Title of Invention: Plants synthesizing a modified starch, the generation of the plants, their use, and the modified starch Abstract: The present invention relates to recombinant nucleic acid molecules which contain two or more nucleotide sequences which encode enzymes which participate in the starch metabolism, methods for generating transgenic plant cells and plants which synthesize starch which is modified with regard to its phosphate content and its side-chain structure. The present invention furthermore relates to vectors and host cells which contain the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, the plant cells and plants which originate from the methods according to the invention, to the starch synthesized by the plant cells and plants according to the invention, and to processes for the preparation of this starch. Brief Summary: The present invention relates to recombinant nucleic acid molecules which comprise two or more nucleotide sequences which encode enzymes which participate in the starch metabolism, to processes for generating transgenic plant cells, and plants which synthesize starch which is modified with regard to their phosphate content and their side-chain structure. The present invention furthermore relates to vectors and host cells which contain the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, the plant cells and plants which originate from the processes according to the invention, to the starch synthesized by the plant cells and plants according to the invention, and to processes for the preparation of this starch. Bearing in mind the increasing importance of plant constituents as renewable resources, biotechnology research attempts to adapt plant raw materials to the demands of the processing industry. Thus, to make possible the use of renewable resources in as many fields of application as possible, it is necessary to make available a great variety of materials. Not only oils, fats and proteins, but also polysaccharides, constitute important renewable resources from plants. A pivotal position in the polysaccharides is taken up not only by cellulose, but also by starch, which is one of the most important storage substances in higher plants. Not only corn, rice and wheat, but also potato, plays an important role, in particular in starch production. The polysaccharide starch is a polymer of chemically uniform units, the glucose molecules. However, it is of a highly complex mixture of different forms of molecules which differ with regard to their degree of polymerization and the occurrence of branchings in the glucose chains. Starch is therefore no uniform raw material. In particular, we differentiate between amylose starch, an essentially unbranched polymer of xcex1-1,4-glycosidically linked glucose molecules, and amylopectin starch which, in turn, constitutes a complex mixture of differently branched glucose chains. Other branchings are generated by the occurrence of additional xcex1-1,6-glycosidic linkages. In typical plants used for starch production such as, for example, corn or potatoes, the synthesized starch consists to approx. 25% of amylose starch and approx. 75% of amylopectin starch. The molecular structure of the starch, which is largely determined by the degree of branching, the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the average length and distribution of the side chains and the presence of phosphate groups is of prime importance for important functional properties of the starch, resp., its aqueous solutions. Important functional properties which must be mentioned are, for example, solubility, retrogradation behavior, film-forming properties, viscosity, color stability, the gelatination properties and the binding and adhesion properties. Also, starch granule size may be of importance for various applications. The production of high-amylose starches is also of particular interest for certain applications. Furthermore, a modified starch contained in plant cells may advantageously alter the behavior of the plant cells under certain conditions. For example, a reduced starch degradation during the storage of starch-containing organs such as, for example, seeds or tubers, before their processing, for example for starch extraction, is feasible. It is also of interest to produce modified starches which make plant cells or plant organs which contain this starch better suited for processing, for example in the preparation of foodstuffs such as popcorn or cornflakes from corn or of potato chips, potato crisps or potato powder from potatoes. Of particular interest is the improvement of the starches regarding a reduced cold sweetening, i.e. a reduced liberation of reducing sugars (in particular glucose) upon prolonged storage at low temperatures. Potatoes especially are frequently stored at temperatures from 4 to 8xc2x0 C. to minimize starch degradation during storage. The reducing sugars liberated during this process, in particular glucose, result in undesired browning reactions in the production of potato chips or potato crisps (so-called Maillard reactions). The starch which can be isolated from plants is frequently adapted to particular industrial purposes with the aid of chemical modifications which, as a rule, require time and money. It seems therefore desirable to find possibilities of generating plants which synthesize a starch whose properties already meet the specific demands of the processing industry and thus combine economical and ecological advantages. A possibility of providing such plants is, in addition to breeding measures, the direct genetic alteration of the starch metabolism of starch-producing plants by genetic engineering methods. However, a prerequisite therefor is the identification and characterization of the enzymes which participate in starch synthesis modification and starch degradation (starch metabolism) and isolation of the corresponding DNA sequences which encode these enzymes. The biochemical pathways which lead to the synthesis of starch are essentially known. In plant cells, starch synthesis takes place in the plastids. In photosynthetically active tissues, these plastids are the chloroplasts, in photosynthetically inactive, starch-storing tissues the amyloplasts. Important enzymes which participate in starch synthesis are, for example, the branching enzymes, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthases, debranching enzymes, disproportioning enzymes, plastidic starch phosphorylases and the R1 enzymes (RI proteins). It is an object of the present invention to provide other, or alternative, genetic engineering methods for modifying the starch metabolism in starch-synthesizing plants (for example rye, barley, oats, corn, wheat, sorghum and millet, sago, rice, peas, marrowfat peas, cassava, potatoes, tomatoes, oilseed rape/canola, soybeans, hemp, flax, sunflowers, cowpeas, mung beans, beans, bananas or arrowroot) or suitable nucleic acid molecules by means of which plant cells can be transformed to allow the synthesis of altered advantageous starch varieties. Such altered starch varieties exhibit, for example, modifications regarding their degree of branching, the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the phosphate content, the starch granule size and/or the average length and distribution of the side chains (i.e. the side chain structure). It is a further object of the invention to provide methods which allow the generation of transgenic plants which synthesize an altered (modified) starch variety. Surprisingly, transgenic plant cells or plants which have been transformed with the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention synthesize a starch which is altered in the particular manner according to the invention with regard to its physicochemical properties and/or its side chain structure. In contrast, known starches which were synthesized by transgenic plants do not exhibit alterations according to the invention. These objects are achieved according to the invention by providing the use forms specified in the claims. The invention therefore relates to a recombinant nucleic acid molecule (nucleotide sequence) comprising a) at least one nucleotide sequence (polynucleotide, resp., nucleic acid molecule) encoding a protein having the function of a soluble starch synthase III or fragments of said nucleotide sequence and b) one or more nucleotide sequences which encode a protein selected from the group A, consisting of proteins having the function of branching enzymes, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthases I, II, or other, debranching enzymes, disproportioning enzymes, plastidic starch phosphorylases, R1 enzymes, amylases, and glucosidases, or fragments thereofxe2x80x94preferably, soluble starch synthases I, , soluble starch synthases II and/or branching enzymes or fragments thereofxe2x80x94and nucleic acid molecules which hybridize with one of the said nucleotide sequences or fragments thereof, preferably a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule or ribonucleic acid molecule, especially preferably a cDNA molecule. Especially preferred is a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes specifically with one of said nucleotide sequences or fragments thereof. Nucleotide sequences which are suitably employed according to the invention and which encode a protein having the function of soluble starch synthase III are disclosed, for example, in EP-A-0779363 and Abel et al., 1996, Plant J. 10(6):981-991 (SEQ ID NO:1). The term xe2x80x9cnucleotide sequence encoding a protein having the function of a soluble starch synthase IIIxe2x80x9d is to be understood as meaning for the purposes of the present invention in particular those sequences whose encoding region has a length of 3000-4500 bp, preferably 3200-4250 bp, especially preferably 3400-4000 bp and whose homology to the entire encoding region of a nucleic acid encoding a protein which has the function of a starch synthase (SEQ ID NO:1) amounts to at least 70%, preferable at least 80%, especially preferably at least 90% and very especially preferably at least 95%. Nucleotide sequences which are suitable according to the invention and which encode a protein from the group A are, for example, soluble starch synthases (Type I, II or other) or granule-bound starch synthase isoforms (e.g., Hergersberg, 1988, PhD thesis, University of Cologne; Abel, 1995, PhD thesis, FU Berlin; Abel et al., 1996, Plant Journal 10(6):981-991; Visser et al., 1989, Plant Sci. 64:185-192; van der Leij et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet. 228:240-248; EP-A-0779363; WO 92/11376; WO 96/15248, wherein SSSB has the meaning of soluble starch synthase I, and GBSSII has the meaning of soluble starch synthase II; WO 97/26362; WO 97/44472; WO 97/45545; Delrue et al., 1992, J. Bacteriol. 174: 3612-3620; Baba et al., 1993, Plant Physiol. 103:565-573; Dry et al., 1992, The Plant Journal 2,2: 193-202 or else in the EMBL database entries X74160; X58453; X88789); branching enzyme isoforms (branching enzymes I, IIa, IIb), debranching enzyme isoforms (debranching enzymes, isoamylases, pullulanases) or disproportioning enzyme isoforms, described, for example, in WO 92/14827; WO 95/07335; WO 95/09922; WO 96/19581; WO 97/22703; WO 97/32985; WO 97/42328; Takaha et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 1391-1396 or else in the EMBL database entry X83969, and those for ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases, plastidic starch phosphorylase isoforms and R1 enzymes (R1 proteins), described, for example, in EP-A-0368506; EP-A-0455316; WO 94/28146; DE 19653176.4; WO 97/11188; Brisson et al., 1989, The Plant Cell 1:559-566; Buchner et al., 1996, Planta 199:64-73; Camirand et al., 1989, Plant Physiol. 89(4 Suppl.) 61; Bhatt and Knowler, J. Exp. Botany 41 (Suppl.) 5-7; Lin et al., 1991, Plant Physiol. 95:1250-1253; Sonnewald et al., 1995, Plant Mol. Biol. 27:567-576; DDBJ No. D23280; Lorberth et al., 1998, Nature Biotechnology 16:473-477, and amylases and glucosidases. The nucleotide sequences which are suitably employed in accordance with the invention are of prokaryotic or eukaryotic origin, preferably of bacterial, fungal or plant origin. The term xe2x80x9cfragmentxe2x80x9d denotes, for the purposes of the present invention, portions of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention or of a nucleic acid molecule to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention which has a length of at least 15 bp, preferably at least 150 bp, especially preferably at least 500 bp, but which generally do not exceed a length of 5000 bp, preferably 2500 bp. In particular, the term xe2x80x9cfragmentxe2x80x9d encompasses biologically active molecules. The term xe2x80x9chybridizationxe2x80x9d denotes, for the purposes of the present invention, a hybridization under conventional hybridization conditions, preferably under stringent conditions as they are described, for example, by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Especially preferably, a xe2x80x9cspecific hybridizationxe2x80x9d takes place under the following highly stringent conditions: Hybridization buffer: 2xc3x97SSC; 10xc3x97Denhardt solution (Ficoll 400+PEG+BSA; ratio 1:1:1); 0.1% SDS; 5 mM EDTA; 50 mM Na2HPO4; 250 xcexcg/ml herring sperm DNA; 50 xcexcg/ml tRNA; or 0.25 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.2; 1 mM EDTA; 7% SDS at a The molecules which hybridize with the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or with the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention also encompass fragments, derivatives and allelic variants of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention. xe2x80x9cFragmentsxe2x80x9d are not only to be understood as portions of the nucleic acid molecules which are long enough to encode a functionally active portion of the proteins described. The term xe2x80x9cderivativexe2x80x9d means, within the context of the present invention, that the sequences of these molecules differ from the sequences of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention in one or more positions and exhibit a high degree of homology to these sequences. Homology means a sequential identity of at least 60%, preferably over 70%, and especially preferably over 85%, in particular over 90% and very especially preferably over 95%. The deviations relative to the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention may have originated by means of one or more deletions, substitutions, insertions (addition) or recombinations. Furthermore, homology means that a functional and/or structural equivalence exists between the nucleic acid molecules in question and the proteins encoded by them. The nucleic acid molecules which are homologous to the molecules according to the invention or to the molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention and which constitute derivatives of these molecules are, as a rule, variations of these molecules which constitute modifications which exert the same, a virtually identical or a similar biological function. They may be naturally occurring variations, for example sequences from other plant species or mutations, it being possible for these mutations to have occurred naturally or to have been introduced by natural mutagenesis. The variations may further be synthetic sequences. The allelic variants may be naturally occurring variants or else synthetic variants or variants generated by recombinant DNA technology. The nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention may be DNA molecules, in particular cDNA molecules, or, if appropriate, the combination of genomic molecules. The nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention may furthermore be RNA molecules. The nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention or fragments thereof may have been obtained, for example, from natural sources, generated by means of recombinant technology or generated by synthesis. To express the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention in sense or antisense orientation in plant cells, they are linked with the regulatory DNA elements which ensure transcription in plant cells. These include in general, promoters. In general, any promoter which is active in plant cell is suitable for expression. The promoter may have been chosen to in such a way that expression is constitutive or only in a particular tissue, at a particular point in time of plant development or at a point in time determined by external factors which can be, for example, chemically or biologically inducible. Relative to the transformed plant, the promoter can be homologous or heterologous, as can be the nucleotide sequence. Examples of suitable promoters are the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter and the ubiqutin-promotor derived from corn for constitutive expression, the palatin promoter B33 (Rocha-Sosa et al., 1989, EMBO J., 8:23-29) for tuber-specific expression in potatoes or a promoter which ensures expression only in photosynthetically active tissues, for example the ST-LS1 promoter (Stockhaus et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7943-7947; Stockhaus et al., 1989, EMBO J. 8: 2445-2451) or, the Ca/b-promotor (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,496; U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,952; Barisal et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, (1992), 3654-3658) and the rubisco SSU-Promotor (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,322; U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,028) or for a endosperm-specific expression the glutelin promotor (Leisy et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14, (1990), 41-50; Zheng et al., Plant J. 4, (1993), 357-366; Yoshihara et al., FEBS Left. 383, (1996), 213-218), the shrunken-1 promotor (Werr et al., EMBO J. 4, (1985), 1373-1380), the wheat HMG 10 promotor, the USP promotor, the phaseolin promotor or promoters from maize zein genes (Pedersen et al., Cell 29, (1982), 1015-1026; Quatroccio et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 15 (1990), 81-93). A termination sequence which terminates the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention may serve to correctly end transcription and to add to the transcript a poly-A tail, which is considered to have a function in stabilizing the transcripts. Such elements have been described in the literature (cf. Gielen et al., 1989, EMBO J. 8:23-29) and are, as a rule, exchangeable as desired. The nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention can be used for generating transgenic plant cells and plants which show an increase and/or reduction in the activity of the soluble starch synthase III and of at least one further enzyme of starch metabolism. To this end, the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention are introduced into suitable vectors, provided with the regulatory nucleic acid sequences which are necessary for efficient transcription in plant cells, and introduced into plant cells. On the one hand, there is the possibility of using the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention for inhibiting the synthesis of the endogenous soluble starch synthase III and/or of at least one further protein from the group A in the cells. This may be achieved with the aid of antisense constructs, in-vivo mutagenesis, a cosuppression effect which occurs, or with the aid of suitably constructed ribozymes. On the other hand, the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention can be used for expressing the soluble starch synthase III and/or at least one further protein from the group A in cells of transgenic plants and thus lead to an increased activity, in the cells, of the enzymes which have been expressed in each case. In addition, there exists the possibility of using the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention for inhibiting the synthesis of the endogenous soluble starch synthase III and the overexpression of at least one further protein from the group A in the cells. Finally, the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention may also be used for expressing the soluble starch synthase III and for inhibiting at least one further protein from the group A in cells of transgenic plants. The two last-mentioned embodiments of the invention thus lead, in the cells, to a simultaneous inhibition and increase in activity of the enzymes which are inhibited or expressed, respectively. The invention furthermore relates to a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention. The term xe2x80x9cvectorxe2x80x9d encompasses plasmids, cosmids, viruses, bacteriophages and other vectors conventionally used in genetic engineering which contain the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention and which are suitable for transforming cells. Such vectors are preferably suitable for transforming plant cells. Especially preferably, they permit integration of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, if appropriate together with flanking regulatory regions, into the genome of the plant cell. Examples are binary vectors such as pBinAR or pBinB33, which can be employed in agrobacteria-mediated gene transfer. In a preferred embodiment, the vector according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that the nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having the function of of a soluble starch synthase III or fragments thereof is present in sense or in antisense orientation. In a further preferred embodiment, the vector according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that the nucleotide sequence which encodes one or more proteins selected from the group A or fragments thereof is present in sense or in antisense orientation. In yet a further preferred embodiment, the vector according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that the nucleotide sequence which encodes a plurality of proteins selected from the group A or fragments thereof is present partly in sense and partly in antisense orientation. Very especially preferably, the vector according to the invention comprises one or more regulatory elements which ensure transcription or synthesis of an RNA in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. In addition, it is possible to introduce, by means of customary techniques of molecular biology (see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbour, N.Y.), various mutations into the DNA sequences according to the invention or the DNA molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention, which leads to the synthesis of proteins with biological properties which may be altered. On the one hand, it is possible to generate deletion mutants in which sequences are generated, by progressive deletions from the 5xe2x80x2 or from the 3xe2x80x2 end of the encoding DNA sequences which lead to the synthesis of analogously truncated proteins. For example, such deletions at the 5xe2x80x2 end of the DNA sequence allow the targeted production of enzymes which, due to the removal of the relevant transit or signal sequences, are no longer localized in their original (homologous) compartment, but in the cytosol, or which, due to the addition of other signal sequences, are localized in one or more other (heterologous) compartments (for example plastid, vacuole, mitochondrion, apoplast). On the other hand, it is also feasible to introduce point mutations in positions where an altered amino acid sequence affects, for example, the enzyme activity or the regulation of the enzyme. Thus, it is possible to generate, for example mutants which have an altered KM or kcat value or which are no longer subject to the regulatory mechanisms normally present in the cell, e.g., via allosteric regulation or covalent modification. For the genetic engineering manipulation in prokaryotic cells, the DNA sequences according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention or fragments of these sequences can be introduced into plasmids which permit mutagenesis or an altered sequence by the recombination of DNA sequences. Base exchanges may be performed or natural or synthetic sequences may be added, with the aid of standard methods in molecular biology (cf. Sambrook et al., 1989, loc.cit.). To link the DNA portions to each other, adaptors or linkers may be attached to the portions. Furthermore, manipulations which provide suitable restriction cleavage sites or which remove excessive DNA or restriction cleavage sites which are no longer needed may be employed. Where insertions, deletions or substitutions are suitable, in-vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction or ligation may be employed. The analytical methods which are generally carried out are sequence analysis, restriction analysis and, if appropriate, other methods of biochemistry and molecular biology. The invention furthermore relates to a transgenic host cell exhibiting an altered starch metabolism, in particular to prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, preferably bacterial or plant (monocotyledonous or dicotyledenous) cells (for example of E. coli, Agrobacterium, Solananceae, Poideae, rye, barley, oats, corn, wheat, sorghum and millet, sago, rice, peas, marrowfat peas, cassava, potatoes, tomatoes, oilseed rape/canola, soybeans, hemp, flax, sunflowers, cowpeas, mung beans, beans, bananas or arrowroot) which contain one or more nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or one or more vectors according to the invention, or which is derived from such a cell. Yet another subject of the invention is a transgenic host cell exhibiting an altered starch metabolism, in particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, preferably bacterial or plant cells (for example of E. coli, Agrobacterium, Solananceae, Poideae, rye, barley, oats, corn, wheat, sorghum and millet, sago, rice, peas, marrowfat peas, cassava, potatoes, tomatoes, oilseed rape/canola, soybeans, hemp, flax, sunflowers, cowpeas, mung beans, beans, bananas or arrowroot) comprising a) at least one nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having the function of a soluble starch synthase III or fragments thereof, and b) one or more nucleotide sequences encoding a protein selected from the group A or fragments thereof or nucleotide sequences which hybridize with the said nucleic acid molecules or which is derived from such a cell. Host cells according to the invention cannot only be generated by using the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, but also by means of successive transformation (e.g., by so-called supertransformation), by employing a plurality of portions of the nucleotide sequence according to the invention or a plurality of vectors comprising portions of the nucleotide sequence according to the invention which encode a protein having the function of a soluble starch synthase III and additionally encode one or more proteins selected from the group A consisting of branching enzymes, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthases I, II or other, debranching enzymes, disproportioning enzymes, plastidic starch phosphorylases, R1 enzymes, fragments thereof, and nucleic acid molecules which hybridize with one of said nucleotide sequences or fragments thereof, in a plurality of cell transformation steps. Hereby, the cell is subsequently or simultaneously transformed in any order with a) at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein having the function of a soluble starch synthase III, a fragment thereof or a vector comprising said nucleic acid molecule and b) one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a protein selected from the group A consisting of branching enzymes, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthases I, II or other, debranching enzymes, disproportioning enzymes, plastidic starch phosphorylases, R1 enzymes; or fragments thereof,xe2x80x94preferably, soluble starch syntheses I, soluble starch syntheses II and/or branching enzymes or fragments thereofxe2x80x94, and nucleic acid molecules which hybridize with one of said nucleotide sequences or one or more vectors comprising one or more of the said nucleic acid molecules. Another object of the invention is a method of generating a transgenic host cell, bacterial cell, plant cell or plant which synthesizes a modified starch, which comprises integrating into the genome of a cell a) at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein having the function of a soluble starch synthase III, a fragment thereof or a vector comprising said nucleic acid molecule and b) one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a protein selected from the group A consisting of branching enzymes, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthases I, II or other, debranching enzymes, disproportioning enzymes, plastidic starch phosphorylases, and R1 enzymes, or fragments thereof, xe2x80x94preferably, soluble starch synthases I, , soluble starch synthases II and/or branching enzymes or fragments thereofxe2x80x94, and nucleic acid molecules which hybridize with one of said nucleotide sequences or one or more vectors comprising one or more of the said nucleic acid molecules. A further embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of generating a transgenic host cell, bacterial cell, plant cell or plant which synthesizes a modified starch, which comprises integrating one or more nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or one or more vectors according to the invention into the genome of a cell. Providing the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention makes it possible to engage in the starch metabolism of plants, with the aid of genetic engineering methods, and to alter it in such a way that the result is the synthesis of a modified starch which is altered relative to starch synthesized in wild-type plants with regard to, for example, structure, water content, protein content, lipid content, fiber content, ash/phosphate content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, molecular mass distribution, degree of branching, granule size, granule shape and crystallization, or else in its physico-chemical properties such as flowing and absorption behavior, gelatinization temperature, viscosity, thickening capacity, solubility, gel structure, transparency, thermal stability, shear stability, stability to acids, tendency to undergo retrogradation, gelling, freeze-thaw-stability, complex formation, iodine binding, film formation, adhesion power, enzyme stability, digestibility or reactivity. There is also the possibility of increasing the yield in suitably genetically engineered plants by increasing the activity of proteins which are involved in the starch metabolism, for example by overexpressing suitable nucleic acid molecules, or by providing mutants which are no longer subject to the cell""s regulatory mechanisms and/or which exhibit different temperature dependencies relating to their activity. A particularly pronounced increase in yield may be the result of increasing the activity of one or more proteins which are involved in the starch metabolism in specific cells of the starch-storing tissues of transformed plants such as, for example, in the tuber in the case of potatoes or in the endosperm of corn or wheat. The economic importance and the advantages of these possibilities of engaging in the starch metabolism are enormous. When expressing the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention in plants, it is possible, in principle, for the synthesized protein to be localized in any desired compartment of the plant cell. To achieve location in a particular compartment (cytosol, vacuole, apoplast, plastids, mitochondria), the transit or signal sequence which ensures location must, if necessary, be deleted (removed) and the remaining encoding region must, if necessary, be linked to DNA sequences which ensure location in the particular compartment. Such sequences are known (see, for example, Braun et al., EMBO J. 11 (1992), 3219-3227; Wolter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988), 846-850; Sonnewald et al., Plant J. 1 (1991), 95-106). To ensure the location in a particular plant part or tissue specific promoters may be used which are well known to the person skilled in the art. The generation of plant cells with a reduced activity of a protein involved in the starch metabolism can be achieved, for example, by expressing a suitable antisense RNA, a sense RNA for achieving a cosuppression effect, in-vivo mutagenesis or by expressing a suitably constructed ribozyme which specifically cleaves transcripts which encode one of the proteins involved in the starch metabolism, using a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, preferably by expressing an antisense transcript. To this end, it is possible to use, on the one hand, a DNA molecule which encompasses all of the sequence which encodes a protein involved in the starch metabolism inclusive of any flanking sequences which may be present, as well as DNA molecules which only encompass fragments of the encoding sequence, these fragments having a minimum length of 15 bp, preferably of at least 100-500 bp, in particular over 500 bp. As a rule, DNA molecules are used which are shorter than 5000 bp, preferably shorter than 2500 bp. It is also possible to use DNA sequences which exhibit a high degree of homology to the sequences of the DNA molecules according to the invention, but are not fully identical with them. The minimum homology should exceed approx. 65%. The use of sequences with a homology of approximately 75 to 85% and, in particular, approximately 85 to 95%, is preferred. The expression of ribozymes for reducing the activity of specific proteins in cells is known to those skilled in the art and described, for example, in EP-B1-0 321 201. The expression of ribozymes in plant cells was described, for example, by Feyter et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet. 250 (1996), 329-338). Further, the proteins involved in the starch metabolism may also be reduced in the plant cells according to the invention by so-called xe2x80x9cin-vivo mutagenesisxe2x80x9d, where a hybrid RNA-DNA-oligonucleotide (xe2x80x9cchimeroplastxe2x80x9d) is introduced into cells by means of transforming them (Kipp P. B. et al., Poster Session at the xe2x80x9c5th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, 21-27, September 1997, Singapore; R. A. Dixon and C. J. Arntzen, Meeting report on xe2x80x9cMetabolic Engineering in Transgenic Plantsxe2x80x9d, Keystone Symposia, Copper Mountain, Colo., USA, TIBTECH 15 (1997), 441-447; International Patent Application WO 95/15972; Kren et al., Hepatology 25 (1997), 1462-1468; Cole-Strauss et al., Science 273 (1996), 1386-1389). A fragment of the DNA component of the RNA-DNA-oligonucleotide used for this purpose is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence of an endogenous protein, but exhibits a mutation in comparison with the nucleic acid sequence of the endogenous protein or comprises a heterologous region enclosed by the homologous regions. Base pairing of the homologous regions of the RNA-DNA-oligonucleotide and of the endogenous nucleic acid molecule followed by homologous recombination allows the mutation or heterologous region comprised in the DNA component of the RNA-DNA-oligonucleotide to be transferred into the genome of a plant cell. This leads to a reduced activity of the protein involved in the starch metabolism. Alternatively, the enzyme activities which are involved, in the plant cells, in the starch metabolism may be reduced by a cosuppression effect. This method is described, for example, by Jorgensen (Trends Biotechnol. 8 (1990), 340-344), Niebel et al., (Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 197 (1995), 91-103), Flavell et al. (Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 197 (1995), 43-46), Palaqui and Vaucheret (Plant. Mol. Biol. 29 (1995), 149-159), Vaucheret et al., (Mol. Gen. Genet. 248 (1995), 311-317), de Borne et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet. 243 (1994), 613-621). To inhibit the synthesis, in the transformed plants, of a plurality of enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, it is possible to use DNA molecules for transformation which simultaneously comprise, in antisense orientation and under the control of a suitable promoter, a plurality of regions which encode the relevant enzymes. Each sequence may be under the control of its promoter, or, alternatively, the sequences can be transcribed by a joint promoter as a fusion, so that the synthesis of the proteins in question is inhibited to approximately the same or to a different extent. As regards the length of the individual encoding regions which are used in such a construct, what has already been said above for the generation of antisense constructs also applies here. In principle, there is no upper limit for the number of antisense fragments transcribed starting from a promoter in such a DNA molecule. However, the resulting transcript should not, as a rule, exceed a length of 25 kb, preferably 15 kb. Therefore, the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention make it possible to transform plant cells and simultaneously to inhibit the synthesis of a plurality of enzymes. Moreover, it is possible to introduce the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention into traditional mutants which are deficient or defective, with regard to one or more starch biosynthesis genes (Shannon and Garwood, 1984, in Whistler, BeMiller and Paschall, Starch: Chemistry and Technology, Academic Press, London, 2nd Edition: 25-86). These defects can relate, for example, to the following proteins: granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS I) and soluble starch synthases (SS I, II, III or other), branching enzymes (BE I, IIa and IIb), debranching enzymes (R-enzymes, isoamylases, pullulanases), disproportioning enzymes and plastidic starch phosphorylases. The present invention thus also relates to transgenic plant cells obtainable by a process according to the invention which have been transformed with a vector or nucleic acid molecule according to the invention or the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention, and to transgenic plant cells or plants derived from such transformed cells. The cells according to the invention contain one or more nucleic acid molecules according to the invention or to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention, this preferably being linked to one or more regulatory DNA elements (for example promoter, enhancer, terminator) which ensure the transcription in plant cells, in particular a promoter. The cells according to the invention can be distinguished from naturally occurring plant cells, inter alia, by the fact that they contain a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which does not occur naturally in these cells, or by the fact that such a molecule exists integrated at a location in the cell""s genome where it does not occur otherwise, i.e. in a different genomic environment. Furthermore, the transgenic plant cells according to the invention can be distinguished from naturally occurring plant cells by the fact that they contain at least one copy of a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention stably integrated into their genome, if appropriate in addition to copies of such a molecule which occur naturally in the cells, resp., the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention. If the nucleic acid molecule(s) introduced into the cells is (are) additional copies to molecules which already occur naturally in the cells, then the plant cells according to the invention can be distinguished from naturally occurring plant cells in particular by the fact that this additional copy, or these additional copies, is, or are, localized at sites in the genome at which it does not occur naturally, or they do not occur naturally. This can be checked, for example, with the aid of a Southern blot analysis. Preferred plant cells according to the invention are those in which the enzyme activity of individual enzymes which are involved in the starch metabolism is increased and/or reduced by in each case at least 10%, especially preferably at least 30% and very especially preferably by at least 50%. Moreover, the plant cells according to the invention can be distinguished from naturally occurring plant cells preferably by at least one of the following features: if the nucleic acid molecule which has been introduced is heterologous relative to the plant cell, the transgenic plant cells exhibit transcripts of the nucleic acid molecules which have been introduced. These can be detected by, for example, northern blot analysis. For example, the plant cells according to the invention contain one or more proteins encoded by a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, resp., the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention, which has been introduced. This can be detected by, for example, immunological methods, in particular by a western blot analysis. If the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, resp., the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention which has been introduced is homologous relative to the plant cell, the cells according to the invention can be distinguished from naturally occurring cells, for example, on the basis of the additional expression of nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, resp., the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention. For example, the transgenic plant cells contain more or fewer transcripts of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, resp., the nucleic acid molecules to be suitably employed in accordance with the invention. This can be detected by, for example, northern blot analysis. xe2x80x9cMorexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cfewerxe2x80x9d in this context means preferably at least 10% more or fewer, preferably at least 20% more or fewer and especially preferably at least 50% more or fewer transcripts than corresponding untransformed cells. Furthermore, the cells preferably exhibit a corresponding increase or decrease in the content of the proteins encoded by the introduced nucleic acid molecules (at least 10%, 20% or 50%). The transgenic plant cells can be regenerated to entire plants by techniques known to those skilled in the art. The plants obtainable by regenerating the transgenic plant cells according to the invention, and processes for the generation of transgenic plants by regenerating entire plants from the plant cells according to the invention, are also subject matter of the present invention. Another subject of the invention are plants which comprise the transgenic plant cells according to the invention. In principle, the transgenic plants can be plants of any species, i.e. not only monocotyledonous, but also dicotyledonous plants. The plants are preferably crop plants and starch-storing plants such as, for example, cereal species (rye, barley, oats, corn, wheat, sorghum and millet, etc.), sago, rice, peas, marrowfat peas, cassava, potatoes, tomatoes, oilseed rape/canola, soybeans, hemp, flax, sunflowers, cowpeas, mung beans or arrowroot. The invention also relates to propagation material of the plants according to the invention, for example fruits, seeds, tubers, root stocks, seedlings, cuttings, calli, protoplasts, cell cultures and the like. Altering the enzymatic activities of the enzymes involved in the starch metabolism results in the synthesis, in the plants generated by the process according to the invention, of a starch with an altered structure. A large number of cloning vectors is available for preparing the introduction of foreign genes into higher plants, vectors which comprise a replication signal for E. coli and a marker gene for the selection of transformed bacterial cells. Examples of such vectors are pBR322, pUC series, M13mp series, pACYC184 and the like. The desired sequences can be introduced into the vector at a suitable restriction cleavage site. The plasmid obtained is used for transforming E. coli cells. Transformed E. coli cells are grown in a suitable medium, and then harvested and lysed. The plasmid is recovered. The analytical methods for characterizing the plasmid DNA obtained are generally restriction analyses, gel electrophoreses and other methods of biochemistry and molecular biology (Sambrook et al. loc.cit.). After each manipulation, the plasmid DNA can be cleaved and DNA fragments obtained linked with other DNA sequences. Each plasmid DNA sequence can be cloned into the same or other plasmids. A large number of techniques is available for introducing DNA into a plant host cell. These techniques encompass the transformation of plant cells with T-DNA using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes as transformants, protoplast fusion by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG), injection, DNA electroporation, the introduction of DNA by means of the biolistic method, and other possibilities (Gene Transfer to Plants. pp. 24-29, eds.: Potrykus, I. and Spangenberg, G., Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995). The injection and electroporation of DNA into plant cells require no particular aspects of the plasmids or the DNA used. Simple plasmids such as, for example, pUC derivatives can be used. However, if entire plants are to be regenerated from such transformed cells, the presence of a selectable marker gene is required. Depending on the method of introducing desired genes into the plant cell, further DNA sequences may be required. If, for example, the Ti or Ri plasmid is used for transforming the plant cell, at least the right border, but frequently the right and left border of the Ti and Ri plasmid T-DNA must be linked to the genes to be introduced as a flanking region. If agrobacteria are used for the transformation, the DNA to be introduced must be cloned into specific plasmids, either into an intermediate vector or into a binary vector. The intermediate vectors can be integrated into the agrobacterial Ti or Ri plasmid by homologous recombination owing to sequences which are homologous to sequences in the T-DNA. The former also contains the vir region, which is required for the T-DNA transfer. Intermediate vectors cannot replicate in agrobacteria. The intermediate vector can be transferred to Agrobactedum tumefaciens by means of a helper plasmid (conjugation). Binary vectors are capable of replication in E. coli and in agrobacteria. They contain a selection marker gene and a linker or polylinker which are framed by the left and right T-DNA border region. They can be transformed directly into the agrobacteria (Holsters et al. (1978) Mol. Gen. Genet. 163:181-187). The agrobacterium which acts as the host cell should contain a plasmid carrying a vir region. The vir region is required for transferring the T-DNA into the plant cell. Additional T-DNA may be present. The agrobacterium thus transformed is used for transforming plant cells. The use of T-DNA for transforming plant cells has been researched intensively and been described in EP 120516; Hoekema, In: The Binary Plant Vector System Offsetdrukkerij Kanters B.V., Alblasserdam (1985), Chapter V; Fraley et al., Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci., 4: 1-46 and An et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4: 277-287. To transfer the DNA into the plant cell, plant explants can expediently be cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Entire plants can then be regenerated from the infected plant material (for example leaf section, stalk sections, roots, but also protoplasts, or plant cells grown in suspension culture) in a suitable medium which can contain, for example, antibiotics or biocides for selecting transformed cells. The resulting plants can then be examined for the presence of the DNA which has been introduced. Other possibilities of introducing foreign DNA using the biolistic method or by protoplast transformation are known (cf., for example, Willmitzer, L, 1993 Transgenic plants. In: Biotechnology, A Multi-Volume Comprehensive Treatise (H. J. Rehm, G. Reed, A. Pxc3xchler, P. Stadler, eds.), Vol. 2, 627-659, VCH Weinheim-New York-Basel-Cambridge). While the transformation of dicotyledonous plants via Ti-plasmid vector systems with the aid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is well established, more recent work suggests that even monocotyledonous plants are indeed accessible to transformation by means of agrobacterium-based vectors (Chan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22 (1993), 491-506; Hiei et al., Plant J. 6 (1994), 271-282). Alternative systems for the transformation of monocotyledonous plants are the transformation by means of the biolistic method, protoplast transformation, the electroporation of partially permeabilized cells, and the introduction of DNA by means of glass fibers. Specifically different methods have been described in the literature for the transformation of corn (cf., for example, WO95/06128, EP 0 513 849; EP 0 465 875). EP 292 435 describes a method with the aid of which fertile plants can be obtained starting from a mucus-free, friable, granular corn callus. In this context, Shillito et al. (Bio/Technology 7 (1989), 581) have observed that the capability of regenerating fertile plants requires starting from callus suspension cultures from which a dividing protoplast culture with the capability of regenerating plants can be made. Prioli and Sxc3x6ndahl (Bio/Technology 7 (1989), 589) also describe the regeneration and obtaining of fertile corn plants from corn protoplasts. Once the introduced DNA is integrated into the genome of the plant cell, it is, as a rule, stable therein and is also retained in the progeny of the originally transformed cell. It normally contains a selection marker which mediates the transformed plant cells resistance to a biocide or an antibiotic such as kanamycin, G 418, bleomycin, hygromycin or phosphinothricin and the like. The individual marker chosen should therefore allow the selection of transformed cells over cells which lack the introduced DNA. Within the plant, the transformed cells grow in the customary manner (see, also, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84). The resulting plants can be grown normally and hybridized with plants which have the same transformed germplasm or other germplasm. The resulting hybrids have the corresponding phenotypic features. Two or more generations should be grown to ensure that the phenotypic feature is stably retained and inherited. Also, seeds or the like should be harvested to ensure that the phenotype in question or other features have been retained. Due to the expression of a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, the transgenic plant cells and plants according to the invention synthesize a starch whose, for example, physico-chemical properties are altered in comparison with starch synthesized in wild-type plants. Yet a further subject of the invention is the starch obtainable from a plant cell according to the invention, a plant according to the invention, its propagation material or a process according to the invention. Yet another subject of the invention is a process for the production of starch in a manner known per se, in which host cells, plant cells, plants, plant parts or propagation material according to the invention is processed, resp., integrated into the process. In a preferred embodiment, the starch according to the invention is distinguished in that its phosphate content is reduced by at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, especially preferably at least 70% and very especially preferably at least 90% in comparison with a starch obtainable from an untransformed cell or plant (i.e. the wild type) and in that its glucan content (cf. Fraction 3 in Example No. 13) after isoamylase treatment in the exclusion volume of an HPLC column system composed of 2 TSK-gel 2000SW columns connected in series and one TSK-gel 3000SW column in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 3.0 (at a flow rate of 0.35 ml/min as shown in Example No. 13) is increased by at least 50%, preferably at least 150%, especially preferably at least 300% and very especially preferably at least 500%. In a further embodiment, the starch according to the invention is distinguished in that its phosphate content is increased by at least 10%, preferably at least 30%, and especially preferably at least 50% in comparison with a starch obtainable from an untransformed cell or plant (i.e. the wild type) and in that its glucan content (cf. Fraction 3 in Example No. 13) after isoamylase treatment in the exclusion volume of an HPLC column system composed of 2 TSK-gel 2000SW columns connected in series and one TSK-gel 3000SW column in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 3.0 (at a flow rate of 0.35 ml/min as shown in Example No. 13) is increased by at least 50%, preferably at least 150%, especially preferably at least 300% and very especially preferably at least 500%. Processes for extracting the starch from plants or starch-storing plant organs are known to those skilled in the art. Processes for extracting starch from corn kernels are described, for example, by Eckhoff et al. (Cereal Chem. 661.612.3074). As
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