Produced by deaurider, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net GLUE, GELATINE, ANIMAL CHARCOAL, PHOSPHORUS, CEMENTS, PASTES, AND MUCILAGES, COMPRISING THE RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF SKIN AND BONE GLUE, DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GLUE, ANIMAL CHARCOAL, PHOSPHORUS, GELATINE AND PRODUCTS PREPARED FROM IT; ISINGLASS AND FISH-GLUE, METHODS OF TESTING GLUE AND GELATINE, AND THE PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF CEMENTS, PASTES AND MUCILAGES FOR USE IN THE WORKSHOP, LABORATORY, AND OFFICE. BY F. DAWIDOWSKY, TECHNICAL CHEMIST. EDITED FROM THE GERMAN, WITH EXTENSIVE ADDITIONS, INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST RECENT PROCESSES. BY WILLIAM T. BRANNT, EDITOR OF âTHE TECHNO-CHEMICAL RECEIPT BOOK.â ILLUSTRATED BY FIFTY-NINE ENGRAVINGS. SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND LARGELY RE-WRITTEN. PHILADELPHIA: HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND IMPORTERS, 810 WALNUT STREET. 1905. COPYRIGHT, BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., 1905. PRINTED BY THE WICKERSHAM PRINTING CO., 53 and 55 North Queen Street, LANCASTER, PA., U. S. A. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The first edition of this work has been out of print for some years, but nevertheless there is a constant demand for it, and this together with the fact that frequent inquiries are received for information in this department of industry, are the inducements which have led to the preparation of the present treatise. The book is arranged in two parts, Part I. comprising Glue, Gelatine and Allied Products, and Part II. Cements, Pastes and Mucilages, and it is fully illustrated with engravings of various types of apparatus. Since the appearance of the first edition much progress has been made in the manufacture of glue and allied products. Old and wasteful methods of working have been replaced by more approved processes, and in the present volume it has been endeavored to place before those interested in these industries, a practical and comprehensive account of modern methods of operation. In order adequately to represent this advancement and development, the best authorities have been freely consulted and drawn upon, special acknowledgments being due to the following works: âBone Products and Manures,â by Thomas Lambert, and âGlue and Glue Testing,â by Samuel Rideal. As the demand for phosphorus is steadily increasing, and the manufacture of this product from bones and bone-ash forms an important branch of the utilization of bones, it has been deemed advisable to devote a chapter to this subject. The receipts for cements, pastes, and mucilages given in Part II. have been gathered from numerous sources. They have been critically examined, and are offered, with the full conviction, that they will not be found wanting in efficacy. The Table of Contents and Index have both been carefully prepared, and being very full, will make reference to any subject in the volume easy and satisfactory. W. T. B. PHILADELPHIA, PA., AUGUST 10, 1905. CONTENTS. PART I. GLUE AND GELATINE. CHAPTER I. NATURE of GLUE. PAGE Sources of glue; Change in the animal tissues by continued boiling; Definition of what is known as glue; Most important glue-yielding substances 1 Transformations of which glue and gelatine are the products; Transition stages of glue; Production of the glue-yielding substance of the animal body 2 Crude glue and jelly; Constitution of glue; Combinations of which glue consists 3 Preparation of pure glutin; Properties of glutin 4 Preparation and properties of chondrin 5 Adhesive power of glutin and of chondrin; Properties of glue and its behavior towards other substances; Quantity of glutin in glue 6 Properties of jelly before drying to glue; Absorption of ozone by the jelly; Behavior of glue solution towards different salts; Effect of acids upon glue; Meta-gelatin 7 Combinations of tannin with the jelly; Effects of dry heat upon glue; Chemical composition of glue and glue-yielding substance 8 CHAPTER II. USES of GLUE. Glue as a joining medium, and requirements for this purpose 10 Glue as a binding agent; Consumption of glue in the manufacture of matches 11 Quality of glue required by bookbinders; Glue in sizing; Glue for culinary and medicinal purposes 12 Glue for clarifying and fining beer, wine and other liquids; Bouillon tablets; Glue as a healing agent 13 Glue for elastic masses and a partial substitute for rubber; Use of glue in photolithography; Hectograph mass; Glue for fancy articles 14 Gelatine veneers and their uses 15 CHAPTER III. RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR PREPARATION FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE. Principal substances employed for the manufacture of glue; Division of raw materials into groups 16 Animal skin and its constitution 17 Portion of the skin of value for the manufacture of leather and glue; Yield of glue from tannery waste; Influence of the age of the animals from which the skins have been derived upon the quality of the glue 18 Notes in reference to judging glue-stock 19 Liming of waste 20 Precaution and care required when buying glue leather; Arrangements required for the preparation of glue stock; Location of the glue factory; Lime pits; Contrivances for washing the limed stock 21 Washing drums; Pits or vats with proper arrangements for stirring, draining and inspection; Glue stock washer invented by W. A. Hoeveller, described and illustrated 22 Sheds for storing and sorting; Mode of carrying on the work in the factory; Liming; Preparation of milk of lime 26 Importance of the quality of the lime used; Testing the value of a lime by determining the amount of real calcium hydroxide contained in it; Mode of conducting the operation 27 Washing the material after removal from the lime pit; Washing and drying 28 Preservation of the glue-stock by means of carbolic acid; Preparation of carbolic acid solution for this purpose 29 Use of other antiseptics for the purpose of preventing putrefaction; Formaldehyde and boric acid; Classification of the principal varieties of hides and leather for glue-stock 30 Bones and cartilages 31 Constitution of bones; Composition of bone cartilage; Value of bones for the manufacture of glue; Necessity of exercising care in buying bones 32 Sorting the bones; Crushing or grinding the bones 33 Stamping mill for crushing bones, described and illustrated 34 Bone crusher, described and illustrated; Crosskill bone mill, described and illustrated; Sieve for sorting the crushed bones, described and illustrated 36 Lime bath for bones; Treatment of the bones with hydrochloric acid 37 Washing the stock; Use of dilute sulphurous acid in place of hydrochloric acid as suggested by Gerland; Jullion and Pirieâs process for the preparation of gelatine from bones 38 Leather waste; Mechanical manipulation of the waste; Comminution of the waste and use of a rag-engine or hollander for this purpose 39 Various methods of extracting tannin from leather waste 40 Raw materials for fish glue; Difference between isinglass and glue manufactured from entire fishes; Principal points to be observed in the manufacture of fish glue 41 Utilization of scales of large fishes 42 CHAPTER IV. MANUFACTURE OF SKIN GLUE. Classification of operations; Definition of crude glue; Derivation of the bulk of this stock 43 Cooking or boiling glue-stock; Boiler for this purpose, and manner of using it 44 Duration of boiling 45 Mode of ascertaining the progress of the operation; Convenient apparatus for glue-boiling with water, described and illustrated 46 Extracting the glue stock by the use of steam 47 Boiler for this purpose, described and illustrated; Use of open-jacketed pans heated by steam, described and illustrated 49 Process of cooking as described by Mr. Thomas Lambert; Terneâs glue boiler, described and illustrated 51 Clarifying the glue-liquor 52 Distinction between clearness and color; Clarifying vats; Prevention of putrefaction of the liquor 53 Use of alum and other chemicals for clarifying; Freeing the liquor from coloring substances 54 Use of animal charcoal for this purpose; Bleaching the raw materials previous to boiling them to glue; Use of chloride of lime or of sulphurous acid for this purpose 55 Forming or moulding the glue; Moulds for this purpose 56 Detaching the glue from the sides of the moulding boxes; Cutting the cubes of glue into commercial cakes or sheets; On what the shape of the cakes depends 57 Use of stone-slabs in place of cooling boxes; Use of glass or zinc plates for liquors which in gelatinizing do not become very solid 58 Tools for cutting the jelly into cakes, described and illustrated 59 Machine for slicing and spreading glue-jelly preparatory to drying invented by Mr. J. Schneible, described and illustrated 60 Cutting apparatus patented by M. Devoulx, described and illustrated 62 Drying the cakes of glue; Drying in the open air; Mode of conducting the operation in a drying room 64 Size of the drying room; Circulation and change of air in the drying room 65 Nets and frames for drying the glue; Objections to twine netting 66 Metallic netting and its advantages; Regulation of the temperature of the drying room; Means of promoting the dryness of the air 67 Use of long drying galleries; Apparatus for drying glue, invented by W. A. Hoeveller, described and illustrated 68 Modern drying house, described and illustrated 71 Method to accelerate the drying of glue, proposed by Fleck 72 Mode of giving the dry cakes a good lustrous appearance 73 CHAPTER V. MANUFACTURE OF BONE GLUE. Comminution of the bones; Various methods of extracting the fat; Boiling bones 74 Steaming bones and apparatus for this purpose 75 Extraction of bones with benzine or carbon disulphide; Apparatus for the use of benzine invented by Messrs. Wm. Adamson and Charles F. A. Simonis of Philadelphia, Pa., described and illustrated 76 Adamsonâs method for treating substances with hydrocarbon vapor for the purpose of extracting oils, fats, etc., described and illustrated 79 Adamsonâs method for treating substances with liquid hydrocarbon for the purpose of extracting oils, fats, etc., described and illustrated 82 Adamsonâs process for removing hydrocarbons from substances which have been treated therewith, described and illustrated 84 F. Seltsamâs apparatus, described and illustrated 86 F. Seltsamâs apparatus as improved by Th. Richter, described and illustrated 88 Alfred Leunerâs apparatus, described and illustrated 90 Extraction with hydrochloric acid 91 Sulphurous acid process 92 Generation of sulphurous acid 93 Apparatus for the generation of sulphurous acid constructed by Dr. Bruno Terne, described and illustrated; Conversion of cartilage into glue; Wm. Friedbergâs apparatus for this purpose, described and illustrated 94 Mode of operation with this apparatus 95 Construction of the filter used in connection with the apparatus 96 Settling tank, described and illustrated; Arrangement of an open evaporating pan, described and illustrated 98 Cooling the glue liquor; Use of refrigerating machines for that purpose; Spiral evaporators 100 Vacuum pan for evaporating glue and gelatine liquors, described and illustrated 101 Instrument which indicates the amount of dry glue in the solution, described and illustrated 103 Process for the simultaneous utilization of bones for fat, bone-meal and glue 104 Crushing the bones; Apparatus for subjecting the crushed bones to the action of high-pressure steam, described and illustrated 105 Mode of operation with this apparatus 106 Duration of steaming the bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal 107 Sorting the bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal; Former method of carbonization 108 Arrangement of a Belgian retort-furnace, described and illustrated 109 Products evolved in the destructive distillation of bones; Mode of operation with Belgian retort-furnaces 112 Products obtained in making animal charcoal on a large scale; Process for the simultaneous utilization of the bones for fat, glue and calcium phosphate; Degreasing the bones 113 Treatment of the bones with hydrochloric acid; Preservation of the resulting cartilage; Boiling the cartilage in open vessels 114 Mode of extracting the phosphates from bones; Yield of glue obtained from cartilage after extraction of the mineral constituents; Constituents of the liquor obtained by treating the bones 115 Utilization of the liquor in the manufacture of fertilizers 116 CHAPTER VI. MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHORUS. Operations included in the ordinary method of preparing phosphorus; Burning the bones to ash; Kiln used for this purpose 117 Improved form of kiln proposed by Fleck; Mode of operation with a kiln of this construction 118 Quantity of substance which remains after burning the bones; Composition of bone ash; Conversion of the bone ash into a coarse powder; Decomposition of the bone ash by sulphuric acid 119 Separate processes which have to be distinguished; Embodiment of these processes in equations 120 Actual yield of phosphorus; Methods by which the formation of calcium phosphate may be effected; Process without the assistance of heat 121 Decomposition of the bone ash in the warm way 122 Apparatus for hot lixiviation 123 Evaporation of the liquor; Mixing the fluid with charcoal 124 Yield of so-called distilling mass; Utilization of the liquor obtained in treating bones for the manufacture of glue with hydrochloric acid; Concentration of the liquor for crystallization 125 Mode of obtaining the calcium phosphate contained in the mother-liquor; Drying the crystals 126 Mixing the crystals with charcoal; Evaporating pans; Treatment of the residue of basic calcium phosphate left in the manufacture of phosphorus; Distillation of the phosphorus; Conversion of the acid calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate and reduction of the latter; Retorts and furnace for distilling the mixture of acid calcium phosphate and charcoal; The galley-furnace 127 Modification of the galley-furnace, described and illustrated 128 Furnaces for the use of coke as fuel; Receivers for collecting the phosphorus distilling over 129 Process of distillation; Indication of the commencement of distillation 130 Removing the phosphorus from the receivers; Regaining the phosphoric acid contained in the water from the receivers; Constitution of crude phosphorus 131 Refining and purifying the phosphorus; Various methods of purification; Percentage of loss of phosphorus 132 Distillation of the crude product in order to obtain pure phosphorus; Retorts and distilling apparatus for this purpose, described and illustrated 133 Process of distillation; Different qualities of the phosphorus passing over in the various stages of distillation; Separation of the phosphorus passing over according to quality 134 Moulding the refined phosphorus; Seubertâs apparatus for this purpose 135 Disadvantages of Seubertâs apparatus; Improved apparatus by which the operation is rendered perfectly free from danger, described and illustrated 136 Moulding the phosphorus in wedge-shaped sheet-metal boxes 137 Mode of storing and shipping phosphorus; Manufacture of phosphorus with the assistance of electricity; Mixture used for the operation 138 Furnace employed for the electrolytic manufacture of phosphorus, described and illustrated 139 Mode of operating the furnace 140 CHAPTER VII. METHODS OF BLEACHING GLUE. Bleaching in the air; Bleaching with chlorine 141 Bleaching with animal charcoal 142 Bleaching with sulphurous acid; Apparatus for the production of the acid solution, described and illustrated 143 CHAPTER VIII. DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GLUE AND THEIR PREPARATION. Joinerâs glue; Material for the best variety of joinerâs glue 146 How to make and use glue; Holding power of glue 147 Cologne glue 148 Russian glue; Additions by means of which the color and opaqueness are imparted to this variety of glue 149 Patent glue; Gilderâs glue; Superior article of gilderâs glue; Size glue and parchment glue; Paris glue 150 Liquid glues; Receipts for liquid glues 151 Preparation of saccharate of lime; Steam-glue; Russian steam-glue; Pale steam-glue; Dark steam-glue 152 Chrome glue; Glue for attaching leather to metal; Glue for leather, paper, etc. 153 Glue for parchment paper in making sausage skins 154 Tungstic glue; Indestructible mass for the manufacture of ornaments, toys, etc.; Compound for billiard balls 155 Coloring glue; Process for this purpose invented by G. J. Lesser 156 Composition for printing rollers; Size 157 Process used in an English factory for making tub-size 158 Preparation of bone-size; Composition of the different grades of size 159 Concentrated size; Bookbinderâs size; Water-proof glue; Glue solution for rendering wrapping paper water-proof 160 Water-proofing fabrics with glue and tannin 161 Muratori and Landryâs process of water-proofing fabrics 162 Muzmann and Krakowitzerâs process of water-proofing fabrics; Glue for joints in leather driving belts; Hectograph mass 163 Formulas for hectograph masses 164 CHAPTER IX. MANUFACTURE OF GELATINE, AND PRODUCTS PREPARED FROM IT. Properties of gelatine; Change in the chemical constitution of gelatine produced by concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid; Tannin as a test for the presence of gelatine; Use of gelatine for culinary and medicinal purposes 165 Skin gelatine; Method of manufacture introduced and patented, in 1839, by George Nelson; Process patented, in 1844, by Messrs. J. & G. Cox of Edinburgh 166 G. P. Swinbornâs improved patented process for the preparation of gelatine from hides, skins and glue pieces; Modern process of preparing skin gelatine; âSteepingâ the skins 167 Washing and bleaching the skins 168 Digesting the skins; Clarifying the liquors 169 Evaporation of the liquors in vacuo; Drying the cut cakes; Bone gelatine; Materials for this purpose; Crushing the bones; Solution of the glue cartilage 170 Apparatus and improved manner of manufacture employed in the factory of D. J. Briers, described and illustrated 171 Modern process of preparing bone gelatine 179 Colored gelatine; Uses of colored gelatine; Harmless coloring matters; Colors for coloring leaves of gelatine with aniline colors for technical purposes 181 Gelatine for fining purposes; _Gelatine LainÃ©e_; Fining powder for wine and beer; Liquid fining gelatine; Preparation of gelatine from ordinary glue 182 Preparation of gelatine for photographic printing and for photographic purposes in general; Removal of the salts from the gelatine 183 Gelatine capsules for medicinal purposes; Court plaster 184 Gelatine foils; Mode of coloring the foils 185 Gelatine veneers; Principal operations in the manufacture of gelatine veneers 186 Preparation of the plates; Preparation of the glue solutions; Proportions by weight of the mixtures for ten different varieties of imitations of marble and enamel 187 Imitation of mother-of-pearl veneers 188 Pouring the colored solutions of glue upon the plates 189 Preparation of imitations of malachite 190 Transferring the layer of glue to a layer of gelatine 191 Drying and detaching the veneers 192 Water-proofing gelatine veneers; Uses of gelatine veneers; Formo-gelatine and its uses 193 Use of gelatine in bacteriology 194 Artificial silk from gelatine 195 CHAPTER X. ISINGLASS AND ITS SUBSTITUTES. Sources of isinglass; Properties of a good quality of isinglass; Imitations of isinglass and their detection; Adulteration of isinglass and its detection 196 Russian isinglass; Siberian purse isinglass; Preparation of isinglass in Russia 197 North American or New York isinglass 198 East India isinglass; Hudson Bay isinglass; Brazilian isinglass 199 German isinglass; Isinglass from the scales of shad and herring; Bleaching inferior qualities of isinglass; Ichthycolle FranÃ§aise 200 Isinglassine; Chinese isinglass 201 Irish moss; Fish glue; Jenningsâ process for the preparation of fish glue 203 Treatment of fish scales; Production of fish glue on the Norwegian coast; Substitute for isinglass according to C. A. SahlstrÃ¶mâs process 203 Whale glue 204 CHAPTER XI. TESTING GLUE AND GELATINE. Determination of moisture; Determination of ash; Determination of acidity 205 Determination of glutin; Bisler-Beumatâs method 206 Analysis of samples of American glue by S. Dana Hayes; Deduction of the quality of glue from indirect properties 207 Lipowitzâs method of testing the strength of a glue, described and illustrated 208 Results obtained by comparative experiments 209 Facts shown by the results 210 Weidenbuschâs method of testing glue 211 Preparation of the plaster of Paris stick and of the glue solution used in this test 212 Apparatus for testing the strength of the plaster of Paris sticks, described and illustrated; Test adopted by the âArtillerie WerkstÃ¤tteâ at Spandau 213 Determination of adulterations 214 Kisslingâs results in testing a large number of samples of glue 215 Practical tests of glue 216 PART II. CEMENTS, PASTES, MUCILAGES. CHAPTER XII. CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS. Stohmannâs division of cements and pastes; Groups of cements 218 Chemical nature of cements; Oil cements 219 Resinous cements; Definition of resins 220 Properties of resinous cements 221 Rubber and gutta-percha cements; Glue and starch cements 222 Lime cements 223 CHAPTER XIII. PREPARATION OF CEMENTS, PASTES, AND MUCILAGES. Oil cements; Putty and its preparation 224 French putty; Soft putty; Litharge cement; Red lead cement; Cement for wash basins 225 Zinc-white cement; Mastic cement, mastic or _pierres de mastic_ 226 French mastic; Pagetâs mastic; Water-proof cement; Serbatâs mastic 227 Stephenâs oil cement; Oil cement for glass; Oil cement free from lead for steam pipes; Oil cements for steam pipes; Oil cement for marble 228 Oil cement for porcelain; Diamond cement; Hagerâs diamond cement; Resinous cements; Resinous cement for amber; Cement for turners 229 Cement for ivory and bone; Cement for white enameled clock faces; Cements for glass; Cement for glass upon glass; Cement for glass upon metal; Cement for metal letters upon glass; Cement for wood 230 Cement for knife handles; Cement for petroleum lamps; Cement for porcelain; Cement for porcelain which is to be heated; Cement to withstand the action of petroleum; Cement for mica 231 Cement for horn, whalebone and tortoise shell; Cement for terra cotta articles; Mastic cement for glass; Stick mastic cement; Sulphur cement for porcelain 232 Insoluble cement for wooden vessels; Rubber cements; Cements for glass; Soft rubber cement 233 Hard rubber cement; Elastic cement; Marine glue 234 Jeffreyâs marine glue; Marine glue for damp walls; Gutta-percha cements; Cement for leather 235 Cement for hard rubber combs; Elastic gutta-percha cement; Cement for horsesâ hoofs; Cement for crockery 236 Cement for leather; Caseine cements; Preparation of pure caseine 237 Preparation of ordinary technical caseine; John A. Justâs method for obtaining a purer technical caseine 238 Caseine cement which can be kept for a long time; Cement for glass; Cement for metals; Cement for porcelain; Cement for meerschaum; Cement for wood, etc. 239 Cement for porcelain; Water-glass and water-glass cements; Water-glass and its properties; Cement for cracked bottles 240 Cement for glass and porcelain; Cement for hydraulic works; Cement for uniting metals; Cement for tightening joints of pipes exposed to a red heat 241 Cement for marble and alabaster; Glycerine and glycerine cements; Properties of commercial glycerine; Glycerine and litharge cement 242 Lime cements; Properties of lime and chalk; Cement for glass; Cement for joiners; Cement for cracked clay crucibles and porcelain 243 Lime and glue cement; Gypsum cements; Preparation of plaster of Paris; Cement for plaster of Paris statues 244 Cement for glass and porcelain; Cement for iron and stone; Cements for porcelain; Universal plaster of Paris cement; Iron cements; Heat-resisting cement; Water and steam-proof cement; Cement for iron 245 Fire-proof cement for iron pipes; Cements resisting high temperatures; Cement for filling in defects in castings; Cement for cracked stove-plates, etc.; Cement for iron water-tanks; Cement for cracked iron pots 246 Black cement for stoves; Cements for chemical apparatus; Requirements of such cements; Cement for small apparatus to be used for the development of fluoric acid 247 Linseed oil and clay cement; Linseed oil and manganese cement; Cements resisting very high temperatures; Cement resisting acids; Rubber cement for chemical apparatus 248 Scheiblerâs cement for chemical apparatus; Cements for special purposes; Cement for attaching metal letters to glass, marble, wood, etc.; Cement for joints of iron pipes 249 Steam boiler cement; Cement for rubber; Cement for tires; Cement for steam pipes, etc. 250 Cement for marble; Cement for attaching wood, glass, etc., to metal; Brushmakerâs cement; Cement for electrical apparatus 251 Jewelerâs cement; American cement for jewelers; Cement for celluloid; Stratena; Cement for cloth; How to use cements 252 Importance of bringing the cement into intimate contact with the surface to be united 253 Obstacles to the junction of any two surfaces; Importance of using as little cement as possible 254 Cleansing surfaces to be joined from grease and dirt; Paste and mucilages; Starch paste 255 Rules for preparing paste; Flour paste 256 Means to prevent the spoiling of paste 257 Shoemakersâ paste 258 Gum arabic and its properties; Dextrine and its use in place of gum arabic; Properties of commercial dextrine 259 Preparation of dextrine; Blumenthalâs method 260 HeuzÃ©âs method; Tragacanth, or gum tragacanth; Pastes and mucilages for special purposes; Starch paste; Flour paste 261 Strong adhesive paste; Paste that will not sour; Venetian paste 262 Label paste; Elastic or pliable paste; Mucilage for labels; Mucilage 263 Mucilage for postage stamps; Caseine mucilage; Tragacanth mucilage; Adhesive paste; Fluid pastes 264 Sugar and lime paste; Liquid sugar and lime paste; Pastes for paper and fine fancy articles; Albumen paste 265 Glycerine paste; Paste for fixing labels on machines; Paste for mounting maps; Paste for fastening paper on tin-foil; Paste for paper bags; Caseine mucilage for photographerâs use; Paste for scrap books 266 Paste for skins; Strong mucilage capable of fastening wood on china and glass; Dextrine mucilage; Paste for joining leather to pasteboard 267 Paste for attaching labels to polished nickel; Mucilage for attaching labels to tin; Mucilage for office use; Glycerine paste for office use; Clean and durable paste 268 Banknote or mouth glue; Paste for cardboard; Paste for attaching cloth or leather to table tops; Caseine mucilage; Very adhesive paste which may be used for wood and parchment 269 Paste for pads; Paste for fastening paper on tin-foil; Paste for attaching labels to glass, porcelain and metal; Preparation of arabol-gum; Preparation of an adhesive substance from desaccharized beet-root slices 270 Index 273 GLUE, GELATINE, CEMENTS, PASTES. PART I. GLUE AND GELATINE. CHAPTER I. NATURE OF GLUE. 1. SOURCES OF GLUE. The organisms of all animals, but more especially of the higher classes, contain tissues which are insoluble in cold, as well as in hot, water. However, by continued boiling they become dissolved, and yield on evaporation of the solution a glutinous, gelatinizing mass. By further drying this mass exhibits, according to the degree of purity of the material, a more or less transparent and brittle substance, which in its pure state is devoid of color as well as of smell; it swells up in cold water and dissolves by boiling in that liquid. This substance, _i. e._, the product of the conversion of the so-called glue or gelatine-yielding tissue, is what is known in the trade as _glue_. Among the glue-yielding tissues, the following are the most important: Cellular tissue, the corium, tendons or sinews, the middle membrane of the vasa lymphatica and veins, the ossein or organic matter of bones, hartshorn, cartilage, the air bladders of many kinds of fishes, etc. Neither glue nor gelatine exists ready formed in the animal organism, except under abnormal conditions as a phenomenon of disease, but they are the products of various transformations. The first of these transformations evidently takes place in drying the hide, since the result of boiling to glue a green hide prepared in the usual manner by liming, etc., but not previously dried, will be an entirely different product of less consistency than that obtained by drying the hide after liming and then boiling. A second transformation seems to take place in boiling the material, and a third in drying the jelly obtained, and this may explain the fact that the latter, which is not converted into actual glue, differs in its behavior from glue solution. The series of transformation does not end even with the actual glue, for it is a well-known fact that glue dissolved in water and boiled for some time does not gelatinize on cooling, but remains liquid. We have here to deal with organic combinations which are distinguished from the more solid organic compounds by passing more readily into decomposition. However, it is an established fact that glue is an organic combination presenting itself in different modifications. In the animal organism it occurs ready formed only under abnormal conditions as a phenomenon of disease, and hence it is only produced by first drying and then by continued boiling of the glue-yielding substance, and finally by evaporating and further drying the gelatinous mass obtained by boiling. 2. TRANSITION STAGES OF GLUE. We therefore distinguish: _a._ Glue-yielding substance. _b._ Crude glue. _c._ Jelly. _d._ Glue. _a._ The glue-yielding substance of the animal body is produced from proteÃ¯ne substances, albumen, fibrine and caseÃ¯ne, in a manner similar to that in which new substances are formed in the ripening fruit by the transformation and disintegration into constituent parts of others previously present. _b._ By _crude glue_ are understood glue-yielding materials free from all foreign matter and physically prepared by drying. It forms an intermediate link between glue-yielding substance and jelly. This distinction between glue-yielding substance and crude glue is justified by experience. If, for instance, fresh calvesâ heads, such as the tanner cuts off after swelling the skins, be carefully limed and then boiled without previous drying, the result will be a turbid liquor containing, though everything be dissolved, no jelly whatever, or at least, very little. _c._ _Jelly_ is obtained by boiling the crude glue. Its adhesive power is far less than that of solution of finished glue, and it will become more quickly putrid than the latter. _d._ The finished product _glue_ is, in most cases, not a definite chemical compound, but a mixture of substances, with two of which scientific research has made us thoroughly acquainted. 3. CONSTITUTION OF GLUE. Independent of impurities and accidental constituents, glue consists of two distinctly distinguishable combinations, namely, _glutin or gelatin_ and _chondrin_, the former being formed from the hide and osseous parts, and the latter from young bones while still in a soft state, and the âpermanentâ cartilages, such as those of the ribs and joints. The manufacturer has it, of course, in his power to allow either of these substances to predominate in his product, but since experiments have shown glutin or gelatin to possess much greater adhesive power than chondrin, it is advisable to separate as much as possible the cartilaginous matter from other glue-yielding material. As an accurate knowledge of these constituents of glue is of great importance to the manufacturer, brief reference will here be made to what scientific research has made known to us in regard to them. Pure glutin or gelatin is obtained by treating buckshorn, etc., with water containing hydrochloric acid, until the phosphate of lime which serves, so to say, as a frame for the glue-yielding substance, is dissolved, and the organic tissue called _collagen_ or _ossein_, remains behind. After freeing the latter from fat by steeping in milk of lime and careful washing, it is boiled, and the resulting jelly, when cold, mechanically distributed in cold water, in which it softens but does not dissolve. By thoroughly stirring the mass the glutin yields its coloring matter to the water, the latter being replaced by fresh water until all the coloring matter is extracted. Then pour off the water and after dissolving the jelly in hot water, filter the solution through a cloth. By mixing the filtered solution with an equal volume of alcohol, a precipitate of pure glutin is obtained. By the precipitation with alcohol, the separating glutin carries down inorganic salts, especially phosphates, which may be present in the solution. To free it from them, dissolve it in a small quantity of lukewarm water, acidulate the solution with hydrochloric acid and bring it into a dialyser. The salts and the acids diffuse in the water which has from time to time to be renewed, and finally a jelly of pure glutin remains behind; this is evaporated to dryness in shallow vessels. Pure glutin, in a dry state forms a glassy substance, almost colorless, transparent to translucent, brittle or slightly elastic, free from odor and taste, and remains unchanged in the air. Its specific gravity is greater than that of water. It is neutral, exerts no influence whatever upon vegetable colors and is insoluble in alcohol, ether, hydrocarbons or oils. In cold water it swells up, absorbing as much as 40 per cent., and becomes opaque, but does not dissolve. It dissolves in hot water and on cooling forms a jelly even if the solution contains only 1 per cent. of glutin. It gelatinizes at a lower temperature than chondrin. An aqueous solution of glutin is precipitated by chlorine, platinic chloride, tannin and alcohol, but not by hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, lead acetate, alum and ferric sulphate. Concentrated sulphuric acid decomposes glutin, forming, besides other products of decomposition, chiefly glycocoll and leucine. When heated, glutin softens, swells and diffuses an odor of burnt hartshorn. In the air, it takes fire with difficulty, smokes, flames only for a few minutes, and leaves a bulky charcoal difficult to incinerate, the ashes of which consist principally of calcium phosphate. Glutin, when in the jellied state, and treated with alcohol, undergoes dehydration, under the influence of which it contracts greatly. It was by this means that Gonnor succeeded in reducing in a remarkable degree the size of a print obtained in a very hydrated film of glutin, and transferring it, so reduced, to stone, from which he obtained a new impression, quite similar to the first, but more or less diminished. By taking these prints, on the contrary, with glutin very little hydrated, and afterwards steeping them in water, a dilatation of the plate is obtained, which enlarges the figures with the same regularity. Pure _chondrin_ is prepared by boiling for from 24 to 48 hours the cartilages of the ribs, of the larynx with the exception of those of the epiglot, or of the windpipe and the bronchi. Chondrin is precipitated from its solution by alcohol. The precipitate is redissolved in warm water, evaporated, and dried. It forms a semi-translucent mass of a slightly yellow color and resembles glutin as regards fracture and all external properties, but differs from it in being precipitated from its aqueous solution by mineral acids, acetate of lead, alum and ferric sulphate, and also by organic acids such as vinegar, citric and oxalic acids, none of which precipitate glutin. As regards its chemical composition, chondrin is poorer in nitrogen than glutin, and contains more sulphur. Its formula approaches more closely that of albumen, which corresponds also with the origin of chondrin, for cartilages may be considered as transition-links between the proteÃ¯ne and glue-yielding substances. By the action of concentrated sulphuric acid upon chondrin, leucine is only produced but no glycocoll. By potassium hydrate chondrin is converted into glutin and yields then, like the latter, leucine and glycocoll. By boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid chondrin is decomposed; a peculiar variety of fermentable sugar, to which the term chondroglucose has been applied, being formed. It may finally be remarked that chondrin possesses less adhesive power than glutin and its presence in glue may be considered detrimental. To avoid its formation, the glue manufacturer should separate as much as possible cartilages from bones. Chondrin, however, is useful for size. 4. PROPERTIES OF GLUE AND ITS BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OTHER SUBSTANCES. The product designated by the general term glue, is always a mixture of glutin, chondrin and other substances not yet accurately determined. Glue is formed by evaporating and further drying the jelly, and its properties depend on the crude glue and glue-yielding material used for the production of the jelly. It may here be remarked that even if the quantity of glutin contained in the different products could not be determined by scientific means, the glue obtained from various materials can be readily distinguished by external characteristics. Every manufacturer knows that hides and bones yield a distinct quality of glue as regards adhesive power, elasticity and fracture, and that the jelly from glue-yielding substances of older animals is more solid and gives a larger yield than that obtained from the tissues of younger and weaker animals. Glue from the bladders and scales of fishes, though consisting mainly of glutin, differs materially from hide or bone glue. Generally speaking, the jelly, no matter whether consisting of glutin or chondrin, possesses, before drying to glue, different properties from glue solution. It has less adhesive power and spoils more quickly. At a temperature of 68Â° to 72.5Â° F., jelly putrefies inside of 24 hours, smells of ammonia, and decomposes, while glue solution can be kept much longer without suffering deterioration. The jelly absorbs ozone with avidity and is decomposed by it, this being the reason why an approaching thunderstorm may cause great damage by destroying the coagulating power of the glue liquors, or causing the glue to turn on the nets, _i. e._, to lose its consistency and become liquid and foul. The behavior of glue solution towards different salts also deserves attention. By adding potassium or sodium carbonate, neutral potassium tartrate, Rochelle or Epsom salts to a lukewarm fluid containing 15 to 20 per cent. of glue, the latter coagulates by the salt withdrawing the water from it. A lukewarm solution saturated with common salt, sal ammoniac, saltpetre, or barium chloride does not gelatinize. By adding to glue solution a large quantity of alum, the glue is precipitated as a transparent mass. Glue compounded at a high temperature with dilute acids, does not gelatinize by itself, but will do so on adding common salt. Boiling with slaked lime deprives glue solution of its power of gelatinizing, and, on evaporation, changes it into a colorless gummy mass which is soluble in cold water and in saturated solution of common salt. From a glutin solution compounded with oxalic acid, the latter can after some time be again separated by the addition of lime, the result being a non-gelatinizing fluid which, however, possesses great adhesive power. This is the so-called _meta-gelatin_. Glue solution also loses its property of gelatinizing by repeated boiling and cooling (for about six days). Tannin enters with the jelly, as well as with glue solution, into characteristic combinations which are formed even in solutions containing only 0.005 per cent. of jelly or glue. Glue is, therefore, an excellent agent for the detection of tannin. When quite concentrated glue solution is treated with tannin, a heavy, flocculent precipitate of a dirty-yellow, caseous character is formed, which turns brown on exposure to the air and, after drying, constitutes a hard brittle mass, easily reduced to powder and soluble in hot potash lye, but insoluble in water, ether and alcohol. This precipitate, if not identical with, is closely allied to the combination of tannin with skin, called leather. Glue exposed to a dry heat melts, diffuses a strong disagreeable odor of burned horn and leaves behind a charcoal which has a powerful discoloring effect like animal charcoal. When subjected to destructive distillation, glue yields an aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate and a thick brown oil consisting of a mixture of ammonium carbonate, sulphur, ammonium cyanide, etc. The chemical composition of glue is such as to bring to mind that of starch and cellulose derived from the vegetable kingdom. It contains: Carbon 49.1 per cent. Hydrogen 6.5 per cent. Nitrogen 18.3 per cent. Oxygen and sulphur 26.1 per cent. which may be represented by the formula: C_{12}H_{10}N_{2}O_{4}. The composition of glue differs but little from that of the glue-yielding substance. Isinglass is composed of: Carbon 49.5 per cent. Hydrogen 6.9 per cent. Nitrogen 18.8 per cent. Oxygen 24.8 per cent. This justifies the assumption that glue in its various transition stages does not represent different chemical combinations, but only modifications of one and the same combination distinguishable from each other by physical characteristics, as is the case with starch, which without suffering an alteration in its composition, appears as dextrine and grape-sugar, or as with cellulose, which, without altering its composition, can be transformed into amyloid and grape-sugar. CHAPTER II. USES OF GLUE. An inquiry into the various technical uses of glue must be of interest to the manufacturer so as to enable him, when acting, as is frequently the case, as salesman, to know to whom to offer his product; and also to learn what special demands he has to satisfy, as not every glue is adapted to every purpose, different qualities being required for special uses. _Glue as a joining medium._ In Chapter I, treating of the nature of glue, special attention has been drawn to the fact, that the adhesive power of glutin is greater than that of chondrin; and that glutin obtained from skin and tendons possesses still greater adhesive power than the product from bones. This is the reason why good sound glue made from scraps of skin is preferred by those artisans who may be considered the principal consumers, such as cabinet-makers, carpenters, turners, instrument-makers, wood-carvers, carriage-builders, brush-manufacturers, bookbinders, paper-manufacturers, etc., all of them requiring glue of the greatest possible adhesive power. It must, however, by no means be understood that a good quality of bone glue cannot be used for the same purposes; because much bone glue of excellent quality and at a low price is brought into the market by manufacturers of animal charcoal and bone meal, and is used in glueing wood, etc. Glue suitable as a joining medium for the above purposes should be of an amber or brown-yellow color, transparent or translucent, clear, dry and hard, and show a glassy fracture which should not be brittle, but somewhat elastic. Placed in cold water it should swell up and absorb as much of it as possible without actually dissolving, even if it remains there for 48 hours. The supernatant water should be free from a putrid odor and contain but a small quantity of foreign substances in solution. Such glue passes into solution at 122Â° F., and dissolves entirely on heating to 144.5Â° F. Heating to a higher temperature should be avoided. _Glue as a binding agent._ Glue solution is used for bind-together pulverulent substances, such as mineral colors in the manufacture of colored paper and paper-hangings, in painting in distemper, in the size of the gilder; or it is mixed with plaster of Paris or chalk for the manufacture of plastic masses which become hard on drying, such as stucco-work, papier-machÃ©, etc. Generally speaking, it is best to use only good sound glue for these purposes, though it may sometimes be possible to utilize defective and cheap qualities without injurious consequences. For color mixtures, the glue should at all events be free from acids and alkalies, as they exert a decomposing and altering effect upon the colors. The gilder should always use the best quality of glue, as otherwise the work he applies later on to the size will spoil. A very large quantity of glue is consumed _in the manufacture of matches_, and much depends on its quality and drying properties. The dipping composition for matches containing phosphorus is a bath of glue of 25 to 50 per cent. strength to which the requisite amount of an oxidizing agent, like potassium nitrate or chlorate has been added, kept at a temperature of 100.4Â° F. The phosphorus is cautiously put in; it melts, and is stirred to an emulsion, when the sand, glass or other friction-agent is incorporated. The object of the glue is to protect from oxidation, without diminishing the sensitiveness. Glue is also used as the binding material in the heads and rubbers of safety matches. _Book binders_ require for the better classes of work a glue which should naturally be pale and strong, and without marked odor. Some inferior glues which have been chemically bleached turn almost black in the pot, owing to the bleaching agent not having been properly removed or neutralized. Sand, glass and emery papers and cloths are made by coating the surface with a thin uniform layer of strong glue, and sifting the powder evenly on. _Glue in sizing._ The principal object of sizing goods is to impart to them a certain degree of stiffness, to give them a nice appearance and a good feel. As glue would injure the color of white goods, it cannot be used for sizing them, but, on the other hand, much is employed for preparing size for the use of hat and cloth manufacturers, weavers, etc. Before the introduction of the paper machine and invention of rosin glue, animal glue was exclusively used for sizing paper, but at the present it is only used for sizing paper manufactured from rags, and for pasteboard, and also by manufacturers producing drawing paper sized with animal substances. The paper, after leaving the machine, is passed through a glue solution and then dried in the air. For actual sizing purposes good and fine varieties of glue are only used, or sometimes the manufacturers prepare their own size by boiling to glue dried calvesâ heads, or rabbit skins deprived of their fur, scraps of parchment, etc. For cheap woollen hats, glue is used in place of shellac. The cloth manufacturer procures his glue mostly in the form of a jelly. This variety of glue deserves special attention and the mode of preparing it will be referred to later on. _Glue for culinary and medicinal purposes._ The use of glue for these purposes is based upon three properties: 1: Upon its power of coagulating and inclosing while in this state, substances mechanically dissolved and finely divided in a fluid, which, being specifically as heavy as the fluid itself, render the latter turbid and cannot be got rid off by settling. The glue in this case acts as a clarifier. Large quantities of isinglass and gelatine, specially prepared for the purpose, are used for clarifying and fining beer, wine and other liquids, as well as for preparing jellies. The material to be used for jellies and other culinary purposes must, of course, be colorless and entirely free from odor. Jellies are made palatable by flavoring with spices, sugar, essences, etc., before congealing, A vegetable gelatine, Agar-Agar, which will be referred to later on is now brought from China, and being cheaper and perfectly free from odor, has become quite a competitor with isinglass and gelatine. Prior to the introduction of Liebigâs and other beef extracts, bouillon tablets, consisting of a mixture of bone-jelly, meat broth, extract of pot herbs and flour, were largely used. One hundred and ten pounds of meat repeatedly boiled yield five pounds of bouillon tablets. A good meat broth, though not equal to that from Liebigâs or other meat extracts, is obtained from these tablets by the addition of thirty times their weight of water. If glue be dissolved in water, it gelatinizes at the ordinary temperature, and if the solution be mixed with other fluids, for instance, meat broth, fruit juices and essences, which in the form of jelly are to serve as food, it effects their solidification. Glue acts as a healing agent by preventing the access of air to wounds. Court plaster is prepared from gelatine. When cabinet-makers cut themselves, they apply glue to the wound with the best success. In hospitals a compound of gelatine and glycerine is used as the best means of closing wounds, the same compound having also been successfully used for preserving articles of food such as eggs, fruit, and even meat. Every good quality of glue can be used for the above purposes. Medicines of a disagreeable taste are frequently inclosed in gelatine capsules, so that they can be taken without causing inconvenience to the patient. The use of these capsules has grown to such an extent as to form a special branch of industry. The mode of manufacturing them will be described later on. _Glue for elastic masses and as a partial substitute for rubber._ Glue mixed with glycerine forms an elastic mass resembling rubber. The same effect can be produced by an addition of molasses. This elastic mass, the preparation of which will be described later on, is of great importance for the manufacture of printersâ rollers, for moulds, etc. Some manufacturers prepare the mass ready for use, so that the printer or lithographer need only remelt it, and cast it in a mould. Glue is of great importance in photolithography as, mixed with chromium salts, it is the only known means of transferring a photographic negative to the stone. In photography, gelatine is used for negative pictures upon glass. For the manufacturer of casts of plaster of Paris or cement, this glue mass, which is generally used without an addition of glycerine, is indispensable for making moulds which are much undercut. Glue mixed with glycerine may be used as a substitute for rubber in manufacturing elastic toys, such as dollsâ heads, animals, etc. For these purposes it is advisable to select glue which forms a very solid jelly, even if it possesses but little adhesive power, pure bone-glue being the best. Glue mixed with glycerine (1 part glue, 1 part glycerine) is used as hectograph mass for the transfer of matter written with concentrated solution of aniline color. _Glue for fancy articles._ Great progress has been made in the use of glue and gelatine in the manufacture of fancy articles. The best known of all these products are perhaps the gelatine foils. They form thin, transparent sheets, brilliantly colored, and are used for printing sacred images, visiting cards, labels, etc. Gelatine veneers were first shown at one of the Paris International Exhibitions. They consist of sheets varying in thickness, which have been deprived of their translucency by an admixture of colors in imitation of various crystallization of salts, and such stones as lazulite, malachite and avanturine. Glue imitations of mother of pearl, tortoise shell, and ivory were shown which closely resembled the genuine articles. These veneers have been largely introduced in the manufacture of fancy articles, cabinet ware, buttons, etc. The most brilliant use to which they have been put is in the manufacture of fans, for which ivory and tortoise shell were formerly used, and there are perhaps few ladies that are aware that these glittering toys are manufactured from
{'title': 'Glue, Gelatine, Animal Charcoal, Phosphorous, Cements, Pastes and Mucilages', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}