Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) THE LETTERS OF ANNE GILCHRIST AND WALT WHITMAN [Illustration: Walt Whitman Photograph taken about the year 1870] THE LETTERS OF ANNE GILCHRIST AND WALT WHITMAN Edited With an Introduction BY THOMAS B. HARNED One of Walt Whitman's Literary Executors Illustrated GARDEN CITY NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1918 COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN In Memoriam AUGUSTA TRAUBEL HARNED 1856-1914 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE xix INTRODUCTION xxi A WOMAN'S ESTIMATE OF WALT WHITMAN 3 A CONFESSION OF FAITH 23 LETTER I. WALT WHITMAN TO WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI AND ANNE GILCHRIST 56 II. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Earl's Colne_ _September 3, 1871_ 58 III. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Shotter Mill, Haslemere, Surrey_ _October 23, 1871_ 65 IV. WALT WHITMAN TO ANNE GILCHRIST _Washington, D. C._ _November 3, 1871_ 67 V. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., N. W., London_ _November 27, 1871_ 68 VI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., N. W., London_ _January 24, 1872_ 72 VII. WALT WHITMAN TO ANNE GILCHRIST _Washington, D. C._ _February 8, 1872_ 75 VIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., N. W., London_ _April 12, 1872_ 76 IX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., N. W., London_ _June 3, 1872_ 79 X. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., N. W., London_ _July 14, 1872_ 82 XI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq._ _November 12, 1872_ 85 XII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., London, N. W._ _January 31, 1873_ 86 XIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Rd., Camden Sq., London, N. W._ _May 20, 1873_ 88 XIV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Earl's Colne, Halstead_ _August 12, 1873_ 91 XV. WALT WHITMAN TO ANNE GILCHRIST _Camden, New Jersey_ _Undated. Summer of 1873_ 94 XVI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Earl's Colne, Halstead_ _September 4, 1873_ 96 XVII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _November 3, 1873_ 98 XVIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _December 8, 1873_ 102 XIX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _February 26, 1874_ 105 XX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _March 9, 1874_ 108 XXI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _May 14, 1874_ 109 XXII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _July, 4, 1874_ 112 XXIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Earl's Colne_ _September 3, 1874_ 115 XXIV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _December 9, 1874_ 119 XXV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _December 30, 1874_ 121 XXVI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Earl's Colne, Halstead_ _February 21, 1875_ 123 XXVII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _50 Marquis Road, Camden Square, London, N. W._ _May 18, 1875_ 126 XXVIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Earl's Colne_ _August 28, 1875_ 129 XXIX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Square, London_ _November 16, 1875_ 133 XXX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Road, London_ _December 4, 1875_ 137 XXXI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Blaenavon, Routzpool, Mon., England_ _January 18, 1876_ 139 XXXII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Road, London_ _February 25, 1876_ 141 XXXIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Road, London_ _March 11, 1876_ 143 XXXIV. WALT WHITMAN TO ANNE GILCHRIST _Camden, New Jersey._ _Undated, March, 1876_ 145 XXXV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Road, London_ _March 30, 1876_ 147 XXXVI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Road, London_ _April 21, 1876_ 149 XXXVII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Torriano Gardens, Camden Road, London_ _May 18, 1876_ 152 XXXVIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Round Hill, Northampton, Massachusetts_ _September, 1877_ 154 XXXIX. BEATRICE C. GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _New England Hospital, Codman Avenue, Boston Highlands_ _Undated_ 156 XL. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Chesterfield, Massachusetts_ _September 3, 1878_ 159 XLI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Concord, Massachusetts_ _October 25 (1878)_ 161 XLII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _39 Somerset Street, Boston_ _November 13, 1878_ 163 XLIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _112 Madison Avenue, New York_ _January 5, 1879_ 166 XLIV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _112 Madison Avenue, New York_ _January 14, 1879_ 169 XLV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _112 Madison Avenue, New York_ _January 27, 1879_ 171 XLVI. HERBERT H. GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _112 Madison Avenue, New York_ _February, 2, 1879_ 173 XLVII. BEATRICE C. GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _33 Warrenton Street, Boston_ _February 16, 1879_ 175 XLVIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _112 Madison Avenue, New York_ _March 18, 1879_ 177 XLIX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _112 Madison Avenue, New York_ _March 26, 1879_ 179 L. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Glasgow, Scotland_ _June 20, 1879_ 181 LI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Lower Shincliffe, Durham_ _August 2, 1879_ 183 LII. WALT WHITMAN TO ANNE GILCHRIST _Camden, New Jersey_ _Undated, August, 1879_ 186 LIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _1 Elm Villas, Elm Row, Heath Street, Hampstead, London_ _December 5, 1879_ 187 LIV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _5 Mount Vernon, Hampstead_ _January 25, 1880_ 190 LV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Marley, Haslemere, England_ _August 22, 1880_ 193 LVI. HERBERT H. GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _12 Well Road, Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _November 30, 1880_ 195 LVII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Well Road, Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _April 18, 1881_ 197 LVIII. HERBERT H. GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Well Road, Keats Corner, Hampstead, North London_ _June 5, 1881_ 200 LIX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _12 Well Road, Hampstead, London_ _December 14, 1881_ 203 LX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _12 Well Road, Hampstead, London_ _January 29 and February 6, 1882_ 205 LXI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _12 Well Road, Hampstead, London_ _May 8, 1882_ 207 LXII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Well Road, Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _November 24, 1882_ 209 LXIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _12 Well Road, Hampstead, London_ _January 27, 1883_ 211 LXIV. HERBERT H. GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Well Road, Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _April 29, 1883_ 213 LXV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _May 6, 1883_ 215 LXVI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _July 30, 1883_ 217 LXVII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _October 13, 1883_ 220 LXVIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _April 5, 1884_ 223 LXIX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Hampstead, London_ _May 2, 1884_ 225 LXX. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, London_ _August 5, 1884_ 227 LXXI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Wolverhampton_ _October 26, 1884_ 228 LXXII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _December 17, 1884_ 230 LXXIII. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Keats Corner, Hampstead, London_ _February 27, 1885_ 233 LXXIV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Hampstead, London_ _May 4, 1885_ 236 LXXV. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _Hampstead, London_ _June 21, 1885_ 239 LXXVI. ANNE GILCHRIST TO WALT WHITMAN _12 Well Road, Hampstead, London_ _July 20, 1885_ 241 ILLUSTRATIONS Walt Whitman _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE Anne Gilchrist 54 Facsimile of a typical Whitman letter 94 Facsimile of one of Anne Gilchrist's letters to Walt Whitman _in the text pages_ 131, 132 PREFACE Probably there are few who to-day question the propriety of publishing the love-letters of eminent persons a generation after the deaths of both parties to the correspondence. When one recalls the published love-letters of Abelard, of Dorothy Osborne, of Lady Hamilton, of Mary Wollstonecraft, of Margaret Fuller, of George Sand, Bismarck, Shelley, Victor Hugo, Edgar Allan Poe, and--to mention only one more illustrious example--of the Brownings, one must needs look upon this form of presenting biographical material as a well-established, if not a valuable, convention of letters. As to the particular set of letters presented to the reader in this volume, a word of explanation and history may be required. Most of these letters are from Anne Gilchrist to Walt Whitman, a few are replies to her letters, and a few are letters from her children to Whitman. Mrs. Gilchrist died in 1885. When, two years later, her son, Herbert Harlakenden Gilchrist, was collecting material for his interesting biography of his mother, Whitman was asked for the letters that she had written to him--or rather for extracts from them. In reply to this request the poet said, "I do not know that I can furnish any good reason, but I feel to keep these utterances exclusively to myself. But I cannot let your book go to press without at least saying--and wishing it put on record--that among the perfect women I have met (and it has been my unspeakably good fortune to have had the very best, for mother, sisters, and friends) I have known none more perfect in every relation, than my dear, dear friend, Anne Gilchrist." But since Whitman carefully preserved them for twenty years, refusing to destroy them as he had destroyed such other written matter as he did not care to have preserved, it would appear that he intended that so beautiful a tribute to the poetry that he had written, no less than to the personality of the poet, should be included in that complete biography which is being slowly written, by many hands, of America's most unique man of genius. In any case, when these letters came into my hands in the apportionment of Whitman's literary legacy under the will which named me as one of his three literary executors, there were but three things which I could honourably do with them--rather, on closer analysis, there seemed to be but one. To leave them in _my_ will or to place them in some public repository would have been to shift a responsibility which was evidently mine to the shoulders of others who, perhaps, would be in possession of fewer facts in the light of which to discharge that responsibility. To destroy them would be to do what Whitman should have done if it was to be done at all, and to erase forever one of the finest tributes that either the man or the poet ever received, one of the most touching self-revelations that a noble soul ever "poured out on paper." The remaining alternative was to edit and publish them (after keeping them a proper length of time), for the benefit, not only of the general reader, but as an aid to the future biographer who from the proper perspective will write the life of America's great poet and prophet. In this determination my judgment has been confirmed by that of the few sympathetic friends who, during the twenty-five years that the letters have been in my possession, have been allowed to read them. It is a matter of regret that so few of Whitman's letters to Mrs. Gilchrist are available. Those included in this volume, sometimes in fragmentary form, have been taken from loose copies found among his papers after his death, or, in a few instances, are reprinted from Herbert Harlakenden Gilchrist's "Anne Gilchrist" or Horace Traubel's "With Walt Whitman in Camden." Acknowledgment of these latter is made in each instance. But though Whitman's letters printed in this correspondence will not compare with Mrs. Gilchrist's in point of number, enough are presented to suggest the tenor of them all. As a matter of fact, the first love-letter from Anne Gilchrist to Walt Whitman was in the form of an essay written in his defense called "An Englishwoman's Estimate of Walt Whitman." For that reason this well-known essay is reprinted in this volume; and "A Confession of Faith," in reality an amplification of the "Estimate" written several years after the publication of the latter, is included. The reader who desires to follow the story of this friendship in a chronological order will do well to read at least the former of these tributes before beginning the letters. Indebtedness is acknowledged to Prof. Emory Halloway of Brooklyn, New York, for valuable suggestions. T. B. H. INTRODUCTION Undoubtedly Mrs. Gilchrist's "Estimate of Walt Whitman," published in the (Boston) _Radical_ in May, 1870, was the finest, as it was the first, public tribute ever paid to the poet by a woman. Whitman himself so considered it--"the proudest word that ever came to me from a woman--if not the proudest word of all from any source." But a finer tribute was to follow, in the sacred privacy of the love-letters which are now made public forty years and more after they were written. The purpose of this Introduction is not to interpret those letters, but to sketch the story in the light of which they are to be read. And since both Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman have had sympathetic and painstaking biographers, it will not be necessary here to mention at length the already known facts of their respective lives. The story naturally begins with Whitman. He was born at West Hills, Long Island, New York, on May 31, 1819. His father was of English descent, and came of a family of sailors and farmers. His mother, to whom he himself attributed most of his personal qualities, was of excellent Hollandic stock. Moving to Brooklyn while still in frocks, he there passed his boyhood and youth, but took many summer trips to visit relatives in the country. He early left the public school for the printing offices of local newspapers, picking enough general knowledge to enable him, when about seventeen years of age, to teach schools in the rural districts of his native island. Very early in life he became a writer, chiefly of short prose tales and essays, which were accepted by the best New York magazines. His literary and journalistic work was not confined to the metropolis, but took him, for a few months in 1848, so far away from home as New Orleans. In 1851-54, besides writing for and editing newspapers, he was engaged in housebuilding, the trade of his father. Although this was, it is said, a profitable business, he gave it up to write poetry, and issued his first volume, "Leaves of Grass," in 1855. The book had been written with great pains, according to a preconceived plan of the author to be stated in the preface; and it was finally set up (by his own hands, for want of a publisher) only, as he tells us, after many "doings and undoings, leaving out the stock 'poetical' touches." Its publication was the occasion of probably the most voluminous controversy of American letters--mostly abuse, ridicule, and condemnation. In 1862 Whitman's brother George, who had volunteered in the Union Army, was reported badly wounded in the Fredericksburg fight. Walt, going at once to the war front in Virginia, found that his brother's wound was not serious enough to require his ministrations, but gradually he became engaged in nursing other wounded soldiers, until this work, as a volunteer hospital missionary in Washington, engrossed the major part of his time. This continued until and for some years after the end of the war. Whitman's own needs were supplied by occasional literary work and from his earnings as a clerk first in the Interior and later in the Attorney General's Department. He had gone to Washington a man of strong and majestic physique, but his untiring devotion, fidelity, and vigilance in nursing the sick and wounded soldiers in the army hospitals in and about Washington was soon to shatter that constitution which was ever a marvel to its possessor, and to condemn him to pass the last two decades of his life in unaccustomed invalidism. The history of the Civil War in America presents no instance of nobler fulfilment of duty or of sublimer sacrifice. Meanwhile his muse was not neglected. His book had gone through four editions, and, with the increment of the noble war poetry of "Drum Taps," had become a volume of size. At a very early period "Leaves of Grass" had been hailed as an important literary contribution by a few of the best thinkers in this country and in England but, generally speaking, nearly all literary persons received it with much criticism and many qualifications. In Washington devoted disciples like William Douglas O'Connor and John Burroughs never varied in their uncompromising adherence to the book and its author. This appreciation only by the few was likewise encountered in England. The book had made a stir among the literary classes, but its importance was not at all generally recognized. Men like John Addington Symonds, Edward Dowden, and William Michael Rossetti were, however, almost unrestricted in their praise. It was William Rossetti who planned, in 1867, to bring out in England a volume of selections from Whitman's poetry, in the belief that it was better to leave out the poems that had provoked such adverse criticism, in order to get Whitman a foothold among those who might prefer to have an expurgated edition. Whitman's attitude toward the plan at the time is given in a letter which he wrote to Rossetti on December 3, 1867: "I cannot and will not consent of my own volition to countenance an expurgated edition of my pieces. I have steadily refused to do so under seductive offers, here in my own country, and must not do so in another country." It appeared, however, that Rossetti had already advanced his project, and Whitman graciously added: "If, before the arrival of this letter, you have practically invested in, and accomplished, or partially accomplished, any plan, even contrary to this letter, I do not expect you to abandon it, at loss of outlay; but shall _bona fide_ consider you blameless if you let it go on, and be carried out, as you may have arranged. It is the question of the authorization of an expurgated edition proceeding from me, that deepest engages me. The facts of the different ways, one way or another way, in which the book may appear in England, out of influences not under the shelter of my umbrage, are of much less importance to me. After making the foregoing explanation, I shall, I think, accept kindly whatever happens. For I feel, indeed know, that I am in the hands of a friend, and that my pieces will receive that truest, brightest of light and perception coming from love. In that, all other and lesser requisites become pale...." The Rossetti "Selections" duly appeared--with what momentous influence upon the two persons whose friendship we are tracing will presently be shown. On June 22, 1869, Anne Gilchrist, writing to Rossetti, said: "I was calling on Madox Brown a fortnight ago, and he put into my hands your edition of Walt Whitman's poems. I shall not cease to thank him for that. Since I have had it, I can read no other book: it holds me entirely spellbound, and I go through it again and again with deepening delight and wonder. How can one refrain from expressing gratitude to you for what you have so admirably done?..." To this Rossetti promptly responded: "Your letter has given me keen pleasure this morning. That glorious man Whitman will one day be known as one of the greatest sons of Earth, a few steps below Shakespeare on the throne of immortality. What a tearing-away of the obscuring veil of use and wont from the visage of man and of life! I am doing myself the pleasure of at once ordering a copy of the "Selections" for you, which you will be so kind as to accept. Genuine--i. e., _enthusiastic_--appreciators are not so common, and must be cultivated when they appear.... Anybody who values Whitman as you do ought to read the whole of him...." At a later date Rossetti gave Mrs. Gilchrist a copy of the complete "Leaves of Grass," in acknowledging which she said, "The gift of yours I have not any words to tell you how priceless it will be to me...." This lengthy letter was later, at Rossetti's solicitation, worked over for publication as the "Estimate of Walt Whitman" to which reference has already been made. Anne Gilchrist was primarily a woman of letters. Though her natural bent was toward science and philosophy, her marriage threw her into association with artists and writers of _belles lettres_. She was born in London on February 25, 1828. She came of excellent ancestry, and received a good education, particularly in music. She had a profoundly religious nature, although it appears that she was never a believer in many of the orthodox Christian doctrines. Very early in life she recognized the greatness of such men as Emerson and Comte. In 1851, at the age of twenty-three, she married Alexander Gilchrist, two months her junior. Though of limited means, he possessed literary ability and was then preparing for the bar. His early writings secured for him the friendship of Carlyle, who for years lived next door to the Gilchrists in Cheyne Row. This friendship led to others, and the Gilchrists were soon introduced into that supreme literary circle which included Ruskin, Herbert Spencer, George Eliot, the Rossettis, Tennyson, and many another great mind of that illustrious age. Within ten years of their marriage the Gilchrists had four children, in whom they were very happy. But in the year 1861, when Anne was thirty-three years of age, her husband died. It was a terrible blow, but she faced the future unflinchingly, and reared her children, giving to each of them a profession. At the time of her husband's death his life of William Blake was nearing completion. With the assistance of William and Gabriel Rossetti Mrs. Gilchrist finished the work on this excellent biography, and it was published by Macmillan. Whitman has paid a fitting tribute to the pluck exhibited in this achievement: "Do you know much of Blake?" said Whitman to Horace Traubel, who records the conversation in his remarkable book "With Walt Whitman in Camden." "You know, this is Mrs. Gilchrist's book--the book she completed. They had made up their minds to do the work--her husband had it well under way: he caught a fever and was carried off. Mrs. Gilchrist was left with four young children, alone: her perplexities were great. Have you noticed that the time to look for the best things in best people is the moment of their greatest need? Look at Lincoln: he is our proudest example: he proved to be big as, bigger than, any emergency--his grasp was a giant's grasp--made dark things light, made hard things easy.... (Mrs. Gilchrist) belonged to the same noble breed: seized the reins, was competent; her head was clear, her hand was firm." The circumstances under which she first read Whitman's poetry have been narrated. When in 1869 Whitman became aware of the Rossetti correspondence, he felt greatly honoured, and through Rossetti he sent his portrait to the as yet anonymous lady. In acknowledging this communication his English friend has a grateful word from "the lady" to return: "I gave your letter, and the second copy of your portrait, to the lady you refer to, and need scarcely say how truly delighted she was. She has asked me to say that you could not have devised for her a more welcome pleasure, and that she feels grateful to me for having sent to America the extracts from what she had written, since they have been a satisfaction to you...." Early in 1870 the "Estimate" appeared in the _Radical_, still more than a year before Mrs. Gilchrist addressed her first letter to Whitman. He welcomed the essay, and its author as a new and peculiarly powerful champion of "Leaves of Grass." To Rossetti he wrote: "I am deeply touched by these sympathies and convictions, coming from a woman and from England, and am sure that if the lady knew how much comfort it has been to me to get them, she would not only pardon you for transmitting them but approve that action. I realize indeed of this smiling and emphatic _well done_ from the heart and conscience of a true wife and mother, and one, too, whose sense of the poetic, as I glean from your letter, after flowing through the heart and conscience, must also move through and satisfy science as much as the esthetic, that I had hitherto received no eulogium so magnificent." Concerning this experience Whitman said to Horace Traubel, at a much later period: "You can imagine what such a thing as her 'Estimate' meant to me at that time. Almost everybody was against me--the papers, the preachers, the literary gentlemen--nearly everybody with only here and there a dissenting voice--when it looked on the surface as if my enterprise was bound to fail ... then this wonderful woman. Such things stagger a man ... I had got so used to being ignored or denounced that the appearance of a friend was always accompanied with a sort of shock.... There are shocks that knock you up, shocks that knock you down. Mrs. Gilchrist never wavered from her first decision. I have that sort of feeling about her which cannot easily be spoken of--...: love (strong personal love, too), reverence, respect--you see, it won't go into words: all the words are weak and formal." Speaking again of her first criticism of his work, he said: "I remember well how one of my noblest, best friends--one of my wisest, cutest, profoundest, most candid critics--how Mrs. Gilchrist, even to the last, insisted that "Leaves of Grass" was not the mouthpiece of parlours, refinements--no--but the language of strength, power, passion, intensity, absorption, sincerity...." He claimed a closer relationship to her than he allowed to Rossetti: "Rossetti mentions Mrs. Gilchrist. Well, he had a right to--almost as much right as I had: a sort of brother's right: she was his friend, she was more than my friend. I feel like Hamlet when he said forty thousand brothers could not feel what he felt for Ophelia. After all ... we were a family--a happy family: the few of us who got together, going with love the same way--we were a happy family. The crowd was on the other side but we were on our side--we: a few of us, just a few: and despite our paucity of numbers we made ourselves tell for the good cause." From these expressions it is quite clear that Whitman's attitude toward Mrs. Gilchrist was at first that of the unpopular prophet who finds a worthy and welcome disciple in an unexpected place. And that he should have so felt was but natural, for she had been drawn to him, as she confided to him in one of her letters, by what he had written rather than and not by her knowledge of the man. There can be no doubt, however, that on Mrs. Gilchrist's part something more than the friendship of her new-found liberator was desired. When she read the "Leaves of Grass" she was forty-one years of age, in the full vigour of womanhood. To her the reading meant a new birth, causing her to pour out her soul to the prophet and poet across the seas with a freedom and abandon that were phenomenal. This was in the first letter printed in this volume, under date of September 3, 1871, and about the time that Whitman had sent to his new supporter a copy of his poems. Perhaps the strongest reason why Whitman did not reply to passion with passion lies in the fact that his heart was, so far as attachments of that sort were concerned, already bestowed elsewhere. I am indebted to Professor Holloway for the information that Whitman was, in 1864, the unfortunate lover of a certain lady whose previous marriage to another, while it did not dim their mutual devotion, did serve to keep them apart. To her Whitman wrote that heart-wrung lyric of separation, "Out of the rolling ocean, the crowd." This suggests that there was probably a double tragedy, so ironical is the fate of the affections, Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman both passionately yearning for personal love yet unable to quench the one desire in the other. But if there could not be between them the love which leads to marriage, there could be a noble and tender and life-long friendship. Over this Whitman's loss of his magnificent health, to be followed by an invalidism of twenty years, had no power. In 1873 Whitman was stricken with paralysis, which rendered him so helpless that he had to give up his work and finally his position, and to go to live for the rest of his life in Camden, New Jersey. Mrs. Gilchrist's affection for him did not waver when this trial was made of it. Indeed, his illness had the effect, as these letters show, of quickening the desire which she had had for several years (since 1869) of coming to live in America, that she might be near him to lighten his burdens, and, if she could not hope to cherish him as a wife, that she might at least care for him as a mother. Whitman, it will be noted, strongly advised against this plan. Just why he wished to keep her away from America is unclear, possibly because he dared not put so idealistic a friendship and discipleship to the test of personal acquaintance with a prematurely broken old man. Nevertheless, on August 30, 1876, Mrs. Gilchrist set sail, with three of her children, for Philadelphia. They arrived in September. From that date until the spring of 1878 the Gilchrists kept house at 1929 North Twenty-second street, Philadelphia, where Whitman was a frequent and regular visitor. It is interesting to note that Mrs. Gilchrist's appreciation of Whitman did not lessen after she had met and known him in the intimacy of that tea-table circle which at her house discussed the same great variety of topics--literature, religion, science, politics--that had enlivened the O'Connor breakfast table in Washington. She shall describe it and him herself. In a letter to Rossetti, under date of December 22, 1876, she writes: "But I need not tell you that our greatest pleasure is the society of Mr. Whitman, who fully realizes the ideal I had formed from his poems, and brings such an atmosphere of cordiality and geniality with him as is indescribable. He is really making slow but, I trust, steady progress toward recovery, having been much cheered (and no doubt that acted favourably upon his health) by the sympathy manifested toward him in England and the pleasure of finding so many buyers of his poems there. It must be a deep satisfaction to you to have been the channel through which this help and comfort flowed...." And a year later she writes to the same correspondent: "We are having delightful evenings this winter; how often do I wish you could make one in the circle around our tea table where sits on my right hand every evening but Sunday Walt Whitman. He has made great progress in health and recovered powers of getting about during the year we have been here: nevertheless the lameness--the dragging instead of lifting the left leg continues; and this together with his white hair and beard give him a look of age curiously contradicted by his face, which has not only the ruddy freshness but the full, rounded contours of youth, nowhere drawn or wrinkled or sunk; it is a face as indicative of serenity and goodness and of mental and bodily health as the brow is of intellectual power. But I notice he occasionally speaks of himself as having a 'wounded brain,' and of being still quite altered from his former self." Whitman, on his part, thoroughly enjoyed the afternoon sunshine of such friendly hospitality, for he considered Mrs. Gilchrist even more gifted as a conversationalist than as a writer. For hints of the sort of talk that flowed with Mrs. Gilchrist's tea I must refer the reader to her son's realistic biography. After two years of residence in Philadelphia, the Gilchrists went to dwell in Boston and later in New York City, and met the leaders in the two literary capitals. From these addresses the letters begin again, after the natural interruption of two years. It is at this time that the first letters from Herbert and Beatrice Gilchrist were written. These are given in this volume to complete the chain and to show how completely they were in sympathy with their mother in their love and appreciation of Whitman. From New York they all sailed for their old home in England on June 7, 1879. Whitman came the day before to wish them good voyage. The chief reason for the return to England seems to have been the desire to send Beatrice to Berne to complete her medical education. After the return to England, or rather while they are still en route at Glasgow, the letters begin again. Several years of literary work yet remained to Mrs. Gilchrist. The chief writings of these years were a new edition of the Blake, a life of Mary Lamb for the Eminent Women Series, an article on Blake for the Dictionary of National Biography, several essays including "Three Glimpses of a New England Village," and the "Confession of Faith." She was beginning a careful study of the life and writings of Carlyle, with the intention of writing a life of her old friend to reply to the aspersions of Freude. This last work was, however, never completed, for early in 1882 some malady which rendered her breathing difficult had already begun to cast the shadow of death upon her. But her faith, long schooled in the optimism of "Leaves of Grass," looked upon the steadily approaching end with calmness. On November 29, 1885, she died. When Whitman was informed of her death by Herbert Gilchrist, he could find words for only the following brief reply: _15th December 1885. Camden, United States, America._ DEAR HERBERT: I have received your letter. Nothing now remains but a sweet and rich memory--none more beautiful all time, all life all the earth--I cannot write anything of a letter to-day. I must sit alone and think. WALT WHITMAN. Later, in conversations with Horace Traubel which the latter has preserved in his minute biography of Whitman, he was able to express his regard for Mrs. Gilchrist more fully--"a supreme character of whom the world knows too little for its own good ... If her sayings had been recorded--I do not say she would pale, but I do say she would equal the best of the women of our century--add something as great as any to the testimony on the side of her sex." And at another time: "Oh! she was strangely different from the average; entirely herself; as simple as nature; true, honest; beautiful as a tree is tall, leafy, rich, full, free--_is_ a tree. Yet, free as she was by nature, bound by no conventionalisms, she was the most courageous of women; more than queenly; of high aspect in the best sense. She was not cold; she had her passions; I have known her to warm up--to resent something that was said; some impeachment of good things--great things; of a person sometimes; she had the largest charity, the sweetest fondest optimism.... She was a radical of radicals; enjoyed all sorts of high enthusiasms: was exquisitely sensitized; belonged to the times yet to come; her vision went on and on." This searching interpretation of her character wants only her artist son's description of her personal appearance to make the final picture complete: "A little above the average height, she walked with an even, light step. Brown hair concealed a full and finely chiselled brow, and her hazel eyes bent upon you a bright and penetrating gaze. Whilst conversing her face became radiant as with an experience of golden years; humour was present in her conversation--flecks of sunshine, such as sometimes play about the minds of deeply religious natures. Her animated manner seldom flagged, and charmed the taciturn to talking in his or her best humour." Once, when speaking to Walt Whitman of the beauty of the human speaking voice, he replied: "The voice indicates the soul. Hers, with its varied modulations and blended tones, was the tenderest, most musical voice ever to bless our ears." Her death was a long-lasting shock to Whitman. "She was a wonderful woman--a sort of human miracle to me.... Her taking off ... was a great shock to me: I have never quite got over it: she was near to me: she was subtle: her grasp on my work was tremendous--so sure, so all around, so adequate." If this sounds a trifle self-centred in its criticism, not so was the poem which, in memory of her, he wrote as a fitting epitaph from the poet she had loved. "GOING SOMEWHERE" My science-friend, my noblest woman-friend (Now buried in an English grave--and this a memory-leaf for her dear sake), Ended our talk--"The sum, concluding all we know of old or modern learning, intuitions deep, Of all Geologies--Histories--of all Astronomy--of Evolution, Metaphysics all, Is, that we all are onward, onward, speeding slowly, surely bettering, Life, life an endless march, an endless army (no halt, but, it is duly over), The world, the race, the soul--in space and time the universes, All bound as is befitting each--all surely going somewhere." THE LETTERS OF ANNE GILCHRIST AND WALT WHITMAN A WOMAN'S ESTIMATE OF WALT WHITMAN[1] [FROM LETTERS BY ANNE GILCHRIST TO W. M. ROSSETTI.] _June 23, 1869._--I am very sure you are right in your estimate of Walt Whitman. There is nothing in him that I shall ever let go my hold of. For me the reading of his poems is truly a new birth of the soul. I shall quite fearlessly accept your kind offer of the loan of a complete edition, certain that great and divinely beautiful nature has not, could not infuse any poison into the wine he has poured out for us. And as for what you specially allude to, who so well able to bear it--I will say, to judge wisely of it--as one who, having been a happy wife and mother, has learned to accept all things with tenderness, to feel a sacredness in all? Perhaps Walt Whitman has forgotten--or, through some theory in his head, has overridden--the truth that our instincts are beautiful facts of nature, as well as our bodies; and that we have a strong instinct of silence about some things. _July 11._--I think it was very manly and kind of you to put the whole of Walt Whitman's poems into my hands; and that I have no other friend who would have judged them and me so wisely and generously. I had not dreamed that words could cease to be words, and become electric streams like these. I do assure you that, strong as I am, I feel sometimes as if I had not bodily strength to read many of these poems. In the series headed "Calamus," for instance, in some of the "Songs of Parting," the "Voice out of the Sea," the poem beginning "Tears, Tears," &c., there is such a weight of emotion, such a tension of the heart, that mine refuses to beat under it,--stands quite still,--and I am obliged to lay the book down for a while. Or again, in the piece called "Walt Whitman," and one or two others of that type, I am as one hurried through stormy seas, over high mountains, dazed with sunlight, stunned with a crowd and tumult of faces and voices, till I am breathless, bewildered, half dead. Then come parts and whole poems in which there is such calm wisdom and strength of thought, such a cheerful breadth of sunshine, that the soul bathes in them renewed and strengthened. Living impulses flow out of these that make me exult in life, yet look longingly towards "the superb vistas of Death." Those who admire this poem, and don't care for that, and talk of formlessness, absence of metre, &c., are quite as far from any genuine recognition of Walt Whitman as his bitter detractors. Not, of course, that all the pieces are equal in power and beauty, but that all are vital; they grew--they were not made. We criticise a palace or a cathedral; but what is the good of criticising a forest? Are not the hitherto-accepted masterpieces of literature akin rather to noble architecture; built up of material rendered precious by elaboration; planned with subtile art that makes beauty go hand in hand with rule and measure, and knows where the last stone will come, before the first is laid; the result stately, fixed, yet such as might, in every particular, have been different from what it is (therefore inviting criticism), contrasting proudly with the careless freedom of nature, opposing its own rigid adherence to symmetry to her willful dallying with it? But not such is this book. Seeds brought by the winds from north, south, east, and west, lying long in the earth, not resting on it like the stately building, but hid in and assimilating it, shooting upwards to be nourished by the air and the sunshine and the rain which beat idly against that,--each bough and twig and leaf growing in strength and beauty its own way, a law to itself, yet, with all this freedom of spontaneous growth, the result inevitable, unalterable (therefore setting criticism at naught), above all things, vital,--that is, a source of ever-generating vitality: such are these poems. "Roots and leaves themselves alone are these, Scents brought to men and women from the wild woods and from the pondside, Breast sorrel and pinks of love, fingers that wind around tighter than vines, Gushes from the throats of birds hid in the foliage of trees as the sun is risen, Breezes of land and love, breezes set from living shores out to you on the living sea,--to you, O sailors! Frost-mellowed berries and Third-month twigs, offered fresh to young persons wandering out in the fields when the winter breaks up, Love-buds put before you and within you, whoever you are, Buds to be unfolded on the old terms. If you bring the warmth of the sun to them, they will open, and bring form, colour, perfume, to you: If you become the aliment and the wet, they will become flowers, fruits, tall branches and trees." And the music takes good care of itself, too. As if it _could_ be otherwise! As if those "large, melodious thoughts," those emotions, now so stormy and wild, now of unfathomed tenderness and gentleness, could fail to vibrate through the words in strong, sweeping, long-sustained chords, with lovely melodies winding in and out fitfully amongst them! Listen, for instance, to the penetrating sweetness, set in the midst of rugged grandeur, of the passage beginning,-- "I am he that walks with the tender and growing night; I call to the earth and sea half held by the night." I see that no counting of syllables will reveal the mechanism of the music; and that this rushing spontaneity could not stay to bind itself with the fetters of metre. But I know that the music is there, and that I would not for something change ears with those who cannot hear it. And I know that poetry must do one of two things,--either own this man as equal with her highest completest manifestors, or stand aside, and admit that there is something come into the world nobler, diviner than herself, one that is free of the universe, and can tell its secrets as none before. I do not think or believe this; but see it with the same unmistakable definiteness of perception and full consciousness that I see the sun at this moment in the noonday sky, and feel his rays glowing down upon me as I write in the open air. What more can you ask of the works of a man's mouth than that they should "absorb into you as food and air, to appear again in your strength, gait, face,"--that they should be "fibre and filter to your blood," joy and gladness to your whole nature? I am persuaded that one great source of this kindling, vitalizing power--I suppose _the_ great source--is the grasp laid upon the present, the fearless and comprehensive dealing with reality. Hitherto the leaders of thought have (except in science) been men with their faces resolutely turned backwards; men who have made of the past a tyrant that beggars and scorns the present, hardly seeing any greatness but what is shrouded away in the twilight, underground past; naming the present only for disparaging comparisons, humiliating distrust that tends to create the very barrenness it complains of; bidding me warm myself at fires that went out to mortal eyes centuries ago; insisting, in religion above all, that I must either "look through dead men's eyes," or shut my own in helpless darkness. Poets fancying themselves so happy over the chill and faded beauty of the past, but not making me happy at all,--rebellious always at being dragged down out of the free air and sunshine of to-day. But this poet, this "athlete, full of rich words, full of joy," takes you by the hand, and turns you with your face straight forwards. The present is great enough for him, because he is great enough for it. It flows through him as a "vast oceanic tide," lifting up a mighty voice. Earth, "the eloquent, dumb, great mother," is not old, has lost none of her fresh charms, none of her divine meanings; still bears great sons and daughters, if only they would possess themselves and accept their birthright,--a richer, not a poorer, heritage than was ever provided before,--richer by all the toil and suffering of the generations that have preceded, and by the further unfolding of the eternal purposes. Here is one come at last who can show them how; whose songs are the breath of a glad, strong, beautiful life, nourished sufficingly, kindled to unsurpassed intensity and greatness by the gifts of the present. "Each moment and whatever happens thrills me with joy." "O the joy of my soul leaning poised on itself,--receiving identity through materials, and loving them,--observing characters, and absorbing them! O my soul vibrated back to me from them! "O the gleesome saunter over fields and hillsides! The leaves and flowers of the commonest weeds, the moist, fresh stillness of the woods, The exquisite smell of the earth at daybreak, and all through the forenoon. "O to realize space! The plenteousness of all--that there are no bounds; To emerge, and be of the sky--of the sun and moon and the flying clouds, as one with them. "O the joy of suffering,-- To struggle against great odds, to meet enemies undaunted, To be entirely alone with them--to find how much one can stand!" I used to think it was great to disregard happiness, to press on to a high goal, careless, disdainful of it. But now I see that there is nothing so great as to be capable of happiness; to pluck it out of "each moment and whatever happens"; to find that one can ride as gay and buoyant on the angry, menacing, tumultuous waves of life as on those that glide and glitter under a clear sky; that it is not defeat and wretchedness which come out of the storm of adversity, but strength and calmness. See, again, in the pieces gathered together under the title "Calamus," and elsewhere, what it means for a man to love his fellow-man. Did you dream it before? These "evangel-poems of comrades and of love" speak, with the abiding, penetrating power of prophecy, of a "new and superb friendship"; speak not as beautiful dreams, unrealizable aspirations to be laid aside in sober moods, because they breathe out what now glows within the poet's own breast, and flows out in action toward the men around him. Had ever any land before her poet, not only to concentrate within himself her life, and, when she kindled with anger against her children who were treacherous to the cause her life is bound up with, to announce and justify her terrible purpose in words of unsurpassable grandeur (as in the poem beginning, "Rise, O days, from your fathomless deeps"), but also to go and with his own hands dress the wounds, with his powerful presence soothe and sustain and nourish her suffering soldiers,--hundreds of them, thousands, tens of thousands,--by day and by night, for weeks, months, years? "I sit by the restless
{'title': 'The Letters of Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman by Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman', 'source': 'Project Gutenberg', 'lang': 'en'}