Produced by David Starner, Matthias Grammel and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH: A DIALECT OF SOUTH GERMAN WITH AN INFUSION OF ENGLISH. BY S. S. HALDEMAN, A.M. PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA. LONDON: TRÃBNER & CO., 8 AND 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1872. _All Rights reserved._ HERTFORD: PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. NOTICE. While I was engaged with the third part of my _Early English Pronunciation_, Prof. Haldeman sent me a reprint of some humorous letters by Rauch, entitled _Pennsylvanish Deitsh_. _De Campain Breefa fum Pit Schwefflebrenner un de Bevvy, si alty, gepublished olly woch in "Father Abraham."_ Perceiving at once the analogy between this debased German with English intermixture, and Chaucer's debased Anglo-saxon with Norman intermixture, I requested and obtained such further information as enabled me to give an account of this singular modern reproduction of the manner in which our English language itself was built up, and insert it in the introduction to my chapter on Chaucer's pronunciation, _Early English Pronunciation_, pp. 652-663. But I felt it would be a loss to Philology if this curious living example of a mixture of languages were dismissed with such a cursory notice, and I therefore requested Prof. Haldeman, who by birth and residence, philological and phonetic knowledge, was so well fitted for the task, to draw up a more extended notice, as a paper to be read before the Philological Society of London. Hence arose the following little treatise, of which I, for my own part, can only regret the brevity. But the Philological Society, having recently exhausted most of its resources by undertaking the publication of several extra volumes, was unable to issue another of such length, and hence the present Essay appears independently. Owing to his absence from England and my own connexion with the paper, which I communicated and read to the Philological Society, on 3 June, 1870, Prof. Haldeman requested me to superintend the printing of his essay, and add anything that might occur to me. This will account for a few footnotes signed with my name. The Professor was fortunately able to examine one revise himself, so that, though I am mainly responsible for the press work, I hope that the errors may be very slight. Sufficient importance does not seem to have been hitherto attached to watching the growth and change of living languages. We have devoted our philological energies to the study of dead tongues which we could not pronounce, and have therefore been compelled to compare by letters rather than by sounds, and which we know only in the form impressed upon them by scholars of various times. The form in which they were originally written is for ever concealed. The form in which they appear in the earliest manuscripts has practically never been published, but has to be painfully collected from a mass of various readings. The form we know is a critical, conjectural form, patched up by men distinguished for scholarship, but for the most part entirely ignorant of the laws which govern the changes of speech. The very orthography is medieval. We are thus enabled to see as little of the real genesis of language, in form, in sound, in grammatical and logical construction, in short in the real pith of philological investigation--the relation of thought to speech-sounds--as the study of a full-grown salmon would enable us to judge of the marvellous development of that beautiful fish. Such studies as the present will, I hope, serve among others to stimulate exertion in the new direction. We cannot learn life by studying fossils alone. ALEX. J. ELLIS. KENSINGTON, 23 APRIL, 1872. CONTENTS. CHAPTER. I. People, History, Location, Condition, pp. 1-6. II. Phonology, pp. 7-16. Â§ 1. Use of the Alphabet, p. 7. Â§ 2. Vowels, p. 8. Â§ 3. Dipthongs, p. 9. Â§ 4. Nasal Vowels and Dipthongs, p. 10. Â§ 5. Consonants, p. 11. Â§ 6. Stein or Schtein? p. 12. Â§ 7. Vowel changes, p. 13. Â§ 8. Dipthong changes, p. 14. Â§ 9. Words lengthened, p. 15. Â§ 10. Words shortened, p. 15. III. Vocabulary (of peculiar words), pp. 17-23. IV. Gender, pp. 24-27. Â§ 1. Gender of English Words in Pennsylvania German, p. 24. Â§ 2. The German Genders, p. 26. V. Â§ 1. The English Infusion, p. 28. Â§ 2. Newspapers, p. 29. VI. Syntax, pp. 34-40. VII. Comparisons with other Dialects, pp. 41-48. Â§ 1. PG. not Swiss, p. 41. PG. Poem, p. 42. Â§ 2. PG. not Bavarian. Specimen, with PG. translation, p. 43. Â§ 3. PG. not Suabian, p. 44. Curious colloquy, p. 44. Â§ 4. PG. not Alsatian, p. 45. German-French example, p. 46. Â§ 5. PG. is akin to several South German Dialects, p. 46. Examples, p. 47. VIII. Examples of PG., pp. 49-56. Â§ 1. Wiider aaËgeschmiirt! (Prose), p. 49. Â§ 2. Wii kummt Å¿? (Prose), p. 52. Â§ 3. Will widd'r BiiwÇli seiË (Verse), p. 55. Â§ 4. Anglicised German (Prose), p. 56. IX. English influenced by German, pp. 57-63. Â§ 1. German words introduced, p. 57. Â§ 2. Family names modified, p. 60. X. Imperfect English, pp. 64-69. Â§ 1. Broken English, p. 64. Â§ 2. The Breitmann Ballads, p. 66. PENNSYLVANISCH DEITSCH. CHAPTER I. PEOPLE--HISTORY--LOCATION--CONDITION. The reciprocal influence of languages affords an interesting subject of investigation, and it is the object of this essay to present an outline of a dialect which has been formed within a century, and which continues to be spoken, subject to the influences which developed it. Of such languages, English, Wallachian, and HindÃ»stÃ¢nÃ®, are familiar examples. Like other languages, the dialect of German known as Pennsylvania Dutch presents variations due to the limited intercourse of a widely-scattered agricultural population, and to the several dialects brought from abroad, chiefly from the region of the Upper Rhine, and the Neckar, the latter furnishing the Suabian or Rhenish Bavarian element. The language is therefore South German, as brought in by emigrants from Rhenish Bavaria, Baden, Alsace (Alsatia), WÃ¼rtemberg, German Swisserland, and Darmstadt. There were also natives from other regions, with certain French Neutrals deported from Nova Scotia to various parts of the United States, including the county (Lancaster) where the materials for this essay have been collected. These, and probably some families with French names from Alsace, are indicated by a few proper names, like _Roberdeau_, _Lebo_, _Deshong_ and _Shunk_ (both for _Dejean_), and an occasional word like _jÃºschtamÃ©nnt_ (in German spelling), the French _justement_, but which a native might take for a condensation of _just-an-dem-ende_. Welsh names like _Jenkins_, _Evans_, _Owen_, _Foulke_, _Griffith_, _Morgan_, and _Jones_ occur, with the township names of _Brecknock_, _Caernarvon_, _Lampeter_, _Leacock_ ('Lea' as _lay_), and in the next county of Chester--_Gwinedd_ and _Tredyffrin_; but there seems to have been no fusion between Welsh and German, probably because the Welsh may have spoken English. Local names like _HanÅver_, _Heidelberg_ and _Manheim_, indicate whence some of the early residents came. The French-American _ville_ appears in German Pennsylvania, in _Bechtelville_, _Engelsville_, _Greshville_, _Lederachsville_, _Scherksville_, _Schwenksville_, _Silberlingsville_, _Wernersville_, _Zieglerville_; paralleled by the English _town_ in _Kutztown_, _Mertztown_, _SchÃ¤fferstown_, _Straustown_; _burg_ in _Ickesburg_, _Landisburg_, _Rehrersburg_; and the German _dorf_ has a representative in _Womelsdorf_. Pennsylvania German does not occur in the counties along the northern border of the state, but it has extended into Maryland, Western Virginia, Ohio, and farther west; and it has some representatives in western New York, and even in Canada. In many of the cities of the United States, such as Pittsburg, Chicaâgo, CincinnÄtâÄ­, and Saint Louis, recent large accessions from Germany have brought in true German, and to such an extent that the German population of the city of New York is said to exceed that of every European city except Berlin and Vienna. The newer teutonic population differs from the older in living to a great extent in the towns, where they are consumers of beer and tobacco--luxuries to which the older stock and their descendants were and are but little addicted. The numerous allusions to the 'Fatherland' to be met with, belong to the foreign Germans--the natives caring no more for Germany than for other parts of Europe, for they are completely naturalised, notwithstanding their language. Several thousand Germans had entered Pennsylvania before the year 1689, when a steady stream of emigration set in, and it is stated that their number was 100,000 in 1742, and 280,000 in 1763. They occupied a region which has located the Pennsylvania dialect chiefly to the south-east of the Alleghenies, excluding several counties near Philadelphia. Germantown, six miles from Philadelphia, although settled by Germans, seems to have lost its German character. The language under the name of 'Pennsylvania Dutch' is used by a large part of the country population, and may be constantly heard in the county towns of Easton on the Delaware, Reading (i.e. red-ing) on the Schuylkill, Allentown on the Lehigh, Harrisburg (the State capital) on the Susquehanna, Lebanon, Lancaster, and York. A fair proportion of the emigrants, including the clergy, were educated, and education has never been neglected among them. The excellent female boarding school of the Moravians were well supported, not only by the people of the interior, but also by the English-speaking population of the large cities, and of the Southern States--a support which prevented the German accent of some of the teachers from being imitated by the native teutonic pupils--for the education was in English, although German and French were taught. Booksellers find it to their advantage to advertise the current German and English literature in the numerous German journals of the interior, and there is a _Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations Lexicon_ in course of publication, which gives the following statistics of one of the German counties. "The German element is strongly and properly represented in Allentown, and in Lehigh county generally, where the German language has retained its greatest purity, and so strong is this element, that in the city itself there are but few persons who speak English exclusively. An evidence of this is found in the fact that in seventy of the eighty Christian congregations in the county, some of which are over one hundred years old, Divine service is conducted in the German language. Allentown has seven German churches: (two Lutheran, one Reformed, two Methodist, one United Brethren, and one Catholic); and nine German journals, of which are published weekly--_Der UnabhÃ¤ngige_[1] _Republikaner_ (fifty-nine years old), _Der Friedensbote_ (fifty-seven years old), _Der Lecha County Patriot_ (forty-three years old), _Der Weltbote_ (fifteen years old, with 12,000 subscribers), and _Die Lutherische Zeitschrift_. The _Stadt-und Land-Bote_ is a daily, the _Jugendfreund_ semi-monthly, with twenty thousand subscribers; and Pastor Brobst's _Theologische Monatshefte_ is monthly. Since the beginning of the year 1869, the German language has been taught in the public schools."[2] The Reading _Adler_ is in its seventy-fourth, and the Lancaster _Volksfreund_ in its sixty-second year.--Dec. 1869. The convenient quarto German almanacs (with a printed page of about five and a half by seven and a half inches in size), were preferred to the duodecimo English almanacs, even among the non-Germans, until the appearance of English almanacs in the German format about the year 1825. The early settlers were extensive purchasers and occupiers of land, and being thus widely scattered, and having but few good roads, the uniformity of the language is greater than might have been supposed possible. These people seldom became merchants and lawyers, and in the list of attorneys admitted in Lancaster County, commencing with the year 1729, the names are English until 1769, when _Hubley_ and _Weitzel_ appear. From 1793 to 1804, of fifty-two names, three are German; from 1825 to 1835, twenty-four names give _Reigart_ and _Long_ (the latter anglicised). After 1860 the proportion is greater, for among the nine attorneys admitted in 1866, we find the German names of _Urich_, _Loop_, _Kauffman_, _Reinoehl_, _Seltzer_, and _Miller_. At the first school I attended as a child, there were but three English family names, and in the playground, English and German games were practised, such as 'blumsak' (G. plumpsack), 'Prisoner's base,' and 'Hink'l-wai[3] was graabscht du do?' which was never played with the colloquy translated. Pennsylvania Dutch (so called because Germans call themselves _Deutsch_[4]) is known as a dialect which has been corrupted or enriched by English words and idioms under a pure or modified pronunciation, and spoken by natives, some of them knowing no other language, but most of them speaking or understanding English. Many speak both languages vernacularly, with the pure sounds of each, as in distinguishing German _tÅd_ (death) from English _toad_; or English _winter_ from German _winter_, with a different _w_, a lengthened _n_, a flat _t_, and a trilled _r_--four distinctions which are natural to my own speech. Children, even when very young, may speak English entirely with their parents, and German with their grandparents, and of two house-painters (father and son) the father always speaks German and the son English, whether speaking together, or with others. The males of a family being more abroad than the females, learn English more readily, and while the father, mother, daughters, and servants may speak German, father and son may speak English together naturally, and not with a view to have two languages, as in Russia. Foreign Germans who go into the interior usually fall into the local dialect in about a year, and one remarked that he did so that he might not be misunderstood. Some of these, after a residence of fifteen or twenty years, speak scarcely a sentence of English, and an itinerant piano-tuner, whose business has during many years taken him over the country, says that he has not found a knowledge of English necessary. The English who preceded the Germans in Pennsylvania brought their names of objects with them, calling a thrush with a red breast a _robin_; naming a bird not akin to any thrush a _blackbird_; and assigning to a yellow bird the name of _goldfinch_, but adopting a few aboriginal names like _racoon_, _hackee_ and _possum_. The Germans did this to some extent, for _blackbird_ saying 'schtaar' (G. _staar_,[5] starling,) for the _goldfinch_ (oriole) 'goldamschl,' for the _thrush_ (G. _drossel_) 'druschl,' for a _woodpecker_ 'specht' (the German name), and for a crow 'krap.' The _ground-squirrel_ is named 'fensÇmeissli' (fence-mouselin, _fence_ being English); a large grey squirrel is called 'eech-haas' (for _eich-hase_, oak-hare); and in Austria a squirrel is akatzel and achkatzel (oak-kitten). The burrowing marmot (Arctomys monax), known as ground-hog, is called 'grun'daks' (from a fancied analogy with the German _dachs_ or badger) and in York County 'grundsau,' a translation of the English name. The English _patridge_ (partridge, Dutch patrijs) is Germanised into 'pattÇreesÇli'--also called 'feld-hinkli' (little field-chicken),--hinkl being universally used for _chicken_ or _chickens_. The usual perversions by otÅsis occur, as in the city of Baltimore, where foreign Germans say 'Ablass' for _Annapolis_ and 'KÃ¤lber Strasze' (Street of Calves) for Calvert Street--but the citizens themselves have replaced the vowel of _what_ with that of _fat_, in the first syllable of this name; and the people of New York now pronounce 'Beekman Street' with the syllable _beak_ instead of _bake_ according to the earlier practice. A German botanist gave 'Gandoge' as the locality of an American plant; a package sent by express to 'Sevaber' (an English name), and a letter posted to the town of 'Scur E Quss, Nu Yourck,' arrived safely; and I have seen a handboard directing the traveller to the English-named town of 'Bintgrof.' As these present no special difficulty, they are not explained. English _rickets_ for 'rachÃ®tis' is a familiar example of otÅsis, and it appears in the following names of drugs furnished by a native druggist who speaks both languages, and who was able to determine the whole from the original prescriptions. Allaways, Barrickgerrick, Sider in de ment, Essig of Iseck, Hirim Packer, Cinment, Cienpepper, Sension, Saintcun, Opien, High cyrap, Seno and mano miset, Sking, Coroces suplement, Red presepeite, Ammeline, Lockwouth, Absom's salts, Mick nisey, Corgel, Chebubs, By crematarter potash, Balderyon, Lower beans, Cots Shyneel. FOOTNOTES: [1] Un-ab-hÃ¤ng-ig, un-off-hang-ing, in-de-pend-ent, Polish nie-za-wis-ty. [2] Allentown has just completed one of the finest public school buildings in Eastern Pennsylvania.--_Newspaper, February, 1870._ [3] As if 'hÃ¼hn-kel weihe' _chicken hawk_, 'wai' rhyming with _boy_. [4] In an article on (the) "Pennsylvania Dutch" in the 'Atlantic Monthly' (Boston, Mass., Oct., 1869, p. 473), it is asserted that "the tongue which these people speak is not German, nor do they expect you to call it so." On the contrary, the language is strictly a German dialect, as these pages prove. The mistake has arisen from the popular confusion between the terms _Dutch_ and _German_, which are synonymous with many. In Albany (New York) they speak of the _Double Dutch Church_, which seems to have been formed by the fusion of a 'German Reformed' with a 'Dutch Reformed' congregation. These are different denominations, now greatly anglicised. In 1867 the Rev. J. C. Dutcher was a Dutch Reformed pastor in New York. [5] Words in single quotations are Pennsylvania German. The system of spelling is described in the next chapter. High German words are commonly in italics, or marked G. CHAPTER II. PHONOLOGY OF PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. Â§ 1. _Use of the Alphabet._ In his "Key into the Languages of America," London, 1643, Roger Williams says that "the life of all language is pronuntiation"--and in the comparison of dialects it deserves especial attention. To enable the reader the more readily to understand these pages, and to compare the words with literary German, the principles of German orthography will be used as far as they are consistent, but every letter or combination is in every case to be pronounced according to the power here indicated--except in literal quotations, where the originals are followed. A single vowel letter is always to be read short, and when doubled it must have the same sound, but lengthened--but as a single vowel letter is often read long in German, and as short vowels are often indicated by doubling a consonant letter, this absurd mode is sometimes used to prevent mispronunciation through carelessness.[6] The 's' is also sometimes doubled to prevent it from becoming English 'z' with readers who, in careless moods, might rhyme 'as' (as) with _has_ instead of _fosse_. In a PG. poem of Rachel Bahn, commencing with-- "Wie soothing vocal music is! Wie herrlich un wie schoe!" most English readers would be likely to rhyme 'is' with _phiz_ instead of _hiss_, which will be prevented by writing 'iss,' etc. Although I have visited various counties of the State at distant intervals, the facts given here pertain chiefly to a single locality, so that if it is stated, for example, that 's' with its English sound in 'misery' does not occur, or that 'kÇp' (head) is used to the exclusion of _haupt_, it is not intended to assert that such a sound as _z_, or such a word as _haupt_, have not a local existence. In fact, although they are not recorded here, English _z_, _w_, and _v_, may be common enough. A German confounds _met_ and _mat_, _cheer_ and _jeer_, and when he becomes able to pronounce them all, he not unfrequently creates a new difficulty, and for _cherry_ says _jÄrry_ (rhyming _carry_), and after he has acquired sounds like English _z_, _w_, and _v_, they might readily slip into his German speech. The letter _b_ and its spirant (German _w_) both occur, and the latter often replaces _b_, in one region 'ich haw' (I have) replaces 'ich hab,' German _ich habe_, and 'nit' replaces 'net' (not), German _nicht_. The vowels of _up_ and _ope_ interchange, as in 'kÇch' or 'koch' (cook) 'nÇch' or 'noch' (yet); and it is difficult to determine whether the prefixes _ge_-and _be_-have the vowel of _bet_ or _but_. Lastly, the nasal vowels are by some speakers pronounced pure. Should discrepancies be found upon these points, they are to be attributed rather to the dialect than to the writer--or to the two conjointly. Â§ 2. _The Vowels._ E. indicates _English_; G. _German_; SG. _South German_; PG. _Pennsylvania German_ (or 'Dutch');.a preceding dot indicates what would be a capital letter in common print. It is used where capital forms have not been selected, as for Ã¦. a in wh_a_t, n_o_t; PG. kat (G. gehabt) _had_; kats _cat_. aa (ah[7]) in f_a_ll, _o_rb; PG. haas _hare_; paar _pair_; haan (G. hahn) _cock_; tsaam (G. zaum) _bridle_. _a_ in _a_isle, h_e_ight, _o_ut. In a few cases it is written Ã¢. See under the dipthongs. Ã¦ (Ã¤, e[1]) in f_a_t; hÃ¦r (G. Herr) _Sir_; dÃ¦r (and d'r, G. der) _the_; hÃ¦rn (G. hirn) _brain_; schtÃ¦rn, pl. schtÃ¦rnÇ (G. stern) _star_; mÃ¦r (G. mÃ¤hre) _mare_; Ã¦rscht (G. erst) _first_; wÃ¦rts-haus (G. wirtshaus) _inn_. Ã¦Ã¦ (Ã¤, Ã¤h) in b_aa_, the preceding vowel lengthened.[8] PG. bÃ¦Ã¦r (G. bÃ¤r) _bear_; kÃ¦Ã¦r E. _car_. e (Ã¤, Ã¶) in b_e_t; PG. bet _bed_; net (G. nicht) _not_; apnÃ©mÇ (G. abnahme _decline_) PG. a wasting disease; het (G. hÃ¤tte _had_), which, with some other words, will sometimes be written with Ã¤ (hÃ¤tt) to aid the reader. In a few cases it is lengthened (as in thÃªre), when it is written Ãª, as in French. ee (Ã¤, Ã¤h, eh, Ã¶) in _a_le; PG. meel (G. mehl) _meal_; eel (G. Ã¶l) _oil_. Ç (e, o, a) in b_u_t, mention;[9] PG. kÇp (G. kopf) _head_; lÇs (G. lasz) _let_, hawÇ (_a_ short, G. haben) _to have_. i (Ã¼, ie, Ã¶) in f_i_nn_y_; niks (G. nichts) _nothing_; tsrik (G. zurÃ¼ck) _back_; mÃ­glich (G. mÃ¶glich) _possible_; lÃ­t'rlich (G. liederlich) _riotous_. ii (ih, ie, Ã¼) in f_ee_l; fiil (G. viel) _much_; dii (G. die) _the_; riiwÇ (G. rÃ¼be) _turnip_; wiischt (G. wÃ¼st, Ã¼ long) _nasty_. It is the French Ã®, which is sometimes used in these pages. o in _o_-mit; los _loose_; hofnung _hope_. English _o_ pronounced quickly. oo in d_oo_r, h_o_me; wool (G. wohl) _well_; groo (G. grau) _grey_. u in f_u_ll, f_oo_t; mus (G. musz) _must_; fun (G. von) _of_. uu (uh) in f_oo_l; kuu (G. kuh) _cow_; guut (G. gut) _good_. The true 'a' of _a_rm does not occur, except approximately in the initial of au and ei. The proper sounds of Ã¤, Ã¶, Ã¼ are absent, and if these letters are used in a few cases to enable the reader to recognise words, the two former will be restricted to syllables having the vowel sound in _met_, and 'Ã¼' to such as have that in _fit_. Â§ 3. _The Dipthongs._ ei (eu) in h_ei_ght, _ai_sle, German ei, with the initial '_a_' (italic) of Mr. Ellis (in his _Early English Pronunciation_), 'eu' has the same power in PG. ai in b_oy_, _oi_l; somewhat rare, but present in the names Boyer, Moyer (from Meyer), ai (G. ei) _egg_; ajÇr (aajÇr, aijÇr) _eggs_; hai (G. heu) _hay_; bai (sounding like E. boy, and from E.) _pie_; wai (G. weihe) _hawk_. Literary German has it in 'bÃ¤ume' _trees_, and 'eu' (which is properly Çi) is usually confounded with it in German. Çi, which Mr. Ellis (_ibid._) gives as the power of English 'ai' (aisle) in London, occurs in the PG. exclamation 'hÇi,' used in driving cows, and naturalised in the vicinal English. Slavonic has (in German spelling) huj, and Hungarian hÃ¼, used in driving swine. Compare Schmidt, WesterwÃ¤ld. Idiot., p. 276. au in h_ou_se; G. haus, PG. haus. English 'ou' is thus pronounced in adopted words like 'County,' or 'Caunty,' 'Township' or 'Taunschip.' _Care must be taken_ not to confound the initial of these pairs, for G. and PG. 'eis' (ice) and 'aus' (out) have the same initial vowel, while 'aistÇr' would spell _oyster_. Â§ 4. _Nasal Vowels and Dipthongs._ PG. is not a harsh dialect, like Swiss. It has, however, the Suabian feature of nasal vowels,[10] but to a less extent. They will be indicated with (Ë) a modification of the Polish mode. This nasality replaces a lost _n_ (but not a lost _m_), and it does not pervert the vowel or dipthong, as in the French _un_, _vin_, as compared with _une_, _vinaigre_. Nor does it affect all vowels which have been followed by _n_, for most of them remain pure. Nasal 'ee' (in _they_, French _Ã©_) is very common, but does not occur in French, and French _un_ does not occur in PG. Being unaware of the existence of this feature, the writers of the dialect neglect it in the printed examples, which makes it difficult for a foreigner to comprehend them, because a word like 'aa' (the English syllable _awe_) would stand for G. _auch_ (also), and when nasal (aaË) for G. _an_ (on); and 'schtee' would represent both the German _stehe_ and _stein_, as in saying 'I stand on the stone'-- G. Ich stehe auf dem stein.--PG. ich schtee uf m schteeË. The following words afford examples:-- aaË-fang-Ç (G. anfangen) _to begin_; alÃ©eË (G. alleÃ­n) _alone_; scheeË (G. schÃ¶n) _handsome_; beeË (G. bein, pl. beine) _leg_, _legs_; keeË (G. kein) _none_; griiË (G. grÃ¼n) _green_; duuË (G. thun) _to do_. Was hÇt Ã¦r geduuË? (G. Was hat er gethan?) _what has he done?_ meiË (G. mein, meine) _my_; deiË (G. dein) _thy_; neiË (G. hinein) _within_; eiË being the only nasal dipthong. The obscurity arising from a neglect of the nasal vowels appears in the following lines-- "Die amshel singt so huebsch un' feih, Die lerch sie duht ihr lied ah neih;" ... "Awhaemle duht mich eppes noh."--_Rachel Bahn._ Final _n_ is not always rejected, but remains in many words, among which are--'in' _in_; 'bin' _am_; 'un' _and_; 'iin'(him) G. _ihn_ (but hiiË for G. _hin_ thither); 'fun' (from) G. _von_; 'wan' (when); 'hen' (have) G. _haben_; 'kan' (can); 'schun' (already) G. _schon_. German infinitives in-en end in-Ç in PG., a vowel not subject to nasality, so that when G. _gehen_ (to go) remains a dissyllable it is 'gee'Ç,' but when monosyllabised it becomes 'geeË'--this vowel being nasalisable. Similarly, G. _zu stehen_ (to stand) becomes 'tsu schteeÇ' and 'tsu schteeË;' G. _zu thun_ (to do) may be 'tsu tuuË'--'tsu tuuÇ' or (with _n_ preserved) 'tsu tuunÇ,' and G. _gehen_ (to go) may have the same phases. Â§ 5. _The Consonants._ The Germanism of confusing b, p; t, d; k, g, is present in PG. and they are pronounced _flat_, that is, with more of the surface of the organs in contact than in English--a characteristic which distinguishes German from languages of the Dutch and Low-Saxon (Plattdeutsch) type.[11] This must be remembered in reading the examples, in which the ordinary usage of these letters will be nearly followed. The consonants are b, ch, d, f, g (in _g_et, _g_ive), gh, h, j (English _y_), k, l, m, n, ng, p, r (trilled), s (in _s_eal, not as in mi_s_er), sch (in _sh_ip), t, w (a kind of _v_ made with the lips alone). 'ch' has the two usual variations as in _recht_ and _buch_, and its sonant equivalent 'gh' (written with 'g' in German) presents the same two phases, as in G. _regen_ and _bogen_. 'ng' before a vowel as in _singer_, hence 'finger' is _fing-er_ and not _fing-ger_. 'n' before 'k' is like 'ng,' as in G. _links_ (on the left), which is pronounced like an English syllable. Vowels to be repeated are indicated by a hyphen, as in ge-ennÇrt (altered), nei-ichkeit (novelty). Should letters be wanted for English j, z, v, w, the first may have _dzh_, and the others italic _z_, _v_, _w_, with ks for x. As the reader of English who speaks PG. can learn the German alphabetic powers in half an hour, PG. should be written on a German basis, and not according to the vagaries of English spelling, with its uncertainty and reckless sacrifice of analogy. In print, PG. should appear in the ordinary roman type, in which so many German books are now published.[12] Â§ 6. _Stein or Schtein?_ The sequents _sp_, _st_, are perhaps universally converted into 'schp' and 'scht' in PG., as in 'geescht' for _gehest_, 'hascht' for _hast_, 'Kaschp'r' for _Caspar_, 'schteeË' for _stein_, and 'schpeck' for _speck_, all of which are genuine German, as distinguished from Saxon, Anglo-saxon, and Hollandish, because _S is incompatible before labials_ (w, m, p) _and dentals_ (l, n, t) _in High German_. Hence, where Dutch has _zwijn_, _smidt_, and _speelen_, German has _schwein_, _schmidt_, and _schpielen_; and for Dutch forms like _slijm_, _snee_, and _steen_, German has _schleim_, _schnee_, and _schtein_; but as the German uses the conventional spellings 'spielen' and 'stein,' he is apt to fancy that a law of speech is of less importance than the flourishes of a writing-master, or the practice of a printing-office, even when his own speech should teach him the law. That German has this feature practically, is proved by the fact that words apparently in sp-, st-, become schp-, scht-, when adopted into Russian, although this language has initial sp-, st-,--a transfer of _speech_ rather than of _spelling_, which is as old as the thirteenth century, when the Old High German 'spiliman' (an actor) went into Old Slavonic as (using German spelling) 'schpiljman,' where 'spiljman' would have been more in accordance with the genius of the language. Â§ 7. _Vowel Changes._ Altho the pronunciation of many words is strictly as in High German, there are the following important variations. German _a_ becomes normally the vowel of _what_ and _fall_, but it has the Swiss characteristic of closing to 'o,' as in 'ool' (eel) G. _aal_; 'eeË mool' (once) G. _ein mal_; 'woor' (true) G. _wahr_; 'joor' (year) G. _jahr_; 'frooghÇ' (to ask) G. _fragen_; 'frook' (a question) G. _frage_; 'doo' (there) G. _da_; 'schloofÇ' (to sleep) G. _schlafen_; 'schtroos' (street) G. _strasze_; 'nooch' (towards) G. _nach_; 'hoor' (hair) G. _haar_, but 'paar' (pair) and others do not change. The vowel of _fat_ occurs in 'kschÃ¦r' (harness) G. _geschirr_; 'hÃ¦rpscht' (autumn) G. _herbst_; fÃ¦rtl (fourth) G. _viertel_; kÃ¦rl (fellow) G. _kerl_. German 'o' becomes 'u,' as in 'kumÇ' (_u_ short, see Â§ 2) _to come_, Austrian kuma, G. _kommen_; 'schun' (already) G. _schon_; 'fun' (of) G. _von_; 'wuunÇ' (to reside) G. _wohnen_; 'wuu' (where) G. _wo_; 'sun' (sun) Austr. sunn, G. _sonne_; 'suuË' and 'suun' (son) G. _sohn_; 'nÃºmitaag' and 'nÃ³midaak' (afternoon) G. _nachmittag_; 'dunÇrschtaag' (thursday) G. _donnerstag_; 'hunich' (honey) G. _honig_. German 'ei' is often 'ee,' as in 'heem' (home) G. _heim_; 'deel' (part) G. _theil_; 'seef' (soap) G. _seife_; 'bleech' (pale) G. _bleich_; eens (one) G. _eins_; 'tswee' (two) G. _zwei_. Irregular forms appear in 'maulwarf' (mole) G. _maulwurf_; 'blÄs' (pale, rhyming _lace_) G. _blass_; 'siffer' (tippler) G. _sÃ¤ufer_; 'schpoot' (late) G. _spÃ¤t_, Ã¤ long; 'm'r wellÇ' (we will) G. _wir wollen_; 'dii ÃºmeesÇ' (the ant) G. _die ameise_; 'ep,' 'eb' (whether) G. _ob_; 'dÃ¦rfÇ' (to dare) G. _dÃ¼rfen_; 'fÃ¦richtÇrlich' (frightful) G. _fÃ¼rchterlich_; 'ich fÃ¦richt mich dat [or dart, G. _dort_] anÇ tsu geeË.' _I fear me to go yonder._ 'Dat anÇ' is for G. _dort hin_, 'anÇ' being a Swiss adverb made of G. _an_ (on, towards). 'dat' is not common in PG. and it may have been brought from abroad, as it occurs in Suabian-- "Aepfel hott ma dott gsia, wie d' Kirbiss bey Ã¼ss;" (Radlof, 2, 10.)--(Man hat dort gesehen) _Apples have been seen there like_ (G. KÃ¼rbisse, PG. kÃ¦rÇpsÇ) _pumpkins with us._ The foregoing 'anÇ' appears in Swiss "ume und anne" (thither and hither) where 'ume,' Austr. 'uma,' is from G. _um_ (about). Stalder refers 'anne' to G. _an-hin_, and Swiss 'abe' to _ab-hin_. Schmid (SchwÃ¤b. Wb., p. 23) has ane, dortane, dettane. Schmeller (Bayer. Wb. 1869, p. 91) cites Graff (1, 499), for Ohg. _ostana_ (from the East), and Grimm (3, 205). While PG. 'alt' and 'kalt' (old, cold, _a_ in wh_a_t) have the comparatives 'eltÇr' 'keltÇr,' the influence of _r_ in 'karts' (short), G. _kurz_, and 'hart' (hard), produces 'kÃ¦rtsÇr' and 'hÃ¦rtÇr,' instead of G. _kÃ¼rzer_ and _hÃ¤rter_. Long _a_ becomes long _u_ in G. _samen_ (seed), PG. 'suumÇ.' Â§ 8. _Dipthong Changes._ German 'au' sometimes becomes 'aa' (in call), as in PG. 'laafÇ' (to walk) G. _laufen_; 'glaabÇ' (to believe) G. _glauben_; 'kaafÇ' (to buy) G. _kaufen_; 'tsaam' (bridle) G. _zaum_; 'traam' (dream) G. _traum_; 'fraa' (wife, woman) G. _frau_, PG. pl. 'weiwÇr,' because, as the German plural of _frauen_ could not well make 'fraaÇ,' the plural of _weib_ was preferred. German 'au' remains in PG. 'plaum' (plum) G. _pflaume_; 'daum' (thumb); 'haufÇ' (heap); 'saufÇ' (to sup); 'haus' (house); 'taub' (dove) G. _taube_; 'aus' (out); 'fauscht' (fist). German 'au' becomes 'oo' (Eng. fl_oo_r) in PG. 'groo' (grey) an earlier form of G. _grau_; 'bloo' (blue) G. _blau_; and the name 'Stauffer' is sometimes pronounced 'stoof'r.' In the plural, 'au' becomes 'ei,' as in PG. 'haus,' pl. 'heiser;' 'maus' pl. 'meis;' 'laus' pl. 'leis;' 'maul' (mouth) pl. 'meiler' G. pl. _mÃ¤uler_; 'gaul,' pl. 'geil,' G. pl. _gÃ¤ule_ (horses); 'sau' (sow, hog), pl. 'sei,' G. pl. _sÃ¤ue_, _sauen_. When 'au' has become 'aa' the German plural _Ã¤u_ becomes 'ee,' as in 'beem' (trees) G. _bÃ¤ume_; 'tseem' (bridles) G. _zÃ¤ume_. 'Floo,' G. _floh_ (flea) pl. 'flee' for G. _flÃ¶he_, is due to the fact that German long Ã¶ is replaced by ee. German _au_ is _u_ in the earlier PG. 'uf' (up) G. _auf_, found in Swisserland and other localities; but 'haus' is not _hÅ«s_, and 'maul' is not _mÅ«l_ as in Swiss. Â§ 9. _Words lengthened._ Some monosyllables are dissyllabised under the influence of trilled _r_, and of _l_ (which is akin to _r_), as in 'Jarâik' (York); 'JÃ¦r'ik,' German _Georg_ (George), perhaps the only example of the Berlin change of G to (German) J. PG. G. E. schtar'ik stark _strong_ mar'ikt markt _market_ Ã¦r'ÇwÇt arbeit _work_ kÃ¦r'ich kirche _church_ karrich karren _cart_ geenÇ gehen _to go_ reeghÇrÇ regnen _to rain_ dar'ich durch _through_ kar'Çp korb _basket_ bÃ¦r'ik berg _hill_ mil'ich milch _milk_ kal'ich kalk _lime_ genunk genug _enough_ wammÇs wamms _jacket_ PG. g'seenÇ (seen) G. _gesehen_, occurs in South German, as in the following (Radlof 2, 100), which closely resembles PG. .... vun der Zit an het me niks me vun em g'sehne un g'hÃ¶rt. _From that time on,_ ('mÄ' G. man) _one_ (hat) _has seen and heard nothing_ ('mÄ' G. mehr) _more of him._ G. Es fÃ¤ngt an zu regnen und zu schneien. PG. es fangt (not fÃ¤ngt) aaË tsu reeghÇrÇ un tsu schneeÇ. _It begins to rain and to snow._ Â§ 10. _Words shortened._ Condensation is effected by absorption, as of _d_ by _n_ in 'wunÇr' (wonder) G. _wunder_; and of _f_ by _p_ in 'kÇp' (head) G. _kopf_;--by the elision of consonants (an Austrian feature) as in 'wet' (would) G. _wollte_; 'net' (not) G. _nicht_. By elision of vowels (particularly final _e_) as in 'schuul' (school) G. _schule_, 'tsammÇ' (together) G. _zusammen_; and by shortening vowels, as in 'siw'Ç' (seven) G. _sieben_; 'gew'Ç' (to give) G. _gÄben_; G. _heurathen_ (to marry), Suab. heuren, PG. 'heiÇrÇ'; G. _gleich_ (like) PG. 'glei'; 'tsimlich' (tolerable) G. _ziemlich_. PG. G. E. PG. G. E. niks nichts _nothing_ | mr sin wir sind _we are_ wet wollte _would_ | gÃ©scht'r gestern _yesterday_ set sollte _should_ | nemmÇ nehmen _to take_ knÇp knopf _button_ | nam'itag nachmittag _afternoon_ knep knÃ¶pfe _buttons_ | geblÃ­wÇ geblieben _remained_ kich kÃ¼che _kitchen_ | jets[13] jetzt _now_ kuuchÇ kÅ«chen _cake_ | parr'Ç pfarrer _preacher_ wÇch woche _week_ | oowÇt abend _evening_ wÇchÇ wochen _weeks_ | weipsleit weibsleute _women_ kiw'l kÃ¼bel _bucket_ | reiË herein _herein_ blos blase _bladder_ | neiË hinein _hither-in_ meim meinem _to my_ | draaË daran _thereon_ anÇr ander _other_ | eltscht Ã¤lteste _oldest_ nanÇr einander _each other_ | tswÃ­wlÇ zwiebeln _onions_ unÇr unter _under_ | hend hÃ¤nde _hands_ drunÇ darunter _ther'under_ | plets plÃ¤tze _places_ nunÇr hinunter _down there_ | nummÇ[13] nun mehr _only_ dro'wÇ daroben _above_ | nimmÇ[13] nimmer _never_ driw'Ç darÃ¼ber _ther'over_ | mee[13] mehr _more_ drin darin _ther'in_ | noo darnach _ther'after_ ruff darauf _there up_ | pluuk pflÅ«g _plow_ nuff hinauf _up there_ | pliighÇ plfÃ¼ge _plows_ sind sÃ¼nde _sin_ | kalÃ©nÇr kalÃ©nder _cÃ¡lendar_ As G. 'Ã¼' becomes 'i' in PG., G. _lÃ¼gen_ (to tell a lie) and _liegen_ (to lie down--both having the first vowel long) might be confused, but the latter is shortened in PG., as in 'Ã¦r likt' (he lies down) 'Ã¦r liikt' (he tells a lie). PG. Was wi't? _What wilst thou?_ G. Was willst du? Woo't weepe? Woo't fight? Woo't teare thy Å¿elfe?[14] Ich wil fischÇ geeË. _I will go to fish._ Ich hab kschriwwÇ. _I have_ (geschrieben) _written_. Sin mr net keiÇrt? _Are we not married?_ G. Sind wir nicht geheirathet? (or verheirathet.) Infinitive-n is rejected, as in the Swiss and Suabian dialects. In an Austrian dialect it is rejected when _m_, _n_, or _ng_ precedes, as in singa, rena, nehma, for _singen_, _rennen_, _nehmen_.--_Castelli_, WÃ¶rterbuch, 1847, p. 31. The length of some vowels is doubtful, as in 'rot' or 'root' (red, like English _rÅte_ or _rÅde_), 'so' or 'soo,' 'nochbÇr' or 'noochbÇr,' 'Çmol' or 'Çmool,' 'ja' or 'jaa,' 'sii' or 'sÄ­' (she, they, Ä­ in deceÄ­t, not in _sit_). Compare English 'S_Ä_e!' and 'S_Ä_e thÃªre!' _Accent_ in PG. agrees with that of High German. When indicated, as in danÃ³ot or danoot' (for the 'oo' represent a single vowel, as in Eng. _floor_), it is to afford aid to the reader not familiar with German accent. FOOTNOTES: [6] For example, as the vowel of German _schaf_ is long, the PG. word 'schafleit,' which occurs in a quoted passage farther on, would be likely to be read 'schaafleit' (sheep-people or shepherds) instead of 'schaffleit' (work-people), although it is stated that in the spelling used, a vowel _must not be made long_ unless its letter is doubled. "This tendency, and a trick of reading words like nisbut, _relation_, qismut, _fortune_, as if written _nizbut_, _qizmut_, should be carefully guarded against.... Even is, as, rusm, will, in spite of the caveat, ... become again in his mouth iz, az, ruzm, rather than the iss, auss, russm, intended."--_Gilchrist_, 1806. [7] High German _letters_ which represent PG. _sounds_ are in parentheses. [8] The long vowel used by native speakers in B_a_th, Somersetshire, England. [9] These two powers are not quite the same. [10] Indicated in 1860 in my Analytic Orthography, Â§Â§ 661-3, and in my note to A. J. Ellis's _Early English Pronunciation_, 1869, p. 655, note 2, col. 2. "The lost final _n_ is commonly recalled by a nasal vowel." [11] The real physiological generation of these _flat_ consonants is very difficult for an Englishman to understand. Dr. C. L. Merkel, of Leipzig, a middle-German, confesses that for a long time he did not understand the pure b, d, not having heard them in his neighbourhood. He distinguishes (_Physiologie der Menschlichen Sprache_, Leipzig, 1866, pp. 146-156), 1. The "soft shut sounds" or _mediÃ¦_, characterized by an attempt to utter voice before the closure is released, 2. "the half-hard shut sounds" or _tenues implosivÃ¦_, characterized by a sound produced by compressing the air in the mouth by the elevation of the larynx, the glottis being closed, which "therefore acts like a piston," followed by the sudden opening of the mouth and glottis, allowing the vowel to pass, (this is his description of the _flat_ sounds, which he says BrÃ¼cke, a Low-Saxon, reckons among his _mediÃ¦_), 3. "the hard explosive shut sounds," characterized by a shut mouth and open glottis through which the unvocalised breath is forced against the closing barrier more strongly than in the last case, but without pressure from the diaphragm, 4. "the aspirated or sharpened explosive sound," in which the last pressure occurs with a jerk. The compound English distinction, p, b; t, d; k, g, seem almost impossible for a middle and south-German to understand.--A. J. E. [12] On the inconsistencies of Rauch's Orthography on an English basis, see my note 2, p. 655 of Ellis's _Early English Pronunciation_. [13] Swiss forms. [14] _Hamlet_, act 5, sc. 1, speech 106; folio 1623, tragedies, p. 278, col. 2. CHAPTER III. VOCABULARY. The vocabulary of PG. has but few synonyms, a single word being used where High German has several, as 'plats' (place) for G. _platz_ and _ort_. Of the German words for _horse_ (pferd, ross, gaul, etc.), 'gaul' is universal in speech, _ross_ seems not to be known, and _pferd_ is almost restricted to print.[15] A colt is not called _fÃ¼llen_ as in German, but 'hutsch,' with a diminutival 'hutschli' (in Suabian _hutschel_, _hutschele_, Westerwald _husz_, Lusatian _huszche_.) A pig is not _ferkel_ (Lat. porc-ell-us, Welsh porch-ell) but 'seili' (from _sau_), and children call it 'wuts' (Suab. butzel) a repetition of this being used (as well in vicinal English) in calling these animals. 'Kalb' (calf, pl. 'kelwÇr') is named by children 'hamÇli'[16] when a suckling. Cows are called with 'kum see! see! see hamÇli! see!' and when close at hand with 'suk suk suk' (as in for_sook_)--used also in the English of the locality.[17] Of G. _knabe_ (boy) and _bube_, pl. _buben_, PG. takes the latter as 'buu,' pl. 'buuwÇ;' and of the G. _haupt_ and _kopf_ (head) it prefers the latter as 'kÇp.' Of the verbs _schmeissen_ and _werfen_ (to throw), _kriegen_ and _bekommen_ (to obtain), _hocken_ and _sitzen_ (to sit), _schwetzen_ and _sprechen_ (to talk), _erzÃ¤hlen_ and _sagen_ (to tell), PG. uses 'schmeissÇ,' 'kriighÇ,' 'hÇkÇ,' 'schwetsÇ' and 'saaghÇ' almost exclusively. The suffix -lein, condensed to-li and -l, is the universal diminutival, as in Swisserland and South Germany--a small house being called 'heissli' and not _hÃ¤us-chen_, and a girl 'meedl' and not _mÃ¤dchen_. It is, however, very often associated with the adjective kleeË (little) G. _klein_, as in PG. 'Ç kleeË bichli' (a little book). German _kartoffeln_ (potatoes) is rejected for G. _grundbirnen_[18] under the form of 'krumpiirÇ,' where 'krum' is accepted by some as _krumm_ (crooked), while some regard the latter part as meaning _pears_, and others as _berries_. =F'rleÃ­cht=, =FileÃ­cht= (perhaps, G. vielleicht) are in use, but the former seems the more common. =SauÇrampl=, G. sauerampfer (sorrel, Rumex). =RewwÇr=, =Krik=, =Krikli= (Eng. _river_, _creek_) have thrust aside G. _flusz_ and _bach_. =LaafÇ= (to walk; G. _laufen_ to run, and to walk). =Schpring-Ç= (to run, a Swiss usage. G. _springen_, to leap, spring, gush). =PetsÇ= (to pinch), Alsace pfetsÇ, Swiss pfÃ¤tzen, Suab. pfetzen. =Tref= (Suab., a knock, blow). PG. 'ich tref dich' (I strike thee). =Schmuts= (a hearty kiss). Swiss, Suab., in G. _schmatz_. =Un'ich= (under), G. unter, occurs in provincial German as unn-ig and unt-ig; hinnig occurs also, PG. 'hinnich,' as in '=hinnich= d'r diir' _behind the door_. Wii m'r donaus glÇffÇ sin, bin ich hinnich iin nooch glÇffÇ. _As we walked out, I walked behind him._ For 'hinnich,' Alsatian has hing-Ç, as in 'M'r geen hing-Ç [nach den] noo dÇ goortÇ noo'--_We go along behind the garden._ =UumÇt=, =oomÇt=, Austr. omad, Swiss amet, G. das grummet (aftermath). Suab. Ã¤mt, emt, Ã¶md, aumad; Bavar. Ã¢mad. =Arik=, =arrig= (much, very), Swiss arig, G. arg (bad, cunning). PG. Ich hab net gwist [Suab. gwest] dass es so arrik reeghÇrt. _I did not suppose it to be raining so hard._ =Artlich= (tolerably) is the Swiss _artlich_ and _artig_. =EwwÇ=, G. adv. Äben (really, even, just), but it is PG. 'eewÇ' when it is the adj. _even_. Ich hab ewwÇ net gwist for sure eb Ã¦r Ç fraa hÇt ÇdÇr net. (_Rauch._) _I did not even know_ 'for sure' _if he has a wife or not_. =Ã¡manat=, _adv._ metathesised and adapted from G. _an einem Orte_ (at a place), a dative for an accusative _an einen Ort_ (in a place) as used here. In the example, 'anÇ' is G. _an_ inflected, and _zÅ­_ of _zu schÃ­cken_ is omitted, as sometimes done in PG. ... wan als Ç briif kummt f'r Ã¡manat anÇ schikÇ ... (_Rauch._) _When ever a letter comes for to send on_--to be sent on. =HenkweidÇ= (weeping willow). G. HÃ¤ngebirke, is hanging birch. =TappÇr= (quickly), as in Schpring tappÇr _run quick_! _be in a hurry_--thus used in Westerwald, and as _very_ in Silesia. G. tapfer (brave, bravely), E. dapper. =MeenÇr= (more), =Meenscht= (most), for G. _mehr_, _meist_, are rÃ©ferable to _mancher_ and a hypothetic _mannigste_. 'Mee' and 'meeË' (more), Swiss--"Was wett i meh?" _What would I more._ "Nimme meh," _never more_. PG. 'Was wet ich mee? Nimmi mee.' (See _Ellis_, Early English Pronunciation, p. 663, note 39.) =Schtrublich=, =schtruwlich=. G. _struppig_ (bristly, rough), Swiss _strublig_, PG. 'schtruwlich' (disordered, uncombed, as hair). English of the locality _stroobly_. =Neewich=; SG. _nebensich_, Wetterau (upper Hessia) _nÃªbig_, G. _neben_ (beside). "Naevvich der mommy ruht er now [Eng. _now_] In sellem Gottes-acker[19] dort, Shraegs[20] fun der Kreutz Creek Kerrich nuf, [hinauf.] Uft denk ich doch an seller ort!"--_Rachel Bahn._ =Hensching=, G. _handschue_ (gloves, Sw. hÃ¤ndschen) becomes a new word with 'hen' for _hÃ¤nde_ (hands), the Ã¤ umlaut being used to pluralise, but the word is singular also, and, to particularise, a glove proper is 'fing-er hensching' and a mitten 'fauscht-hensching.' This termination is given to 'pÃ¦rsching' a peach. =Sidder= (since), Swiss _sider_, _sitter_; Suabian and Silesian _sider_; Scotch, etc., _sithens_. =Schpel= (a pin), SG. _die spelle_ (a better word than G. stecknadel); Dutch _speld_ (with _d_ educed from _l_); Lat. SPIcuLa. =BotsÇr= (masc. a tail-less hen), Holstein, _buttars_. Provincial G. _butzig_ (stumpy). =MallikÇp= (i.e. thick-headed, a tadpole). Swiss _mollig_, _molli_ (stout, blunt); Suabian _mollig_ (fleshy). Alsatian muurkrÇntl (tadpole) from muur, G. moder, Eng. _mud_. The PG. of western New York has taken the New England word _polliwog_. =Blech= (tin, a tin cup); dim. 'blechli.' Blechiche Bool (a tin _bowl_, i.e. a _dipper_, a convenient word which seems not to have been introduced). In Pennsylvanian English, a tin cup is _a tin_. In old English, 'than' represented _than_ and _then_, and PG. has 'dann' for both G. _dann_ (then) and _denn_ (for); and also 'wann' for _wann_ (when) and _wenn_ (if), as in Rachel Bahn's lines-- "Doch guckt 's ah recht huebsch un' Doch gukt 's aa recht hipsch un nice 'neis' Wann all die Baehm sin so foll ice--" Wan al dii beem sin so fÇl eis-- _Yet it looks_ (auch) _also right fair and 'nice'_ WHEN _all the trees are so full of ice._ "Forn bild der reinheit is 's doh, F'r 'n bild dÇr reinheit[1] iss Çs doo, In fact, mer kenne sehne noh, 'in fÃ¦kt,' m'r kennÇ seenÇ noo, Dass unser Hertz'[22] so rein muss dass unser hÃ¦rts so rein[21] muss seih, seiË, Wann in des Reich mer welle neih." wann in des reich m'r wellÇ neiË. _For a picture of purity is it_ (da) _here, 'in fact'_ (wir kÃ¶nnen sehen darnach) _we can perceive therefrom, that our heart must be as pure_, (wenn in das reich wir wollen hinein) IF _we would enter into the kingdom_. =BaschtÇ= (to husk maize), from 'bascht,' G. _bast_ (soft inner bark, E. bast), applied in PG. to the husk of Indian corn.--Rachel Bahn (1869) thus uses it-- "Die leut sie hocke 's welshcorn ab, Dii leit sii hackÇ 's welschkarn ap, 'S is 'n rechte guhte crop, 's iss 'n rechte guute 'crap,' (fem.) Un' wann's daer genunk werd sei, un wan 's dÃ¦rr genunk wÃ¦rt seiË, Noh bashte sies un' fahres eih." noo baschtÇ sii 's un faarÇ 's eiË. _The people they_ (ab-hacken) _chop off_ ('s, das) _the maize_, (es ist) _it is a right good 'crop,' and when_ (es) _it becomes_ (dÃ¼rr genug) _dry enough, they_ (darnach) _afterwards husk it and_ (fahren) _haul it in_. =Greisslich= (to be disagreeably affected). SG. grÃ¼selig, G. grÃ¤szlich (horrible), E. grisly. =Noo=, =danoo'=, =danoot'=, =nord=, G. darnach (then, subsequently). =Bendl= (a string), schuubendl (shoe-string). Swiss bÃ¤ndel. =Schteiper=, n. (Lat. stÃ®pes), a prop, as of timber. G. nautical term _steiper_, a stanchion. =SchteiperÇ=, v.t. to prop; to set a prop. =FÇrhÃºttÇlÇ=, v. intrans. 'Ich bin f'r-huttlt,' (I am confused, perplexed.) 'Ich denk dii bissnÇss iss 'n bissli f'r-huttlt.' (I think the 'business' is a bit mixed up.) G. verhÅ«deln (to spoil, bungle.) =Paanhaas=, as if, G. _pfanne-hase_ (pan-hare). Maize flour boiled in the metsel-soup, afterwards fried and seasoned like a _hare_. (Compare Welsh _rabbit_.) The word is used in English, conjointly with _scrapple_. =Loos= (a sow), as in Swiss and Suabian. =Laad=, fem. (coffin), toodlaad, toodÇlaad, as in Alsace. G. die lade (chest, box, case). PG. bettlaad, Suab. bettlade, for G. bettgestell (bedstead). =Schtreel=, m. (a comb), Swiss, Alsatian, Suab. der strÃ¤hl. But G. striegel, PG. striegel, PG. strigl, is a currycomb. =Aarsch=, the butt end of an egg, as in Suabian. =Falsch= (angry), as in Swiss, Bavarian, and Austrian. PG. Sel hÇt mich falsch g'macht. _That made me angry._ =Hoochtsich=, Alsat. hoochtsitt, G. hochzeit (a wedding). =HeemÇln=, Swiss heimeln (to cause a longing, to cause home feelings). "Wie hÃ¤melt mich do alles a'! Wii heemlt mich doo allÇs aaË! Ich steh, un denk, un guck; ich schtee, un denk, un gukk; Un was ich schier vergessa hab, un was ich schiir f'rgessÇ hab, Kummt wider z'rÃ¼ck, wie aus seim Grab, kummt widd'r tsrik, wii aus seim graab, Un steht do wie e' Spook!" _Harb._ un schteet doo wii Ç schpukk! (G. Wie alles da anheimelt mich) _How all here impresses me with home, I stand, and think, and look; and what I had almost forgotten, comes
{'title': 'Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German With an Infusion of English', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}