Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Dianne Nolan, Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) ST. PETER, HIS NAME AND HIS OFFICE, AS SET FORTH IN HOLY SCRIPTURE. BY THOMAS W. ALLIES, M.A. AUTHOR OF "THE SEE OF ST. PETER, THE ROCK OF THE CHURCH," "A JOURNAL IN FRANCE," &c. LONDON: RICHARDSON AND SON, 172, FLEET STREET; 9, CAPEL STREET, DUBLIN; AND DERBY. MDCCCLII. TO PETER, PRINCE OF THE APOSTLES, THE ROCK OF THE CHURCH, AGAINST WHICH THE GATES OF HELL SHALL NOT PREVAIL, THE BEARER OF THE KEYS, THE BINDER AND LOOSER ON EARTH AND IN HEAVEN, THE CONFIRMER OF HIS BRETHREN, THE SHEPHERD OF THE FOLD. PREFACE. The present work took its rise, and is largely drawn, from the very learned Father Passaglia's "Commentary on the Prerogatives of St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, as proved by the authority of Holy Writ," which was published in Latin, in 1850. The eighth and ninth chapters are, indeed, translations, respectively, of the twenty-seventh of his first book, and the first of his second book. And as to the rest, my obligations are more than I can specify. I owe, on the other hand, many excuses to Father Passaglia, for while I have only partially observed his order in treating the subject, I have considered his whole work as a treasure-house of learning, whence I might draw at my pleasure "things old and new," adapting them, as I thought good, to the needs of the Protestant mind, as familiar to me in England. Thus I have not scrupled to translate, to omit, or to insert matter of my own, according to my judgment. It seemed to me of paramount importance to present to the English reader the whole chain of scriptural evidence for the Primacy and prerogatives of St. Peter. This chain of evidence is so strong, that, when I first saw it completely drawn out, it struck my own mind, brought up in the prejudices of Protestantism, with the force of a new revelation. I put to myself the question; is it possible that they who specially profess to draw their faith from the written Word of God, would refuse to acknowledge a doctrine set forth in Holy Scripture with at least as strong evidence as the Godhead of our Lord itself, if they could see it not broken up into morsels, like bits of glass reflecting a distorted and imperfect image, according to the fashion of citing separate texts without regard to the proportion of the faith, but presented in a complete picture on the mirror of God's Word? This picture is thus complete and perfect in Father Passaglia's work. Yet the form of that work, no less than its bulk, the scrupulous minuteness with which every opposite interpretation of so many adversaries in modern times is answered, as well as the fulness with which every part of the subject is treated, made me feel that a simple translation would not be tolerated by the impatience of a population, which has little time and less mind for studies of this character. I have pursued, therefore, the humble task of _popularising_, so far as I could, Father Passaglia's work, omitting, as I trust, no essential part of the argument, and grouping it under different combinations, each of which might be in turn presented to the eye, and so more readily embraced. The importance of the argument, as it affects the Papal Supremacy, which is but a summary of the whole cause at issue between Protestantism in every shape, and the Church of Christ, cannot be overrated. If St. Peter be already set forth in Scripture as the Head and Bond of the Apostolic College, if he be delineated as the supreme Ruler who succeeds our Lord Himself in the visible government of His Church on earth, there becomes at once the strongest ground for expecting that such a Ruler will be continued as long as the Church herself lasts. Thus a guiding clue is given to us among all the following records of antiquity. Tradition and history become illuminated with a light which exhibits all objects in their due proportion and true grouping, when they are shown to be but the realisation of what the Incarnate Word, His Church's one only Lawgiver, decreed from the beginning, set forth not only in prophetic image, but distinct command, and stored up in words of such exceeding power, that they bear the whole weight of the kingdom of God, stretching through all ages and nations, without effort or pressure. And if ancient writers speak in no doubtful tone of St. Peter's prerogatives, yet clearer, more emphatic, and soul-piercing, as we should expect, are the words of God Himself, appealing in man's form to the mind and heart of man, whom He had created, and was come to redeem, and to knit into one eternal monarchy. A subsequent part of the argument, namely, that the Bishop of Rome _is_ successor of St. Peter, has been treated by the author in another work, "The See of St. Peter the Rock of the Church, the Source of Jurisdiction, and the Centre of Unity," specially in the fifth section, which ought, logically, to be preceded by this treatise. It is there proved that not only the Christian Fathers, as individual writers and witnesses, but the ancient Church in her universal Councils, did, with one voice, from age to age, regard the Pope as sitting in St. Peter's chair, which is proof enough, and all that can in reason be demanded, that the prerogatives given to St Peter as Head of the Church were, in the belief of the Church, and in full accordance with our Lord's own promise,[A] continued on to his successors, and are as imperishable as the life of the Church herself. 21, North Bank, Regent's Park, September, 1852. FOOTNOTES: [A] Matt. xvi. 18.--"Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it," _i. e._, as founded on that rock. The foundation and the superstructure coexist for ever. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAPTER I. THE NAME OF PETER PROMISED, CONFERRED, AND EXPLAINED. The Church the finished work of the Word Incarnate 1 Unity and visibility enter into the Church's idea, as set forth in its several types 2 Visible headship also part of this idea 5 Christ on earth in two capacities, as founder and ruler,--Double selection among the disciples, first of twelve, then of one 6 Statement of the question at issue in this treatise 7 First mention of Peter, the name promised 8 Meaning of the name, stone 9 The name conferred 11 Name explained, and promises attached 12 Classes of names given in Scripture 16 Parallel between Abraham and Peter 17 Source of pre-eminence in both, association with Christ 23 Instances of such association 26 Interpretation of S. Chrysostome 27 Summary 28 CHAPTER II. EDUCATION AND FINAL DESIGNATION OF PETER TO BE THE RULER WHO SHOULD CONFIRM HIS BRETHREN. Education of Peter in the Theology and Economy 29 Preference shown to him in witnessing the Transfiguration 30 Also in the Agony; and the raising the daughter of Jairus 32 The receivers of the didrachma come to Peter 34 The answer of Christ, and what is involved in it 35 Interpretation of our Lord's action by Origen and S. Chrysostome 36 Question of the Apostles to which it leads 37 Answer of our Lord, designating a thief 38 Our Lord in two capacities; 1, as Founder, 2, as Ruler of the Church 43 The Church unchangeable in her form 44 She had one ruler from the beginning.--Immense and continually growing importance of this our ruler 45 The Primacy which He designated, one of real power 47 Translation of the discourse to Peter 48 Confirming used of the three Divine Persons 51 Nature of the charge, Confirm thy brethren 52 Meaning of the term confirm 53 Scope and harmony of our Lord's discourse in Luke xxii 56 Corollaries from the charge to confirm the brethren 59-63 CHAPTER III. THE INVESTITURE OF PETER. What our Lord had done up to His resurrection 64 Further disposition of powers after His resurrection 65 Special care to prove the resurrection to Peter 66 Fulfilment of the Lord's promises to the Twelve, in the bestowal of their legislative, judicial, and executive powers 68 Subsequent exercise of these powers by the Twelve 69 Fulfilment of the special promises to Peter in the bestowal of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers of the Primacy 70 Force of the Lord's title, the Shepherd 72 Importance and extent of the charge conveyed by this title 74 Force of the circumstances under which it is conveyed 76 S. Ambrose, S. Chrysostome, Theophylact, S. Leo, and S. Basil on the text 79 S. Cyprian adds the Primacy to the Apostolic equality 81 Force of Follow thou Me 82 CHAPTER IV. CORRESPONDENCE AND EQUIVALENCE OF THE GREAT TEXTS CONCERNING PETER. Difference in the mode of speaking of persons indicates a difference of rank--The phrase, a person "and they that were with him." 84 S. Peter first in all the Apostolic catalogues 86 Synthetical view of the whole evidence 89 Distinct spheres of S. Peter and S. John 91 Peter wrought into the whole Gospel history 92 The Primacy defined by the three great texts: first, Matt. xvi. 18 94 Paraphrase of Matt. xvi. 18 95 Corollaries from it 96 Our Lord's answer to the question, who was the greatest? 100 The text, confirm thy brethren 101 Our Lord's conduct to Peter, after His resurrection, the counter part to that before it.--Comparison of what is given to the Apostles, and what to Peter 102 The joint force, identity, and reciprocal relations of the three texts 104 1. They are appropriated to Peter only. 2. Priority of time is assigned to him. 3. Their equivalence. 4. They indicate a sovereign and independent authority. 5. Their definiteness. 6. The ordinary government of the Church contained in them. 7. Peter made in them the _continuous_ principle of power. 8. Peter made the type and efficient cause of visible unity. These conclusions borne out by Cassian in Gaul 111 By Maximus of Turin, in Italy 112 By S. Isidore in Spain, and summed up by Pope Gregory II. 113 CHAPTER V. PETER'S PRIMACY AS EXHIBITED IN THE ACTS. Division of the Acts into history of the Church universal, and of S. Paul in particular 114 Gospels, history of the Head; Acts, of the Body 115 Execution of Christ's promises declaratory of their enactment 116 General proof of this as to the Primacy in the Acts 117 1. Peter oftener mentioned than all the rest put together. 2. The leading part assigned to him. 3. Peter mentioned directly; the rest obliquely 118 4. Peter answers for all the Apostles 119 5. Luke records Peter's actions and speeches in full. 6. The first part of the Acts may be called the history of Peter 120 I. Particular proof--Election of a new Apostle 122 S. Chrysostome's comment on this 124 Peter's conduct in defending the rest on the day of Pentecost 125 Third and fourth speech of Peter.--Summary of the first four chapters 128 II. Proof from junction of authoritative teaching and miracles 129 Resemblance between Peter's miracles and Christ's 131 Peter the chief figure among the Apostles as Christ before 133 III. Peter presides over the different steps in propagating the Church 134 Peter's part in the conversion of Samaria 135 IV. Peter receiving the Gentiles in the person of Cornelius 137 Things to be noted in this reception concerning Peter.--Peter murmured against by some of the circumcision 142 S. Chrysostome and S. Gregory upon his conduct 143 V. S. Peter exercising supreme judicial power over Ananias 144 VI. S. Peter exercising supreme visitatorial power 145 VII. S. Peter's supreme legislative authority in council 147 The consent and joint action of others do not impugn the supremacy 148 Tertullian's testimony as to his authority here, and that of S. Jerome and Theodoret 150 VIII. Contrast between the mode in which the imprisonment of Peter, and that of James and Paul is mentioned 151 Summary of the testimony to Peter in the Acts 153 His Primacy magisterial, judicial, and legislative.--Its institution compared with its exercise 154 No opposition offered to it 155 The mystical headship contrasted with the visible 157 CHAPTER VI. TESTIMONY OF S. PAUL TO S. PETER'S PRIMACY. Detailed mention of the Primacy not to be expected in S. Paul's Epistles: but an incidental one occurs often 159 Four notices of Peter in 1 Ep. to Cor. 160 Paul's visit to Peter Gal. i. 16 162 Theodoret, Chrysostome, Tertullian, Mar. Victorinus, Ambrosiaster, S. Jerome, S. Thomas Cant. on this passage 163 Paul's second visit.--Parallel between Peter with James and John on the one hand, and Paul with Barnabas and Titus on the other 165 The censure of Peter by Paul, Gal. ii. 169 S. Chrysostome's and S. Jerome's remarks 170 Misuse of this passage by ancient and modern heretics 171 Contrast of the three ancient interpretations with those of modern heretics 172 Fundamental opposition between the Fathers and the Reformers 176 CHAPTER VII. THE PRIMACY OF PETER INVOLVED IN THE FOURFOLD UNITY OF CHRIST'S KINGDOM. The person of the God-man the principle of headship in the Church 178 Testimony of the Fathers to this 179 Fourfold unity resulting from this headship 181 First unity of mystical influx 182 The second unity of charity, whose efficient principle is the Holy Spirit.--Third unity of faith, whose efficient principle is the Holy Spirit acting through the visible hierarchy 183 Set forth by S. Paul also 185 Headship of mystical influx does not obviate the creation of an external hierarchy 188 Fourth unity of visible headship.--This the root and efficient principle of the visible hierarchy 190 The one body is complete 192 The unity of a college not sufficient to express our Lord's personal unity 193 Positive teaching corresponds to the inherent notion of the Church 194 The Father in the holy Trinity what Peter's see is in the Church 195 Summary of this fourfold unity 196 Importance of S. Peter's office hence resulting 197 CHAPTER VIII. SUMMARY OF THE PROOF GIVEN FOR S. PETER'S PRIMACY. Points in question, _generally_, inequality in the Apostolic College: _specially_, the appointment of one over the rest; resolution of these tried by four examinations:--1. Into the words and acts of Christ; which relate to the Apostles.--2. Into those which seem to mark the institution of a singular authority.--3. Into the mode of writing used by the evangelists.--4. Into the history of the rising Church.--A concurrence of these four points would prove the two questions 200 The analysis of what has been written shows this concurrence 201 Twelve arguments from what has been written, proving the inequality of the Apostolic college, and Peter's Primacy 203 What is the force and nature of the Primacy.--Six proofs establishing this to consist in superior jurisdiction 209 Enquiry into the end and purpose of the Primacy: for the knowledge of the intention and purpose equivalent at least to a _negative_ rule, ascertaining what _must_ be given to it 212 Three classes of reasons, typical, analogical, and real, ascertain for us this purpose.--1. Typical. Parallel of Peter with Abraham and its results 213 Parallel of Peter with Judah and its results 214 ii. Analogical. Analogy of body, house, kingdom, city, and fold, and its results.--And of universal, and each particular Church on one hand, and Primate and bishops on the other 217 iii. Real, whether educed from texts containing the institution of the Primacy, or from the inherent properties of the Church. 1. Educed from texts 219 2. Educed from properties of the Church; _first_, its _identity_; _secondly_, its _unity_; _thirdly_, its _catholicity_; scriptural setting forth of unity 220 Further illustration from Protestant opinions of the Church's unity.-- A. First, that of Anglicans, of unity in particular Churches, but not in the universal Church, represented by Dodwell 222 B. Second opinion, set forth by Vitringa, of distinction between the necessity of internal and that of external unity 225 C. Third opinion, of agreement in fundamentals 232 Two causes of this being held, one theoretical, the other practical.--The former stated 233 The practical cause 234 Reasons educed, _thirdly_, from the _Catholicity_ of the Church, with which the Primacy is bound up.--Catholicity has two parts, one _material_ and one _formal_ 236 The _material_ part, amplitude and extension.--The _formal_ part, not only negative, but affirmative.--_Negative_, as expelling from the one true Church all heretics and schismatics: testimonies to it 237 _Affirmative_, at making a coherent body with members and articulations 238 Testimonies to the _mode_ of this coherence, in Irenæus, Cyprian, and Tertullian, and the other Fathers, summed up in S. Leo 239 Hence answers to the question whether the doctrine of S. Peter's Primacy is contained in the creed.--It is involved in one Catholic Church 243 CHAPTER IX. THE NATURE, MULTIPLICITY, AND FORCE OF PROOF FOR S. PETER'S PRIMACY. Different sorts of proof.--1. The principal here used, and the subsidiary.--Their joint force 246 Hence, I. The nature of the answer required to it.--2. The proof, if unanswered, demonstrates the Primacy to be revealed 247 3. Enquiry into the _certitude_ of the proof used 248 I. Force of the proof _in itself_ and _absolutely_.--Two conditions requisite, and here found, authenticity of the documents, and clearness of their evidence.--Number and harmony of scriptural testimonies to the Primacy 249 The parallel of Julius Cæsar 250 Collateral proof, supporting that of the holy Scriptures, so that the whole consists in the harmony of these four:--1. Scriptural documents.--2. Ancient witnesses.--3. Analogy.--4. Facts of Christian history, in fourteen distinct classes 251 Prodigious force of this compound proof 256 No counter religious system producible by Greek, Anglican, or pure Protestant, but mere negation and objection 257 II. Force of the proof _comparatively_ with other doctrines: comparison with the texts on which Anglicans, Lutherans, and Calvinists severally rely 259 Retort that all but Catholics are opposed to our interpretation; answer, that from Catholics alone we are to gather the truth 260 Yet all protestants not agreed in opposing our interpretation and reasons why their opposition is of little moment 261 Compare, likewise, opposition to the Church in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries 264 And again the conduct of Lutherans and Anglicans in maintaining their own distinctive texts.--But what, then, are the true criteria of documentary evidence? They are four:-- Internal {and immediate {4. Verbal. { {2. Real. {and remote 3. Analogical. External 4. Agreement of witnesses 265 1. Comparison carried through _verbal_ criterion, between the texts alleged by us, and those of Lutherans, Anglicans, and Calvinists 266 2. And through the _real_ criterion, or that of the subject matter, greater in the proofs for Peter's prerogatives than in those for the real presence, or the Divinity of Christ, on account of the difficulty of grasping the object in the latter cases 267 As to the superiority of bishops over presbyters, the proof severed from that of the Primacy sinks into nothing: considered with it, it is of the same character, but weaker 268 Accordingly, the criterion from the subject matter is stronger for Peter's Primacy, than for the superiority of bishops over presbyters, for the real presence, and for the Divinity of Christ.--Sum of both these criteria, verbal and real, in favour of Peter's Primacy, over these three doctrines 270 Appeal hence arising to Lutherans, Anglicans, and Calvinists.--Comparison with the inferior evidence for other received doctrines 271 3. The third _criterion_ of analogy: force of this in favour of Peter's Primacy from three heads:--1. The divine institution of bishops.--2. The unity of the Church.--3. The Catholicity of the Church 272 4. Fourth criterion of witnesses.--Immense force of this criterion, both as stated by the fathers, and shewn by Protestants in their own conduct 274 Witnesses unanimous in favour of the Primacy 277 ST. PETER, HIS NAME AND HIS OFFICE, AS SET FORTH In Holy Scripture. * * * * * CHAPTER I. THE NAME OF PETER PROMISED, CONFERRED, AND EXPLAINED. Our Lord tells us that He came upon earth to "finish a work;" and He likewise tells us what that work was, the setting up a living society of men, who should dwell in Him and He in them; on whom His Spirit should rest, with whom His presence should abide, until the consummation of all things. For, the evening before His passion, "lifting up His eyes to heaven, He said: Father, the hour is come. * * * I have glorified Thee on the earth: I have finished the work which Thou gavest Me to do. * * I have manifested Thy name to the men whom Thou hast given Me out of the world. Thine they were, and to Me Thou gavest them; and they have kept Thy word. * Holy Father, keep them in Thy name, whom Thou has given Me; that they may be one, as We also are. While I was with them I kept them in Thy name.--And now I come to Thee.--I pray not that Thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that Thou shouldest keep them from evil. * * As Thou hast sent me into the world, I also have sent them into the world. And for them do I sanctify Myself, that they also may be sanctified in truth. And not for them only do I pray, but for those also who through their word shall believe in Me; that they all may be one, as Thou, Father, in Me, and I in Thee; that they also may be one in Us; that the world may believe that Thou hast sent Me. And the glory which Thou hast given to Me, I have given to them, that they may be one, as We also are one. I in them, and Thou in Me; that they may be made perfect in one; and the world may know that Thou hast sent Me, and hast loved them as Thou hast loved Me. * * And I have made known Thy name to them, and will make it known; that the love wherewith Thou hast loved Me may be in them, and I in them."[1] In these terms the Eternal Word condescends to declare to us that the fruit of His Incarnation, the "finished work" which His Father had given Him to do, was the establishment of a society whose unity in "truth" and "love" should be so perfect, that He exemplifies it by the indwelling in each other of the Divine Persons; which should be perpetual and visible for ever, so that the world by it and in it should recognise His own mission, and believe in the Sender; and that the dowry of this society, thus perpetually visible, should be the equally perpetual possession of truth--the revelation of God's will--and of love, which is conformity to it. And He based these unexampled promises on no less a guarantee than the Almighty Power and ineffable Goodness of His Father, witnessed by His own dwelling amongst us in our flesh. Elsewhere He termed this society His Church, declared that He would [2]"build it on a rock, and that the gates of hell should not prevail against it." He told those whom He had set over it to go forth in His name, and to teach all nations whatsoever He had commanded them, adding the solemn engagement on His own part, [3]"Behold, I am with you all days, even to the consummation of the world." His whole teaching is full of reference to it, setting forth its nature with every variety of illustration, enfolding it, as it were, with an exuberance of divine charity. But two conceptions run through every illustration, and are involved in its primary idea, nay, as this was the finished work of His Incarnation, so are they found in His adorable Person, from which His work springs. These conceptions are Unity and Visibility. As the mystery of the Incarnation consists in the union of the divine and human natures, in one Person, and in the assumption of a body, that is, matter, by the one uncreated, incomprehensible, and invisible Being, whereby He becomes visible, so Unity and Visibility are the unfailing marks of His Church, and enter into every image of it, in such a manner that without them the image loses its point and significancy. Accordingly He proclaims the Church which He was founding to be "the Kingdom of God," and "the Kingdom of Heaven," thus bringing before us the conceptions of order, government, power, headship on the one hand, dependence on the other, and a host of mutual relations between the Sovereign and the people, significantly remarking that "a kingdom which is divided against itself must fall." Now, a kingdom without unity is a contradiction in terms, and a kingdom of God on earth, which cannot be seen, would be for spirits and not for men. So He calls it a [4]"city seated on a mountain," which "cannot be hid," answering to His prophet's words, "the city of the great King," "His rest, and His habitation for ever." Here again are embodied the notions of order, government, conspicuous majesty, impregnable strength. Thus He inspires His apostle to call it[ 5]"the house of God, the pillar and ground of the truth." The house must have its head, the family their father; the knowledge of that father's will is the truth which rests upon the family as its support and pillar. Outside of the family that knowledge may be lost, together with the will to obey the father and to love him; but within it is a living tradition, "familiar to the ear as household words." As long as the Master and the Father is there, a perpetual light from His face is there too upon His children and His servants. Divide the house, or corrupt its internal life, and the idea of the house is destroyed; while an invisible house is an absurdity. Again, the Lord, calling Himself [6]"the Good Shepherd, who giveth His life for the sheep," terms His Church the sheepfold, and declares that as there is one shepherd, so there must be one fold. But, rising yet in nearness to the Divine Person of the Word Incarnate, from whose side sleeping on the cross she is moulded, the Church is called His Spouse, as united to Him in eternal wedlock, [7]"a great Sacrament," or mystery; and even yet more, His Body, as supported by the continual influx of her Head; and all her members are called "flesh of His flesh, and bone of His bones." It is evident, then, that in these promises and illustrations are set forth, as belonging to their object, a visible unity, a perpetual possession and maintenance of the truth, and the closest union with God, founded upon a most supernatural indwelling of the Godhead in a society of men on earth, the founding of which was the "finished work" of God the Word Incarnate. _Were these promises to fail in any respect_, which is utterly impossible, for while heaven and earth shall pass away, no word of their Maker can pass away--_it is plain that our ground for trusting in any promises of Holy Writ whatsoever would be demolished_. The whole Christian revelation rests on the imperishable life of the Church; because the corruption or division of the Church would falsify the written records of our faith, in which, after the doctrine of the Blessed Trinity, and the Godhead of our Lord, no truth is so deeply embedded as the perpetual existence and office of the Church. We have seen the idea of King, Lord, Master, Father, Shepherd, Husband, and Head, running through the delineation of the Church. And no society is complete without its ruler. Such was our Lord, while on earth--the _visible_ ruler of a _visible_ Church. "While I was with them I kept them in Thy name." He went forth from His baptism to win souls. The water became wine in His presence. He bade men follow Him, and they followed. Power went forth from Him, and healed diseases. Grace flowed from His lips and conquered hearts. An innumerable multitude surrounded Him, of all ages and conditions. [8]"And going up into a mountain He called unto Him whom He would Himself; and they came to Him. And He made that twelve should be with Him, and that He might send them to preach." Here, then, the true Israel chooses the future princes of His house, who should sit with Him on thrones, judging the twelve tribes. Already, while yet with His Church, He is preparing for her future government, when His visible presence shall be taken from her. In three years all should be accomplished, but when [9]"the covenant should have been confirmed with many in one week, and in the half of the week the victim and the sacrifice should fail;" when His Apostles should see Him no longer; was any one ordained to take that all-important place of supreme ruler which He had filled? For upon earth He had been in two relations to His Church, her Founder, and her Ruler. The former office belonged to His single Person; in its nature it could not pass to another; the work was finished once and for ever. But the latter office was, in its nature likewise, perpetual. How, then, should the charge of visible ruler, as man among men, be executed, when His Person was withdrawn, when He ascended up on high, when all power in heaven and earth was indeed given into His hands, and so the headship of spiritual influence and providential care; but when, nevertheless, that sacred Body was withdrawn into the tabernacle of God, and the Bridegroom was taken away for a time, and the voice and visible presence [10]"what they had seen, and heard, and handled, of the word of life," "was with them and kept them" no longer. Should His Church, which had been under one visible ruler from the beginning, now have her government changed? Or had He marked out any one among the Twelve to succeed to His own office of visible headship, and to be [11]"the greater," and "the ruler" among His brethren. His own special representative and vicar? To answer this question, we must carefully observe and distinguish what is said and what is given to the Apostles _in common_, and what to any one of their number _in particular_; the former will instruct us as to their equality, the latter as to the pre-eminence which any one enjoyed over the rest, and in what it consisted. Just, then, as at a certain period of His ministry, our Lord, out of the multitude who followed Him, selected twelve, to be His special attendants upon earth, and, when He should be taken up, to be the heralds of His Gospel among all nations, so out of the twelve He from the beginning distinguished one, marked him out for a peculiar and singular office, connected him with Himself in a special manner, and after having through the whole of His ministry given him tokens and intimations of his future destination, at last expressly nominated him to take His own place, and preside among his brethren. His dealing with this Apostle forms one connected whole, in which there is nothing abrupt or inharmonious, out of keeping, or opposed to what He said to others. What is at first obscurely intimated is afterwards expressly promised, again in fresh terms corroborated, and at last, in yet other language, but of the like force, most significantly [12]conveyed, while it is attested by a number of incidental notices scattered through the whole Gospel history. Thus [13]it becomes necessary to consider each particular, as well as the whole sum of things said, _proper_ and _peculiar_ to this Apostle; to weigh first their _separate_ and then their _joint_ force, and only at last to form an united judgment upon all. We are searching into the will of the Divine Founder of our faith, which He has not only communicated to His Church in a living tradition, but in this case likewise ordered to be set forth in authentic written documents. These alone we are here considering, and the point in question is whether He decreed that all the Twelve should share equally in that divine mission and authority which He had received from the Father, or whether while bestowing on them all very high and distinctive powers, He yet appointed one, namely Simon, the son of Jonas, to preside over the rest in His own place. We have, then, to consider all in these documents which is said peculiar to such apostle, pointing out singular gifts and prerogatives, and carrying with it special authority of government. And we must remember that where proofs are numerous and complex, some which in themselves are only probable and accessory, yet have their force on the ultimate result. But this result must be drawn from a general view of the whole, and will collect in one the sum of proof both probable and certain. Again, where many various causes concur, some more and some less, to produce a certain effect, the force of such effect is the force of all these causes put together, not of each by itself alone. Or where many witnesses are examined, whose evidence differs in value, although the testimony of some be in itself decisive, yet the verdict must be given after a consideration and review of all. Now the first mention which we have of the Apostle Simon is full of signification. Our Lord had only just begun His ministry; he had been lately baptized, and as yet had called no disciples. But two of John the Baptist's disciples hearing their master name Jesus "the Lamb of God," follow Him, are kindly received by Him, and one of them being Andrew, Simon's brother, finds Simon, and says to him, [14]"we have found the Messias. And he brought him to Jesus. And Jesus looking on him said, Thou art Simon the son of Jonas; thou shalt be called Cephas, which is interpreted Peter:" as if He would say, by birth thou art Simon, son of John; but another and a higher lot is in store for thee. I will give thee another name which thou shalt bear, a name in itself signifying the place which thou shalt hold in my Church. Thou shalt be called, and thou shalt be, the Rock. For why, when a vast multitude of our Lord's words and actions have been omitted, was this recorded for us, save that a deep meaning lay in it? Or what could that meaning be when our Lord, for the first time looking on Peter, promised to him and to him alone, a new name, and that a name given in prophecy to Himself, a name declaring by its very sound that he should be laid by the builder, as a foundation of the structure about to be raised? So in the fourth century S. Chrysostome comments on the text, calling him "the foundation of the Church, he that was really Peter" (the Rock) "both in name and in deed:"[15] and a little after S. Cyril, of Alexandria, "with allusion to the rock He transferred His name to Peter, for upon him He was about to found His Church." The Creator of the world does not give a name for nothing. His word is with power, and does what it expresses. Of old, "He spake and they were made; He commanded and they were created." Now, too, He speaks, at the first dawn of His great spiritual restoration. When as yet nothing has been done, and not a stone of the divine building reared, He who determines the end from the beginning looks upon what seemed a simple fisherman, and at first beholding him, He takes Simon, the son of Jonas, out of the roll of common men; He marks him for a future design; He wraps him in a prophetic title; He associates him with His own immovable power. Of Himself it had been said,[16] "Behold I will lay a stone in the foundation of Sion, a tried stone, a corner stone, a precious stone, founded on the foundation. He that believeth, let him not hasten." And again, "the stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord's doing, and it is wonderful in our eyes." And again, "A stone was cut out of a mountain without hands; and it struck the statue upon the feet thereof that were of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces. But the stone that struck the statue became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth." And again, "Behold the stone that I have laid before Jesus: upon one stone there are seven eyes; behold I will grave the graving thereof, saith the Lord of Hosts; and I will take away the iniquity of that land in one day." In reference to which S. Paul said of Christians, that they are "built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief corner-stone; in whom all the building, being framed together, groweth up into a holy temple in the Lord." It is plain, then, that our Lord "both by the Old and New Testament,[17] is called a stone." But this which He had of Himself, and by virtue of His own divine power, as the Word of God, He would communicate in a degree, and by dependence on Himself, to another. This is no modern interpretation, but the very words of St. Ambrose, "Great is the grace of Christ, who bestowed almost all His own names on His disciples. I, said He, am the light of the world, and yet He granted to His disciples the very name in which He exulted, by the words, Ye are the light of the world. Christ is the Rock, but yet He did not deny the grace of this name to His disciple, that he should be Peter, because he has from the Rock firm constancy, immovable faith."[18] In the third century, Origen, on this very text, observes: "He said he should be called Peter, by allusion to the Rock, which is Christ, that as a man from wisdom is termed wise, and from holiness holy, so too Peter from the Rock." And in the fifth, S. Leo paraphrases the name thus: "While I am the inviolable Rock, the Corner-stone, who make both one, the foundation beside which no one can lay another; yet thou also art the rock, because by My virtue thou art established, so as to enjoy by participation the properties which are peculiar to Me."[19] Here, then, we have three facts: i. That our Lord having twelve Apostles whom He chose, loved, and honoured, above all His other disciples, yet promised to one[20] only a new name; and, ii., this a name in the highest degree significative, and most deeply prophetical of a particular office; and, iii., a name peculiar to Himself, as the immovable foundation of the Church. This happened in the first year of His ministry, before, as it would appear, either Peter or any other apostle was called. The promise thus emphatically made to Simon, "Thou shalt be called the Rock," our Lord fulfilled in the second year of His ministry, when He distinguished the twelve Apostles from the rest of His disciples, giving them authority to teach, and power to heal sicknesses and to cast out devils. Then, says S. Mark "to[21] Simon He gave the name of Peter;" and S. Matthew, "the names of the Twelve Apostles are these; the first, Simon, who is called Peter;" and S. Luke, "Simon whom also He named Peter." And by this name He marked Him out from amongst all his brethren, and united him to Himself. "He changes, too," says Tertullian, "Peter's name from Simon, because also as Creator He altered the names of Abraham, Sara, and Oshua, calling the last Jesus, and adding syllables to the others, but why did He call him Peter? If for the strength of his faith, many solid substances would lend him a name from themselves. Or was it because Christ is both the Rock and the Stone? Since we read that He is set for a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence. I omit the rest. And so it was His pleasure to communicate to the dearest of His disciples, in a peculiar manner, a name drawn from the figures of Himself, I imagine, as being nearer than one drawn from figures not of Himself."[22] It is, then, setting a seal on His former acts, drawing out and corroborating their meaning, that He once more, and in the most emphatic way of all, recurs to this name, attaching to it the most signal promises, and establishing its prophetic power. In the third year of His ministry our Lord "came into the quarters of Cesarea Philippi: and He asked His disciples, saying, Whom do men say that the Son of Man is? But they said, Some John the Baptist, and others Elias, and others Jeremias, or one of the prophets. Jesus saith to them, But whom say ye that I am? Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answering, said to him, Blessed art thou Simon Bar Jonas, because flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is in heaven. And I say to thee that thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven. And whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound also in heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, it shall be loosed also in heaven." When we reflect that the first act of our Lord to Peter was to look upon him, and to promise him this name, a token of His omnipotence to Simon yet knowing him not, as that seeing him under the fig-tree was to Nathaniel of His omniscience; and that when He chose His twelve apostles, it is said markedly "to Simon He gave the name of Peter," the force of His reply cannot well be exceeded. The promise of our Lord answers part by part to the confession of His apostle. The one says: "Thou art the Christ," that is, the anointed one; the other, "Thou art Peter," that is, the Rock, the name which I gave thee myself: my own title with which I invested thee. The one adds, "the Son of the living God;" the other, "And upon this rock I will build my Church," that is, as it is true what thou confessest, that I am "the Son of the living God," so my power as such shall be shown in building my Church upon thee whom I have long named the Rock, "and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Not only this, but I will unfold to thee the full meaning of thy name, and declare the gifts which accompany it. "And[23] I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." That is, "The root and the offspring of David," "the holy one and the true one, He that hath the key of David; He that openeth and no man shutteth; shutteth and no man openeth;" as He gave to thee to share His name of the Rock, so He shall give to thee to bear in His name His own symbol of supreme dominion, the key which opens or shuts the true city of David; all ages shall own thee, all nations acknowledge thee, as _The Bearer of the Keys_; as long as my Church shall last, against which the gates of hell shall not prevail, thy office shall last too; as long as there are souls to be saved, they shall pass by thy ministry into the gate of the Church. And further, as long as there need in my spiritual kingdom laws to be promulgated, precepts issued, sins forgiven, "whatsoever thou shalt bind upon earth, it shall be bound also in heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, it shall be loosed also in heaven." Who, indeed, can adequately express the gifts which the world's Creator and Redeemer here promises to His favoured servant? Thus in the fourth century S. Chrysostome labours to set them forth. "See how He raises Peter to a higher opinion of Himself; and reveals and shews Himself to be the Son of God by these two promises. For what belongs to God alone, to loose sins, and to render the Church immovable in such an assault of waves, and to make a fisherman more solid than any rock, when the whole world was at war with him, these are what He promises to give him; as the Father addressing Jeremias, said: 'I have made thee an iron pillar and a wall,' but him to one nation, whereas the other to the whole world. Willingly would I ask those who wish to diminish the dignity of the Son, which are the greatest gifts, those which the Father gave to Peter, or those which the Son. For the Father bestowed on Peter the revelation of the Son; but the Son disseminated that of the Father and of Himself through the whole world; and _put into the hands of a mortal man power over all things in heaven, when He gave the keys to him_ who extended the Church through the whole world, and showed it to be firmer than the heaven."[24] And not many years later S. Leo says, "That which the Truth ordered remains; and blessed Peter persisting in that strength of the rock which he received, has not deserted the guidance, once undertaken, of the Church. For thus was he set before the rest, that while he is called the Rock, while he is declared to be the foundation, while he is appointed the door-keeper of the kingdom of heaven, while he is advanced to be the judge of what shall be bound and what loosed, with the condition that his sentence shall be ratified even in heaven, _we might learn through the very mysteries of the names given to him, how he was associated with Christ_."[25] This association passed, indeed, into the very mind of the Church, for among all the titles given by fathers and councils and liturgies to Peter, and expressing his prerogatives, the one contained in this name is the most frequent. Thus he is termed, [26]"the rock of the Church," [27]"the rock of the Church that was to be built," [28]"underlying the building of the Church," [29]"receiving on himself the building of the Church," [30]"the immovable rock," [31]"the rock which the proud gates of hell prevail not against," [32]"the most solid rock," [33]"he to whom the Lord granted the participation of His own title, the rock," [34]"the foundation second from Christ," [35]"the great foundation of the Church," [36]"the foundation and basis," [37]"founding the Church by his firmness," [38]"the support of the Church," [39]"the Apostle in whom is the Church's support," [40]"the support of the faith," [41]"the pillar of the Church," and by an authority sufficient alone to terminate all controversy, the great Council of Chalcedon,[42] "the rock and foundation of the Catholic Church, and the basis of the orthodox faith."[43] Thus, then, we have the name of Peter first promised, next conferred, then explained. And further light will be shed on this by the consideration of the purpose for which names in Holy Writ were bestowed by divine command on individuals, or their former names changed. Now[44] of names imposed in Scripture there would seem to be three classes. The first and most common are _commemorative_, and are for the purpose of recording and handing down to posterity remarkable facts. Such are Peleg, "because in his days the earth was _divided_;" Isaac, from the _laughter_ of his father and mother; Issachar, a _reward_; Manasseh, "God hath made me to _forget_ my labours;" Ephraim, "God hath made me to _grow_;"[45] and a multitude of others. The second class may be termed _significative_, being imposed to distinguish their bearers from others by some quality. Such are Jacob, the supplanter; Esau; Edom, the red; Moses, the taken or saved; Maccabæus; Boanerges.[46] The third and highest class are _prophetic_, and as such evidently can be imposed by God alone, who foresees the future. They are two-fold: i. Those which foresignify events concerning not so much their bearers as others; such are Shear-jashub, "the remnant shall return;" Jezrael "I will visit;" Lo-ruhamah, "not pitied;" Lo-ammi, "not my people." ii.
{'title': 'St. Peter, His Name and His Office, as Set Forth in Holy Scripture by T. W. Allies', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}