Abstract
In this note we show that given an exact QS-manifold (a natural generalisation of an exact Poisson manifold) one can associate a family of odd Jacobi structures on the same underlying supermanifold.
Introduction
Poisson manifolds and their "superisations" are some of the most fundamental and widespread geometric constructions found through all of mathematical physics. Specifically, Poisson brackets on manifolds and supermanifolds are central to the Hamiltonian description of mechanics, as well as the standard methods of quantisation. Grassmann odd versions of the Poisson bracket, known as Schouten brackets in the mathematical literature and antibrackets in the physics literature, have found an important application in gauge theory via the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism.
Introduction
The algebra of smooth functions on a QS-manifold (in the sense of Voronov [7] ) comes equipped with a Schouten algebra (a.k.a odd Poisson algebra) together with a homological vector field that satisfies the Leibniz rule over the Schouten bracket. Note that the Schouten bracket itself satisfies a Leibniz rule over the supercommutative product of functions. Graded QS-manifolds have been put to good use in describing Lie bialgebroids [7] .
Introduction
Odd Jacobi manifolds (see [1] for definitions and basic properties) are very similar to QSmanifolds, however the associated odd Jacobi brackets satisfy a weakened or modified version of the Leibniz rule. One still has a homological vector field satisfying the Leibniz rule over the brackets.
Introduction
Due to the obvious similarities between QS-manifolds and odd Jacobi manifolds is natural to wonder what direct relations exist between the two classes of supermanifold?
Introduction
In this short note we show that given an exact QS structure on a supermanifold M , there exists a pencil of odd Jacobi structures on the same underlying supermanifold M . Exact means that the Schouten structure S ∈ C ∞ (T * M ) is itself a trivial element in the Schouten cohomology. Also, the homological vector field Q ∈ Vect(M ) is itself a trivial element in the Q-cohomology as generated by the Lie derivative along itself L Q (acting on vector fields, though this can be extended to the tensor algebra [5] ). Such conditions require the existence of a particular even vector field, which will refer to as the homothety vector field in direct analogy with exact Poisson manifolds [4] .
Introduction
We take as our inspiration the work of Petalidou [6] who discovered a similar relation between exact Poisson structures and (even) Jacobi structures on the same manifold.
Preliminaries
All vector spaces and algebras will be Z 2 -graded. We will generally omit the prefix super. By manifold we will mean a smooth real supermanifold. We denote the Grassmann parity of an object by tilde: A ∈ Z 2 . By even or odd we will be referring explicitly to the Grassmann parity.
Preliminaries
A Poisson (ε = 0) or Schouten (ε = 1) algebra is understood as a vector space A with a bilinear associative multiplication and a bilinear operation {•, •} : A ⊗ A → A such that:
Preliminaries
for all homogenous elements a, b, c ∈ A.
Preliminaries
If the Leibniz rule does not hold identically, but is modified as
Preliminaries
then we have even (ǫ = 0) or odd (ǫ = 1) Jacobi algebras.
Preliminaries
A manifold M such that C ∞ (M ) is a Poisson/Schouten algebra is known as a Poisson/Schouten manifold. In particular the cotangent of a manifold comes equipped with a canonical Poisson structure.
Preliminaries
Let us employ natural local coordinates (x A , p A ) on T * M , with x A = A and p A = A. Local diffeomorphisms on M induce vector bundle automorphism on T * M of the form
Preliminaries
We will in effect use the local description as a natural vector bundle to define the cotangent bundle of a supermanifold. The canonical Poisson bracket on the cotangent is given by
Preliminaries
Given a vector field X ∈ Vect(M ) the symbol is defined by the replacement
Preliminaries
Note that the Lie bracket between vector fields becomes the Poisson bracket between the respective symbols.
Preliminaries
A manifold equipped with an odd vector field Q ∈ Vect(M ), such that the non-trivial condition Q 2 = 1 2 [Q, Q] = 0 holds, is known as a Q-manifold and the vector field Q is known as a homological vector field for obvious reasons.
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
• an odd function S ∈ C ∞ (T * M ), of degree two in fibre coordinates,
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
• an odd vector field Q ∈ Vect(M ), such that the following conditions hold: The function S ∈ C ∞ (T * (M )) is known as the Schouten structure and Q ∈ Vect(M ) is known as the compatible homological vector field. In short, a QS structure on the manifold provides the algebra of smooth functions C ∞ (M ) over the manifold with a Schouten bracket,
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
with f, g ∈ C ∞ (M ), such that the homological vector field Q ∈ Vect(M ) satisfies the derivation rule
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
We will call a manifold with a QS structure a QS-manifold.
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
By suitably relaxing the Schouten condition one arrives at the recently explored odd Jacobi manifolds.
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
Definition 2. An odd Jacobi structure (S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
• an odd function S ∈ C ∞ (T * M ), of degree two in fibre coordinates,
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
• an odd vector field Q ∈ Vect(M ), such that the following conditions hold: The function S ∈ C ∞ (T * M ) is known as the almost Schouten structure. A manifold that comes equipped with an odd Jacobi structure will be known as an odd Jacobi manifold. The algebra of smooth functions C ∞ (M ) over an odd Jacobi manifold is an odd Jacobi algebra where the brackets are provided by the following construction:
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
with f, g ∈ C ∞ (M ). Again, the homological vector field satisfies a derivation rule over the brackets
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
A Schouten manifold is simultaneously a QS-manifold and an odd Jacobi manifold with the homological vector field set to identically zero.
Definition 1. A QS structure ( S, Q) on a manifold M consists of
Note that the homological and invariance condition for both QS and odd Jacobi manifolds can be written as In effect we define the Lie derivative along a vector field on M acting on C ∞ (T * M ) as the Hamiltonian vector field associated with the respective symbol.
Exact QS-manifolds
Definition 3. An exact QS-manifold is the quadruple (M, Q, S, E), where (M, Q, S) is a QS-manifold and E ∈ Vect(M ) is an even vector field, referred as the homothety vector field that satisfies
Exact QS-manifolds
The existence of the homothety vector field on a QS-manifold means that both Q and S are exact
Exact QS-manifolds
with respect to the operators on C ∞ (T * M ) they generate. Here E ∈ C ∞ (T * M ) is the symbol of the homothety vector field. In other words, the Schouten structure is itself a trivial element in the Schouten cohomology as generated by δ S := { S, •}. The homological structure is similarly a trivial element in the cohomology of the operator L Q . Poisson cohomology goes back to Lichnerowicz [4] , who also introduced the notion of (even) Jacobi manifolds. For a discussion of the cohomology of a Q-manifold see [5] .
Exact QS-manifolds
Let us proceed to the theorem relating exact QS structures to odd Jacobi structures on the same underlying manifold. Theorem 1. Let (M, Q, S, E) be an exact QS-manifold. Then the pair (S = S + E Q, Q = Q), provides an odd Jacobi structure on the manifold M .
Exact QS-manifolds
Proof The proof requires one to examine the the invariance and compatibility conditions for odd Jacobi structures. The homological condition is given.
Exact QS-manifolds
• Writing out the self-Poisson bracket of S one obtains
Exact QS-manifolds
• Writing out the Poisson bracket between Q and S one obtains
Exact QS-manifolds
Thus S and Q define an odd Jacobi structure on the manifold M .
Exact QS-manifolds
Via a mild generalisation of the above proof we arrive at the following corollary:
Exact QS-manifolds
Corollary 1. Associated with any exact QS-structure on M is a pencil of odd Jacobi structures also on M given by (S = a S + bE Q, Q = b Q) where a, b are even parameters (or just real numbers).
Exact QS-manifolds
In short, every exact QS-manifold is also an odd Jacobi manifold. Setting a = b = 1 produces a "canonical" odd Jacobi structure on M . Setting a = 1 and b = 0 confirms the notion that a Schouten manifold can be thought of as an odd Jacobi manifold with the trivial homological vector field. Setting a = 0 and b = 1 confirms the notion that a Q-manifolds can be thought of as an odd Jacobi manifold with the trivial Schouten structure. In a loose sense, intermediate values of a and b interpolate between the extremes of Schouten manifolds and Q-manifolds understood as examples of odd Jacobi manifolds.
Some remarks
It is well known that given an exact (or homogeneous) Poisson bi-vector P ∈ X 2 (M 0 ), where M 0 is a pure even (classical) manifold, together with a 1-codimensional closed submanifold N ⊂ M 0 such that the homothety vector field E ∈ Vect(M 0 ) is transversal to N , then P can be reduced to an even Jacobi structure on N . For details see [2] , as well as the generalisation of [3] .
Some remarks
It is expected that a similar theorem relating (exact) Schouten manifolds and odd Jacobi manifolds differing in dimension by one exists. Details, including the subtleties of working on supermanifolds requires proper exploration.
Some remarks
However, it is clear that a generalisation of "Poissonisation" exists; the "Schoutenisation" of an odd Jacobi manifold. That is given an odd Jacobi manifold (M, S, Q) one can directly construct a Schouten structure on the manifold M ⊗ R viz
Some remarks
where (t, p) are the natural coordinates on T * R. Proving that the above is a Schouten structure follows in a straightforward and direct manner.
Some remarks
The question of relating odd Jacobi structures and odd contact structures also requires further exploration. The specific example of constructing an odd Jacobi structure on M = ΠT * M ⊗ R 0|1 starting from the canonical odd contact structure on M is given in [1] .

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