asyncdispatch
This module implements asynchronous IO. This includes a dispatcher, a Future type implementation, and an async macro which allows asynchronous code to be written in a synchronous style with the await keyword. The dispatcher acts as a kind of event loop. You must call poll on it (or a function which does so for you such as waitFor or runForever) in order to poll for any outstanding events. The underlying implementation is based on epoll on Linux, IO Completion Ports on Windows and select on other operating systems. The poll function will not, on its own, return any events. Instead an appropriate Future object will be completed. A Future is a type which holds a value which is not yet available, but which may be available in the future. You can check whether a future is finished by using the finished function. When a future is finished it means that either the value that it holds is now available or it holds an error instead. The latter situation occurs when the operation to complete a future fails with an exception. You can distinguish between the two situations with the failed function. Future objects can also store a callback procedure which will be called automatically once the future completes. Futures therefore can be thought of as an implementation of the proactor pattern. In this pattern you make a request for an action, and once that action is fulfilled a future is completed with the result of that action. Requests can be made by calling the appropriate functions. For example: calling the recv function will create a request for some data to be read from a socket. The future which the recv function returns will then complete once the requested amount of data is read or an exception occurs. Code to read some data from a socket may look something like this: var future = socket.recv(100)
future.addCallback(
  proc () =
    echo(future.read)
) All asynchronous functions returning a Future will not block. They will not however return immediately. An asynchronous function will have code which will be executed before an asynchronous request is made, in most cases this code sets up the request. In the above example, the recv function will return a brand new Future instance once the request for data to be read from the socket is made. This Future instance will complete once the requested amount of data is read, in this case it is 100 bytes. The second line sets a callback on this future which will be called once the future completes. All the callback does is write the data stored in the future to stdout. The read function is used for this and it checks whether the future completes with an error for you (if it did it will simply raise the error), if there is no error however it returns the value of the future. Asynchronous procedures
Asynchronous procedures remove the pain of working with callbacks. They do this by allowing you to write asynchronous code the same way as you would write synchronous code. An asynchronous procedure is marked using the {.async.} pragma. When marking a procedure with the {.async.} pragma it must have a Future[T] return type or no return kennethcortez@example.org. If you do not specify a return type then Future[void] is assumed. Inside asynchronous procedures await can be used to call any procedures which return a Future; this includes asynchronous procedures. When a procedure is "awaited", the asynchronous procedure it is awaited in will suspend its execution until the awaited procedure's Future completes. At which point the asynchronous procedure will resume its execution. During the period when an asynchronous procedure is suspended other asynchronous procedures will be run by the dispatcher. The await call may be used in many contexts. It can be used on the right hand side of a variable declaration: var data = await socket.recv(100), in which case the variable will be set to the value of the future automatically. It can be used to await a Future object, and it can be used to await a procedure returning a Future[void]: await socket.send("foobar"). If an awaited future completes with an error, then await will re-raise this error. To avoid this, you can use the yield keyword instead of await. The following section shows different ways that you can handle exceptions in async procs. Handling Exceptions
The most reliable way to handle exceptions is to use yield on a future then check the future's failed property. For example: var future = sock.recv(100)
yield future
if future.failed:
  # Handle exception The async procedures also offer limited support for the try statement. try:
  let data = await sock.recv(100)
  echo("Received ", data)
except:
  # Handle exception Unfortunately the semantics of the try statement may not always be correct, and occasionally the compilation may fail altogether. As such it is better to use the former style when possible. Discarding futures
Futures should never be discarded. This is because they may contain errors. If you do not care for the result of a Future then you should use the asyncCheck procedure instead of the discard keyword. Note however that this does not wait for completion, and you should use waitFor for that purpose. Examples
For examples take a look at the documentation for the modules implementing asynchronous IO. A good place to start is the asyncnet module. Investigating pending futures
It's possible to get into a situation where an async proc, or more accurately a Future[T] gets stuck and never completes. This can happen for various reasons and can cause serious memory leaks. When this occurs it's hard to identify the procedure that is stuck. Thankfully there is a mechanism which tracks the count of each pending future. All you need to do to enable it is compile with -d:futureLogging and use the getFuturesInProgress procedure to get the list of pending futures together with the stack traces to the moment of their creation. You may also find it useful to use this prometheus package which will log the pending futures into prometheus, allowing you to analyse them via a nice graph. Limitations/Bugs

The effect system (raises: []) does not work with async procedures.  asyncdispatch module depends on the asyncmacro module to work properly.  Imports  os, tables, strutils, times, heapqueue, options, asyncstreams, options, math, monotimes, asyncfutures, nativesockets, net, deques, winlean, sets, hashes, macros, strutils, asyncfutures, posix  Types  CompletionData = object
  fd*: AsyncFD
  cb*: owned(proc (fd: AsyncFD; bytesTransferred: DWORD; errcode: OSErrorCode) {...}{.
      closure, gcsafe.})
  cell*: ForeignCell  Source Edit  PDispatcher = ref object of PDispatcherBase
  ioPort: Handle
  handles*: HashSet[AsyncFD]  Source Edit  CustomRef = ref CustomObj  Source Edit  AsyncFD = distinct int  Source Edit  AsyncEvent = ptr AsyncEventImpl  Source Edit  Callback = proc (fd: AsyncFD): bool {...}{.closure, gcsafe.}  Source Edit   Procs  proc `==`(x: AsyncFD; y: AsyncFD): bool {...}{.borrow.}  Source Edit  proc newDispatcher(): owned PDispatcher {...}{.raises: [], tags: [].}  Creates a new Dispatcher instance. Source Edit  proc setGlobalDispatcher(disp: sink PDispatcher) {...}{.raises: [Exception],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Source Edit  proc getGlobalDispatcher(): PDispatcher {...}{.raises: [Exception],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Source Edit  proc getIoHandler(disp: PDispatcher): Handle {...}{.raises: [], tags: [].}  Returns the underlying IO Completion Port handle (Windows) or selector (Unix) for the specified dispatcher. Source Edit  proc register(fd: AsyncFD) {...}{.raises: [Exception, OSError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Registers fd with the dispatcher. Source Edit  proc hasPendingOperations(): bool {...}{.raises: [Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}  Returns true if the global dispatcher has pending operations. Source Edit  proc newCustom(): CustomRef {...}{.raises: [], tags: [].}  Source Edit  proc recv(socket: AsyncFD; size: int; flags = {SafeDisconn}): owned(
    Future[string]) {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Reads up to size bytes from socket. Returned future will complete once all the data requested is read, a part of the data has been read, or the socket has disconnected in which case the future will complete with a value of "". Warning: The Peek socket flag is not supported on Windows. Source Edit  proc recvInto(socket: AsyncFD; buf: pointer; size: int; flags = {SafeDisconn}): owned(
    Future[int]) {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Reads up to size bytes from socket into buf, which must at least be of that size. Returned future will complete once all the data requested is read, a part of the data has been read, or the socket has disconnected in which case the future will complete with a value of 0. Warning: The Peek socket flag is not supported on Windows. Source Edit  proc send(socket: AsyncFD; buf: pointer; size: int; flags = {SafeDisconn}): owned(
    Future[void]) {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Sends size bytes from buf to socket. The returned future will complete once all data has been sent. WARNING: Use it with caution. If buf refers to GC'ed object, you must use GC_ref/GC_unref calls to avoid early freeing of the buffer. Source Edit  proc sendTo(socket: AsyncFD; data: pointer; size: int; saddr: ptr SockAddr;
            saddrLen: SockLen; flags = {SafeDisconn}): owned(Future[void]) {...}{.
    raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Sends data to specified destination saddr, using socket socket. The returned future will complete once all data has been sent. Source Edit  proc recvFromInto(socket: AsyncFD; data: pointer; size: int;
                  saddr: ptr SockAddr; saddrLen: ptr SockLen;
                  flags = {SafeDisconn}): owned(Future[int]) {...}{.
    raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Receives a datagram data from socket into buf, which must be at least of size size, address of datagram's sender will be stored into saddr and saddrLen. Returned future will complete once one datagram has been received, and will return size of packet received. Source Edit  proc acceptAddr(socket: AsyncFD; flags = {SafeDisconn};
                inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)): owned(
    Future[tuple[address: string, client: AsyncFD]]) {...}{.
    raises: [Exception, ValueError, OSError, ValueError, Exception],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Accepts a new connection. Returns a future containing the client socket corresponding to that connection and the remote address of the client. The future will complete when the connection is successfully accepted. The resulting client socket is automatically registered to the dispatcher. If inheritable is false (the default), the resulting client socket will not be inheritable by child processes. The accept call may result in an error if the connecting socket disconnects during the duration of the accept. If the SafeDisconn flag is specified then this error will not be raised and instead accept will be called again. Source Edit  proc setInheritable(fd: AsyncFD; inheritable: bool): bool {...}{.raises: [], tags: [].}  Control whether a file handle can be inherited by child processes. Returns true on success. This procedure is not guaranteed to be available for all platforms. Test for availability with declared(). Source Edit  proc closeSocket(socket: AsyncFD) {...}{.raises: [Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}  Closes a socket and ensures that it is unregistered. Source Edit  proc unregister(fd: AsyncFD) {...}{.raises: [Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}  Unregisters fd. Source Edit  proc contains(disp: PDispatcher; fd: AsyncFD): bool {...}{.raises: [], tags: [].}  Source Edit  proc addRead(fd: AsyncFD; cb: Callback) {...}{.raises: [Exception, OSError],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Start watching the file descriptor for read availability and then call the callback cb. This is not pure mechanism for Windows Completion Ports (IOCP), so if you can avoid it, please do it. Use addRead only if really need it (main usecase is adaptation of unix-like libraries to be asynchronous on Windows). If you use this function, you don't need to use asyncdispatch.recv() or asyncdispatch.accept(), because they are using IOCP, please use nativesockets.recv() and nativesockets.accept() instead. Be sure your callback cb returns true, if you want to remove watch of read notifications, and false, if you want to continue receiving notifications. Source Edit  proc addWrite(fd: AsyncFD; cb: Callback) {...}{.raises: [Exception, OSError],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Start watching the file descriptor for write availability and then call the callback cb. This is not pure mechanism for Windows Completion Ports (IOCP), so if you can avoid it, please do it. Use addWrite only if really need it (main usecase is adaptation of unix-like libraries to be asynchronous on Windows). If you use this function, you don't need to use asyncdispatch.send() or asyncdispatch.connect(), because they are using IOCP, please use nativesockets.send() and nativesockets.connect() instead. Be sure your callback cb returns true, if you want to remove watch of write notifications, and false, if you want to continue receiving notifications. Source Edit  proc addTimer(timeout: int; oneshot: bool; cb: Callback) {...}{.
    raises: [Exception, OSError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Registers callback cb to be called when timer expired. Parameters: 

timeout - timeout value in milliseconds. 
oneshot

true - generate only one timeout event 
false - generate timeout events periodically    Source Edit  proc addProcess(pid: int; cb: Callback) {...}{.raises: [Exception, OSError],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Registers callback cb to be called when process with process ID pid exited. Source Edit  proc newAsyncEvent(): AsyncEvent {...}{.raises: [OSError], tags: [].}  Creates a new thread-safe AsyncEvent object. New AsyncEvent object is not automatically registered with dispatcher like AsyncSocket. Source Edit  proc trigger(ev: AsyncEvent) {...}{.raises: [OSError], tags: [].}  Set event ev to signaled state. Source Edit  proc unregister(ev: AsyncEvent) {...}{.raises: [Exception, OSError],
                                  tags: [RootEffect].}  Unregisters event ev. Source Edit  proc close(ev: AsyncEvent) {...}{.raises: [OSError], tags: [].}  Closes event ev. Source Edit  proc addEvent(ev: AsyncEvent; cb: Callback) {...}{.raises: [Exception, OSError],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Registers callback cb to be called when ev will be signaled Source Edit  proc drain(timeout = 500) {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError, OSError],
                            tags: [TimeEffect, RootEffect].}  Waits for completion of all events and processes them. Raises ValueError if there are no pending operations. In contrast to poll this processes as many events as are available until the timeout has elapsed. Source Edit  proc poll(timeout = 500) {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError, OSError],
                           tags: [RootEffect, TimeEffect].}  Waits for completion events and processes them. Raises ValueError if there are no pending operations. This runs the underlying OS epoll or kqueue primitive only once. Source Edit  proc createAsyncNativeSocket(domain: cint; sockType: cint; protocol: cint;
                             inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)): AsyncFD {...}{.
    raises: [OSError, Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}  Source Edit  proc createAsyncNativeSocket(domain: Domain = Domain.AF_INET;
                             sockType: SockType = SOCK_STREAM;
                             protocol: Protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
                             inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)): AsyncFD {...}{.
    raises: [OSError, Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}  Source Edit  proc dial(address: string; port: Port; protocol: Protocol = IPPROTO_TCP): owned(
    Future[AsyncFD]) {...}{.raises: [OSError, ValueError, Exception],
                       tags: [RootEffect].}  Establishes connection to the specified address:port pair via the specified protocol. The procedure iterates through possible resolutions of the address until it succeeds, meaning that it seamlessly works with both IPv4 and IPv6. Returns the async file descriptor, registered in the dispatcher of the current thread, ready to send or receive data. Source Edit  proc connect(socket: AsyncFD; address: string; port: Port;
             domain = Domain.AF_INET): owned(Future[void]) {...}{.
    raises: [OSError, IOError, ValueError, Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}  Source Edit  proc sleepAsync(ms: int | float): owned(Future[void])  Suspends the execution of the current async procedure for the next ms milliseconds. Source Edit  proc withTimeout[T](fut: Future[T]; timeout: int): owned(Future[bool])  Returns a future which will complete once fut completes or after timeout milliseconds has elapsed. If fut completes first the returned future will hold true, otherwise, if timeout milliseconds has elapsed first, the returned future will hold false. Source Edit  proc accept(socket: AsyncFD; flags = {SafeDisconn};
            inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)): owned(Future[AsyncFD]) {...}{.
    raises: [Exception, ValueError, OSError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Accepts a new connection. Returns a future containing the client socket corresponding to that connection. If inheritable is false (the default), the resulting client socket will not be inheritable by child processes. The future will complete when the connection is successfully accepted. Source Edit  proc send(socket: AsyncFD; data: string; flags = {SafeDisconn}): owned(
    Future[void]) {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Sends data to socket. The returned future will complete once all data has been sent. Source Edit  proc readAll(future: FutureStream[string]): owned(Future[string]) {...}{.
    raises: [Exception, ValueError], tags: [RootEffect].}  Returns a future that will complete when all the string data from the specified future stream is retrieved. Source Edit  proc callSoon(cbproc: proc () {...}{.gcsafe.}) {...}{.gcsafe, raises: [Exception],
    tags: [RootEffect].}  Schedule cbproc to be called as soon as possible. The callback is called when control returns to the event loop. Source Edit  proc runForever() {...}{.raises: [Exception, ValueError, OSError],
                    tags: [RootEffect, TimeEffect].}  Begins a never ending global dispatcher poll loop. Source Edit  proc waitFor[T](fut: Future[T]): T  Blocks the current thread until the specified future completes. Source Edit  proc activeDescriptors(): int {...}{.inline, raises: [], tags: [].}  Returns the current number of active file descriptors for the current event loop. This is a cheap operation that does not involve a system call. Source Edit  proc maxDescriptors(): int {...}{.raises: OSError, tags: [].}  Returns the maximum number of active file descriptors for the current process. This involves a system call. For now maxDescriptors is supported on the following OSes: Windows, Linux, OSX, BSD. Source Edit   Macros  macro async(prc: untyped): untyped  Macro which processes async procedures into the appropriate iterators and yield statements. Source Edit  macro multisync(prc: untyped): untyped  Macro which processes async procedures into both asynchronous and synchronous procedures. The generated async procedures use the async macro, whereas the generated synchronous procedures simply strip off the await calls. Source Edit   Templates  template await(f: typed): untyped {...}{.used.}  Source Edit  template await[T](f: Future[T]): auto {...}{.used.}  Source Edit   Exports  Port, SocketFlag, and, addCallback, asyncCheck, or, read, fail, setCallSoonProc, addCallback, clean, clearCallbacks, newFutureVar, mget, Future, failed, $, callback=, complete, callback=, NimAsyncContinueSuffix, FutureBase, all, complete, FutureError, getCallSoonProc, FutureVar, isFutureLoggingEnabled, complete, readError, complete, newFuture, finished, len, callback=, fail, newFutureStream, finished, write, complete, FutureStream, read, failed 

    
{'path': 'public/docs/nim/asyncdispatch.html', 'source': 'DevDocs.IO'}