                        UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                     )
JOSE ORELLANA, et al.,               )
                                     )
            Plaintiffs,             )
                                    )
      v.                            )    Civil Action No. 16-2181 (RBW)
                                     )
NBSB INC. d/b/a GEORGE’S KING OF )
FALAFEL AND CHEESESTEAK, et al., )
                                     )
            Defendants.             )
____________________________________)

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The five plaintiffs—Jose Orellana (“Jose”), Santos Orellana (“Santos”), Adali Valeriano

Vasquez (“Valeriano”), Herlan Edgardo Cornejo Bajurto (“Cornejo”), and Moises Del Rosario

(“Del Rosario”)—bring this civil action against three defendants—NBSB Inc. d/b/a George’s

King of Falafel and Cheesesteak (“George’s King”), Souheil Ben Mansour (“Souheil”), and

Sofiene Ben Mansour (“Sofiene”)—asserting violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,

as amended, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201–19 (2012) (the “FLSA”), and the District of Columbia Minimum

Wage Act, D.C. Code §§ 32-1001 to -1015 (2012) (the “DCMWA”). See generally Second

Amended Complaint (“2d Am. Compl.”). Currently before the Court is the Plaintiffs’ Motion

for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pls.’ Mot.”). Upon careful consideration of the parties’

submissions,1 the Court concludes that it must grant in part and deny in part the plaintiffs’

motion.


1
 In addition to the filings previously identified, the Court considered the following submissions in rendering its
decision: (1) the Plaintiffs’ Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pls.’
Mem.”); (2) the Plaintiffs’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts as to Which No Genuine Issue Exists in Support
of Their Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pls.’ Facts”); (3) the Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion
for Partial Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Opp’n”); (4) the Defendants’ Counter-Statement of Material Facts as to
Which There is a Genuine Dispute (“Defs.’ Facts”); (5) the Plaintiffs’ Reply to Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pls.’ Reply”); and (6) the Defendants’ Sur-Reply (“Defs.’ Sur-Reply”).
                                             I.       BACKGROUND

         The following facts are not in dispute. 2 Defendant George’s King “is a corporation

formed under the laws of” and “operating as a restaurant in” the District of Columbia. Pls.’

Facts ¶ 1; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 1. Defendants Souheil and Sofiene are brothers and co-owners of

George’s King, with each having a twenty-five percent ownership interest in the business. 3 Pls.’

Facts ¶ 2; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 2.

         The plaintiffs are former George’s King employees: (1) “Jose [ ] worked for [George’s

King] from at least May 4, 2016, until at least September 2, 2016,” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 3; Defs.’ Facts

¶ 3; (2) “Santos [ ] worked for [George’s King] from at least April 30, 2016, until at least

December 9, 2016,” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 7; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 7; (3) “Valeriano . . . worked for [George’s

King] from at least May 30, 2016, until at least January 21, 2017,” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 11; Defs.’ Facts

¶ 11; (4) “Cornejo . . . worked for [George’s King] from at least August 4, 2016, until at least

February 25, 2017,” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 15; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 15; and (5) “Del[] Rosario [ ] worked for

[George’s King] from at least May 3, 2016, until at least January 5, 2017,” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 19;

Defs.’ Facts ¶ 19. “During their employment at George’s King, [the p]laintiffs spent more than




2
  The defendants ask the Court to “summarily deny” the plaintiffs’ motion because the Plaintiffs’ Statement of
Undisputed Material Facts as to Which No Genuine Issue Exists in Support of Their Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment does not comply with the Court’s General Order. Defs.’ Opp’n at 4. Specifically, the defendants contend
that this submission “contains multiple facts in each paragraph along with improper references (essentially requests
for admissions) to [the d]efendants’ deposition testimony and interrogatory responses and [the p]laintiffs’
commentary in footnotes.” Id. at 5. Upon review of the plaintiff’s submission, the Court agrees that in some
instances, the document does not comply with the Court’s instruction to include “only one factual assertion in each
numbered paragraph,” Gen. Order for Civ. Cases Before the Hon. Reggie B. Walton (“Gen. Order”) ¶ 12(a) (Jan. 3,
2017), ECF No. 6; see, e.g., Pls.’ Facts ¶ 2, and in many cases contains facts that are clearly disputed, see, e.g., Pls.’
Facts ¶ 3 n.1. However, given “the clear preference of the Federal Rules to resolve disputes on their merits,” Cohen
v. Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of D.C., 819 F.3d 476, 482 (D.C. Cir. 2016), as well as the fact that the defendants’ filings
also do not comply with certain provisions of the General Order, see Gen. Order ¶ 10(d) (setting forth requirements
regarding font); see generally Defs.’ Opp’n; Defs.’ Sur-Reply (not following those requirements), the Court will not
deny the plaintiffs’ motion due to their failure to fully comply with the General Order.
3
  The remaining fifty percent of George’s King is owned by the brothers’ father, “Hichem Ben Mansour, who is not
involved in the management of the restaurant.” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 2; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 2.


                                                            2
[fifty percent] of their time working in the District of Columbia.” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 32; Defs.’ Facts

¶ 32.

        Regarding George’s King’s overtime and minimum wage obligations, “George’s King’s

employee handbook states: ‘In accordance with Federal Minimum Wage Law, employees are

paid overtime when they work more than [forty] hours in one week. Hourly employees are paid

at one and one-half times their basic straight time rate for all overtime hours works.’” Pls.’ Facts

¶ 33; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 33. Souheil “did not consult an attorney about the legality of choosing not to

pay [George’s King’s] employees overtime.” Pls.’ Facts ¶ 34; Defs.’ Facts ¶ 34.

        In their Second Amended Complaint, the plaintiffs assert five causes of action against all

three defendants: (1) failure to pay overtime wages in violation of the FLSA, 2d Am. Compl.

¶¶ 31–37; (2) failure to pay overtime wages in violation of the DCMWA, id. ¶¶ 38–43; (3)

failure to pay minimum wages in violation of the DCMWA, id. ¶¶ 44–49; (4) retaliation in

violation of the FLSA, id. ¶¶ 50–58; and (5) retaliation in violation of the DCMWA, see id.

¶¶ 59–67. After the parties completed discovery, the plaintiffs filed their motion for partial

summary judgment on March 2, 2018, seeking judgments regarding their overtime and minimum

wage claims. See Pls.’ Mot. at 1–2. Specifically, the plaintiffs seek judgment as a matter of law

on the following issues:

        1. [Whether] the [d]efendants violated the FLSA and the DCMWA by failing to
           pay [the p]laintiffs at the rate of one-and-one-half times [ ] their regular rates of
           pay for hours they worked each week in excess of forty [ ];

        2. [Whether] the [d]efendants violated the DCMWA by failing to pay [the
           p]laintiffs at the legally required minimum wage;

        3. [Whether] Souheil . . . and Sofiene [ ] were [the p]laintiffs’ employers under
           the FLSA and the DCMWA, and are jointly and severally liable to [the
           p]laintiffs; and




                                                   3
       4. [Whether the p]laintiffs are entitled to liquidated damages in an amount equal
          to three times [ ] their unpaid overtime wages.

Id. Defendants Souheil and George’s King concede liability for failing to pay overtime and the

minimum wages for some of the hours that some of the plaintiffs worked. See Defs.’ Opp’n at

13–16. Otherwise, the defendants oppose the plaintiffs’ motion. See Defs.’ Sur-Reply at 1–2

(clarifying that the liability is conceded only for these two defendants).

                               II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Courts will grant a motion for summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under

governing law,” and a “dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine’ . . . if the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the Court must

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draw all reasonable

inferences in his or her favor. Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citing

Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000)). “Credibility determinations

[and] weighing of the evidence” are not proper functions for the Court on summary judgment.

Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. Thus, “the evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all

justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [his or her] favor.” Id.

       However, the non-movant may not rely upon “mere allegations or denials,” Burke v.

Gould, 286 F.3d 513, 517 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (citing Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248), and “must do

more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,”

Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Rather, the non-

movant “must set forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial,” Liberty Lobby,



                                                  4
477 U.S. at 248, and “there is [genuine] issue for trial unless there is sufficient evidence favoring

the [non-movant] party for a jury to return a verdict for [the non-movant],” id. at 249. If the

Court concludes that “the nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an

essential element of [his or her] case with respect to which [he or she] has the burden of proof,”

the moving party is entitled to summary judgment. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323

(1986).

                                              III.     ANALYSIS

A.        Conceded Liability and Damages

          As stated above, defendants Souheil and George’s King concede liability for failing to

pay overtime and the minimum wages for some of the hours that some of the plaintiffs worked.

See Defs.’ Opp’n at 13–16; see also Defs.’ Sur-Reply at 1–2. 4 The Court will summarize the

conceded liability for each failure in turn.

          1.      Overtime Liability

          Section 207 of the FLSA requires employers to pay hourly employees overtime wages “at

a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate[s] at which [they are] employed” for

all hours worked in excess of forty in a given workweek. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1); see also

Integrity Staffing Sols., Inc. v. Busk, __ U.S. __, __, 135 S. Ct. 513, 516 (2014) (“Enacted in

1938, the FLSA established minimum wage and overtime compensation for each hour worked in

excess of [forty] hours in each workweek. An employer who violated these provisions could be

held civilly liable for backpay, liquidated damages, and attorney’s fees.” (citations omitted)).

Similarly, under the DCMWA, an “employee [must] receive[] compensation . . . at a rate not less



4
  Accordingly, defendants Souheil and George’s King concede that both were the plaintiffs’ employers under both
statutes. See Defs.’ Sur-Reply at 2 (clarifying that only defendants George’s King and Souheil concede liability as
the plaintiffs’ employers).


                                                         5
than [one and one-half times] the regular rate at which the employee is employed” for hours

worked “in excess of [forty] hours” in a workweek. D.C. Code § 32-1003(c). In accordance

with the conclusion of its colleagues, this Court construes the overtime provisions in the FLSA

and the DCMWA consistently, and shall consider the FLSA and DCMWA overtime claims

together. See Rodriguez v. Adams Rest. Grp., 308 F. Supp. 3d 359, 363 (D.D.C. 2018) (“The

legal standards for the overtime provisions of the Federal Labor Standards Act and the D.C.

Minimum Wage Act are essentially identical, so the Court will analyze the claims together.”);

Hernandez v. Stringer, 210 F. Supp. 3d 54, 59 n.2 (D.D.C. 2016) (same); Gainor v. Optical Soc’y

of Am., Inc., 206 F. Supp. 3d 290, 297 (D.D.C. 2016) (same).

         Defendants Souheil and George’s King concede liability for failing to pay overtime

wages for some of the hours worked by four of the five plaintiffs. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 13 (citing

Pls.’ Mot., Exhibit (“Ex.”) 13 (George’s King Employee Charts) at 1–6). 5 Specifically,

defendants Souheil and George’s King concede the following unpaid overtime wages for each of

the four employees:

    Employee      A.               B.              C. Amount       D.               E.               F.
                  Number of        Hourly          paid for        Overtime         Overtime         Overtime
                  overtime         wage            overtime        wage (1.5x       wage that        liability
                  hours                            hours           B)               should           (E–C)
                  worked                           (AxB)                            have been
                                                                                    paid (AxD)
    Cornejo       98               $11.00          $1,078.00       $16.50           $1,617.00        $539.00
    Jose          2                $11.00          $22.00          $16.50           $33.00           $11.00
    Santos        90               $11.00          $990.00         $16.50           $1,485.00        $495.00
    Santos        168              $11.50          $1,932.00       $17.25           $2,898.00        $966.00
    Valeriano     69.5             $11.00          $764.50.00      $16.50           $1,146.75        $382.25
    Valeriano     328.5            $11.50          $3,777.75       $17.25           $5,666.63        $1,888.88




5
 Defendants Souheil and George’s King do not concede any overtime liability for plaintiff Del Rosario. See Defs.’
Opp’n at 13 (arguing that Del Rosario “did not work overtime” (citing Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 13 (George’s King Employee
Charts) at 4–5)).


                                                        6
See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 13 (George’s King Employee Charts) at 1–6. Accordingly, given defendants

George’s King’s and Souheil’s explicit concessions, the Court concludes that George’s King and

Souheil are jointly and severally liable to (1) plaintiff Cornejo in the amount of $539 in overtime

wages; (2) plaintiff Jose in the amount of $11.00 in overtime wages; (3) plaintiff Santos in the

amount of $1,461.00 in overtime wages; and (4) plaintiff Valeriano in the amount of $2,271.13

in overtime wages. See id.; cf. Arencibia v. 2401 Rest. Corp., 831 F. Supp. 2d 164, 167 (D.D.C.

2011) (entering summary judgment for the defendants on certain claims that the plaintiffs

conceded).

         2.       Minimum Wage Liability

         Section 32-1003 of the DCMWA sets forth the legally required minimum wage to be paid

to hourly employees working in the District of Columbia. See D.C. Code § 32-1003. From July

1, 2015, through June 30, 2016, the minimum wage was $10.50 per hour, id. § 32-1003(a)(4),

and from July 1, 2016, through June 30, 2017, the minimum wage was $11.50 per hour, id. § 32-

1003(a)(5)(A)(i).

         Defendants Souheil and George’s King concede liability for failing to pay minimum

wages for some of the hours worked by three of the five plaintiffs. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 14–16. 6

Specifically, defendants Souheil and George’s King concede the following minimum wage

violations:




6
  Defendants Souheil and George’s King do not concede any minimum wage liability for plaintiffs Santos or
Valeriano. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 15 (arguing that these plaintiffs were paid “the minimum hourly rate in effect at the
time”).


                                                         7
    Employee A.                B.          C.          D.               E.            F.              G.
             Date              Hourly      Number      Wages            District      Wages           Minimum
             Range             Wage        of          Earned           Minimum       Due             Wage
                               Paid        Hours       (BxC)            Wage          (CxE)           Liability
                                           Worked                                                     (F–D)
    Jose         July 2016 $11.00          275         $3,025.00        $11.50        $3,162.50       $137.50
                 –
                 September
                 2016
    Cornejo      August    $11.00          1,170       $12,870.00 $11.50              $13,455.00 $585.00
                 2016 –
                 March 7
                 2017
    Del          July 2016 $11.00          247         $2,717.00        $11.50        $2,840.50       $123.50
    Rosario      –
                 September
                 2016

Defs.’ Opp’n at 14–15 (citing Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 13 (George’s King Employee Charts) at 1–6).

Accordingly, given defendants George’s King’s and Souheil’s explicit concessions, the Court

concludes that George’s King and Souheil are jointly and severally liable to (1) plaintiff Jose in

the amount of $137.50 in minimum wages; (2) plaintiff Cornejo in the amount of $585.00 in

minimum wages; and (3) plaintiff Del Rosario in the amount of $123.50 in minimum wages. See

id.; see also Arencibia, 831 F. Supp. 2d at 167 (entering summary judgment on conceded

claims).

B.         Contested Liability and Damages

           All five of the plaintiffs argue that the defendants have greater liability than what has

been conceded with respect to both overtime payments, see 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 16 (contending that

all five “[p]laintiffs worked more than [forty] hours per week virtually every week” of their

employment); id. ¶¶ 11–15 (contending that all five plaintiffs were paid a straight wage “even for


7
  Although the defendants state in their opposition that the time period conceded for Cornejo is August 2016 through
February 2017, see Defs.’ Opp’n at 14, their own employee records on which their concessions are based state that
they paid Cornejo $11.00 per hour through March 2017, see Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 13 (George’s King Employee Charts) at
1). Accordingly, the Court concludes that the correct period is August 2016 through March 2017.


                                                         8
the hours [ ] worked over forty”); Pls.’ Reply at 4 (“[The d]efendants also failed to pay [p]laintiff

[ ] Del[] Rosario for the overtime hours he worked.”), and minimum wage pay, see 2d Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 11–15 (contending that all five plaintiffs were paid “between $9.00 and $11.00 per

hour” throughout their employment); Pls.’ Reply at 5 (“[The d]efendants also failed to pay the

minimum wage to [p]laintiffs Santos [ ] and [ ] Valeriano [ ].”). For the following reasons, the

Court concludes that the balance of defendants George’s King’s and Souheil’s overtime and

minimum wage liability is disputed and remains an issue for trial.

       The parties rely on conflicting evidence to support their respective positions regarding the

plaintiffs’ alleged overtime hours and minimum wages that have not been conceded. See Defs.’

Facts ¶¶ 5–6, 9–10, 13–14, 17–18, 21–22, 25 (disputing the plaintiffs’ facts with regard to

overtime hours and minimum wages and pointing to other evidence in the record to support the

contrary position). For example, regarding Del Rosario’s purported overtime hours, the

plaintiffs point to Souheil’s deposition testimony, see Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 2 (Deposition of Souheil

Ben Mansour (“Souheil Dep.”) at 52:8–12 (“Q: . . . There were a few times in which Mr. Del

Rosario worked more than [forty] hours per week for George’s [King], correct? A: Correct.”),

Del Rosario’s affidavit, see id., Ex. 6 (Affidavit of Moises Del[] Rosario (“Del Rosario Aff.”))

¶¶ 4–5 (“I worked over [forty] hours per week in virtually every week I worked for [the

d]efendants at George’s King. [ ] Throughout my employment with [the d]efendants, I regularly

worked between twenty-five [ ] and thirty-two [ ] hours of overtime per week.”), and George’s

King’s timeclock records, see id., Ex. 12 (Moises Del[]Rosario Payroll Records (“Del Rosario

Payroll Records”)) at 1–2 (showing that Del Rosario worked overtime hours on May 29, 2016;

April 29, 2017; and May 6, 2017), as evidence that Del Rosario worked overtime hours, see Pls.’

Mem. at 5; Pls.’ Reply at 4–5; Pls.’ Facts ¶¶ 24–25. The defendants contend in response that




                                                 9
George’s King’s responses to the plaintiffs’ interrogatories, see Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 3 (Defendant

NBSB Inc. d/b/a George’s King of Falafel and Cheesesteak’s Response to Plaintiff[s’]

Interrogatories (“George’s King’s Interrog. Resp.”) ¶ 8 (“[Del] Rosario never worked more than

[forty] hours per week.”), and internal employee spreadsheets, see id., Ex. 13 (George’s King

Employee Charts) at 4–5 (showing no workweeks in which Del Rosario worked more than forty

hours), demonstrate that “[a] dispute of material fact exists as to whether Del Rosario worked

overtime, [and if he did, how often,] which precludes summary judgment as to his claim for

liability,” Defs.’ Opp’ehuff@example.org. In reply, the plaintiffs argue that the defendants have failed to

keep appropriate payroll hours, and therefore, the plaintiffs have satisfied their evidentiary

burden regarding the hours they worked. See Pls.’ Reply at 5–7.

       “[T]he Supreme Court [has] established the framework for allocating burdens of proof in

cases brought under the FLSA for unpaid wages or overtime compensation.” Arias v. U.S. Serv.

Indus., Inc., 80 F.3d 509, 511 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328
U.S. 680 (1946)). Under this framework, the employee “has the burden of proving that he

performed work for which he was not properly compensated,” id. (quoting Mt. Clemens Pottery,
328 U.S. at 687), but “[w]here an employer’s records are incomplete or inaccurate, an employee

need only ‘alleg[e] that he performed work for which he was not properly compensated and then

produc[e] sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and

reasonable inference’ in order to make a prima facie case for overtime compensation,” Escamilla

v. Nuyen, 200 F. Supp. 3d 114, 122 (D.D.C. 2016) (Escamilla I) (second and third alterations in

original) (emphasis removed) (quoting Hunter v. Sprint Corp., 453 F. Supp. 2d 44, 52 (D.D.C.

2006)); see also Serrano v. Chicken-Out Inc., 209 F. Supp. 3d 179, 187 (D.D.C. 2016) (“The

[Mt. Clemens Pottery] standard also applies to claims under the DCMWA . . . .”).




                                                 10
       Other members of this Court have held that, where parties dispute the reliability of the

employers’ time records, employees are not entitled to a presumption that their calculations of

unpaid overtime hours are correct at the summary judgment stage. For example, in Morales v.

Landis Construction Corp., the plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment on his overtime

claims and pointed to different exhibits in the record to support his position that the defendants’

time records were incorrect, while the defendants “denie[d] that the time sheets [we]re

inadequate.” 715 F. Supp. 2d 86, 89 (D.D.C. 2010). Judge Friedman held:

       Taking all of [the defendants’] statements as accurate, as the Court must at this
       stage, there is no basis to determine as a matter of fact or law that [the] defendants’
       time sheets are inaccurate or unreliable. The Court therefore cannot afford [the]
       plaintiff’s calculation of overtime hours the presumption of accuracy that he
       seeks. . . . A genuine issue of material facts exists as to how many overtime hours
       [the] plaintiff worked for the relevant time period.

Id. at 90; see also Hernandez, 210 F. Supp. 3d at 61 (“[T]he Court cannot make credibility

determinations regarding the parties’ respective evidence on a motion for summary judgment,

and for that reason the issue of the number of hours of work [the] plaintiff actually performed

may ultimately be one for a jury.”); Escamilla I, 200 F. Supp. 3d at 123 (“Resolving disputes as

to the hours of work actually performed or as to the reasonableness of the [Mt. Clemens Pottery]

inference often ‘requires an assessment of credibility,’ which is beyond the scope of summary

judgment.” (quoting Hunter, 453 F. Supp. 2d at 53)); Radtke v. Caschetta, No. 06-2031

(EGS/DAR), 2011 WL 3681545, at *8 (D.D.C. Aug. 12, 2011) (concluding that, “[f]or the same

reasons [as in Morales], . . . there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding the number of

hours these [p]laintiffs worked during the relevant time period”). For the same reasons, this

Court also concludes that the accuracy of the defendants’ payroll records raises a genuine dispute

of material fact, and therefore, it must deny the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment

regarding its overtime and minimum wage claims that have not been conceded.



                                                 11
B.     Liquidated Damages

       The plaintiffs seek liquidated damages under the FLSA and the DCMWA on the grounds

that any failure to pay overtime wages “was not the product of objective ‘good faith.’” Pls.’

Mem. at 12; see also 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 37, 43, 49 (same). The Court agrees with the plaintiffs

that they are entitled to liquidated damages.

       The FLSA provides that “[a]ny employer who violates the [minimum wage or overtime

provisions of the FLSA] shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of

their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and an

additional equal amount as liquidated damages.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Similarly, the DCMWA

provides that “any employer who pays any employee less than the wage to which that employee

is entitled under [the DCMWA] shall be liable to that employee in the amount of the unpaid

wages, statutory penalties, and an additional amount as liquidated damages equal to treble the

amount of unpaid wages.” D.C. Code § 32-1012(b)(1); see also Herrera v. Mitch O’Hara LLC,

257 F. Supp. 3d 37, 43 (D.D.C. 2017) (“While liability under the FLSA substantially overlaps

with the provisions of the D.C. Minimum Wage Act, the liquidated damages provided by the

D.C. statute are greater than those provided by the FLSA.”). “Because ‘[District of Columbia]

law is more generous to employees . . . , the Court will first assess [whether liquidated] damages

[should be awarded] under [District of Columbia] law and [if so, it] will not award a duplicative

amount pursuant to federal law.’” Sanchez v. Devashish Hosp., LLC, 322 F.R.D. 32, 38 (D.D.C.

2017) (Walton, J.) (alterations in original) (quoting Ventura v. L.A. Howard Constr. Co., 134 F.

Supp. 3d 99, 104 (D.D.C. 2015)); see also Herrera, 257 F. Supp. 3d at 44 (same).

       “The presumption in favor of awarding liquidated damages is strong.” Ayala v. Tito

Contractors, Inc., 82 F. Supp. 3d 279, 285 (D.D.C. 2015). Under the FLSA and the DCMWA,




                                                12
“[i]f the employer can prove that it acted in good faith or reasonably believed that its failure to

pay compensation was not a violation of the statute, the court may, in its discretion, award no

liquidated damages at all or some amount less than the full amount authorized in the statute.”

Serrano, 209 F. Supp. ehuff@example.org. But “the ‘standard for liquidated damages under the FLSA and

the DCMWA is quite plaintiff-friendly,’” Escamilla v. Nuyen, 227 F. Supp. 3d 37, 54 (D.D.C.

2017) (Escamilla II) (quoting Guevara v. Ischia, Inc., 47 F. Supp. 3d 23, 29 (D.D.C. 2014)), and

“an employer’s defense against an award of liquidated damages requires ‘an affirmative showing

of a genuine attempt to ascertain what the law requires, not simply the absence of subjective bad

faith,’” id. (quoting Thompson v. Linda & A., Inc., 779 F. Supp. 2d 139, 153 (D.D.C. 2011)); see

also Thomas v. Howard Univ. Hosp., 39 F.3d 370, 373 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“In most instances an

employer will be able to satisfy [the FLSA’s] ‘reasonable grounds’ requirement only if it has

relied on a reasonable, albeit erroneous, interpretation of the [statute] or of the regulations issued

thereunder.”). The DCMWA also requires that an employer demonstrate that it “promptly paid

the full amount of wages claimed to be owed to the employee[]” to avoid the imposition of

liquidated damages. D.C. Code § 32-1012(b)(2)(C).

       Here, the Court concludes that the defendants have made no such showing of good faith

under either statute, not only because they failed to address liquidated damages at all in their

briefing, see generally Defs.’ Opp’n; Defs.’ Sur-Reply, but also because, as the plaintiffs note,

see Pls.’ Mem. at 14, Souheil admitted that he did not seek or rely on legal advice regarding

overtime liability, see Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 2 (Souheil’s Dep.) at 246:9–13 (“Q: [P]rior to this suit, did

you ever speak with an attorney or some other person about the legality of not paying your

employees overtime? A: No, I did not.”); see also Defs.’ Facts ¶ 34 (admitting that Souheil did

not consult an attorney). Therefore, the Court concludes that, because the defendants have




                                                  13
conceded at least some liability regarding their failure to pay overtime and minimum wages, see

supra at Part III.A, and have not shown that they had reasonable grounds to do so, nor that they

promptly repaid the wages owed, see D.C. Code § 32-1012(b)(2), the plaintiffs are entitled to

recover liquidated damages in an amount equal to three times their total unpaid overtime wages,

see id. § 32-1012(b)(1). However, the precise amount of liquidated damages will have to be

determined in a subsequent proceeding, after the total amount of overtime liability is resolved.

See Ayala, 82 F. Supp. 3d at 286 (holding that the plaintiffs were entitled to receive liquidated

damages as a matter of law, but deferring the precise amount for “determin[ation] in a

subsequent proceeding”); Danesh v. Rite Aid Corp., 39 F. Supp. 2d 7, 13 (D.D.C. 1999) (same).

C.     Sofiene’s Liability as an Employer

       Finally, the plaintiffs request that the Court find as a matter of law that defendant Sofiene

is the plaintiffs’ employer under both the FLSA and the DCWMA. See Pls.’ Mem. at 10; see

also Pls.’ Reply at 1–4. The defendants argue that Sofiene’s employer status constitutes a

genuine issue of material fact. See Defs.’ Opp’n at 6. The Court agrees with the defendants.

       “To be liable for violations of the FLSA [and the DCMWA], the defendant must be an

‘employer.’” Ventura v. Bebo Foods, Inc., 738 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing 29 U.S.C.

§§ 206–07 (2010)); see also Guevara, 47 F. Supp. 3d at 26 (“For the purposes of individual

liability, the word ‘employer’ in the FLSA and the DCMWA is generally interpreted the same

way.” (citing Williams v. Wash. Metro. Area Transp. Auth., 472 F.2d 1258, 1261 (D.C. Cir.

1972))). “[C]ourts look to the ‘economic reality’ rather than technical common law concepts of

agency to determine whether a defendant is an employer.” Bebo Foods, 738 F. Supp. 2d at 5

(citing Morrison v. Int’l Programs Consortium, Inc., 253 F.3d 5, 11 (D.C. Cir. 2001)).




                                                14
        Under the economic reality test, courts consider “whether the alleged employer (1) had

the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules

or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained

employment records.” Morrison, 253 F.3d at 11 (quoting Henthorn v. Dep’t of Navy, 29 F.3d
682, 684 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). An employee may have more than one employer for purposes of

FLSA and DCMWA liability, and a corporate officer may qualify as an employer along with the

corporation if the officer has operational control of the corporation’s enterprise. See Bebo

Foods, 738 F. Supp. 2d at 5. “To determine whether a corporate officer has operational control,

the Court looks at the factors [of the economic reality test] plus the ownership interest of the

corporate officer.” Id. at 5–6. No single factor is dispositive, and the Court must look at the

totality of the circumstances and consider any relevant evidence. Morrison, 253 ehuff@example.org.

       The plaintiffs argue that Sofiene is liable as an employer under the economic reality test

because Sofiene and Souheil co-own and “are jointly responsible for the day-to-day operations

and management of George’s King.” Pls.’ Mem. at 11. They rely on Souheil’s deposition

testimony, George’s King’s supplemental responses to their interrogatories, and the plaintiffs’

affidavits, which support their position that Sofiene “had the power[] to hire and fire employees,

to set and control [the p]laintiffs’ schedules, [to] determine employees’ rates of pay, and to

maintain employee records.” Id. at 11 (citing Pls.’ Facts ¶¶ 2, 26–30); see also Pls.’ Reply at 2–3

(pointing to George’s King’s supplemental responses to their interrogatories, which state that

Sofiene had “[l]imited power to set and control [the] [p]laintiffs’ work schedule[s],” and had

“limited responsibilities for day-to-day operation and management of the business” (quoting Pls.’

Mot., Ex. 1 (Defs.’ Suppl. Interrog. Resp.) ¶ 13)).




                                                 15
        The defendants contend that Sofiene is not an employer under the economic reality test.

See Defs.’ Opp’n at 6–13. Although they agree that Sofiene has a twenty-five percent ownership

interest in George’s King, see Defs.’ Facts ¶ 2; Defs.’ Opp’n at 8; they point out that Sofiene (1)

“was incarcerated from July 2014 to August 2015,” during which time he was not present at

George’s King; (2) did not return to an active role following his incarceration and only visited

George’s King sporadically throughout the week; (3) did not have or exercise the power to hire,

fire, or discipline the plaintiffs; (4) did not supervise the plaintiffs; (5) did not have or exercise

the power to set the plaintiffs’ schedules; (6) did not maintain employee records; and (7) played

no role in the management or day-to-day operations of George’s King, Defs.’ Opp’n at 7–8.

Instead, the defendants maintain that Sofiene “was the quintessential ‘silent business partner,’”

and that the brothers agreed that Souheil “would manage all aspects of the restaurant.” Id. at 8–

9; see also id., Ex. 3 (Declaration of Sofiene Ben Mansour (“Sofiene Decl.”)) ¶¶ 4–18 (denying

that he had any supervisory responsibilities over the plaintiffs); Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 1 (Defs.’ Suppl.

Interrog. Resp.) ¶ 13 (stating that Sofiene has “limited responsibilities for [the] day-to-day

operation and management of [George’s King]” and had “[l]imited power to set and control [the]

[p]laintiffs’ work schedule[s]”).

        “The conflicting accounts of [Sofiene’s] role with the restaurant present numerous

disputes of material fact that could determine the legal conclusion” regarding Sofiene’s personal

liability under the FLSA and the DCMWA. See Rodriguez, 308 F. Supp. ehuff@example.org. “Because a

factfinder must make the credibility determinations required to resolve these issues, summary

judgment on [Sofiene’s employer status] is unwarranted.” Zirintusa v. Whitaker, 674 F. Supp.
2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2009). Accordingly, the Court must deny the plaintiffs’ motion for summary

judgment regarding Sofiene’s liability as an employer under the FLSA and the DCMWA.




                                                   16
                                             IV.      CONCLUSION

           For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that defendants George’s King and

Souheil Ben Mansour were the plaintiffs’ employers under the FLSA and DCMWA, and are

jointly and severally liable to: (1) plaintiff Herlan Edgardo Cornejo Bajurto in the amount of

$539.00 in overtime wages and $585.00 in minimum wages; (2) plaintiff Jose Orellana in the

amount of $11.00 in overtime wages and $137.50 in minimum wages; (3) plaintiff Santos

Orellana in the amount of $1,461.00 in overtime wages; (4) plaintiff Adali Valeriano Vasquez in

the amount of $2,271.13 in overtime wages; and (5) plaintiff Moises Del Rosario in the amount

of $123.50 in minimum wages. The Court also concludes, however, that the balance of the

defendants’ overtime and minimum wage liability is disputed and remains an issue for trial. The

Court further concludes that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover liquidated damages in an

amount equal to three times their total unpaid overtime wages, and that the precise amount will

be determined later after the total amount of overtime liability is determined. Finally, the Court

concludes that there is a genuine dispute of material fact regarding Sofiene Ben Mansour’s

employer status under the FLSA and the DCMWA. Accordingly, the Court must grant in part

and deny in part the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment.

           SO ORDERED this 18th day of September, 2018. 8



                                                                              REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                              United States District Judge




8
    This Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.


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