START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANTERBURY PIECES*** Transcribed from the 1914 A. C. Fifield edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org [Picture: Public domain cover] CANTERBURY PIECES By Samuel Butler Author of âErewhon,â âThe Way of All Flesh,â etc. * * * * * Edited by R. A. Streatfeild * * * * * London: A. C. Fifield 1914 CONTENTS PAGE Darwin on the Origin of Species 149 A Dialogue 155 Barrel-Organs 164 Letter: 21 February 1863 167 Letter: 14 March 1863 171 Letter: 18 March 1863 173 Letter: 11 April 1863 175 Letter: 22 June 1863 177 Darwin Among the Machines 179 Lucubratio Ebria 186 A Note on âThe Tempestâ 195 The English Cricketers 198 Darwin on the Origin of Species Prefatory Note _AS the following dialogue embodies the earliest fruits of Butlerâs study of the works of Charles Darwin_, _with whose name his own was destined in later years to be so closely connected_, _and thus possesses an interest apart from its intrinsic merit_, _a few words as to the circumstances in which it was published will not be out of place_. _Butler arrived in New Zealand in October_, 1859, _and about the same time Charles Darwinâs_ ORIGIN OF SPECIES _was published_. _Shortly afterwards the book came into Butlerâs hands_. _He seems to have read it carefully_, _and meditated upon it_. _The result of his meditations took the shape of the following dialogue_, _which was published on_ 20 _December_, 1862, _in the_ PRESS _which had been started in the town of Christ Church in May_, 1861. _The dialogue did not by any means pass unnoticed_. _On the_ 17_th of January_, 1863, _a leading article_ (_of course unsigned_) _appeared in the_ PRESS, _under the title_ â_Barrel-Organs_,â _discussing Darwinâs theories_, _and incidentally referring to Butlerâs dialogue_. _A reply to this article_, _signed A.M._, _appeared on the_ 21_st of February_, _and the correspondence was continued until the_ 22_nd of June_, 1863. _The dialogue itself_, _which was unearthed from the early files of the_ PRESS, _mainly owing to the exertions of Mr. Henry Festing Jones_, _was reprinted_, _together with the correspondence that followed its publication_, _in the_ PRESS _of June_ 8 _and_ 15, 1912. _Soon after the original appearance of Butlerâs dialogue a copy of it fell into the hands of Charles Darwin_, _possibly sent to him by a friend in New Zealand_. _Darwin was sufficiently struck by it to forward it to the editor of some magazine_, _which has not been identified_, _with the following letter_:â _Down_, _Bromley_, _Kent_, _S.E._ _March_ 24 [1863]. (Private). _Mr. Darwin takes the liberty to send by this post to the Editor a New Zealand newspaper for the very improbable chance of the Editor having some spare space to reprint a Dialogue on Species_. _This Dialogue_, _written by some_ [_sic_] _quite unknown to Mr. Darwin_, _is remarkable from its spirit and from giving so clear and accurate a view of Mr. D._ [_sic_] _theory_. _It is also remarkable from being published in a colony exactly_ 12 _years old_, _in which it might have_ [_sic_] _thought only material interests would have been regarded_. _The autograph of this letter was purchased from Mr. Tregaskis by Mr. Festing Jones_, _and subsequently presented by him to the Museum at Christ Church_. _The letter cannot be dated with certainty_, _but since Butlerâs dialogue was published in December_, 1862, _and it is at least probable that the copy of the_ PRESS _which contained it was sent to Darwin shortly after it appeared_, _we may conclude with tolerable certainty that the letter was written in March_, 1863. _Further light is thrown on the controversy by a correspondence which took place between Butler and Darwin in_ 1865, _shortly after Butlerâs return to England_. _During that year Butler had published a pamphlet entitled_ THE EVIDENCE FOR THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST AS GIVEN BY THE FOUR EVANGELISTS CRITICALLY EXAMINED, _of which he afterwards incorporated the substance into_ THE FAIR HAVEN. _Butler sent a copy of this pamphlet to Darwin_, _and in due course received the following reply_:â _Down_, _Bromley_, _Kent_. _September_ 30 [1865]. _My dear Sir_,â_I am much obliged to you for so kindly sending me your Evidences_, _etc._ _We have read it with much interest_. _It seems to me written with much force_, _vigour_, _and clearness_; _and the main argument to me is quite new_. _I particularly agree with all you say in your preface_. _I do not know whether you intend to return to New Zealand_, _and_, _if you are inclined to write_, _I should much like to know what your future plans are_. _My health has been so bad during the last five months that I have been confined to my bedroom_. _Had it been otherwise I would have asked you if you could have spared the time to have paid us a visit_; _but this at present is impossible_, _and I fear will be so for some time_. _With my best thanks for your present_, _I remain_, _My dear Sir_, _Yours very faithfully_, _Charles Darwin_. _To this letter Butler replied as follows_:â 15 _Cliffordâs Inn_, _E.C._ _October_ 1_st_, 1865. _Dear Sir_,â_I knew you were ill and I never meant to give you the fatigue of writing to me_. _Please do not trouble yourself to do so again_. _As you kindly ask my plans I may say that_, _though I very probably may return to New Zealand in three or four years_, _I have no intention of doing so before that time_. _My study is art_, _and anything else I may indulge in is only by-play_; _it may cause you some little wonder that at my age I should have started as an art student_, _and I may perhaps be permitted to explain that this was always my wish for years_, _that I had begun six years ago_, _as soon as ever I found that I could not conscientiously take orders_; _my father so strongly disapproved of the idea that I gave it up and went out to New Zealand_, _stayed there for five years_, _worked like a common servant_, _though on a run of my own_, _and sold out little more than a year ago_, _thinking that prices were going to fall_â_which they have since done_. _Being then rather at a loss what to do and my capital being all locked up_, _I took the opportunity to return to my old plan_, _and have been studying for the last ten years unremittingly_. _I hope that in three or four years more I shall be able to go on very well by myself_, _and then I may go back to New Zealand or no as circumstances shall seem to render advisable_. _I must apologise for so much detail_, _but hardly knew how to explain myself without it_. _I always delighted in your_ ORIGIN OF SPECIES _as soon as I saw it out in New Zealand_â_not as knowing anything whatsoever of natural history_, _but it enters into so many deeply interesting questions_, _or rather it suggests so many_, _that it thoroughly fascinated me_. _I therefore feel all the greater pleasure that my pamphlet should please you_, _however full of errors_. _The first dialogue on the_ ORIGIN _which I wrote in the_ PRESS _called forth a contemptuous rejoinder from_ (_I believe_) _the Bishop of Wellington_â(_please do not mention the name_, _though I think that at this distance of space and time I might mention it to yourself_) _I answered it with the enclosed_, _which may amuse you_. _I assumed another character because my dialogue was in my hearing very severely criticised by two or three whose opinion I thought worth having_, _and I deferred to their judgment in my next_. _I do not think I should do so now_. _I fear you will be shocked at an appeal to the periodicals mentioned in my letter_, _but they form a very staple article of bush diet_, _and we used to get a good deal of superficial knowledge out of them_. _I feared to go in too heavy on the side of the_ ORIGIN, _because I thought that_, _having said my say as well as I could_, _I had better now take a less impassioned tone_; _but I was really exceedingly angry_. _Please do not trouble yourself to answer this_, _and believe me_, _Yours most sincerely_, _S. Butler_. _This elicited a second letter from Darwin_:â _Down_, _Bromley_, _Kent_. _October_ 6. _My dear Sir_,â_I thank you sincerely for your kind and frank letter_, _which has interested me greatly_. _What a singular and varied career you have already run_. _Did you keep any journal or notes in New Zealand_? _For it strikes me that with your rare powers of writing you might make a very interesting work descriptive of a colonistâs life in New Zealand_. _I return your printed letter_, _which you might like to keep_. _It has amused me_, _especially the part in which you criticise yourself_. _To appreciate the letter fully I ought to have read the bishopâs letter_, _which seems to have been very rich_. _You tell me not to answer your note_, _but I could not resist the wish to thank you for your letter_. _With every good wish_, _believe me_, _my dear Sir_, _Yours sincerely_, _Ch. Darwin_. _It is curious that in this correspondence Darwin makes no reference to the fact that he had already had in his possession a copy of Butlerâs dialogue and had endeavoured to induce the editor of an English periodical to reprint it_. _It is possible that we have not here the whole of the correspondence which passed between Darwin and Butler at this period_, _and this theory is supported by the fact that Butler seems to take for granted that Darwin knew all about the appearance of the original dialogue on the_ ORIGIN OF SPECIES _in the_ PRESS. _Enough_, _however_, _has been given to explain the correspondence which the publication of the dialogue occasioned_. _I do not know what authority Butler had for supposing that Charles John Abraham_, _Bishop of Wellington_, _was the author of the article entitled_ â_Barrel-Organs_,â _and the_ â_Savoyard_â _of the subsequent controversy_. _However_, _at that time Butler was deep in the __counsels of the_ PRESS, _and he may have received private information on the subject_. _Butlerâs own reappearance over the initials A.M. is sufficiently explained in his letter to Darwin_. _It is worth observing that Butler appears in the dialogue and ensuing correspondence in a character very different from that which he was later to assume_. _Here we have him as an ardent supporter of Charles Darwin_, _and adopting a contemptuous tone with regard to the claims of Erasmus Darwin to have sown the seed which was afterwards raised to maturity by his grandson_. _It would be interesting to know if it was this correspondence that first turned Butlerâs attention seriously to the works of the older evolutionists and ultimately led to the production of_ EVOLUTION, OLD AND NEW, _in which the indebtedness of Charles Darwin to Erasmus Darwin_, _Buffon and Lamarck is demonstrated with such compelling force_. A Dialogue [From the _Press_, 20 December, 1862.] F. So you have finished Darwin? Well, how did you like him? C. You cannot expect me to like him. He is so hard and logical, and he treats his subject with such an intensity of dry reasoning without giving himself the loose rein for a single moment from one end of the book to the other, that I must confess I have found it a great effort to read him through. F. But I fancy that, if you are to be candid, you will admit that the fault lies rather with yourself than with the book. Your knowledge of natural history is so superficial that you are constantly baffled by terms of which you do not understand the meaning, and in which you consequently lose all interest. I admit, however, that the book is hard and laborious reading; and, moreover, that the writer appears to have predetermined from the commencement to reject all ornament, and simply to argue from beginning to end, from point to point, till he conceived that he had made his case sufficiently clear. C. I agree with you, and I do not like his book partly on that very account. He seems to have no eye but for the single point at which he is aiming. F. But is not that a great virtue in a writer? C. A great virtue, but a cold and hard one. F. In my opinion it is a grave and wise one. Moreover, I conceive that the judicial calmness which so strongly characterises the whole book, the absence of all passion, the air of extreme and anxious caution which pervades it throughout, are rather the result of training and artificially acquired self-restraint than symptoms of a cold and unimpassioned nature; at any rate, whether the lawyer-like faculty of swearing both sides of a question and attaching the full value to both is acquired or natural in Darwinâs case, you will admit that such a habit of mind is essential for any really valuable and scientific investigation. C. I admit it. Science is all headâshe has no heart at all. F. You are right. But a man of science may be a man of other things besides science, and though he may have, and ought to have no heart during a scientific investigation, yet when he has once come to a conclusion he may be hearty enough in support of it, and in his other capacities may be of as warm a temperament as even you can desire. C. I tell you I do not like the book. F. May I catechise you a little upon it? C. To your heartâs content. F. Firstly, then, I will ask you what is the one great impression that you have derived from reading it; or, rather, what do you think to be the main impression that Darwin wanted you to derive? C. Why, I should say some such thing as the followingâthat men are descended from monkeys, and monkeys from something else, and so on back to dogs and horses and hedge-sparrows and pigeons and cinipedes (what is a cinipede?) and cheesemites, and then through the plants down to duckweed. F. You express the prevalent idea concerning the book, which as you express it appears nonsensical enough. C. How, then, should you express it yourself? F. Hand me the book and I will read it to you through from beginning to end, for to express it more briefly than Darwin himself has done is almost impossible. C. That is nonsense; as you asked me what impression I derived from the book, so now I ask you, and I charge you to answer me. F. Well, I assent to the justice of your demand, but I shall comply with it by requiring your assent to a few principal statements deducible from the work. C. So be it. F. You will grant then, firstly, that all plants and animals increase very rapidly, and that unless they were in some manner checked, the world would soon be overstocked. Take cats, for instance; see with what rapidity they breed on the different runs in this province where there is little or nothing to check them; or even take the more slowly breeding sheep, and see how soon 500 ewes become 5000 sheep under favourable circumstances. Suppose this sort of thing to go on for a hundred million years or so, and where would be the standing room for all the different plants and animals that would be now existing, did they not materially check each otherâs increase, or were they not liable in some way to be checked by other causes? Remember the quail; how plentiful they were until the cats came with the settlers from Europe. Why were they so abundant? Simply because they had plenty to eat, and could get sufficient shelter from the hawks to multiply freely. The cats came, and tussocks stood the poor little creatures in but poor stead. The cats increased and multiplied because they had plenty of food and no natural enemy to check them. Let them wait a year or two, till they have materially reduced the larks also, as they have long since reduced the quail, and let them have to depend solely upon occasional dead lambs and sheep, and they will find a certain rather formidable natural enemy called Famine rise slowly but inexorably against them and slaughter them wholesale. The first proposition then to which I demand your assent is that all plants and animals tend to increase in a high geometrical ratio; that they all endeavour to get that which is necessary for their own welfare; that, as unfortunately there are conflicting interests in Nature, collisions constantly occur between different animals and plants, whereby the rate of increase of each species is very materially checked. Do you admit this? C. Of course; it is obvious. F. You admit then that there is in Nature a perpetual warfare of plant, of bird, of beast, of fish, of reptile; that each is striving selfishly for its own advantage, and will get what it wants if it can. C. If what? F. If it can. How comes it then that sometimes it cannot? Simply because all are not of equal strength, and the weaker must go to the wall. C. You seem to gloat over your devilish statement. F. Gloat or no gloat, is it true or no? I am not one of those âWho would unnaturally better Nature By making out that that which is, is not.â If the law of Nature is âstruggle,â it is better to look the matter in the face and adapt yourself to the conditions of your existence. Nature will not bow to you, neither will you mend matters by patting her on the back and telling her that she is not so black as she is painted. My dear fellow, my dear sentimental friend, do you eat roast beef or roast mutton? C. Drop that chaff and go back to the matter in hand. F. To continue then with the cats. Famine comes and tests them, so to speak; the weaker, the less active, the less cunning, and the less enduring cats get killed off, and only the strongest and smartest cats survive; there will be no favouritism shown to animals in a state of Nature; they will be weighed in the balance, and the weight of a hair will sometimes decide whether they shall be found wanting or no. This being the case, the cats having been thus naturally culled and the stronger having been preserved, there will be a gradual tendency to improve manifested among the cats, even as among our own mobs of sheep careful culling tends to improve the flock. C. This, too, is obvious. F. Extend this to all animals and plants, and the same thing will hold good concerning them all. I shall now change the ground and demand assent to another statement. You know that though the offspring of all plants and animals is in the main like the parent, yet that in almost every instance slight deviations occur, and that sometimes there is even considerable divergence from the parent type. It must also be admitted that these slight variations are often, or at least sometimes, capable of being perpetuated by inheritance. Indeed, it is only in consequence of this fact that our sheep and cattle have been capable of so much improvement. C. I admit this. F. Then the whole matter lies in a nutshell. Suppose that hundreds of millions of years ago there existed upon this earth a single primordial form of the very lowest life, or suppose that three or four such primordial forms existed. Change of climate, of food, of any of the circumstances which surrounded any member of this first and lowest class of life would tend to alter it in some slight manner, and the alteration would have a tendency to perpetuate itself by inheritance. Many failures would doubtless occur, but with the lapse of time slight deviations would undoubtedly become permanent and inheritable, those alone being perpetuated which were beneficial to individuals in whom they appeared. Repeat the process with each deviation and we shall again obtain divergences (in the course of ages) differing more strongly from the ancestral form, and again those that enable their possessor to struggle for existence most efficiently will be preserved. Repeat this process for millions and millions of years, and, as it is impossible to assign any limit to variability, it would seem as though the present diversities of species must certainly have come about sooner or later, and that other divergences will continue to come about to the end of time. The great agent in this development of life has been competition. This has culled species after species, and secured that those alone should survive which were best fitted for the conditions by which they found themselves surrounded. Endeavour to take a birdâs-eye view of the whole matter. See battle after battle, first in one part of the world, then in another, sometimes raging more fiercely and sometimes less; even as in human affairs war has always existed in some part of the world from the earliest known periods, and probably always will exist. While a species is conquering in one part of the world it is being subdued in another, and while its conquerors are indulging in their triumph down comes the fiat for their being culled and drafted out, some to life and some to death, and so forth _ad infinitum_. C. It is very horrid. F. No more horrid than that you should eat roast mutton or boiled beef. C. But it is utterly subversive of Christianity; for if this theory is true the fall of man is entirely fabulous; and if the fall, then the redemption, these two being inseparably bound together. F. My dear friend, there I am not bound to follow you. I believe in Christianity, and I believe in Darwin. The two appear irreconcilable. My answer to those who accuse me of inconsistency is, that both being undoubtedly true, the one must be reconcilable with the other, and that the impossibility of reconciling them must be only apparent and temporary, not real. The reconciliation will never be effected by planing a little off the one and a little off the other and then gluing them together with glue. People will not stand this sort of dealing, and the rejection of the one truth or of the other is sure to follow upon any such attempt being persisted in. The true course is to use the freest candour in the acknowledgment of the difficulty; to estimate precisely its real value, and obtain a correct knowledge of its precise form. Then and then only is there a chance of any satisfactory result being obtained. For unless the exact nature of the difficulty be known first, who can attempt to remove it? Let me re-state the matter once again. All animals and plants in a state of Nature are undergoing constant competition for the necessaries of life. Those that can hold their ground hold it; those that cannot hold it are destroyed. But as it also happens that slight changes of food, of habit, of climate, of circumjacent accident, and so forth, produce a slight tendency to vary in the offspring of any plant or animal, it follows that among these slight variations some may be favourable to the individual in whom they appear, and may place him in a better position than his fellows as regards the enemies with whom his interests come into collision. In this case he will have a better chance of surviving than his fellows; he will thus stand also a better chance of continuing the species, and in his offspring his own slight divergence from the parent type will be apt to appear. However slight the divergence, if it be beneficial to the individual it is likely to preserve the individual and to reappear in his offspring, and this process may be repeated _ad infinitum_. Once grant these two things, and the rest is a mere matter of time and degree. That the immense differences between the camel and the pig should have come about in six thousand years is not believable; but in six hundred million years it is not incredible, more especially when we consider that by the assistance of geology a very perfect chain has been formed between the two. Let this instance suffice. Once grant the principles, once grant that competition is a great power in Nature, and that changes of circumstances and habits produce a tendency to variation in the offspring (no matter how slight such variation may be), and unless you can define the possible limit of such variation during an infinite series of generations, unless you can show that there is a limit, and that Darwinâs theory over-steps it, you have no right to reject his conclusions. As for the objections to the theory, Darwin has treated them with admirable candour, and our time is too brief to enter into them here. My recommendation to you is that you should read the book again. C. Thank you, but for my own part I confess to caring very little whether my millionth ancestor was a gorilla or no; and as Darwinâs book does not please me, I shall not trouble myself further about the matter. Barrel-Organs [From the _Press_, 17 January, 1863.] Dugald Stewart in his _Dissertation on the Progress of Metaphysics_ says: âOn reflecting on the repeated reproduction of ancient paradoxes by modern authors one is almost tempted to suppose that human invention is limited, like a barrel-organ, to a specific number of tunes.â It would be a very amusing and instructive task for a man of reading and reflection to note down the instances he meets with of these old tunes coming up again and again in regular succession with hardly any change of note, and with all the old hitches and involuntary squeaks that the barrel-organ had played in days gone by. It is most amusing to see the old quotations repeated year after year and volume after volume, till at last some more careful enquirer turns to the passage referred to and finds that they have all been taken in and have followed the lead of the first daring inventor of the mis-statement. Hallam has had the courage, in the supplement to his _History of the Middle Ages_, p. 398, to acknowledge an error of this sort that he has been led into. But the particular instance of barrel-organism that is present to our minds just now is the Darwinian theory of the development of species by natural selection, of which we hear so much. This is nothing new, but a _rÃ©chauffÃ©e_ of the old story that his namesake, Dr. Darwin, served up in the end of the last century to Priestley and his admirers, and Lord Monboddo had cooked in the beginning of the same century. We have all heard of his theory that man was developed directly from the monkey, and that we all lost our tails by sitting too much upon that appendage. We learn from that same great and cautious writer Hallam in his _History of Literature_ that there are traces of this theory and of other popular theories of the present day in the works of Giordano Bruno, the Neapolitan who was burnt at Rome by the Inquisition in 1600. It is curious to read the titles of his works and to think of Dugald Stewartâs remark about barrel-organs. For instance he wrote on âThe Plurality of Worlds,â and on the universal âMonad,â a name familiar enough to the readers of _Vestiges of Creation_. He was a Pantheist, and, as Hallam says, borrowed all his theories from the eclectic philosophers, from Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists, and ultimately they were no doubt of Oriental origin. This is just what has been shown again and again to be the history of German Pantheism; it is a mere barrel-organ repetition of the Brahman metaphysics found in Hindu cosmogonies. Brunoâs theory regarding development of species was in Hallamâs words: âThere is nothing so small or so unimportant but that a portion of spirit dwells in it; and this spiritual substance requires a proper subject to become a plant or an animalâ; and Hallam in a note on this passage observes how the modern theories of equivocal generation correspond with Brunoâs. No doubt Hallam is right in saying that they are all of Oriental origin. Pythagoras borrowed from thence his kindred theory of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls. But he was more consistent than modern philosophers; he recognised a downward development as well as an upward, and made morality and immorality the crisis and turning-point of changeâa bold lion developed into a brave warrior, a drunken sot developed into a wallowing pig, and Darwinâs slave-making ants, p. 219, would have been formerly Virginian cotton and tobacco growers. Perhaps Prometheus was the first Darwin of antiquity, for he is said to have begun his creation from below, and after passing from the invertebrate to the sub-vertebrate, from thence to the backbone, from the backbone to the mammalia, and from the mammalia to the manco-cerebral, he compounded man of each and all:â Fertur Prometheus addere principi Limo coactus particulam undique Desectam et insani leonis Vim stomacho apposuisse nostro. One word more about barrel-organs. We have heard on the undoubted authority of ear and eyewitnesses, that in a neighbouring province there is a church where the psalms are sung to a barrel-organ, but unfortunately the psalm tunes come in the middle of the set, and the jigs and waltzes have to be played through before the psalm can start. Just so is it with Darwinism and all similar theories. All his fantasias, as we saw in a late article, are made to come round at last to religious questions, with which really and truly they have nothing to do, but were it not for their supposed effect upon religion, no one would waste his time in reading about the possibility of Polar bears swimming about and catching flies so long that they at last get the fins they wish for. Darwin on Species [From the _Press_, 21 February, 1863.] To the Editor of the _Press_. SirâIn two of your numbers you have already taken notice of Darwinâs theory of the origin of species; I would venture to trespass upon your space in order to criticise briefly both your notices. The first is evidently the composition of a warm adherent of the theory in question; the writer overlooks all the real difficulties in the way of accepting it, and, caught by the obvious truth of much that Darwin says, has rushed to the conclusion that all is equally true. He writes with the tone of a partisan, of one deficient in scientific caution, and from the frequent repetition of the same ideas manifest in his dialogue one would be led to suspect that he was but little versed in habits of literary composition and philosophical argument. Yet he may fairly claim the merit of having written in earnest. He has treated a serious subject seriously according to his lights; and though his lights are not brilliant ones, yet he has apparently done his best to show the theory on which he is writing in its most favourable aspect. He is rash, evidently well satisfied with himself, very possibly mistaken, and just one of those persons who (without intending it) are more apt to mislead than to lead the few people that put their trust in them. A few will always follow them, for a strong faith is always more or less impressive upon persons who are too weak to have any definite and original faith of their own. The second writer, however, assumes a very different tone. His arguments to all practical intents and purposes run as follows:â Old fallacies are constantly recurring. Therefore Darwinâs theory is a fallacy. They come again and again, like tunes in a barrel-organ. Therefore Darwinâs theory is a fallacy. Hallam made a mistake, and in his _History of the Middle Ages_, p. 398, he corrects himself. Therefore Darwinâs theory is wrong. Dr. Darwin in the last century said the same thing as his son or grandson says nowâwill the writer of the article refer to anything bearing on natural selection and the struggle for existence in Dr. Darwinâs work?âand a foolish nobleman said something foolish about monkeyâs tails. Therefore Darwinâs theory is wrong. Giordano Bruno was burnt in the year 1600 A.D.; he was a Pantheist; therefore Darwinâs theory is wrong. And finally, as a clinching argument, in one of the neighbouring settlements there is a barrel-organ which plays its psalm tunes in the middle of its jigs and waltzes. After this all lingering doubts concerning the falsehood of Darwinâs theory must be at an end, and any person of ordinary common sense must admit that the theory of development by natural selection is unwarranted by experience and reason. The articles conclude with an implied statement that Darwin supposes the Polar bear to swim about catching flies for so long a period that at last it gets the fins it wishes for. Now, however sceptical I may yet feel about the truth of all Darwinâs theory, I cannot sit quietly by and see him misrepresented in such a scandalously slovenly manner. What Darwin does say is that sometimes diversified and changed habits may be observed in individuals of the same species; that is that there are eccentric animals just as there are eccentric men. He adduces a few instances and winds up by saying that âin North America the black bear was seen by Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catchingâalmost like a whaleâinsects in the water.â This and nothing more. (See pp. 201 and 202.) Because Darwin says that a bear of rather eccentric habits happened to be seen by Hearne swimming for hours and catching insects almost like a whale, your writer (with a carelessness hardly to be reprehended in sufficiently strong terms) asserts by implication that Darwin supposes the whale to be developed from the bear by the latter having had a strong desire to possess fins. This is disgraceful. I can hardly be mistaken in supposing that I have quoted the passage your writer alludes to. Should I be in error, I trust he will give the reference to the place in which Darwin is guilty of the nonsense that is fathered upon him in your article. It must be remembered that there have been few great inventions in physics or discoveries in science which have not been foreshadowed to a certain extent by speculators who were indeed mistaken, but were yet more or less on the right scent. Day is heralded by dawn, Apollo by Aurora, and thus it often happens that a real discovery may wear to the careless observer much the same appearance as an exploded fallacy, whereas in fact it is widely different. As much caution is due in the rejection of a theory as in the acceptation of it. The first of your writers is too hasty in accepting, the second in refusing even a candid examination. Now, when the _Saturday Review_, the _Cornhill Magazine_, _Once a Week_, and _Macmillanâs Magazine_, not to mention other periodicals, have either actually and completely as in the case of the first two, provisionally as in the last mentioned, given their adherence to the theory in question, it may be taken for granted that the arguments in its favour are sufficiently specious to have attracted the attention and approbation of a considerable number of well-educated men in England. Three months ago the theory of development by natural selection was openly supported by Professor Huxley before the British Association at Cambridge. I am not adducing Professor Huxleyâs advocacy as a proof that Darwin is right (indeed, Owen opposed him tooth and nail), but as a proof that there is sufficient to be said on Darwinâs side to demand more respectful attention than your last writer has thought it worth while to give it. A theory which the British Association is discussing with great care in England is not to be set down by off-hand nicknames in Canterbury. To those, however, who do feel an interest in the question, I would venture to give a word or two of advice. I would strongly deprecate forming a hurried opinion for or against the theory. Naturalists in Europe are canvassing the matter with the utmost diligence, and a few years must show whether they will accept the theory or no. It is plausible; that can be decided by no one. Whether it is true or no can be decided only among naturalists themselves. We are outsiders, and most of us must be content to sit on the stairs till the great men come forth and give us the benefit of their opinion. I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, A. M. Darwin on Species [From the _Press_, March 14th, 1863.] To the Editor of the _Press_. SirâA correspondent signing himself âA. M.â in the issue of February 21st says:ââWill the writer (of an article on barrel-organs) refer to anything bearing upon natural selection and the struggle for existence in Dr. Darwinâs work?â This is one of the trade forms by which writers imply that there is no such passage, and yet leave a loophole if they are proved wrong. I will, however, furnish him with a passage from the notes of Darwinâs _Botanic Garden_:â âI am acquainted with a philosopher who, contemplating this subject, thinks it not impossible that the first insects were anthers or stigmas of flowers, which had by some means loosed themselves from their parent plant; and that many insects have gradually in long process of time been formed from these, some acquiring wings, others fins, and others claws, from their ceaseless efforts to procure their food or to secure themselves from injury. The anthers or stigmas are therefore separate beings.â This passage contains the germ of Mr. Charles Darwinâs theory of the origin of species by natural selection:â âAnalogy would lead me to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from one prototype.â Here are a few specimens, his illustrations of the theory:â âThere seems to me no great difficulty in believing that natural selection has actually converted a swim-bladder into a lung or organ used exclusively for respiration.â âA swim-bladder has apparently been converted into an air-breathing lung.â âWe must be cautious in concluding that a bat could not have been formed by natural selection from an animal which at first could only glide through the air.â âI can see no insuperable difficulty in further believing it possible that the membrane-connected fingers and forearm of the galeopithecus might be greatly lengthened by natural selection, and this, as far as the organs of flight are concerned, would convert it into a bat.â âThe framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of a porpoise, and leg of a horse, the same number of vertebrÃ¦ forming the neck of the giraffe and of the elephant, and innumerable other such facts, at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications.â I do not mean to go through your correspondentâs letter, otherwise âI could hardly reprehend in sufficiently strong termsâ (and all that sort of thing) the perversion of what I said about Giordano Bruno. But âex uno disce omnesââI am, etc., âTHE SAVOYARD.â Darwin on Species [From the _Press_, 18 March, 1863.] To the Editor of the _Press_. SirâThe âSavoyardâ of last Saturday has shown that he has perused Darwinâs _Botanic Garden_ with greater attention than myself. I am obliged to him for his correction of my carelessness, and have not the smallest desire to make use of any loopholes to avoid being âproved wrong.â Let, then, the âSavoyardâsâ assertion that Dr. Darwin had to a certain extent forestalled Mr. C. Darwin stand, and let my implied denial that in the older Darwinâs works passages bearing on natural selection, or the struggle for existence, could be found, go for nought, or rather let it be set down against me. What follows? Has the âSavoyardâ (supposing him to be the author of the article on barrel-organs) adduced one particle of real argument the more to show that the real Darwinâs theory is wrong? The elder Darwin writes in a note that âhe is acquainted with a philosopher who thinks it not impossible that the first insects were the anthers or stigmas of flowers, which by some means, etc. etc.â This is mere speculation, not a definite theory, and though the passage above as quoted by the âSavoyardâ certainly does contain the germ of Darwinâs theory, what is it more than the crudest and most unshapen germ? And in what conceivable way does this discovery of the egg invalidate the excellence of the chicken? Was there ever a great theory yet which was not more or less developed from previous speculations which were all to a certain extent wrong, and all ridiculed, perhaps not undeservedly, at the time of their appearance? There is a wide difference between a speculation and a theory. A speculation involves the notion of a man climbing into a lofty position, and descrying a somewhat remote object which he cannot fully make out. A theory implies that the theorist has looked long and steadfastly till he is clear in his own mind concerning the nature of the thing which he is beholding. I submit that the âSavoyardâ has unfairly made use of the failure of certain speculations in order to show that a distinct theory is untenable. Let it be granted that Darwinâs theory has been foreshadowed by numerous previous writers. Grant the âSavoyardâ his Giordano Bruno, and give full weight to the barrel-organ in a neighbouring settlement, I would still ask, has the theory of natural development of species ever been placed in anything approaching its present clear and connected form before the appearance of Mr. Darwinâs book? Has it ever received the full attention of the scientific world as a duly organised theory, one presented in a tangible shape and demanding investigation, as the conclusion arrived at by a man of known scientific attainments after years of patient toil? The upshot of the barrel-organs article was to answer this question in the affirmative and to pooh-pooh all further discussion. It would be mere presumption on my part either to attack or defend Darwin, but my indignation was roused at seeing him misrepresented and treated disdainfully. I would wish, too, that the âSavoyardâ would have condescended to notice that little matter of the bear. I have searched my copy of Darwin again and again to find anything relating to the subject except what I have quoted in my previous letter. I am, Sir, your obedient servant, A. M. Darwin on Species [From the _Press_, April 11th, 1863.] To the Editor of the _Press_. SirâYour correspondent âA. M.â is pertinacious on the subject of the bear being changed into a whale, which I said Darwin contemplated as not impossible. I did not take the trouble in any former letter to answer him on that point, as his language was so intemperate. He has modified his tone in his last letter, and really seems open to the conviction that he may be the âcarelessâ writer after all; and so on reflection I have determined to give him the opportunity of doing me justice. In his letter of February 21 he says: âI cannot sit by and see Darwin misrepresented in such a scandalously slovenly manner. What Darwin does say is âthat SOMETIMES diversified and changed habits may be observed in individuals of the same species; that is, that there are certain eccentric animals as there are certain eccentric men. He adduces a few instances, and winds up by saying that in North America the black bear was seen by Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, ALMOST LIKE A WHALE, insects in the water.â THIS, AND NOTHING MORE, pp. 201, 202.â Then follows a passage about my carelessness, which (he says) is hardly to be reprehended in sufficiently strong terms, and he ends with saying: âThis is disgraceful.â Now you may well suppose that I was a little puzzled at the seeming audacity of a writer who should adopt this style, when the words which follow his quotation from Darwin are (in the edition from which I quoted) as follows: âEven in so extreme a case as this, if the supply of insects were constant, and if better adapted competitors did not already exist in the country, I can see no difficulty in a race of bears being rendered by natural selection more and more aquatic in their structure and habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a creature was produced as monstrous as a whale.â Now this passage was a remarkable instance of the idea that I was illustrating in the article on âBarrel-organs,â because Buffon in his _Histoire Naturelle_ had conceived a theory of degeneracy (the exact converse of Darwinâs theory of ascension) by which the bear might pass into a seal, and that into a whale. Trusting now to the fairness of âA. M.â I leave to him to say whether he has quoted from the same edition as I have, and whether the additional words I have quoted are in his edition, and if so whether he has not been guilty of a great injustice to me; and if they are not in his edition, whether he has not been guilty of great haste and âcarelessnessâ in taking for granted that I have acted in so âdisgracefulâ a manner. I am, Sir, etc., âThe Savoyard,â or player on Barrel-organs. (The paragraph in question has been the occasion of much discussion. The only edition in our hands is the third, seventh thousand, which contains the paragraph as quoted by âA. M.â We have heard that it is different in earlier editions, but have not been able to find one. The difference between âA. M.â and âThe Savoyardâ is clearly one of different editions. Darwin appears to have been ashamed of the inconsequent inference suggested, and to have withdrawn it.âEd. the _Press_.) Darwin on Species [From the _Press_, 22nd June, 1863.] To the Editor of the _Press_. SirâI extract the following from an article in the _Saturday Review_ of January 10, 1863, on the vertebrated animals of the Zoological Gardens. âAs regards the ducks, for example, inter-breeding goes on to a very great extent among nearly all the genera, which are well represented in the collection. We think it unfortunate that the details of these crosses have not hitherto been made public. The Zoological Society has existed about thirty-five years, and we imagine that evidence must have been accumulated almost enough to make or mar that part of Mr. Darwinâs well-known argument which rests on what is known of the phenomena of hybridism. The present list reveals only one fact bearing on the subject, but that is a noteworthy one, for it completely overthrows the commonly accepted theory that the mixed offspring of different species are infertile _inter se_. At page 15 (of the list of vertebrated animals living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London, Longman and Co., 1862) we find enumerated three examples of hybrids between two perfectly distinct species, and even, according to modern classification, between two distinct genera of ducks, for three or four generations. There can be little doubt that a series of researches in this branch of experimental physiology, which might be carried on at no great loss, would place zoologists in a far better position with regard to a subject which is one of the most interesting if not one of the most important in natural history.â I fear that both you and your readers will be dead sick of Darwin, but the above is worthy of notice. My compliments to the âSavoyard.â Your obedient servant, May 17th. A. M. Darwin Among the Machines â_Darwin Among the Machines_â _originally appeared in the Christ Church_ PRESS, 13 _June_, 1863. _It was reprinted by Mr. Festing Jones in his edition of_ THE NOTE-BOOKS OF SAMUEL BUTLER (_Fifield_, _London_, 1912, _Kennerley_, _New York_), _with a prefatory note pointing out its connection with the genesis of_ EREWHON, _to which readers desirous of further information may be referred_. [To the Editor of the _Press_, Christchurch, New Zealand, 13 June, 1863.] SIRâThere are few things of which the present generation is more justly proud than of the wonderful improvements which are daily taking place in all sorts of mechanical appliances. And indeed it is matter for great congratulation on many grounds. It is unnecessary to mention these here, for they are sufficiently obvious; our
{'title': 'Canterbury Pieces by Samuel Butler', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}