Produced by Chris Curnow, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. The LAKE-DWELLINGS of EUROPE: BEING THE _RHIND LECTURES IN ARCHÃOLOGY for 1888_. BY ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D., SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND; AUTHOR OF "ANCIENT SCOTTISH LAKE-DWELLINGS OR CRANNOGS." CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED: _LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE_. 1890. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] Transcriber's Notes: Underscores "_before_" and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. The carat sign (^) is used to indicate that the following character is superscripted. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Obvious spelling mistakes have been corrected. Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. PREFACE. The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in offering me the Rhind lectureship in ArchÃ¦ology for the year 1888, left me no choice of a subject, as they had already suggested that the course should be on the "Lake-dwellings of Europe." Their communication embodying this proposal came upon me with complete surprise, and, indeed, it was with considerable misgiving that I pondered over the undertaking, because at that time I had no special knowledge of lake-dwellings beyond Scotland. But the kind encouragement of friends and the fact that I had two years to collect the necessary materials, ultimately overcame my scruples; and so with the acceptance of this appointment the work now offered to the public may be said to have been begun. My first and almost immediate step was a hasty run to the principal centres of lake-dwelling researches in Europe, so as to get a preliminary idea of the best and most practical way of carrying out this work. It was only then that the magnitude of the labours I had undertaken dawned upon me. The relics from the more important settlements, with few exceptions, were so widely scattered that, to form an intelligible notion of the civilisation and culture of their inhabitants from a study of their industrial remains, scores of museums and private collections had to be visited. Nor was the condition of the literature and records of the various discoveries more favourable to my purpose. The successive investigations by different parties in the more prolific stations were constantly altering the previous records and, in some instances, even falsified the earlier deductions founded on them. Again, descriptive notices were directed more to illustrate the particular and rarer finds of the investigator than to convey to general readers a fair estimate of the _tout-ensemble_ of any special station. Keller's earlier reports were really exhaustive monographs, but by-and-by the subject became so extensive that to carry out the work on the same scale would entail the publication of many volumes. In 1866, when Mr. Lee translated and arranged Keller's first six reports, his work was fairly representative of the progress then made in lake-dwelling researches; but to keep pace with this progress a second edition at the end of the following decade assumed the magnitude of two large volumes. Since then, however (1878), the results of lacustrine researches have been greater and more important than during any previous corresponding period. The "Correction des Eaux du Jura," together with various harbour alterations in the lakes of ZÃ¼rich, Geneva, etc., have been the means of enormously increasing the lacustrine collections of Switzerland. In North Italy not only have new and remarkably interesting lacustrine stations been discovered and exhaustively investigated, as Lagozza and Polada, but the researches in the terremare have been such as to entirely alter the previous opinions held in regard to them. Nor has the progress in this field of research in many other countries in Europe been scarcely less important, in proof of which I have only to mention the additions made to the Scottish and Irish crannogs; the curious fascine structures brought to light in Holderness, Yorkshire; the novel revelations extracted from the _terp_ mounds in Holland and other low-lying districts on the coast of the German Ocean; the greatly extended and more accurate details of lacustrine structures in North Germany; the discovery in Hungary of prehistoric mounds analogous to the terramara deposits of Italy, etc. In short there is hardly any corner of the lake-dwelling area in Europe which has not yielded new materials, throwing more or less light on this strange phase of prehistoric life. In these circumstances I resolved to proceed _de novo_, and to construct my story of the lake-dwellings from whatever trustworthy sources I could lay my hands on. In order to carry out this intention my wife and I perambulated the whole of Central Europe with note and sketch books in hand, visiting, as far as practicable, the sites of lake-dwellings, and searching museums and libraries wherever we thought their relics or records were to be found. The eastern limit of the region thus visited may be represented by a line drawn from KÃ¶nigsberg to Trieste, passing through the intermediate towns of Krakow, Buda-Pesth, and Agram. The materials brought together from within this area are, to a very considerable extent, absolutely new to British archÃ¦ologists. Of course, in a work which aims at putting into the hands of general readers an epitome of the essential facts and results of lacustrine researches since these singular remains were discovered in Europe, I had to take cognisance of some investigations that have already been fully recorded and illustrated. As it was impossible to illustrate typical groups of objects from all the lacustrine stations, I have, as a rule, in selecting the illustrations for this work, avoided those that have already come within the reach of English readers through the translation of Keller's works, except when they belonged to stations that are the best or only representatives of their kind in their respective localities--as, for example, the Rosen Insel in the Lake of Starnberg. Acting on this principle, I have given very few illustrations of objects from Nidau, Moosseedorf, St. Aubin, Wauwyl; nor, for the same reason, is a prominent place given to the earlier discoveries at Robenhausen, Estavayer, Concise, Cortaillod, etc. In this way I have endeavoured to combine in the work now issued as much novelty as possible, without detracting from its general and comprehensive scope. As our peripatetic labours drew to a close, the next point to be considered was the method of grouping the materials under six divisions, corresponding with the prescribed number of lectures. This was by no means an easy task, as neither the geographical distribution, nor the historical order of the discoveries, could be exclusively selected as a cementing element in dealing with remains so diversified in character and of so wide a range in space and time. The plan which I have here adopted seems to me to combine the greatest advantages with the fewest drawbacks. Its rationale is as follows:--After introducing my subject by a short account of the circumstances that led to the discovery of the _Pfahlbauten_ in the Lake of ZÃ¼rich, and glancing at the archÃ¦ological importance and surprising results of this discovery in other Swiss lakes, the historical element is dropped, and I conduct my readers over Western Switzerland and Savoy, summarising the discoveries in the successive lakes as we move along. In the second lecture we again start near the same place and continue our explorations in an easterly direction, and having examined the Upper Rhine district we cross over to the great Danubian basin, which we follow downwards as far as the lacustrine trail carries us, and ultimately finish with Laibach near the source of the Drave. The third lecture is entirely occupied with the palafittes and terremare in the Po valley. In these wanderings we have virtually made a circuit of the great Alpine chain of mountains, and have seen that the habit of constructing lake-dwellings was prevalent in the upper reaches of the four principal waterways which diverge from its flanks, viz. the Rhine, Rhone, Danube, and Po. The lake-dwelling area thus surveyed comprises all the remains that can unequivocally be said to belong to the primary development of these structures in Europe, their period of existence being almost exclusively confined to the prehistoric ages of Stone and Bronze. Such being the case, this might be a suitable opportunity for offering some general remarks on the culture and civilisation of their inhabitants; but this I defer to the final lecture, thinking it preferable before doing so to acquaint my readers with various details of analogous remains brought to light in other districts in Europe. Accordingly in the fourth lecture we continue our geographical wanderings. Again starting in Switzerland we discuss the peculiar remains found in La TÃ¨ne, almost the only exception to the ordinary _Pfahlbauten_ of the Stone and Bronze ages encountered in our previous tour; and thence, moving northwards by the lower Rhine district, we pass to North Germany, where we meet with settlements apparently belonging to all ages. The fifth lecture is exclusively devoted to an exposition of the crannogs and lake-dwellings within the British Isles. In these five lectures we have thus surveyed the entire area in Europe in which the remains of ancient lake-dwellings have been discovered in modern times. Excepting the well-known reports of Keller and a few monographs on particular stations or districts, the entire literature of the subject may be said to lie buried in the Transactions of learned societies. Having to hunt up and peruse most of these obscure and almost inaccessible articles--the number and extent of which may be estimated by a glance at the accompanying bibliography--it occurred to me that, by tabulating all the works and notices of these researches in chronological sequence, under the names of their respective authors and with correct references to their published sources, I might be conferring some benefit on future investigators, while supplying myself with a simple and ready means of referring to authorities, without the necessity of having to repeat over and over again the voluminous titles of publications. Hence the origin of the bibliography appended to this work, which, however imperfect, will, I trust, considerably enhance its value. Its compilation has given me a great deal of trouble, and the only valuable assistance I derived from other publications of the kind was from Pigorini's "Bibliography of Italian ArchÃ¦ology," which, unfortunately, comes down only to 1874. There remains now only the pleasant duty of thanking those who have assisted me in bringing the work, so far, to a satisfactory conclusion. On this score my obligations are very great. (1) In collecting the materials on the Continent my work was greatly facilitated by introductory notes from and to eminent archÃ¦ologists, and among those who so honoured me I have especially to mention EVANS, FRANKS, VOSS, TISCHLER, the late KARL DESCHMANN, MAJOR TRÃLTSCH, PIGORINI, and CASTELFRANCO. (2) To the custodians of museums and the owners of private collections I am indebted for permission to have notes and sketches taken of objects in their possession. The collections which have supplied me with original illustrations are the following:-- MUSEUMS. Aix-les-Bains: _MusÃ©e de la Ville_. Annecy: _MusÃ©e de la Ville_. Avenches: _Museum of Roman Antiquities_. BÃ¢le: _The Museum_. Belfast: _Antiquarian Museum_. Berlin: _MÃ¤rkisches Museum_. KÃ¶nigl. _Museum fÃ¼r VÃ¶lkerkunde_. Berne: _Cantonal Museum. Gross Coll. Federal Hall_. Bienne: _Schwab Museum_. Boudry: _Museum_. ChambÃ©ry: _MusÃ©e de la Ville_. Como: _Museo di Como_. Constance: _Rosgarten Museum_. Dublin: _Museum of the Royal Irish Academy_. Edinburgh: _National Museum of Antiquities_. Frauenfeld: _Sammlung der Hist. Gesellschaft im Thurgau_. Fribourg: _MusÃ©e Cantonal_. Friedrichshafen: _Museum des Vereins fÃ¼r die Geschichte des Bodensees_. Geneva: _MusÃ©e ArchÃ©ologique_. Isola Virginia: _Museo Ponti_. Klagenfurt: _Das Historiche Museum des Rudolfinums_. KÃ¶nigsberg: _Das Prussia Museum_. Laibach: _Landesmuseum_. Lausanne: _MusÃ©e Cantonal_. Leeuwarden: _Museum van het Friesch Genootschap_. London: _British Museum_. Lucerne: _Historical and Art-Industrial Museum in the Rathhaus_. Mayence: _Sammlung des Stadt und Alterthumsvereins_. Milan: _Museo Civico_. Modena: _Museo Civico_. Morat: _A small Collection in the Gymnasium_. Munich: K. _Ethnographisches Museum_. NeuchÃ¢tel: _MusÃ©e ArchÃ©ologique_. Parma: _R. Museo d'AntichitÃ di Parma_. Posen: _ArchÃ¦ological Museum_. Reggio: _Museo Civico di Reggio d'Emilia_. Rome: _Museo Preistorico_. Schwerin: _Grossherzogl. AlterthÃ¼mer Sammlung_. Sigmaringen: _FÃ¼rstl. Hohenzollern'sches Museum_. St. Germain (Paris): _MusÃ©e National_. Stuttgart: _K. Kunst-und Alterthums-Sammlung_, and _K. Naturalien-Sammlung_. Turin: _Museo Civico_. Ueberlingen: _Steinhaus Museum_. Varese: _Museo di Varese_. Verona: _Museo Civico_. Viadana: _Museo Civico_. Vienna: _K. K. Naturhist-Hof-Museum_ (_formerly K. K. Munzund Antikenkabinet_). Yverdon: _MusÃ©e de la Ville_. ZÃ¼rich: _Sammlung der antiquarischen Gesellschaft_. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. Boynton, Thomas, F.S.A.Scot., Bridlington. Castelfranco, Professor, Milan. Evans, John, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Hemel Hempstead. Frank, OberfÃ¶rster, Schussenried, WÃ¼rttemberg. Grainger, Canon, Broughshane, Ireland. Restaurant Lacustre (Port), Aix-les-Bains. Le Mire, M. Jules. Collection of Relics from the Palafitte in the Lake of Clairvaux, exhibited at the International Exposition, Paris, 1889. Ley, Herr, Bodmann, Baden. Leiner, Herr, Constance, Baden. Lord Talbot de Malahide, Malahide Castle. Messikommer, Herr Jacob, Wetzikon, Switzerland. Much, Dr., Vienna. Quaglia, Sig. Giuseppe, Varese. Rabut, M., ChambÃ©ry. (This collection is now in the British Museum.) Rambotti, Dr., Desenzano, Italy. Regazzoni, Professor. (Collection in the _Museo di Como_.) Vouga, M. A. (Collection in the Boudry Museum.) Vouga, M. E., Marin. (3) Messrs. Chantre, Gross, A. and E. Vouga, R. Forrer (editor of _Antiqua_), and others, as well as a large number of the secretaries of ArchÃ¦ological Societies, have most cordially granted me permission to take extracts or copy such illustrations from their published works as I might think necessary. The instances in which I have availed myself of this privilege are acknowledged in the text and in the tabulated list of illustrations. (4) The following Societies have kindly allowed me to use electrotypes of a number of their woodcuts, all of which are duly specified in the list of illustrations:-- Ayr and Galloway ArchÃ¦ological Association. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Anthropological Society, London. Royal ArchÃ¦ological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Irish Academy. Royal Historical and ArchÃ¦ological Association of Ireland. (5) The bibliography was to a large extent compiled at the British Museum Library, where I found greater facilities for such work than in any similar institution on the Continent. In addition to ready access to public libraries, I have to acknowledge the receipt of a number of valuable annotations and references in special libraries attached to museums or belonging to Societies. Among the archÃ¦ologists who have thus aided me I have specially to mention MM. PIGORINI, VOSS, and REINACH (St. Germain). The Hon. H. A. Dillon, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, supplied me with the reference to the capture of an Irish crannog by the English, quoted at page 482. My learned friend Joseph Anderson, LL.D., greatly assisted me in revising the proof sheets. For all these varied and valuable contributions to this work, as well as for the many acts of kindness and good wishes received during our peregrinations, I now express my warmest thanks and gratitude. _Edinburgh, 15th May, 1890._ CONTENTS. First Lecture. SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE ZÃRICH, WESTERN SWITZERLAND, AND FRANCE. PAGES Introductory--First Discovery of Lake-Dwellings at Ober-Meilen Early Investigators--General Scope of Lectures--Descriptive Notices of Settlements in the Lake of ZÃ¼rich--Investigations in the Jura Lakes, and ArchÃ¦ological Result of the "Correction des Eaux du Jura"--Detailed Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of Bienne, NeuchÃ¢tel, Morat, Inkwyl, BurgÃ¤schi, Moosseedorf, Sempach, Wauwyl, Zug, Baldegg, Geneva, Luissel, Bourget, Annecy, Aiguebellette, and Clairvaux 1-109 Second Lecture. SETTLEMENTS IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND, THE DANUBIAN VALLEY, AND CARNIOLA. Character of _Pfahlbauten_ in Peat Bogs--Descriptive Notices of Stations in Lake PfÃ¤ffikon, Egelsee, Greifensee, the Peat Moors at Heimenlachen, and in the Lakes of Nussbaumen, Constance, Mindli, Bussen, Feder, Olzreuthe, Starnberg, Atter, Mond, and Fuschl--Suggestive Remains in Neusiedlersee--Pile Structures in Hungary--Early Researches in the Lakes of Carinthia and Carniola--Remarkable Discoveries in Laibach Moor--Notices of supposed Beaver-traps and similar Machines found in North Germany, Italy, and Ireland 110-185 Third Lecture. LAKE DWELLINGS AND PILE STRUCTURES IN ITALY. First discovered at Mercurago. (_a_) _Western Lake-Settlements in the Po Valley_: Notices of Stations in Lake Varese and the adjoining Turbaries of Biandrono, Cassago-Brabbia, and Pustenga--Researches in the Lakes of Monate and Varano; in the Turbaries of Mombello, Valcuvia, and Brenno; in the Lakes of Annone and Pusiano, and in the Turbaries of Bosisio, Capriano, Maggiolino, Mercurago, Borgo-Ticino, and San Martino--Remarkable Station in Lagozza. (_b_) _Eastern Lake-Settlements in the Po Valley_: Descriptive Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of Garda, Fimon, and ArquÃ -Petrarca, and in the Turbaries of Polada and Cascina. (_c_) _Terremare_: Discovery and Significance of the Terramara Deposits--Special Investigations at Castione--Notices of further Typical Stations at Montale, Casale Zaffanella, and Gorzano--General Remarks on Terramara Settlements--Their Distribution, Relics, and Organic Remains 186-276 Fourth Lecture. SPECIAL CHARACTER OF THE REMAINS FOUND AT LA TÃNE, AND IN THE LAKE OF PALADRU: LACUSTRINE AND MARINE DWELLINGS IN THE LOWER RHINE DISTRICT AND NORTH GERMANY. Descriptive Notice of Antiquities found at La TÃ¨ne and in the Lake of Paladru--Notices of Stations in the Palatinate, at DeÃ»le Ã Houplin, and of one of a remarkable character near MaÃ«stricht--Detailed Notices of Stations in (_a_) _Mecklenburg_, (_b_) _Pomerania and Central Prussia_, (_c_) _Posen and Poland_, and (_d_) _East Prussia and Livland_--General Remarks on the Settlements of North Germany and their relation to the _BurgwÃ¤lle_--Ancient Marine Dwellings on the Coasts of Holland and Western Germany--_Terpen_, _Warfen_, and _Wurthen_ 277-348 Fifth Lecture. THE LAKE DWELLINGS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I.--IRISH CRANNOGS: First Discovery of a Crannog at Lagore--Subsequent Discoveries, especially during the workings of the Commissioners for the arterial drainage of Ireland--General Features of Crannogs then observed, with Notes of the Relics collected on them--Notices of typical Crannogs at Randalstown and Tonymore--Researches of Messrs. G. H. Kinahan and W. F. Wakeman--Crannogs in the County of Fermanagh--Recent Discoveries at Lisnacroghera and in Lough Mourne--List of Irish Crannogs, alphabetically arranged, with Notes and References. II.--SCOTTISH CRANNOGS: Historical Notice of their Discovery--Details of Characteristic Stations at Dowalton, Lochlee, Lochspouts, Buston, Airrieoulland, Barhapple, White Loch of Ravenstone, and Friar's Carse--Stone Lake-Dwellings and other Artificial Islands--List of Scottish Crannogs, alphabetically arranged, with Notes and References. III.--ENGLISH LAKE-DWELLINGS: The _meres_ of Norfolk and Suffolk, etc.--Pile Structures in London--Crannog in Llangorse Lake, Wales--Suggestive Remains in Berks--Recent Lacustrine Discoveries in Holderness. IV.--GENERAL REMARKS ON LAKE-DWELLINGS WITHIN THE BRITISH ISLES: Their Structure and Modes of Access, Gangways, and Canoes--Their Local Distribution and Ethnographical Significance--Their Range in Time--Their Relation to Analogous Remains in Europe 349-494 Sixth Lecture. THE LAKE-DWELLERS OF EUROPE: THEIR CULTURE AND CIVILISATION. Founders of the earliest Lake-Dwellings lived in the Stone Age, and were acquainted with agriculture, the rearing of cattle, and various industries--Art of Boring and Sawing Stones--Jade Implements and their significance among the Lake-Dwellers--Introduction of Metals--Transition Period and Copper Age(?)--Bronze Age and its characteristic Arts and Industries--Osteological Remains of the Lake-Dwellers--Iron Age--The sudden appearance of Implements and Weapons of Iron among the Swiss Lake-Dwellers indicates a new Race of People--Who were these new comers?--Distribution of La TÃ¨ne Civilisation in Europe--General Conclusions 495-554 Bibliography of Lake-Dwelling Researches in Europe 555-583 Index 585-600 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. LAKE ZÃRICH. PAGE =1.=--OBER-MEILEN: No. 1, Flint knife--2, Flint saw in its wooden handle--3 and 4, Stone axes--5, Bronze axe--6, Bear's tooth, perforated--7, Hammer of staghorn--8, 13, and 17, Perforated stone axes--9, Amber bead--10, Bronze armlet--11 and 15, Stone axes or chisels in horn handles--12, Polisher of stone, with small perforation for string--14, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--16, Flint arrow-point 6 No. 5 in Museum Schwab, and the rest in Antiq. Museum at ZÃ¼rich. =2.=--BAUSCHANZE, KLEINER HAFNER, AND GROSSER HAFNER: Nos. 1 to 7, Specimens of pottery--8, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--9, Bone needle--10, Horn implement--11, Flax-heckler of bones--12, Bone dagger--13 and 14, Mortised beams--15 and 16, Flint implements--17, Bear's tooth, perforated--18 and 28, Ornamental bracelets--19 and 27, Pendants--20, Involved rings--21 and 22, Agricultural implements of horn--23, Fish-hook of bone--24 to 26, Bronze pins--29, Part of a chain--30, Ornamented knife--31, Earthenware vase, placed on a clay support ring--32, Bronze implement, with handle--33 to 37, Various tools and a spiral. (These objects are of bronze when not otherwise specified) 11 Nos. 1 to 17 after Keller (B. 336, Pl. i. and ii.), the rest, with the exception of 21 to 23 and 31, from _Antiqua_, 1883. Nearly all in ZÃ¼rich Museum. =3.=--WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 and 2, Grip-ends of two swords--3, 4, 5, and 14, Various forms of arrow-heads--6, 8 to 11, 19, and 23 to 26, Specimens of pins--7, Ornamented socketed spear-head--12 and 18, Wheel ornaments--13 and 15, Bracelets--16, Comb--17, Copper flat celt--20, Fibula, with small ring on its twisted pin--21 and 27, Button and stud--22, Handsome vase--28, Finger-ring--29 to 31, Pendants--32, An ornamented wheel of tin--33, A twisted ring with eight small rings--34, Fish-hook--35, Axe from Letten. (All bronze, with the exception of No. 17) 14 All in ZÃ¼rich Museum. One or two of the pins are after Heierli (B. 448). =4.=--WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 to 7, Chisels, etc.--8 and 18, Hammers--9 and 10, Sword-handled implements--11 to 15, Various forms of knives--16, 20, and 25, Hatchets--17 and 22, Fragments of dishes--19, Ring-handle--21, Anvil. (All the above objects are of bronze.)--23, Leaden cake with bronze loop--24, Another similar object, with two loops (from Onens)--26, Bronze needle 15 All the objects are in the ZÃ¼rich Museum. No. 24 after Heierli (B. 448). =5.=--WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 to 4, 7, 9, 11, and 12, Specimens of pottery--5 and 10, Clay bobbins--6, Two views of a fragmentary wheel of earthenware--8, Crescent (restored) of burnt clay--13 to 20, Various forms of Spindle-whorls of earthenware 17 All in ZÃ¼rich Museum. Nos. 9, 11, and 12 after Heierli (B. 462, Pl. ix.). LAKE OF BIENNE. =6.=--MOERINGEN: Nos. 1 and 3, Pendants--2, 14, and 15, Vessels--4, 9, and 10, FibulÃ¦--5, Handle of rapier, 21 inches long--6, Knife with solid handle (bronze)--7, Saw--8, Ornamented bracelet--11 and 16, Razors,--12 and 17, Socketed chisel and gouge--13, Hammer, with socket and loop 29 All bronze, and after Desor (B. 252). =7.=--VINELZ: Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points--9, Flint scraper--10 to 12, Flint daggers, one (No. 11) in wooden handle, surrounded by a withe--13, Stone axe in V-shaped horn-fixer--14, Stone bead--15, 16, and 18, Bone pins--17, Copper awl in bone handle--19, Object of superficial plate of a boar's tusk, perforated with four holes--20 and 21, Horn buttons--22 to 28, 30, and 31, Various tools and articles of copper--29, 32, and 33, Specimens of pottery 35 All the objects in Cantonal Museum at Berne (No. 29 after B. 462, Pl. xviii. 10). LAKE OF NEUCHÃTEL. =8.=--ST. BLAISE: Nos. 1 to 18, Various implements and tools of copper (with exception of No. 4--bronze)--19, Stone wrist-bracer--20, Horn implement, polished and perforated--21, Horn spear-head--22 to 24, Bone pins--25 and 26, Stone axes, one partially perforated--27, Fossil ammonite, perforated for suspension as an ornament--28, Flint dagger in wooden handle 41 Nos. 8, 10 to 19, 21, 25, and 27 after _Antiqua_; No. 2 in NeuchÃ¢tel Museum; No. 28 in E. Vouga's collection; the remaining Nos. after _Anzeiger_ (B. 376a). =9.=--AUVERNIER: Nos. 1 to 8, Hatchets of various forms--9 to 11, Knives--12 and 18, Chisel and gouge--13, 19, and 20, Hammers--14, Star-like ornament--15 and 16, Sickles--17 and 24, Pendants--21, A small anvil--22, One valve of mould for winged celt. (All the above are of bronze.)--23, A trilocular cup of earthenware--25, Bone disc, ornamented with concentric circles--26, Bone implement perforated in middle--27, Bronze spiral--28, Stone anvil in wooden casing 43 Nos. 1 to 6 and 13 in Dr. Evans's collection; Nos. 8, 12, and 24 after Desor (B. 95, Figs. 36, 46, and 66); and the rest in the Gross Collection at Berne. =10.=--CORTAILLOD AND BEVAIX(16, 18 and 23 to 26): No. 1, Involved pendant of bronze rings--2, Large fish-hook--3, Torque--4, Ornamented socketed spear--5, Tip of a sword sheath--6, Fibula--7, Earring--10, 12, and 21, Pendants--13 to 15 and 26, Bracelets--16 and 18, Axes--17, Wheel--19, Sword--20, Cup--22, Stud--23 and 24, Pins, one with an ornamented flat disc as a head--25, Razor. (All the above are of bronze.) No. 8, Horn harpoon--9, A small earthenware vase, with four small holes for suspension--11, Pendant, the composition of which is unknown 46 Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 in Museum at Boudry; 3 to 6 and 13, after Vouga (B. 414a); 10, 12, 18, and 21 in Schwab's Museum; 19, in Museum at BÃ¢le; 15, 17, and 22 after Keller (B. 61 and 286); 14, 16, and 23 to 26 after Desor (B. 95 and 252); 20, after Gross (B. 392, Pl. xxii. 8). =11.=--CONCISE AND CORCELETTES: No 1, Bronze necklace--2, Bronze pin, with tin head--3, 8, 10, and 11, Bronze pins--4 and 5, Tin wheels--6, A hollow bronze ring--7, Wooden comb--9, 12, and 13, Bronze pendants--14, Bracelet of lignite--15, Spectacle ornament of bronze--16, Bronze rod, with terminal rings--17, horn pendant--18, Amber bead, attached to a portion of bronze wire--19, Bronze knife in horn handle--20, Bronze tube--21 and 22, Vessels of pottery--23, Centre portion of a bronze horse-bit--24, Handle and tip of bronze sword 56 Nos. 1, 6, and 12 after Vouga (B. 414d); 16 and 21 to 23 in Museum at Lausanne; 20 in Museum at Boudry; 24, Dr. Evans' Collection; the rest from _Antiqua_ (1886, Pl. x., xi., and xii., and 1888, Pl. viii.) =12.=--ESTAVAYER: No. 1, Sickle--2 and 3, Wheel ornaments--4, 12, 14, and 26, Various forms of fibulÃ¦--5, Comb--6 and 10, Pendants--7, Razor-knife--8, Saw--9, Button--11, Double-legged pin--13, Portion of chain ornament--15, Amber bead--16, Gold earring--17, 19, and 23, Bronze axes--18, 22, 24, 30, and 31, Various forms of bronze knives--20, Perforated hammer--21, Vessel of pottery--25, Flint arrow-point--27, Disc-shaped head of a pin--28, Portion of a spiral-headed pin--29, Horn object (see page 511). (All of bronze, except when otherwise specified) 62 Nos. 1 to 11, 17, 19, 21, 24, and 25 in Museum of Fribourg; 12, 13, 18, 20, 23, 30, and 31 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 15, 16, 22, and 29 after Keller (B. 336); 14 and 27 after _Antiqua_ (B. 449); 26 after Vouga (B. 414c); 28 in Collection Gross. =13.=--CHEVROUX, FOREL, AND PORTALBAN: No. 1, Flint dagger in wooden handle--2, Copper chisel--3, Bronze pendant--4 and 6, Bone pins--5, Flint arrow-point--7, Amber bead--8 and 14, Vases of coarse pottery--9, Bronze comb--10, Bronze fibula--11, Bronze razor with handle--12, Globular head of bronze pin with perforations--13, 17, and 18, Pendants of Horn--15, Iron Implement--16, Copper dagger--19, Implement of jawbone of a deer--20, Horn bracelet--21, Bronze bracelet--22, Bronze rings (_portemonnaie_) 65 Nos. 1, 3 to 6, 8, and 14 in Museum at Lausanne; 2 and 16 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 10, 11, 12, and 17 to 20 after Vouga (B. 414b and 414d); 15 after Troyon (B. 31); 21 in Museum, Fribourg; 22 after _Antiqua_ (B. 449). LAKE OF MORAT. =14.=--VALLAMAND AND GRENG-INSEL: No. 1, Iron knife, with the tang and portion of back of bronze--2, 4, and 10, Bronze pendants--3, Fish-hook with portion of wire attached (bronze)--5, Bronze rod, with oblong perforations and curved ends--6, Ornamented bronze chisel--7, Bronze button--8, Bronze razor in wooden case--9, Portion of flint dagger, beautifully chipped--11 and 12, Bronze combs--13 to 16 and 18, Specimens of pottery--17 and 20, Objects of horn--19, Bronze dagger (Roman?)--21, Pin, with portion of chain attached--longer in the actual specimen (bronze) 72 Nos. 1 and 3 after Heierli (B. 462); 2, 4 to 7, and 10 to 13 in Museum at Lausanne; 8, 14, 15 and 18 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 9 and 17 in Museum at Morat; 16 after Keller (B. 61); 19 and 20 in Museum at Avenches; 21, Collection Gross. LAKE OF SEMPACH. =15.=--Nos. 1 to 7 and 11, Various bronze implements and weapons--8, 9, and 10, Stone axes, perforated and beautifully polished 77 All in Museum at Lucerne. LAKES OF WAUWYL, ZUG, AND BALDEGG. =16.=--No. 1, Perforated stone implement--2 and 3, Portions of stone axes, one showing commencement of secondary perforation--4 and 5, Stone chisels, one in bone handle--6, Bone dagger--7, Horn harpoon--8, Polished stone, curiously shaped and perforated for suspension--9 to 11, Pottery--12, Cup made of staghorn 79 All in Museum at Lucerne, except No 8--Museum, ZÃ¼rich. LAKE OF GENEVA. =17.=--MORGES, THONON, AND ST. PREX.--No. 1, Bit of pottery, with herring-bone pattern--2 and 3, _ArmillÃ¦ sacrÃ¦_ (see page 531)--4, Bracelet--5, Curious object--6, Fish-hook--7, Sword--8, Mould--9, Pendant--10, Anklet--11, and 16 to 18, Various forms of knives--12 to 15, Celts or axes. (All of bronze) 84 Nos. 1, 14, and 18 in Museum at Annecy; 2 to 6 after Keller (B. 286); 7 and 8 after Troyon (B. 31); 9 and 10 after Rabut (B. 138); 16, after Perrin (B. 282); 11 to 13, and 17 in Museum at Lausanne. =18.=--GENEVA AND TOUGUES (9, 10, 12, and 13): Nos. 1 to 4, and 10, Various forms of bronze celts--5, Bronze knife--6, Stone mould--7, Portion of bronze fibula--8, 11, and 14 to 17, Bronze pendants--9, Bronze sickle with raised knob--12 and 13, Earthenware dishes ornamented on the inner side--18 and 19, Bronze razors 91 All in the Museum of Geneva, except 9 and 19 in Museum at Annecy. LAKE OF LUISSEL. =19.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Handles of three bronze swords, with the tips of the first two--4, The bronze tip of a scabbard--5, Small bronze ring 94 No. 1 in Museum at Lausanne; 2 and 3 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 4 and 5 after Troyon (B. 31). LAKE OF BOURGET. =20.=--Nos. 1 to 4, Socketed spear-heads--5, 12, and 15, Daggers--6, 7, 8, 13, and 14, Knives--9 to 11, and 17, Hatchets--16, Sword handle--18, Socketed hammer with side loop--19, Chisel--20 and 21, Sickles--22 and 23, Razors--24, Tweezers--25, Girdle clasp--26, Stone mould. (All bronze except No. 26) 100 Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 20, in Museum of St. Germain: 2, 11, and 21, in the Collection at Restaurant Lacustre (Port); 5, 8, 12, 14 to 16, 25 and 26, in Museum at ChambÃ©ry; 7, Collection Rabut; 10 in Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 13, 17 to 19, 22 and 23, Collection Costa de Beauregard (after Perrin, B. 179). =21.=--Nos. 1 and 2, Bronze tubes with loose rings--3 to 6, and 12, Objects of unknown use--7, Spiral finger ring--8, 11, and 14, Vessels--9, Needle--10, 18, 19, 21, 30 and 31, Pins--13, 22 to 26, and 32, Various forms of arrow-points--15, Portion of clay ceiling ornamented with concentric circles--16, 17, and 29, Ornamented bracelets--20, Bronze tip of a sword sheath--27, Amber bead--28, Glass bead--33, Bronze button--34 to 37, Pottery, portions of dishes and a percolator. (All bronze, except when otherwise specified) 101 Nos. 1, 2, 15 and 36, in Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 3, 7, 9 and 10, in Museum, St. Germain; 4, 6, and 12, in Restaurant Lacustre (Port); 5, 8, 11, 23, 24, 26 to 28, 30, 32, and 33, in Museum at ChambÃ©ry; 13, 14, 16, 18 to 22, 25 and 31, Collection Costa (after Perrin. B. 179); 17, 29, 34, 35 and 37, after Rabut (B. 138). LAKE OF ANNECY. =22.=--No. 1, Bronze flat celt--2 Bronze pin--3, Copper bead--4, Bronze anklet (after Rabut)--5, 6, and 7, Flint weapons--8, and 9, Stone axes--10, Arrow-point of clay schist 103 All in Museum at Annecy. LAKE OF CLAIRVAUX. =23.=--Nos. 1 to 4, Flint weapons--5, Horn chisel, with handle as part of the horn--6 and 8, Stone axes in horn settings or handles--7, Horn hammer-axe, with portion of the wooden handle still remaining--9, 13, and 14, Bone implements--10, A flat object of polished stone with a small perforation at one end--11 and 12, Bronze dagger and chisel--15, Wooden dish 106 No. 15, After Le Mire (B. 219), the rest from a collection exhibited at the Paris International Exposition of 1890. LAKE OF PFÃFFIKON. =24.=--ROBENHAUSEN: No. 1, Flint arrow-point--2, Bone arrow-point--3, Pendant of red stone--4, Copper celt--5 and 6, Small red stones, with a series of round perforations--7, Horn cup--8, Stone celt in horn casing (Museum of Mayence)--9, Nephrite chisel in horn handle (Museum, Munich)--10, Hammer stone--11, Bronze celt--12, Horn hammer partially perforated--13, Perforated stone disc--14, Fragments of pottery (one from _Antiqua_, 1885)--15, Wooden knife--16, 17, and 18, Earthenware dishes, one resting on a clay ring--19 and 23, Stone axes with wooden handles--20 and 21, Clay weights--22, Earthenware crucible--24, Implement of wood, supposed to be hook for picking up fishing lines (Museum, Berne)--25, Roll of yarn (after Keller, B. 126)--26, Wooden club 115 All, except as above specifed, in the ZÃ¼rich Museum. =25.=--ROBENHAUSEN: Specimens of cloth, fringes, ropes, matting of bast, nets, etc. 117 All from _Antiqua_ (1882-3, Pl. vii. and viii.; and 1885, Pl. ii.). NIEDERWYL. =26.=--No. 1, Flint saw in wooden handle--2, Inverted dish of earthenware, showing rudimentary feet and an ornamentation of hollow dots in lines--3, Clay weight--4, 5, and 6, Earthenware vessels--7, Stone hatchet in wooden handle--8 and 9, Stone axes--10, Band of birch-bark, neatly punctured (B. 336, Pl. vi. 10) 122 Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 after B. 62; 2 after _Antiqua_, 1884, Pl. 36; the rest in the ZÃ¼rich Museum. LAKE OF CONSTANCE. =27.=--WANGEN: Nos. 1 to 3, Flint arrow-points--4, Flax comb of bones--5 and 6, Stone axes in horn handles--7, 8, and 9, Perforated stone axes--10, Stone chisel--11 and 16, Various forms of fish-hooks of bone--12 and 13, Ornamented spindle-whorls of earthenware--14, Stone pendant--15, Flint saw in wooden handle--17 to 19, Specimens of earthenware dishes--20, Perforated stone disc 126 Nos. 5, 7 to 9, and 20 from Museum at Sigmaringen; 14 and 18, Rosgarten Museum, Constance; the rest in ZÃ¼rich Museum. =28.=--UNTERSEE, MINDLISEE, AND BUSSENSEE (the two latter lakes are in the vicinity of Lake Constance): No. 1, Stone chisel in horn handle (Markelfingen)--2 and 3, Copper pins--4, 5, and 7, Bronze pins (Insel Weerd)--6, Bronze knife (Insel Weerd)--8, Amber disc (_Antiqua_, 1884, Fig. 60)--9, Amber bead (_Ibid._, 1883, Fig. 20)--10, Perforated stone implement--11, Copper dagger--12, Curious stone axe--13, Stone celt with small hole for suspension (Steckborn)--14 and 15, Bronze implements (imperfect)--16, Metal bracelet--17, Tortoise-shell, perforated with two holes--18, Bone whistle--19, Horn harpoon (both the latter from Steckborn) 131 Nos. 1 and 16 from Museum at Friedrichshafen; 2 to 7, 10 to 12, 14, and 15 Rosgarten Museum, Constance; 13, 18 and 19 after _Antiqua_, 1885, and 17 _Ibid._, 1883, Fig. 19. =29.=--BAY OF CONSTANCE: No. 1, Bronze object--2 and 3, Bronze pins--4 to 6, Fragments of ornamented pottery--7, 9, and 10, earthenware dishes--8, Neck of dish with graduated holes (see Fig. 11, No. 21, and Fig. 14, No. 16)--11 and 12, Flint implements--13, Fragment of stone axe partially perforated--14 and 15, Broken stone axes 134 All from Rosgarten Museum, except Nos. 14 and 15 from Friedrichshafen Museum. =30.=--BODMANN: Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 14, Bone implements--3 and 5, Horn spears--9, Bronze fibula (Roman)--11 to 13, Group of 3 bronze celts--15, Stone celt in horn handle--16, Bone pointer in horn handle--17, Flint saw in handle of horn (reindeer?)--18, Clay spindle-whorl (ornamented)--19, Fish-hook of bone--20 and 21, Earthenware vessels 137 Nos. 5, 6, 10 and 21 from Friedrichshafen Museum; 11 to 13 from Mr. Ley's Collection at Bodmann; the rest from Rosgarten Museum, Constance. =31.=--NUSSDORF, MAURACH, LÃTZELSTETTEN, etc.: Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons--6 and 7, Bone combs--8, Bone chisel--9 to 13, Pendant, needle, and daggers of Bone--14 and 15, Clay spindle-whorls--16 to 19, Copper celts (Maurach)--20, Forepart of stone axe--21, Flat, circular pendant of stone--22, Fish-hook of boar's tusk--23, Staghorn hammer, with portion of wooden handle--24, Nephrite knife in horn handle (Dingelsdorf)--25, Flint saw in its handle--26 and 27, Pottery 140 Nos. 25 to 27 (LÃ¼tzelstetten) from Rosgarten Museum, Constance, and all the rest from the Antiq. Museum at Stuttgart. =32.=--UNTER-UHLDINGEN: Nos. 1 to 3, 29 and 30, Bronze axes--4 to 8, 14, 24 and 25, Ornamental pins of bronze--9 and 12, Bronze knives--10 and 13, Bronze chisel and awl--11, Iron knife--15, Iron fibula--16, Clay bobbin--17, Socketed spear of bronze--18 and 19, Bronze fish-hooks--20, Spiral bronze arm-ring--21 and 22, Couple of bronze bracelets--23, Bronze sickle--26, Iron spear--27, Fragment of pottery--28, Circular die or stamp of earthenware 143 All from the Museum at Stuttgart, except No. 20--Rosgarten Museum, Constance. =33.=--HALTNAU (3, 5 and 13) AND HAGNAU: Nos. 1 to 5, Various forms of flat bronze celts--6, Bronze bracelet--7, 8, and 10, bronze pins--11, Curious implement of bronze--9, Bronze knife--12 and 13, Bronze ring ornaments--14, Iron knife 145 Nos. 3, 4 and 9 from Museum at Friedrichshafen; the rest in Rosgarten Museum at Constance. FEDERSEE. =34.=--SCHUSSENRIED: Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points and scrapers--9 to 12, Stone celts--13, Broken stone polisher--14, Perforated stone hammer-axe--15 and 16, Implements of horn and bone--17, 24 and 25, Fragments of ornamented pottery--18, Earthenware spoon--19, Stone chisel in horn handle--20, Semilunar flint saw of Scandinavian type (Museum of Nat. Hist., Stuttgart)--21 to 23, Vessels of earthenware 149 From Mr. Frank's Collection at Schussenried. =35.=--SCHUSSENRIED: Nos. 1 to 5, Specimens of earthenware dishes--6, Peculiar scoop of horn (similar objects have been found on the stations of Robenhausen, Wollishofen, and Baldegg)--7, Horn pick, perforated 150 From Mr. Frank's Collection. LAKE OF STARNBERG. =36.=--Nos. 1, 2, and 7, Knives--3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 28 and 29, Various forms of pins--5 and 19, Awl and chisel--8, Dagger, with three rivets--9, 12, and 20, Three varieties of axes--13, Needle--14, Socketed arrow-point of a southern type. (The above are of bronze.)--15, Bone ornament or counter--16, Earthenware counter--17, Clay bead--18, Bronze sickle--21 and 22, FibulÃ¦ of bronze--23, Bead of variegated glass--24 and 30, Bone discs (see page 527)--25, Fragment of an ornament of bronze plate--26, Neatly-wrought object of horn, supposed to be for weaving purposes--27, Double fish-hook of bronze 154 =37.=--No. 1, Peculiar iron knife--2 and 3, Cheek-pieces of horse-bits of bone--4 to 10, Bronze pins--11 and 13, Staghorn hammers (perforated)--12 and 17, Stone celts, one in horn holder--14 and 15, Flint saw and arrow-point--16, Portion of a dish of dark earthenware 155 All the objects represented in Figs. 36 and 37 are in the Ethnographical Museum, Munich. MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE. =38.=--MONDSEE: Nos. 1 and 6 to 12, Flint arrow-points, one (No. 10) with portion of stem attached by asphalt--2 to 4, Flint saws (Krummesser)--5 and 9, Flint scrapers--13 to 15, Stone axes--16, 27 and 28, Bone chisels, showing marks of usage--17 and 18, Perforated teeth--19, Bone ornament--20, and 24 to 26, Bone and horn implements--21 and 22, Ornaments of white marble--23, Bone arrow-point 158 All from the Collection of Dr. Much, Vienna. =39.=--MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE: Nos. 1, 2 and 5, Copper celts--3, 4, 6, and 17 to 19, Copper or bronze daggers--7 to 12, Bone implements--13, Marble button--14, Copper fish-hook--15, Clay figure--16, Necklace of marble beads, after Dr. Much (B. 287)--20 and 21, Flint knives--22, Fine specimen of perforated stone axe-hammer head 159 Nos. 17, 18 and 22 from Nat. Hist. Museum, Vienna; 20 and 21 after Count Wurmbrand (B. 276); the rest from Dr. Much's Collection. =40.=--MONDSEE: Nos. 1 to 8, Specimens of pottery--9, Circular stone, highly polished and perforated 161 All from Dr. Much's Collection. NEUSIEDLERSEE AND KEUTSCHACHERSEE. =41.=--Nos. 1 and 3, Stone hammer-axes--2, Hammer-stone, with finger mark--4 and 5, Flint flakes--6, Fragment of polished celt--7, Small urn--8 to 10, Specimens of pottery 165 Nos. 1 to 9 after Count Bela (B. 283); 10 from the Rudolfinum Museum at Klagenfurt. LAIBACH MOOR. =42.=--Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons--6 and 16, Well-finished hooks of horn--7, Peculiar object of bone, supposed to be a bait for catching fish--8, Ornament of horn--9, Chisel of greenstone--10, Ornamented dish of earthenware--11, Clay figurine like a hedgehog--12, Celt of nephrite--13, Horn object, perforated at the one end lengthways--14, Piece of horn ornamented with a check pattern of incised lines--15, Bone needle--17, Fragment of ornamented pottery with transverse perforation--18, Stone anvil with traces of copper--19, Object of pottery open at both ends--20, Base of a dish marked with a depressed cross--21, Object of pottery, conical at both ends--22, Mould of earthenware--23 and 24, Portion of a figure of earthenware resembling the human form (see Fig. 195) 173 =43.=--Nos. 1 to 4, and 6 to 9, Specimens of pottery--5, Perforated cone of earthenware--10, Stone hammer-axe 175 =44.=--Various forms of staghorn clubs or hammer-axes 176 =45.=--Nos. 1, 2 and 7, Bronze daggers--3 and 4, Handles of bronze swords--5, Winged celt of bronze--6 and 8, Copper implements--9, Copper axe--10 and 11, Copper daggers--12 and 13, Bronze pins--14, Crucible of earthenware--15, Scoop or mould of earthenware 178 =46.=--Beaver-trap of oak, thirty-two inches long 179 All the objects represented in Figs. 42 to 46 are in the Landesmuseum at Laibach, with the exception of Fig. 42, No. 20, which is in the Natural History Museum, Vienna. =47.=--Wooden machine found in the Moor of Samow, North Germany, and preserved in the Museum at Rostock. (After Professor Merkel in the _Zeit. fÃ¼r Ethn. Verhand._, 1874.) 180 =47=_a_.--Similar machine from the Valle di Fontega, North Italy, showing the two central valves detached, and some sticks found along with it. (After Meschinelli, B. 467.) 181 =47=_b_.--Antique wooden implement from Ireland, showing upper and under surfaces. (From _Ulster Journ. Arch._, vol. vii.) 183 LAKE VARESE. =48.=--ISOLA VIRGINIA: Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knife and saw--3, Flint scraper in a horn handle--4, Flake-knife of obsidian--5, Bronze knife--6, Bronze dagger--7 to 9, Bone needles, etc.--10, Conical object of burnt clay, perforated like the neck of a bottle--11, Polisher of serpentine, in the form of a stone celt (see p. 193)--12, Bronze fish-hook--13 to 17, 22 to 24, and 26 to 29, Specimens of pottery--18, Flat and circular stone, highly polished and perforated in centre--19, Mould of sandstone--20, Square piece of wood, supposed to have been used as a float for fishing net--21, The half of a spindle-whorl of earthenware--25, Bone chisel 191 Nos. 25 to 29, after Ranchet and Regazzoni (B. 326), and the rest from Sig. Ponti's Museum on the Isola Virginia. =49.=--BODIO, CAZZAGO, AND BARDELLO: Nos. 1 to 7, Flint implements and weapons--8 to 11, 21 and 40, Bronze daggers--12, 22, 23, and 25 to 29, Bronze pins--13, Bronze chisel or awl--14 and 39, Fragments of pottery--15, Stone celts--16, 32, 33, 35, 36 and 38, Various objects of stone perforated with one or more holes, probably used as buttons or beads--17 to 19, Bronze fish-hooks--20 and 44, Bronze celts--24 and 43, Socketed spear-heads of bronze--30, Stone polisher (see p. 193)--31, Stone mould--34, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--37, Fragment of a perforated stone axe--41, Ornament of thin bronze--42, Chisel of serpentine 196 Nos. 1, 4 to 7, 10, 11. 30, 32 and 39, from Museo Civico, Milan; 2 and 3, from Collection Castelfranco; 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 20 to 22, 25 to 29, and 43, from Sig. Ponti's Museum, Isola Virginia; 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 31, 33 to 38, 41 and 42, after Regazzoni (B. 327); 16, from Collection Quaglia, Varese; 24 and 44, from the Museum at Varese. =50.=--TORBIERA DI CAZZAGO-BRABBIA: Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knives--3 to 6, Flint arrow-points--7 and 8, Flint spear-heads--9 to 15, bronze fibulÃ¦ (except No. 12--iron)--16, Portion of bronze fibula--17, Bronze ornament--18, Curious object made of bronze rods--19, Bronze ring--20, Copper celt--21, Bronze celt--22 to 28, Bronze pins--29, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--30, 31, and 36, Wooden floats--32, Harpoon of horn--33, Stone celt (chloromelanite)--34 and 35, Pottery 199 Nos. 1 (Torbiera di Mombello) and 11 (labelled "Bodio Centrale"?) are from the Museum at Varese; 2 and 4 to 8 after Quaglia (B. 423); 3, Collection Castelfranco; 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23 to 27, 32 and 33, Collection Quaglia; 10, Museo Civico, Milan; 12, 13, 16, 20 to 22, 28 and 29, Collection Regazzoni, Como; 30, 31, and 34 to 36 after Regazzoni (B. 327); 18, after Marinoni (B. 159). THE TURBARIES OF BOSISIO, CAPRIANO, ETC. =51.=--Nos. 1 to 7, Flint arrow-points--8, Flint lance-head--9 and 10, Bronze celts--11, Bronze spoon--12, Bronze knife--13, Bronze pin--14 and 18, Bronze fibulÃ¦--15 and 16, Bronze bracelets--17, Bronze pendant--19, Spiral ring of bronze 205 Nos. 1 to 7 Collection Castelfranco; 8, 9 and 12, Prehistoric Museum in Rome; 10 and 11, Museo Civico, Como; 13 and 15 to 19, after Marinoni (_Mem. Soc. It. di Sc. Nat._, vol. vi.); 14, Museo Civico, Milan. THE TURBARIES OF MERCURAGO, SAN GIOVANNI, ETC. =52.=--Section of a portion of the peat, showing arrangement of the piles 206 =53.=--Earthenware dish cover 206 =54.=--Flint arrow-heads 207 =55= and =56=.--Earthenware dishes, showing portions of string attached to small handles 207, 208 =57.=--Portion of a canoe 208 =58= and =59=.--Two wooden wheels 208, 209 =60.=--Nos. 1 and 3, Bronze daggers--2, 4 to 6, 10 and 11, Bronze pins--7 and 8, Flint knives--9, Conical beads of vitreous paste--12, 13 and 14, Pottery--15, Bronze pendant (Phallic)--16, Spindle-whorl of soapstone--17, A canoe and two paddles--18, Clay weight--19 and 20, Stone celts--21, Wooden float of fishing-net--22, Spindle-whorl of terra-cotta--23, Upper and under sides of an earthenware cover of a vessel 211 All after Gastaldi (B. 40, 168, and 294). LAGOZZA. =61.=--Nos. 1 to 4, Flint knives--5 and 6, Flint arrow-heads--7, Pendant of steatite--8, Stone adze--9, Fragment of linen fabric 10, Stone celt--11, Wooden comb--12 to 17, Various specimens of flat spindle-whorls made of dark earthenware 214 Nos. 1 to 4, 10 and 12 to 17 from Museum Civico, Milan; 9, Collection Castelfranco; the rest from the Prehistoric Museum at Como. =62.= Nos. 1, 2, 4 to 6, 8, 9 and 15, Specimens of pottery--3, 10 and 13, Fragments of ornamented plates--7, A fragment of pottery, showing handle of a dish with two transverse holes--11 and 12, Two polished sandstone pebbles with scratchings on surface--14, Clay weight, kidney-shaped, and perforated at both ends 215 Nos. 1, 8 and 14 from Museo Civico, Milan; 11 and 12 after Castelfranco (B. 354); 15, Collection Castelfranco; the rest from Museum at Como. LAKE GARDA. =63.=--PESCHIERA. (Except when otherwise mentioned, all the objects represented in this figure are of bronze): Nos. 1 to 5, Razors--6, A double-stemmed pin--7, A needle--8 to 18, and 20 to 27, Specimens of ornamental pins--19, Neck-ring--28, Comb--29, Comb of bone--30, A small-winged celt--31 and 32, Bracelets--33, Sickle--34, A small pendant of lead--35, An awl--36, A chisel 222 =64.=--PESCHIERA: Nos. 1 to 7, Daggers--8, and 22 to 25, FibulÃ¦--9, Chisel--10, Socketed lance-head--11, Knife--12 to 16, Pins--17, Object of unknown use--18 and 19, Fish-hooks--20, 21, 30 and 31, Fish-spears--26, Small cross made of tin--27 to 29, Pendants--32, Winged celt. (All bronze with the exception of No. 26.) 223 =65.=--PESCHIERA, MINCIO, and IL BOR: Nos. 1 to 9, Various implements and weapons of flint--10, and 12 to 14, Bronze dagger-knives--11, Bronze celt--15, Bronze chisel--16, Arrow-head of bronze--17, Ornamented knife of bronze--18, Bronze dagger--19, Portion of a polished implement of stone--20, Portion of spiral wire of bronze--21 and 22, Bronze pins--23, Bronze stud--24, Wheel-like objects of bronze, supposed to be the heads of pins--25, Bronze cap for the butt-end of a wooden handle--26 to 30, Pottery--31, Wrist bracer of stone 225 The objects from Lake Garda, illustrated above, are thus located:-- Rome (Prehistoric Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31; Fig. 64, Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13 to 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30 and 32; Fig. 65, Nos. 1 to 9, 16, 17, 19, 25, 27, 28, 30 and 31. Vienna (Natural History Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 1, 2, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35 and 36; Fig. 64, Nos. 18 and 29; Fig. 65, Nos. 10 to 14, and 21. ZÃ¼rich (Antiq. Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19 and 20; Fig. 64, Nos. 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 22 and 31. Verona (Museum Civico), Fig. 63, Nos. 22, 23, 28 and 34; Fig. 64, Nos. 25 and 26; Fig. 65, Nos. 26 and 29. Collection Rambotti, Fig. 65, Nos. 18, 22 and 23. After Cavazzocca (B. 355), Fig. 65, Nos. 15, 20 and 24. LAKES OF FIMON AND OF ARQUÃ-PETRARCA. =66.=--No. 1, Bronze celt--2, Clay ring--3 to 12, Specimens of pottery 231 Nos. 1 to 8, after Lioy (B. 295); 9 to 12, after Cordenons (B. 464). POLADA. =67.=--No. 1, Bronze dagger with bone handle--2 and 3, Bronze celts--4 to 11, Specimens of pottery--12, A remarkable saw, formed of four flints set in a groove in a wooden handle, and retained in position by asphalt--13 and 14, Handles of earthenware vessels--15 and 16, Stone celts--17, Horn club or axe--18, Implement of staghorn--19 and 20, Clay weights 235 =68.=--Nos. 1 to 20, Flint weapons and implements--21 and 32, Bone buttons--22 to 24, Ornamented cakes of terra-cotta--25 to 27, Objects of bone--28, 29 and 36, Spindle-whorls of earthenware--30, Marble button--31, Tooth of bear, perforated--33, Ornamented bone ring--34 and 35, Wrist bracers of polished stone--37, Large dish, perforated with round holes--38, Large vase of elegant form 237 All the illustrations in Figs. 67 and 68 are from Dr. Rambotti's Collection at Desenzano. TERREMARE. =68=_a_.--Pottery from Terremare in the vicinity of Parma 241 =68=_b_.--Anse lunate or cornute, in the vicinity of Parma 242 =69.=--Bone comb (Vico-Fertile) 242 =70.=--Bone wheel-ornament, supposed to be head of a pin (Campeggine) 242 =71= and =72=.--Horn and bone implements (_Ibid._) 243 =73.=--Portion of a bone handle (Castione) 243 =74.=--Fragments of bone implements (Campeggine) 243 =75.=--Discoidal stone (_Ibid._) 243 =76.=--Bronze sickle (_Ibid._) 244 =77.=--Bronze spear-head (Bargone di Salso) 244 =78.=--Bronze celt (Castellazzo) 244 =79.=--Bronze awl with bone handle (Campeggine) 244 =80.=--Various forms of clay spindle-whorls or beads (_Ibid._) 245 =81.=--Stone mould (Castelnuovo) 246 The illustrations in Figs. 52 to 59, and 68_a_ to 81 are those prepared by the Anthropological Society of London for Mr. Chambers' translation
{'title': 'The Lake-Dwellings of Europe by Robert Munro', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}