Thebesâshe now rises to the rank of a primary powerâthe Theban leader Ismenias.âSuccessful operations of Ismenias to the north of BÅotiaâcapture of Herakleia from Sparta.âSynod of anti-Spartan allies at Corinthâtheir confident hopesâthe LacedÃ¦monians send to recall Agesilaus from Asia.âLarge muster near Corinth of Spartans and Peloponnesians on one side, of anti-Spartan allies on the other.âBoldness of the language against Spartaâspeech of the Corinthian Timolaus.âThe anti-Spartan allies take up a defensive position near Corinthâadvance of the LacedÃ¦monians to attack them.âBattle of Corinthâvictory of the LacedÃ¦monians in their part of the battle; their allies in the other parts being worsted.âLacedÃ¦monian ascendency within Peloponnesus is secured, but no farther result gained.âAgesilausâhis vexation on being recalled from Asiaâhis large plans of Asiatic conquest.âRegret of the Asiatic allies when he quits Asiaâhe leaves Euxenus in Asia with four thousand men.âAgesilaus crosses the Hellespont and marches homeward through Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly.âAgesilaus and his army on the northern frontier of BÅotiaâeclipse of the sunânews of the naval defeat at Knidus.âBÅotians and their allies mustered at KorÃ´neia.âBattle of KorÃ´neiaâAgesilaus with most of his army is victorious; while the Thebans on their side are also victorious.âTerrible combat between the Thebans and Spartans; on the whole, the result is favorable to the Thebans.âVictory of Agesilaus, not without severe woundsâyet not very decisiveâhis conduct after the battle.âArmy of Agesilaus withdraws from BÅotiaâhe goes to the Pythian gamesâsails homeward across the Corinthian Gulfâhis honorable reception at Sparta.âResults of the battles of Corinth and KorÃ´neia. Sparta had gained nothing by the former, and had rather lost by the latter.âReverses of Sparta after the defeat of Knidus. Loss of the insular empire of Sparta. Nearly all her maritime allies revolt to join Pharnabazus and Konon.âAbydos holds faithfully to Sparta, under Derkyllidas.âDerkyllidas holds both Abydos and the Chersonesus opposite, in spite of Pharnabazusâanger of the latter.âPharnabazus and Konon sail with their fleet to Peloponnesus and Corinth.âAssistance and encouragement given by Pharnabazus to the allies at CorinthâRemarkable fact of the Persian satrap and fleet at Corinth.âPharnabazus leaves the fleet with Konon in the Saronic Gulf, and aids him, with money, to rebuild the Long Walls of Athens.âKonon rebuilds the Long Wallsâhearty coÃ¶peration of the allies.âGreat importance of this restorationâhow much it depended upon accidentâMaintenance of the lines of Corinth against Sparta, was one essential condition to the power of rebuilding the Long Walls. The lines were not maintained longer than the ensuing year. 284-324 CHAPTER LXXV. FROM THE REBUILDING OF THE LONG WALLS OF ATHENS TO THE PEACE OF ANTALKIDAS. Large plans of Kononâorganization of a mercenary force at Corinth.âNaval conflicts of the Corinthians and LacedÃ¦monians, in the Corinthian Gulf.âLand-warfareâthe LacedÃ¦monians established at Sikyonâthe anti-Spartan allies occupying the lines of Corinth from sea to sea.âSufferings of the Corinthians from the war being carried on in their territory. Many Corinthian proprietors become averse to the war.âGrowth and manifestation of the philo-Laconian party in Corinth. Oligarchical form of the government left open nothing but an appeal to force.âThe Corinthian government forestall the conspiracy by a _coup dâÃ©tat_.âNumerous persons of the philo-Laconian party are banished; nevertheless PasimÃªlus the leader is spared, and remains at Corinth.âIntimate political union and consolidation between Corinth and Argos.âPasimÃªlus admits the LacedÃ¦monians within the Long Walls of Corinth. Battle within those walls.âThe LacedÃ¦monians are victoriousâsevere loss of the Argeians.âThe LacedÃ¦monians pull down a portion of the Long Walls between Corinth and LechÃ¦um, so as to open a free passage across. They capture Krommyon and Sidus.âEffective warfare carried on by the light troops under Iphikrates at CorinthâMilitary genius and improvements of Iphikrates.âThe Athenians restore the Long Walls between Corinth and LechÃ¦umâexpedition of the Spartan king Agesilaus, who, in concert with Teleutias, retakes the Long Walls and captures LechÃ¦um.âAlarm of Athens and Thebes at the capture of the Long Walls of Corinth. Propositions sent to Sparta to solicit peace. The discussions come to no result.âAdvantages derived by the Corinthians from possession of PeirÃ¦um. At the instigation of the exiles, Agesilaus marches forth with an army to attack it.âIsthmian festivalâAgesilaus disturbs the celebration. The Corinthian exiles, under his protection, celebrate it; then, when he is gone, the Corinthians from the city perform the ceremony over again.âAgesilaus attacks PeirÃ¦um, which he captures, together with the HerÃ¦um, many prisoners, and much booty.âTriumphant position of Agesilaus. Danger of Corinth. The Thebans send fresh envoys to solicit peaceâcontemptuously treated by Agesilaus.âSudden arrival of bad news, which spoils the triumph.âDestruction of a LacedÃ¦monian mora by the light troops under Iphikrates.âDaring and well-planned manÅuvres of Iphikrates.âFew of the mora escape to LechÃ¦um.âThe LacedÃ¦monians bury the bodies of the slain, under truce asked and obtained. Trophy erected by Iphikrates.âGreat effect produced upon the Grecian mind by this event. Peculiar feelings of Spartans; pride of the relatives of the slain.âMortification of Agesilausâhe marches up to the walls of Corinth and defies Iphikratesâhe then goes back humiliated to Sparta.âSuccess of Iphikratesâhe retakes Krommyon, Sidus, and PeirÃ¦umâCorinth remains pretty well undisturbed by enemies. The Athenians recall Iphikrates.âExpedition of Agesilaus against Akarnaniaâsuccessful, after some delayâthe Akarnanians submit, and enrol themselves in the LacedÃ¦monian confederacy.âThe LacedÃ¦monians under Agesipolis invade Argos.âManÅuvre of the Argeians respecting the season of the holy truce. Agesipolis consults the oracles at Olympia and Delphi.âEarthquake in Argos after the invasion of Agesipolisâhe disregards it.âHe marches up near to Argosâmuch plunder takenâhe retires.âTransactions in Asiaâefforts of Sparta to detach the Great King from Athens.âThe Spartan Antalkidas is sent as envoy to Tiribazus. Konon and other envoys sent also, from Athens and the anti-Spartan allies.âAntalkidas offers to surrender the Asiatic Greeks, and demands universal autonomy throughout the Grecian worldâthe anti-Spartan allies refuse to accede to those terms.âHostility of Sparta to all the partial confederacies of Greece, now first proclaimed under the name of universal autonomy.âAntalkidas gains the favor of Tiribazus, who espouses privately the cause of Sparta, though the propositions for peace fail. Tiribazus seizes KononâKononâs career is now closed, either by death or imprisonment.âTiribazus cannot prevail with the Persian court, which still continues hostile to Sparta. Struthas is sent down to act against the LacedÃ¦monians in Ionia.âVictory of Struthas over Thimbron and the LacedÃ¦monian army. Thimbron is slain.âDiphridas is sent to succeed Thimbron.âLacedÃ¦monian fleet at Rhodesâintestine disputes in the island.âThe Athenians send aid to Evagoras at Cyprus. Fidelity with which they adhered to him, though his alliance had now become inconvenient.âThrasybulus is sent with a fleet from Athens to the Asiatic coastâhis acquisitions in the Hellespont and Bosphorus.âVictory of Thrasybulus in Lesbosâhe levies contributions along the Asiatic coastâhe is slain near Aspendus.âCharacter of Thrasybulus.âAgyrrhius succeeds ThrasybulusâRhodes still holds out against the LacedÃ¦monians.âAnaxibius is sent to command at the Hellespont in place of Derkyllidasâhis vigorous proceedingsâhe deprives Athens of the tolls of the strait.âThe Athenians send Iphikrates with his peltasts and a fleet to the Hellespont. His stratagem to surprise Anaxibius.âDefeat and death of Anaxibius.âThe Athenians are again masters of the Hellespont and the strait dues.âThe island of Ãginaâits past history.âThe Ãginetans are constrained by Sparta into war with Athens. The LacedÃ¦monian admiral Teleutias at Ãgina. He is superseded by Hierax. His remarkable popularity among the seamen.âHierax proceeds to Rhodes, leaving GorgÃ´pas at Ãgina. Passage of the LacedÃ¦monian Antalkidas to Asia.âGorgÃ´pas is surprised in Ãgina, defeated, and slain, by the Athenian Chabrias; who goes to assist Evagoras in Cyprus.âThe LacedÃ¦monian seamen at Ãgina unpaid and discontented. Teleutias is sent thither to conciliate them.âSudden and successful attack of Teleutias upon the PeirÃ¦us.âUnprepared and unguarded condition of PeirÃ¦usâTeleutias gains rich plunder, and sails away in safety.âHe is enabled to pay his seamenâactivity of the fleetâgreat loss inflicted upon Athenian commerce.âFinancial condition of Athens. The TheÃ´rikon.âDirect property-taxes.âAntalkidas goes up with Tiribazus to Susaâhis success at the Persian courtâhe brings down the terms of peace asked for by Sparta, ratified by the Great King, to be enforced by Sparta in his name.âAntalkidas in command of the LacedÃ¦monian and Syracusan fleets in the Hellespont, with Persian aid. His successes against the Athenians.âDistress and discouragement of Athensâanxiety of the anti-Spartan allies for peace.âTiribazus summons them all to Sardis, to hear the convention which had been sent down by the Great King.âTerms of the convention, called the peace of Antalkidas.âCongress at Sparta for acceptance or rejection. All parties accept. The Thebans at first accept under reserve for the BÅotian cities.âAgesilaus refuses to allow the Theban reserve, and requires unconditional acceptance. His eagerness, from hatred of Thebes, to get into a war with them single-handed. The Thebans are obliged to accept unconditionally.âAgesilaus forces the Corinthians to send away their Argeian auxiliaries. The philo-Argeian Corinthians go into exile; the philo-Laconian Corinthians are restored. 326-388 HISTORY OF GREECE. PART II. CHAPTER LXIX. CYRUS THE YOUNGER AND THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS. In my last volume, I brought down the History of Grecian affairs to the close of the Peloponnesian war, including a description of the permanent loss of imperial power, the severe temporary oppression, the enfranchisement and renewed democracy, which marked the lot of defeated Athens. The defeat of that once powerful city, accomplished by the Spartan confederacy,âwith large pecuniary aid from the young Persian prince Cyrus, satrap of most of the Ionian seaboard,âleft Sparta mistress, for the time, of the Grecian world. Lysander, her victorious admiral, employed his vast temporary power for the purpose of setting up, in most of the cities, Dekarchies or ruling Councils of Ten, composed of his own partisans; with a LacedÃ¦monian Harmost and garrison to enforce their oligarchical rule. Before I proceed, however, to recount, as well as it can be made out, the unexpected calamities thus brought upon the Grecian world, with their eventual consequences,âit will be convenient to introduce here the narrative of the Ten Thousand Greeks, with their march into the heart of the Persian empire and their still more celebrated Retreat. This incident, lying apart from the main stream of Grecian affairs, would form an item, strictly speaking, in Persian history rather than in Grecian. But its effects on the Greek mind, and upon the future course of Grecian affairs, were numerous and important; while as an illustration of Hellenic character and competence measured against that of the contemporary Asiatics, it stands preeminent and full of instruction. This march from Sardis up to the neighborhood of Babylon, conducted by Cyrus the younger and undertaken for the purpose of placing him on the Persian throne in the room of his elder brother Artaxerxes Mnemon,âwas commenced about March or April in the year 401 B.C. It was about six months afterwards, in the month of September or October of the same year, that the battle of Kunaxa was fought, in which, though the Greeks were victorious, Cyrus himself lost his life. They were then obliged to commence their retreat, which occupied about one year, and ultimately brought them across the Bosphorus of Thrace to Byzantium, in October or November, 400 B.C. The death of king Darius Nothus, father both of Artaxerxes and Cyrus, occurred about the beginning of 404 B.C., a short time after the entire ruin of the force of Athens at Ãgospotami. His reign of nineteen years, with that of his father Artaxerxes Longimanus which lasted nearly forty years, fill up almost all the interval from the death of Xerxes in 465 B.C. The close of the reigns both of Xerxes and of his son Artaxerxes had indeed been marked by those phenomena of conspiracy, assassination, fratricide, and family tragedy, so common in the transmission of an Oriental sceptre. Xerxes was assassinated by the chief officer of the palace, named Artabanus,âwho had received from him at a banquet the order to execute his eldest son Darius, but had not fulfilled it. Artabanus, laying the blame of the assassination upon Darius, prevailed upon Artaxerxes to avenge it by slaying the latter; he then attempted the life of Artaxerxes himself, but failed, and was himself killed, after carrying on the government a few months. Artaxerxes Longimanus, after reigning about forty years, left the sceptre to his son Xerxes the second, who was slain after a few months by his brother Sogdianus; who again was put to death after seven months, by a third brother Darius Nothus mentioned above.[1] [1] See Diodor. xi, 69; xii, 64-71; Ktesias, Persica, c. 29-45; Aristotel. Polit. v, 14, 8. This last passage of Aristotle is not very clear. Compare Justin, x, 1. For the chronology of these Persian kings, see a valuable Appendix in Mr. Fynes Clintonâs Fasti Hellenici, App. 18, vol. ii, p. 313-316. The wars between the Persian empire, and Athens as the head of the confederacy of Delos (477-449 B.C.), have been already related in one of my earlier volumes. But the internal history of the Persian empire during these reigns is scarcely at all known to us; except a formidable revolt of the satrap Megabyzus, obscurely noticed in the Fragments of Ktesias.[2] About 414 B.C. the Egyptians revolted. Their native prince AmyrtÃ¦us maintained his independence,âthough probably in a part only, and not the whole, of that country,[3]âand was succeeded by a native Egyptian dynasty for the space of sixty years. A revolt of the Medes, which took place in 408 B.C., was put down by Darius, and subsequently a like revolt of the Kadusians.[4] The peace concluded in 449 B.C., between Athens and the Persian empire, continued without open violation, until the ruinous catastrophe which befel the former near Syracuse, in 413 B.C. Yet there had been various communications and envoys from Sparta to the Persian court, endeavoring to procure aid from the Great King during the early years of the war; communications so confused and contradictory, that Artaxerxes (in a letter addressed to the Spartans, in 425 B.C., and carried by his envoy Artaphernes who was captured by the Athenians), complained of being unable to understand what they meant,âno two Spartans telling the same story.[5] It appears that Pissuthnes, satrap of Sardis, revolted from the Persian king, shortly after this period, and that Tissaphernes was sent by the Great King to suppress this revolt; in which having succeeded, by bribing the Grecian commander of the satrapâs mercenary troops, he was rewarded by the possession of the satrapy.[6] We find Tissaphernes satrap in the year 413 B.C., commencing operations jointly with the Spartans, for detaching the Asiatic allies from Athens, after her reverses in Sicily; and employing the Spartans successfully against Amorges, the revolted son of Pissuthnes, who occupied the strong maritime town of Iasus.[7] [2] Ktesias, Persica, c. 38-40. [3] See the Appendix of Mr. Fynes Clinton, mentioned in the preceding note, p. 317. There were some Egyptian troops in the army of Artaxerxes at the battle of Kunaxa; on the other hand, there were other Egyptians in a state of pronounced revolt. Compare two passages of Xenophonâs Anabasis, i, 8, 9; ii, 5, 13; Diodor. xiii, 46; and the Dissertation of F. Ley, Fata et Conditio Ãgypti sub imperio Persarum, p. 20-56 (Cologne, 1830). [4] Xen. Hellen. i, 2, 19; ii, 1, 13. [5] Thucyd. iv, 50. ÏÎ¿Î»Î»á¿¶Î½ Î³á½°Ï á¼Î»Î¸á½¹Î½ÏÏÎ½ ÏÏÎµÏÎ²á½³ÏÎ½ Î¿á½Î´á½³Î½Î± ÏÎ±á½Ïá½° Î»á½³Î³ÎµÎ¹Î½. This incompetence, or duplicity, on the part of the Spartan envoys, helps to explain the facility with which Alkibiades duped them at Athens (Thucyd. v, 45). See above, in this History, Vol. VII. ch. lv, p. 47. [6] Ktesias, Persic. c. 52. [7] Thucyd. viii, 28. See Vol. VII, ch. lxi, p. 389 of this History. The increased vigor of Persian operations against Athens, after Cyrus, the younger son of Darius Nothus, came down to the Ionic coast in 407 B.C., has been recounted in my preceding volume; together with the complete prostration of Athenian power, accomplished during the ensuing three years. Residing at Sardis and placed in active coÃ¶peration with Greeks, this ambitious and energetic young prince soon became penetrated with their superior military and political efficiency, as compared with the native Asiatics. For the abilities and character of Lysander, the Peloponnesian admiral, he contracted so much admiration, that, when summoned to court during the last illness of his father Darius in 405 B.C., he even confided to that officer the whole of his tribute and treasure, to be administered in furtherance of the war;[8] which during his absence was brought to a victorious close. [8] Xen. Hellen. ii, 1, 14. Compare Xen. Åconom. iv, 20. Cyrus, born after the accession of his father to the throne, was not more than eighteen years of age when first sent down to Sardis (in 407 B.C.) as satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Kappadokia, and as commander of that Persian military division which mustered at the plain of KastÃ´lus; a command not including the Ionic Greeks on the seaboard, who were under the satrapy of Tissaphernes.[9] We cannot place much confidence in the account which Xenophon gives of his education; that he had been brought up with his brother and many noble Persian youths in the royal palace,âunder the strictest discipline and restraint, enforcing modest habits, with the reciprocal duties of obedience and command, upon all of them, and upon him with peculiar success.[10] It is contradicted by all the realities which we read about the Persian court, and is a patch of Grecian rather than of Oriental sentiment, better suited to the romance of the CyropÃ¦dia that to the history of the Anabasis. But in the Persian accomplishments of horsemanship, mastery of the bow and of the javelin, bravery in the field, daring as well as endurance in hunting wild beasts, and power of drinking much wine without being intoxicated,âCyrus stood preeminent; and especially so when compared with his elder brother Artaxerxes, who was at least unwarlike, if not lazy and timid.[11] And although the peculiar virtue of the Hellenic citizen,âcompetence for alternate command and obedience,âformed no part of the character of Cyrus, yet it appears that Hellenic affairs and ideas became early impressed upon his mind; insomuch that on first coming down to Sardis as satrap, he brought down with him strong interest for the Peloponnesian cause, and strenuous antipathy to that ancient enemy by whom the Persian arms had been so signally humbled and repressed. How zealously he coÃ¶perated with Lysander and the Peloponnesians in putting down Athens, has been shown in my last preceding volume.[12] [9] Xen. Anab. i, 1, 2; i, 9, 7; Xen. Hellen. i, 4, 3. [10] Xen. Anab. i, 9, 3-5. Compare CyropÃ¦dia, i, 2, 4-6; viii, 1, 16, etc. [11] Plutarch, Artaxerx. c. 2-6; Xen. Anab. _ut sup._ [12] See Vol. VIII. ch. lxiv, p. 135. An energetic and ambitious youth like Cyrus, having once learnt from personal experience to appreciate the Greeks, was not slow in divining the value of such auxiliaries as instruments of power to himself. To coÃ¶perate effectively in the war, it was necessary that he should act to a certain extent upon Grecian ideas, and conciliate the good will of the Ionic Greeks; so that he came to combine the imperious and unsparing despotism of a Persian prince, with something of the regularity and system belonging to a Grecian administrator. Though younger than Artaxerxes, he seems to have calculated from the first upon succeeding to the Persian crown at the death of his father. So undetermined was the law of succession in the Persian royal family, and so constant the dispute and fratricide on each vacancy of the throne, that such ambitious schemes would appear feasible to a young man of much less ardor than Cyrus. Moreover he was the favorite son of queen Parysatis,[13] who greatly preferred him to his elder brother Artaxerxes. He was born after the accession of Darius to the throne, while Artaxerxes had been born prior to that event; and, as this latter consideration had been employed seventy years earlier by queen Atossa[14] in determining her husband Darius son of Hystaspes to declare (even during his lifetime) her son Xerxes as his intended successor, to the exclusion of an elder son by a different wife, and born before his accession,âso Cyrus, perhaps, anticipated the like effective preference to himself from the solicitations of Parysatis. Probably his hopes were farther inflamed by the fact that he bore the name of the great founder of the monarchy; whose memory every Persian reverenced. How completely he reckoned on becoming king, is shown by a cruel act performed about the early part of 405 B.C. It was required as a part of Persian etiquette that every man who came into the presence of the king should immerse his hands in certain pockets or large sleeves, which rendered them for the moment inapplicable to active use; but such deference was shown to no one except the king. Two first cousins of Cyrus,âsons of HieramenÃªs, (seemingly one of the satraps or high Persian dignitaries in Asia Minor), by a sister of Darius,âappeared in his presence without thus concealing their hands;[15] upon which Cyrus ordered them both to be put to death. The father and mother preferred bitter complaints of this atrocity to Darius; who was induced to send for Cyrus to visit him in Media, on the ground, not at all fictitious, that his own health was rapidly declining. [13] Darius had had thirteen children by Parysatis; but all except Artaxerxes and Cyrus died young. Ktesias asserts that he heard this statement from Parysatis herself (Ktesias, Persica, c. 49). [14] Herodot. vii, 4. [15] Xen. Hellen. ii, 1, 8, 9; Thucyd. viii, 58. Compare Xen. CyropÃ¦d. viii, 3, 10; and Lucian, Navigium seu Vota, c. 30. vol. iii, p. 267, ed. Hemsterhuys with Du Soulâs note. It is remarkable that, in this passage of the Hellenica, either Xenophon, or the copyist, makes the mistake of calling Xerxes (instead of Artaxerxes) father of Darius. Some of the editors, without any authority from MSS., wish to alter the text from Îá½³ÏÎ¾Î¿Ï to á¼ÏÏÎ±Î¾á½³ÏÎ¾Î¿Ï . If Cyrus expected to succeed to the crown, it was important that he should be on the spot when his father died. He accordingly went up from Sardis to Media, along with his body guard of three hundred Greeks, under the Arcadian Xenias; who were so highly remunerated for this distant march, that the rate of pay was long celebrated.[16] He also took with him Tissaphernes as an ostensible friend; though there seems to have been a real enmity between them. Not long after his arrival, Darius died; but without complying with the request of Parysatis that he should declare in favor of Cyrus as his successor. Accordingly Artaxerxes, being proclaimed king, went to PasargadÃ¦, the religious capital of the Persians, to perform the customary solemnities. Thus disappointed, Cyrus was farther accused by Tissaphernes of conspiring the death of his brother; who caused him to be seized, and was even on the point of putting him to death, when the all-powerful intercession of Parysatis saved his life.[17] He was sent down to his former satrapy at Sardis, whither he returned with insupportable feelings of anger and wounded pride, and with a determined resolution to leave nothing untried for the purpose of dethroning his brother. This statement, given to us by Xenophon, represents doubtless the story of Cyrus and his friends, current among the Cyreian army. But if we look at the probabilities of the case, we shall be led to suspect that the charge of Tissaphernes may well have been true, and the conspiracy of the disappointed Cyrus against his brother, a reality instead of a fiction.[18] [16] Xen. Anab. i, 4, 12. [17] Xen. Anab. i, 1, 4. [18] So it is presented by Justin, v, 11. The moment when Cyrus returned to Sardis was highly favorable to his plans and preparations. The long war had just been concluded by the capture of Athens and the extinction of her power. Many Greeks, after having acquired military tastes and habits, were now thrown out of employment; many others were driven into exile, by the establishment of the Lysandrian Dekarchies throughout all the cities at once. Hence competent recruits, for a well-paid service like that of Cyrus, were now unusually abundant. Having already a certain number of Greek mercenaries, distributed throughout the various garrisons in his satrapy, he directed the officers in command to strengthen their garrisons by as many additional Peloponnesian soldiers as they could obtain. His pretext was,âfirst, defence against Tissaphernes, with whom, since the denunciation by the latter, he was at open war,ânext, protection of the Ionic cities on the seaboard, who had been hitherto comprised under the government of Tissaphernes, but had now revolted of their own accord, since the enmity of Cyrus against him had been declared. Miletus alone had been prevented from executing this resolution, for Tissaphernes, reinforcing his garrison in that place, had adopted violent measures of repression, killing or banishing several of the leading men. Cyrus, receiving these exiled Milesians with every demonstration of sympathy, immediately got together both an army and a fleet, under the Egyptian Tamos,[19] to besiege Miletus by land and sea. He at the same time transmitted to court the regular tribute due from these maritime cities, and attempted, through the interest of his mother Parysatis, to procure that they should be transferred from Tissaphernes to himself. Hence the Great King was deluded into a belief that the new levies of Cyrus were only intended for private war between him and Tissaphernes; an event not uncommon between two neighboring satraps. Nor was it displeasing to the court that a suspected prince should be thus occupied at a distance.[20] [19] Xen. Anab. i, 1, 6; i, 4, 2. [20] Xen. Anab. i, 1, 7, 8, á½¥ÏÏÎµ Î¿á½Î´á½²Î½ á¼¤ÏÎ¸ÎµÏÎ¿ (the king) Î±á½Ïá¿¶Î½ ÏÎ¿Î»ÎµÎ¼Î¿á¿¦Î½ÏÏÎ½. Besides the army thus collected around Miletus, Cyrus found means to keep other troops within his call, though at a distance and unsuspected. A LacedÃ¦monian officer named Klearchus, of considerable military ability and experience, presented himself as an exile at Sardis. He appears to have been banished, (as far as we can judge amidst contradictory statements,) for gross abuse of authority, and extreme tyranny, as LacedÃ¦monian Harmost at Byzantium, and even for having tried to maintain himself in that place after the Ephors had formally dismissed him. The known efficiency, and restless warlike appetite of Klearchus,[21] procured for him the confidence of Cyrus, who gave him the large sum
{'title': 'History of Greece, Volume 09 (of 12) by George Grote', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}