
Peters, C. J.
On the trial of this cause in equity the jury found, as a matter of fact, that the respondent, William W. Bradstreet, verbally promised his brother, Peter G. Bradstreet, during the last sickness of the latter, and but a few days before *596his death, that, if Peter should die intestate, leaving him, William, as his sole heir and next of kin to succeed to all of Peter’s estate, he would pay, out of the estate soto be inherited by him, to William S. Grant, the complainant, one thousand dollars annually during the complainant’s natural lifetime.
That such a promise, if fully and absolutely proved, may be enforced by a court of equity as a charge upon the estate of the intestate, however hazardous or impolitic such a precedent may to some minds seem to be, is an established doctrine in this State, as carefully elucidated and maintained in the late important case of Gilpatrick v. Glidden, 81 Maine, 137. Evidently, the risk of accepting and acting upon such doctrine consists mainly in the temptation which judges and juries are subjected to through sympathy or misunderstanding to allow these irregular dispositions of property to be established upon untrustworthy and insufficient evidence.
Therefore, when those legal formalities which are usually observed for conveying or transmitting property are to be dispensed with in favor of equitable rules on the subject, the facts upon which the equitable superiority is to be allowed should be established by clear and indubitable evidence. And this requirement applies with great force in the present case, where the complainant’s claim could be legally proved only by a will signed by the donor and attested by three witnesses, whilst it is proposed to be equitably proved mainly by the testimony of a single witness without being evidenced by any writing whatever. Equity herself assures us that in such a case the evidence must be strong and certain enough to produce conviction in every reasonable mind. The very ground upon which equity obtains jurisdiction in this class'of cases is the .plea set up by her that it would be unjust and fraudulent to require that parol gifts shall fail of effect merely for want of legal formalities to uphold them, when in equity procedure the necessary facts can be justas surely though differently proved. The argument in behalf of the equitable jurisdiction is that the only object of strict legal forms is to attain a high degree of certainty in such important matters, and that just as much certainty can be assured in equity as by the legal requirements.
*597Whether the evidence adduced in support of this claimant’s case can stand the test, which we make the standard forjudging this case and all such cases, is the question here. The complainant is obliged to rely greatly on the testimony of Augusta Fairbanks, who undertakes to reproduce the substance of a part of a conversation between the two Bradstreets which she overheard when in a room adjoining the one they were in at the time referred to. Most of the circumstances attending the situation of the parties at the time are not disputed.
The interview between the brothers took place Friday forenoon, September 13, 1889; Peter’s death occurring on the Tuesday next afterwards. William was then seventy-two years old. Peter was the elder of the two, and never was married. He died intestate, leaving his brother the inheritor of all his property. They had been partners in business for nearly a lifetime, and had acquired large estates both jointly and individually. They had the confidence of the community as business men, and each had an unlimited - confidence in the integrity and business ability of the other. The complainant was a second cousin of Peter Bradstreet, as also was Peter Grant, whose name will appear hereafter. Another prominent figure in the sketch was Eliza Ferguson, who had been a faithful and trusted housekeeper for Peter Bradstreet for many years.
Miss Fairbanks, the witness, a resident of West Gardiner, and evidently a person of mature character and of more than ordinary intelligence and education, for one in herstation in life, commenced to do house-work for Peter in February, 1889, continuing in that employment exclusively, until Peter was taken sick, about three weeks before his death, when she took charge of him as his nurse and continued in that capacity until he died. On the morning of the day in question, William came to his brother’s room, as he was in the daily habit of doing, and left word that his brother should see no callers that morning as he was to do some business with him, which would require all his brother’s strength. Miss Fairbanks, thereupon, bolstered up the sick man with pillows under his head in readiness to see William, and she then retired to her own room in the rear of the sick*598room, not seeing William when he came in the room nor during the time he was there, but hearing him. She left the doors open between the two rooms so that she could hear if she should be called for anything, and was lying, during the conversation between Peter and William, on her back upon her own bed for the purpose of obtaining rest.
The house is an old-fashioned two-story dwelling facing the Kennebec river in the city of Gardiner, with four rooms both above and below, and Peter’s bed was in the south-east corner of the front room up stairs, the corner farthest off from the passage-way between his room and the room of Miss Fairbanks. Her bed was in the south-west corner of her room, in the rear of his, being the corner of her room the most distant from such passage-way. So that the whole distance between the two beds was the greatest attainable in the two rooms, excepting that neither bed was exactly in a corner, as a space was left between the bed and the walls in either room wide enough to allow a person to get around the beds. The rooms -were of rectangular shape, his measuring fifteen feet four inches by fourteen feet one inch, and hers measuring fifteen feet four inches by twelve feet ten inches. The space or passage-way between rooms measures about three feet in length. A light-stand in his room, mentioned in the testimony, was about three feet by eighteen inches.
The foregoing statement leads up to the testimony of Miss Fairbanks touching the main issue in the case, and we quote from her direct examination :
" Q. Just before William returned to the room did Peter give you any directions as to where to go or what you should do ? A. Yes, sir, he did.
" Q. In consequence of the directions that you received from him then what did you do and where did you go? A. I went into my room and laid down on the bed, ready if he called me to go in, as I expected he would.
" Q. While you were lying down on the bed who came into Peter’s room, if anybody ? A. William Bradstreet.
*599" Q. And what, so far as you bnowr, did he first do when he went into the room ? A. First, I remember of his moving a stand out and heard him handling paper on the stand, and he sat down and talked with Peter Bradstreet for sometiihe. I heard him call several names, but I did not hear the first part of the conversation because I did not interest myself in it; I could not repeat it.
"Q. What was the first conversation that you recollect and that you noticed? A. First, I heard them talking about having Mr. Ellis come down that day, telegraphing for him to come down. That is the first thing I remember of their saying.
"Q. What next do you recollect ? A. Then the next I took notice of was when he spoke of Miss Ferguson, providing for Miss Ferguson. Knowing her I was interested in the talk and noticed what was said.
" Q. What did you hear said about Miss Ferguson ? A. I heard the request that Peter Bradstreet made, what they decided on, the amount to be left her, and the way it should be left, and heard considerable talk made in regard to her. Peter Bradstreet was very anxious that she should be provided for. (Objected to.)
" Q. State the substance of what you can recollect that Peter said about Eliza Ferguson? A. I cannot repeat the conversation of both. He said he wished her to have an income, a quarterly income of four dollars a week, and he proposed some way that it should be left her, and something was said about its being left to her in trust, a certain income being drawn from a certain amount, and that he wanted a special provision made for her; spoke of certain amounts, and finally decided on a certain amount.
"Q. What was the amount they finally decided upon? A. Eighteen dollars a week. Took several amounts and he finally decided on eighteen dollars a week — special provision made for her.
"Q. What was said next? A. After they talked about that — it was some little time —Peter Bradstreet said he wanted to provide for William Grant; said perhaps he had better leave it to him the same way he did for Eliza, pay it to him quartei'ly.
*600"Q. What did William say to that? A. He thought it was a good idea and agreed to it, — seemed to think as he did about it, that it had better be paid in that way, and Peter said William Grant he would leave a thousand dollars a year, payable quarterly, commencing the first of December.
"Q. What did William say in the talk ? A. They spoke of Avhat this income should be taken from, and from their conversation he agreed to carry out the request.
"Q. State as nearly as you can just what William said, not the exact words, but the substance of it, as you can best recollect it? A. The exact conversation I did not remember, but I knew AA'hat they meant when they were talking and understood it at the time'they were talking. I heard it at the time but I forget the exact conversation between them.
" Q. Do you mean to say you have stated the substance of it as you recollect it? A. Yes, that is the substance. The exact language I do not undertake to recall.
" Q. Was anyone talked about after completing the talk about William Grant ? A. Then he said he wanted to provide for Peter Grant, and thought he would lea Am that in the same Avay he did Mr. William Grant’s. He said he wished to give him five hundred dollars a year, payable quarterly, commencing the first of December.
"Q, What did William say in respect to that? A. He thought favorably of it and agreed to carry .out the request.
"Q. Was anything said in the conversation about this being-safe? What was there about that ? A. Yes, Avhen providing for Miss Fergurson. He said he wanted her provided for so that nothing ever would happen that she would be dependent, and he proposed some way that it should be left to her, or William spoke of some way that it should be left to her, and Peter Bradstreet seemed to feel a little doubtful about it, and Mr. Bradstreet said it was safe, there never would be any trouble or danger; that she was safely provided for, as safe as could scott58@example.com.
By the Court:
"Q. How much did you say Avas agreed upon for her? A. Four dollars a week, her regular scott58@example.com.
*601" Q. What about the eighteen dollars ? A. That seemed to be a special provision made for her.
Direct:
" Q. After this did you have any talk yourself with Peter about William ? A. No. I also never had any talk with William Bradstreet about it.
"Q. And after Peter’s death did you have any communication of any kind with the plaintiff, Mr. Grant, in regard to the matter ? A. No, sir. 0
" Q. How long after his death before you spoke of it to anybody? A. The first'of November, I spoke of it first.
"Q. When in November? A. It was the first week in November, I could not state the date. It was in 1889, about six weeks after he died.
" Q. Now do you know what the relations were existing between Peter Bradstreet and William Grant, or did you know, during the life of Peter Bradstreet ? (Objected to and admitted.) A. I did in a measure know.
To Mr. Baker: William Grant was not at the house at any time when I was there.
"Q. State from whom your information came in regard to their relations ? A. Mr. Peter Grant.” (Peter Bradstreet ?)
We quote also from the cross-examination of Miss Fairbanks :
"Q. Then what did you hear next? I heard him move a stand out and rattle paper on the stand, and sit down and get up.
"Q. Where was this stand kept that you speak of? A. Right next to the chair. From the hall door to the door of my room was a commode and the stand and a chair.
"Q. That would be along the north wall of the sick room? A. Yes, sir. I heard him move the stand from there out towards the center of the room.
" Q. You could distinguish the direction in which it was moved by your mere sense of hearing? A. No, I could not tell just the direction, but it was moved out.
" Q. How much of a stand was that? A. Two feet wide and three feet long. It was just a light-stand.
*602"Q. Now after you beard the stand moved out, as you say, towards the center of the room, you heard the rattling of paper did you? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. What sort of sound of paper, newspaper or writing paper, or what? A. It was writing paper that is always on the stand there.
"Q. Ordinary note paper in size, or what kind of paper? A. I could pot say what kind of paper ; I don’t remember. I heard the paper being rattled.
"Q. And that was just before you heard the stand moved was it? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Was there pen and ink there in the room to do this writing with which you speak of? A. I don’t think there was.
"Q, You were not requested to bring any and did not bring any? A. No, sir, not at that time, not while William Bradstreet was there.
" Q. Then did you hear the sound of writing after you heard the paper rattle and the stand moved out? A. I did after a while, but not directly after.
" Q. How loud a noise was this sound of writing that you heard, quite distinct and loud? A. No, loud enough so I could hear it. I heard it during his interview with him.
" Q. Across your room and through the passage way and across his room you heard readily the sound of writing? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Was it writing with a pen or pencil that you heard? A. I don’t think it was with a pen and ink.
" Q. You could distinguish at that time and noted it that this sound of writing you heard was pencil writing? A. No, it was not from the sound that I judge from.
"Q. It did not make a sound as of pen and ink you say? A. I did not judge from the sound that I heard.
"Q. I did not ask you that, but simply whether it did make the sound of pen and ink writing? A. I don’t remember about that; I don’t remember what I judged from.
" Q. But you heard the. sound of the.writing? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. And that wras distinct ? A. Yes, sir.
*603" Q. And you concluded it was lead pencil writing ? A. I didn’t think anything about it at the time, whether lead pencil or what it was.
"Q. If you didn’t think anything of it at the time, when did it afterwards become important for you to remember ? A. In thinking it over I judged it was lead pencil, because—
"Q. I don’t ask you your reasons, but simply when it first came into your mind to distinguish between the sound of pen and pencil in writing in that room; how long after was it? A. I don't remember; sometime after. I had occasion to think of it, and from certain reasons I judged it was a pencil.
" Q. How long a time did you hear the sound of this writing of pencil across those two rooms and passage way? A. At different times, during the time he was there.
"Q. And was this sound of lead pencil writing usually followed by the rattling of paper? A. Yes, sir.
" Q. And those different noises, the man sitting down and writing with a lead pencil, you distinguished while you wTere lying on the bed across the two rooms and passage way, did you? A. Yes, sir.....
" Q. Did you hear writing done during the conversation as to the Grants, or either of them? A. I could not say that I remember any special time that I heard it, but I heard it after that several times.
"Q. Either during or immediately after the conversation that you thought you heard with reference to William Grant, the plaintiff here, did you hear this sound of writing and the rattling of paper ? A. I presume I did ; I could not say for certain ; but I heard it directly after that. I heard the writing all the time, or occasionally during the interview.
"Q. So that the sounds of writing ran right along with the conversation? A. O, no ; the writing was at different times in the conversation.”
It certainly gives weight to her testimony that Miss Fairbanks in the foregoing sketch of important events, shows her possession of a strong intelligence, and it adds still more weight to her statement that her character for integrity cannot reasonably *604be questioned. Upon the most' careful scrutiny of all the evidence no motive is seen that would be likely to induce her to suppress or pervert the truth. She stood virtually in the attitude of a stranger to all the parties interested in her testimony. The most that can fairly be urged against the literal truthfulness of her narrative is that in her description of the movements in the sick room she possibly may have been unconsciously led into some exaggeration of certain of the less important particulars, influenced as she naturally would be by her own inferences as to the purposes of such a meeting.
And, still, we should be averse to accepting her testimony, or that of any other single witness, upon which to establish such an important result as the complainant claims, unless the testimony of the single witness be supported by a considerable amount of direct or circumstantial corroboration. Such a heavy structure may not be so safely sustained by a single column, however sound its material may be, as it would be with the aid of other even much less substantial supports. And especially should this caution be adhered to in the present case in view of the positive denial of the complaint’s contention by the principal respondent, the only other living witness who was present on the occasion described by Miss Fairbanks. Happily, however, the present case discloses important evidence in corroboration of the story of the principal witness for the complainant.
William. G. Ellis, a second cousin of the Bradstreet brothers, and also of the complainant, testifies that Peter Bradstreet just eleven days before his death, and that would be just a week before the interview testified to by Miss Fairbanks, told him at his bedside that he should tell his brother William to look out for William Grant, Peter Grant and Eliza Ferguson. Ellis further testifies that the relations between Peter Bradstreet and William Grant (complainant) were very friendly and that he had written during the last few years of Peter’s lifetime' many letters from Peter to him. That Ellis correctly reports what Peter said to him is not questioned, but it is contended by the defense that the evidence is not admissible. We are confident that the evidence was not only admissible, but that it has great *605probative force as clearly indicating the disposition and intention of Peter. It prevents the defense from setting up any argument of improbability. It would ordinarily take much less evidence to prove that an act has been done by a person if such person has previously expressed his intention and desire to do the act. A man is very likely to do any reasonable thing which his heart strongly inclines him to do, and especially if the performance of the act imposes no unwilling burden or responsibility upon himself. These propositions are very strong in the present case because the circumstances are exceedingly favorable for their application. There seems to be an unnaturalness in a gift from Peter Bradstreet to Peter Grant and none to William Grant, the one being as needy and deserving as the other, and William being' with the donor evidently his favorite of the two.
Other corroboration of the testimony of Miss Fairbanks will be noticed when we come to an examination of certain papers introduced by the defendants as a part of their case.
The complainant invokes in his behalf the favorable verdict of the jury, and inasmuch as the question submitted to that tribunal was not in its nature difficult or involved, but consisted of the simple proposition whether the witness for the complainant heard, as she said she did, a direction from the one brother to the other to make the alleged pecuniary provision for the complainant, we think that the conclusion arrived at by the jury on that question should have great weight at our hands. And of still more consequence is the verdict to our minds because it has been virtually approved by a decree in affirmance of it by the presiding judge.
We notice on the record that the counsel consented that the decree filed by the court should be regarded as merely formal, a proceeding which, if full effect be given to it, deprives the sitting justice of any opinion at the hearing in the first instance and by statutory provision of any vote at the appellate hearing, still we cannot very easily free our minds of the conviction that the learned justice, who so generously allowed the case to pass by him without more than a formal assent to the verdict of the *606jury, never would have filed such a decree in such a case if he thought it to be wrong upon the law and evidence.
William W. Bradstreet, the principal respondent, testifies that he used no light-stand in his interview with Peter, and no writing materials beyond two bits of paper, writing upon them with a pencil there and immediately afterward partially with pen and ink, and that he sat at the time by Peter’s bed-side, making just as little conversation with him as they could get along with. And he produces from his possession, in confirmation of his statement, tw'o small papers which read as follows :
(Defendants’ exhibit 2.)

"Bept. 11-1889


Peter wants Ben M. Bradstreet to have ‡5000.00 right out Bliza to have an income of ‡4 to 18per week as she may need for her support and comfort, commence 1st week Deer.

P. Grant say §5 to 10 per week Wm Peacock ‡100.00 right out W. G. Ellis $10,000
P. Grant 500 per year & if necessary up to $1000 "W. Lewis has $5,000 East Side R R bonds in his hands belonging to P. G. B.
"1100 Gardiner N Bk stock in P G Bs name belonging to the daughter of Uncle Chas Bradstreet cannot be transferred to him without the consent of his daughters
"Bills of sale of vessels from Geo. C. Morrell to P. G. B. not signed
""Sept. 13-1889
"Peter told me this morning that whenever Jos or Fred had approached him in regard to the Roach River land he always avoided saying anything that might affect my rights & also said that he had no reason to changed his opinion which he had namely that Father furnished his part of the money for his interest in the land W. W. B.”
(Part italic is in pencil, other in ink)
*607(Defendants’ exhibit 3.)
"1100 Gardin Bk Stock in P G. B name belongs to uncle Chas daughters cannot be transferred to uncle Chas with the consent of his daughters
P Grant 500 per year more up to 1000 1st week in Deer.
§5000. East side B. B. bonds in W. Lewis hands Eliza 4 up to 18 per week 1st week in Deer W. G. Ellis 10
1, oz sub Nitrate of Bismuth” (a)
(a) All in pencil except last item
Defendants’ Ex. 3 is made on an envelope directed to "Mr. W. W. Bradstreet Gardiner Maine”
Printed on envelope " Beturnto Brewster, Cobb & Estabrook, Boston. Mass., If not delivered within 5 days.”
Post mark "Boston Mass. 1889 ”
One of these papers, as before indicated, is a letter envelope which had been previously used as such, and the other, of about the same size, is evidently a leaf from a small pocket memorandum book. The two pieces have the appearance of having been used together, the items commencing upon one and being continued on the other. Mr. Bradstreet’s memory had become very confused and unreliable at the time of the trial, and he seemed unwilling or unable to state any details or particulars without being guided by the papers above transcribed. Still, he says he could at any time have told the names of those who were to be the recipients of Peter’s bounty and the amounts they were to have.
Each side in the controversy claims favorable inferences to itself from these papers. They are the only written memoranda produced, and' even these so far as in ink were not written at-the bedside of the sick man but at some other place soon after-wards. They indicate on their face that William Bradstreet had not a methodical memory and that he did not confidently rely on such memory as he had.
Bearing in mind that Miss Fairbanks testified- before these .papers were produced, and at a time when she had not known *608or heard of them, it will be noticed how completely in some respects, and partially in other respects, her testimony is sustained by them ; the principal and important difference between the papers and her testimony being that the former nowhere thereon contains the name of William Grant. She understood that Peter Grant was to have five hundred dollars per year, while Bradstreet gets it upon the papers that he was to have that sum, and up to one thousand dollars if necessaiy. She says Eliza was to have four dollars per week and eighteen dollars per week besides if she needed it. He gets it four dollars up to eighteen dollars a week, according to her necessities; not a strange difference of understanding that matter.
In other particulars her statements are in closer accord -with the items appearing on the manuscripts, and sometimes substantially if not exactly coincident wdth them. She says Peter -was anxious that there should be no failure in the provision for Eliza, and that’ he several times repeated his wishes in regard to it. Does not William, perhaps unconsciously to himself, transcribe the same idea in his own words when he adds to the gift to Eliza, the words, ".for her support and comfort?” The witness says there was considerable talk over the question of creating trusts for the security of the gifts to be made, and while the word trust does not appear on these papers it is implied by them: and William subsequently created trusts of the kind that was talked about. She says Eliza was to have an income payable quarterly, commencing first week in December, and the papers disclose as much in a very brief way, and the trusts were created by William accordingly. She says that Ellis was to be immediately summoned by telegraph, and jt appears that he was seut for and that he came ; also that he was to be the recipient of ten thousand dollars of Peter’s bounty, and these -papers as well as other evidence'prove that to have been true.
It is urged against the consistency'' of Miss Fairbanks’ testimony that, while these memoranda do show that other subjects besides those named were talked over in the interview between the brothers, she does not recollect any7 of them. But she says *609that other matters were talked about and that she does not remember them, for the reason that they were of no interest to her. She did not then personally know William Grant, and only knew of him through the regard manifested by Peter Bradstreet for him in the frequent conversations with her about the family. There is no doubt whatever in our minds that she heard much of a conversation or of conversations between Peter and William concerning the distribution of Peter’s property. She told the story of it to different reputable persons soon after Peter’s death when she had neither seen the complainant nor received any communication from him", he then as now residing in a distant state.
The question finally for our determination seems to be whether Miss Fairbanks or William Bradstreet makes the mistake as to a direction by Peter Bradstreet for the payment of an annuity to the complainant, William S. Grant. Hers would be a mistake of commission — an imaginary recollection, his one of omission. She is in no way interested as a witness. He is deeply interested as a witness and party. No class of men know better than judges how much interest may unconsciously warp an honest mind. It would not be at all surprising if the respondent, who relied so much on written notes to guide him, and who made such brief ones for his purposes in these matters, through forgetfulness and mistake, honestly omitted to take down the name of William Grant when it should have been upon his memorandum. It will be noticed that the name of "P. Grant” appears three times on the papers produced by Mr. Bradstreet, and twice on one of them. May it not be that the letter "P” was at least once written when the letter "W” was intended ?
We are not unmindful of the frequent cautions which have been expressed by courts in relation to the weight to be given to the evidence of verbal declarations. But in the present instance we'do not see that the caution is applicable. The defense does not take the position that the conversation was heard but misunderstood, but that such a conversation was not heard. Had the respondents taken the position, and it were supported by evidence, *610that although William Grant’s necessities were discussed and the conclusion was against an allowance to him, or that at first an allowance was determined upon and afterwards retracted, or. if any explanation were given why he was named Iry Peter as an object of his bounty and his name should be omitted from the final list, we should have been strongly inclined to accept any such explanation as not inconsistent with the account of the interview given by Miss Fairbanks. But the proposition of the defense, and really also the substance of William Bradstreet’s testimony, was to the effect that the name of William Grant was not even mentioned by Peter in the presence of his brother William in any interview shortly prior to Peter’s death. Upon that issue we feel clear that the contention of the defendants cannot be sustained.
Among other matters in evidence for the defense, of no material consequence on the present issue, is the testimony of Joseph E. Bradstreet to the effect that, in a conversation with Miss Fairbanks, she said she may have got names mixed and she would not swear that she heard William Grant’s name mentioned in-the interview testified to by her. This impresses us as a reckless and unreliable statement designed by the witness for purposes of his own. Miss Fairbanks indignantly denies it and explains what she did say. Mr. Cornish, of counsel for the i’espondents, heard the conversation testified to and could have given his recollection of it but saw fit not to do so. It does not appear that she made any doubtful or equivocal statement to any other person, even to the wife of Joseph E. Bradstreet, to whom she first told her story.
The complainant offered himself as a witness and upon the objection of the defense, whether correctly or not, was excluded from testifying.
Although we have hesitated for some time to announce our conclusion in this case, for fear of some possible error on our part, and because of the high degree of proof required in such a case, still our constantly increasing belief that the verdict of the jury was a just one, and authorized by the proof, requires us to sustain the bill. No other result would be satisfactory.

Decree below affirmed with costs.

