Abstract
Intercellular communication in adjacent cell layers determines cell fate and polarity, thus orchestrating tissue specification and differentiation. Here we use the maize stomatal apparatus as a model to investigate cell fate determination. Mutations in ZmBZU2 (bizui2, bzu2) confer a complete absence of subsidiary cells (SCs) and normal guard cells (GCs), leading to failure of formation of mature stomatal complexes. Nuclear polarization and actin accumulation at the interface between subsidiary mother cells (SMCs) and guard mother cells (GMCs), an essential pre-requisite for asymmetric cell division, did not occur in Zmbzu2 mutants. ZmBZU2 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, which is an ortholog of AtMUTE in Arabidopsis (BZU2/ZmMUTE). We found that a number of genes implicated in stomatal development are transcriptionally regulated by BZU2/ZmMUTE. In particular, BZU2/ZmMUTE directly binds to the promoters of PAN1 and PAN2, two early regulators of protodermal cell fate and SMC polarization, consistent with the low levels of transcription of these genes observed in bzu2-1 mutants. BZU2/ZmMUTE has the cell-tocell mobility characteristic similar to that of BdMUTE in Brachypodium distachyon. Unexpectedly, BZU2/ZmMUTE is expressed in GMC from the asymmetric division stage to the GMC division stage, and especially in the SMC establishment stage. Taken together, these data imply that BZU2/ZmMUTE is required for early events in SMC polarization and differentiation as well as for the last symmetrical division of GMCs to produce the two GCs, and is a master determinant of the cell fate of its neighbors through cell-to-cell communication.
Abstract
In the grasses, individual stomatal complexes comprise a pair of dumbbell-shaped guard cells associated with two subsidiary cells and the pore, which together play essential roles The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Abstract
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abstract
in the exchange of CO 2 and O 2 , in xylem transport, and in transpiration. However, little is known about grass stomatal complex development. We have uncovered and characterized a key factor (BZU2/ZmMUTE) determining the formation of guard cells in Zea mays. Our data suggest that BZU2/ZmMUTE has a dual role, both as an important player in determining the formation of the guard mother cell, as well as being required for polarization and recruitment of the subsidiary mother cells.

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Introduction
The development of the stomatal complex in maize (Zea mays), consisting of a pair of dumbbell-shaped guard cells (GCs) flanked by two subsidiary cells (SCs), provides an excellent model system to study the signals controlling fate determination of adjacent cells by intercellular communication. Unlike the two kidney-shaped GCs in eudicots, the four-celled stomatal complex in grasses may facilitate a faster response to environmental cues in order to optimize photosynthesis and water use [1, 2] . Highly differentiated GCs and SCs in grasses are generated by two asymmetric divisions [3] . The first asymmetric division generates a guard mother cell (GMC), which produces the extrinsic cues conveyed to the laterally adjacent subsidiary mother cells (SMCs). Upon perception of the signal, SMCs become spatially polarized with respect to the GMC, by localized accumulation of cortical F-actin at the SMC/GMC interface and migration of the pre-meiotic SMC nuclei to each interface [4] . The extrinsic cue eventually triggers an asymmetrical division of the SMCs, in an orientation that positions the smaller daughter cell, the SC, adjacent to the GMC [5, 6] . Finally, the GMC produces the two GCs by symmetrical division.
Introduction
Several intrinsic factors that specify cell fate during the development of GCs have been identified. Moreover, an extrinsic signaling cascade has been dissected in the control of the number and plane of asymmetric divisions [7] . In Arabidopsis, three of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE and FAMA sequentially modulate the initiation, transition and differentiation events, respectively, regulating the cell lineage involved in the production of stomata [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . The earliest acting bHLH protein, SPCH, functions in the transition from protoderm cells (PDCs) to meristemoid mother cells (MMCs) [10, 12] . Inhibition of SPCH function predominantly affects MMCs and meristemoids and their ability to divide asymmetrically [9, 10, 14] , suggesting that SPCH is necessary for the asymmetric divisions that establish the stomatal lineage. The second bHLH protein, MUTE, which is required to terminate asymmetric division and stimulate transition from meristemoid to GMC identity, upregulates a series of cell-cycle genes to drive symmetric division of stomata [12, 15, 16] . Meristemoids of mute mutants undergo excessive amplifying divisions and fail to transition to a GMC [12] . Interruption of cell to cell signaling can instigate an extension or reduction of meristemoid division, consistent with the observation that epidermal cell number, including stomata, is a plastic trait that is monitored and adjusted based on internal and external cues [8, 12, 17, 18] . The third bHLH protein, FAMA, controls the final fate transition from GMC to GC, consisting of two distinguishable events: symmetric cell division of the GMC and GC transition [11] .
Introduction
Recently, stomatal initiation in the grass Brachypodium distachyon has been shown to involve the orthologs of Arabidopsis stomatal bHLH regulators. However, it appears that the function and behavior of the individual components and their interacting regulatory networks have diverged, acquiring specific functions for the unique stomatal development of grasses [19, 20] . BdMUTE, an ortholog of Arabidopsis MUTE in B. distachyon, is expressed in GMCs before moving to neighboring cells, and this mobility is a protein-intrinsic feature [21] . In maize, a leucine-rich receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLKs), PANGLOSS1 (PAN1), has been found to participate in transmission of the signals for establishing polarity in SMCs [22] . About 40% of SMCs in loss-of-function pan1 mutants had unpolarized nuclei and developed defective stomatal complexes, resulting from abnormal asymmetric cell division and SC patterning [22, 23] . Interestingly, PAN2 is required for the subsequent polarization of PAN1 and the Rho family GTPases (ROPs) [24, 25] . After PAN2 polarization, PAN1 and ROP2/9 are polarized, an actin patch forms at the SMC/GMC contact sites, and the SMC nuclei migrate to this site in an actin-dependent manner. pan2, pan1, rop2 and rop9 mutants have abnormal SCs, and their SMCs are defective in actin patch formation and nuclear migration [26, 27] . It has been proposed that the GMC may send a cue to the neighboring cells inducing the asymmetric cell division of the SMCs at adjacent sites to produce the SCs [21, 22] . However, the molecular mechanisms by which GMCs control polarization and cell fate of SMCs in maize remain unclear.
Introduction
Here we identify BZU2/ZmMUTE (Bizui2, abbreviated to BZU2) gene, encoding a bHLH transcription factor, an ortholog of Arabidopsis MUTE protein. Loss-of-function BZU2/ ZmMUTE mutants show no SCs and are defective in stomatal complexes. In addition, bzu2-1 displays defects in symmetric GMC division and lacks SMC polarization. We found that BZU2/ZmMUTE controls the expression of several essential genes involved in the formation of the stomatal complex, and binds to the promoters of PAN1 and PAN2 for amplifying the expression of the polarity program in SMCs. Our finding suggests that BZU2/ZmMUTE functions as an important player both acting to regulate the GMC to GC fate transition, and serving as an intercellular signal required for polarization and recruitment of the SMCs.
Results

Isolation of BZU2 mutants showing aberrant stomatal development and defects in water transpiration
To isolate stomatal response deficient mutants, we produced an extensive collection of mutagenized maize lines. Pollen from the maize inbred line Mo17 was treated with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and the M1 progeny were self-pollinated to produce M2 mutant seeds. We screened~45,000 of these M2 at the seedling stage for drought-sensitivity, using a far infrared thermal imaging approach [28, 29] . We identified a number of mutants displaying an unusually high leaf-surface temperature and designated these as bizui which means closed mouth (abbreviated to bzu).
Isolation of BZU2 mutants showing aberrant stomatal development and defects in water transpiration
One of these recessive mutants, viz. bzu2-1, was studied in detail. It constitutively displays a hot leaf surface phenotype as compared to the wild-type (Mo17) (Fig 1A) . In addition, the average leaf temperature of bzu2-1 mutants was~1˚C higher than wild-type, which reflects an inability of bzu2-1 leaves to appropriately regulate transpirational water loss from their surfaces (Fig 1B) . The bzu2-1 mutant produced pale, highly hydrated, translucent leaves, and the seedlings died about 14 days after germination (Fig 1C) . Upon examination of leaf structure, we observed that the normal mature four-celled stomatal complexes, comprising two dumbbell shaped GCs adjacent to two SCs, were absent from bzu2-1 mutants (Fig 1D) . As a consequence, the water loss from the leaf surfaces of bzu2-1 mutants was significantly slower than that of the wild-type (Fig 1E) . We subsequently characterized chlorophyll fluorescence emission, comparing the maximum quantum yield (F v /F m ) of wild-type and mutant plants. We found that leaves of the bzu2-1 mutant have a lower F v /F m value than that of wild-type (Fig 1F  and 1G ), which implies that the photosynthetic activity is dramatically decreased in 8-day-old seedlings of the bzu2-1 mutant. These observations indicate that the bzu2 mutant lacks the 
bzu2 mutants have defects in symmetric GMCs divisions, and lack SMCs
As illustrated in Fig 2A, in the wild-type, protodermal cells (PDC) undergo an asymmetric division producing a smaller daughter cell, which is the precursor of an apical GMC, and a larger basal interstomatal cell. Following the differentiation and elongation of the GMCs, the two flanking cells acquire SMCs identities prior to the formation of the GCs. The SMCs then undergo another asymmetric division, producing the two SCs prior to a final division of the GMC, which divides symmetrically and longitudinally to produce the two GCs. The stomatal complexes with dumbbell-shaped GCs immediately adjacent to two triangular SCs are linearly separated by rectangular interstomatal cells.
bzu2 mutants have defects in symmetric GMCs divisions, and lack SMCs
In bzu2-1 mutants, the early phase of stomatal development seems to be normal, with PDCs being able to produce GMCs. However, the longitudinal symmetric division of GMCs is altered in the bzu2-1 mutants, with asymmetric or irregular directional divisions occurred (a transverse or diagonal longitudinal division), resulting in the production of short columns of elongated cells, which lack hallmarks of GC morphology (Fig 2A) . Subsequently, none of GMCs develop into normal stomatal complexes (Fig 2B) . Instead, in the bzu2-1 mutant, 48%, 27% and 25% of GMCs were further divided into 2-, 3-or 4-cell groups of undifferentiated cells, respectively (Fig 2C) . Our data imply that one function of BZU2 may be to suppress ectopic or premature guard mother cell divisions.
bzu2 mutants have defects in symmetric GMCs divisions, and lack SMCs
Interestingly, in bzu2-1 mutants, GMCs also failed to induce flanking cells to form SMCs, resulting in an almost complete absence of SCs. Examination of 802 stomata in bzu2-1 mutants showed that~95% of the abnormal GCs had no SCs, and~5% remaining had one single abnormal SC (S1 Fig). The lack of SCs suggests that absence of BZU2 may abrogate the acquisition of cell fate of SMC precursors adjacent to GMCs (Fig 2A and S1 Fig). 
BZU2 mutation results in the loss of SMC polarization
We further examined the spatial interactions between the GMCs and SMCs during stomatal development via light and fluorescence microscopy. In the wild-type, GMCs induce the formation of SMCs, which exhibit polarity as defined by the anisotropic positioning of the SMC nucleus with respect to the SMC/GMC contact surface. In this process, an important step in SMCs polarization is the formation of a dense patch of F-actin, which presumably mediates nuclear migration or anchoring during cell division [22] . In the wild-type, when actin-patches appeared at the SMC/GMC contact sites, the SMCs nucleus will migrate to the contact sites, and then the SMCs undergo one asymmetric division to form SCs (Fig 3A) . Our data demonstrated that 91.3% of the SMCs nuclei migrated to the SMC/GMC contact surface in the wildtype, the cells therefore being polarized and highly anisotropic. In contrast, 84.4% of the SMCs were taken from the first leaf of 5-day-old seedlings grown in a growth chamber (16 BZU2/ZmMUTE controls stomatal development in maize examined in bzu2-1 mutants were non-polarized, with the nucleus being centrally located ( Fig  3A and 3B) . These results show that BZU2 either acts as an intrinsic signal in SMC development, or controls the expression of intrinsic factors that determine SMC polarity and, ultimately, cell fate.
Map-based cloning and identification of BZU2
In order to characterize BZU2 at the molecular level, we crossed the bzu2-1 mutant (carried in the Mo17 background) to the inbred line B73, thereby generating reciprocal F1 hybrid progeny. The F2 population resulting from F1 self-crossing was screened based on the (Fig 4A) . After sequencing, we identified the BZU2 gene as GRMZM2G417164 (Fig 4B) , which encodes a bHLH transcription factor exhibiting sequence BZU2/ZmMUTE controls stomatal development in maize similarity to Arabidopsis, rice and Brachypodium MUTE (Fig 4D and S3 Fig). bzu2-1 contains a 4 nucleotide 'AGCT' insertion at the position 390 bp downstream of the start of transcription generating a premature STOP codon (Fig 4B and 4C) . The bzu2-1 mutant phenotype was further confirmed by targeted gene knockouts of BZU2/ZmMUTE using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Stomatal phenotypes of three independent CRISPR/Cas9-mutated lines (bzu2-2, bzu2-3 and bzu2-4) are identical to bzu2-1, confirming BZU2/ZmMUTE as GRMZM2G417164 ( 
BZU2/ZmMUTE can move from GMC to SMC
The interesting role of BZU2/ZmMUTE in controlling neighbor cell fate prompted us to further investigate the behavior of BZU2/ZmMUTE protein in the early developmental stages of SCs and GCs. In the transgenic reporter plants, the fluorescence of ZmMUTEp:YFP-ZmMUTE was first detected during the stomatal development of early GMCs, and then moved to SMCs in the SMC establishment stage. The YFP-ZmMUTE signal remains strong until the young GCs become mature GCs (Fig 5) . Unexpectedly, as compared to the expression pattern of BdMUTE, BZU2/ZmMUTE is more specifically expressed in the SMC establishment stage (Fig 5) .
BZU2/ZmMUTE can move from GMC to SMC
To further test the capability of ZmMUTE to move, YFP-fused BZU2/ZmMUTE, as well as its homologues, BdMUTE, OsMUTE, and AtMUTE, were expressed in rice (Oryza sativa L.). OsMUTEp:nls-YFP was only expressed in the GMC at the developmental stages leading from GMC formation to SMC division (S6A Fig), indicating that OsMUTE promoter is active during development of GMC and SMC [13] . Interestingly, as for OsMUTEp:YFP-BdMUTE, OsMUTEp:YFP-OsMUTE and OsMUTEp:YFP-ZmMUTE, the fluorescence of the YFP-fused MUTEs were first detected in the early GMCs, then appeared in the SMCs (S6B-S6D Fig, white arrows). Similar to ZmMUTEp:YFP-ZmMUTE (Fig 5) , after the division of the GMCs, Expression of YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE disappears during stomatal complex maturation after GMC division. These images were observed using the second or third leaf, 4 to 5 dag, of the T1 generation. Propidium iodide (red) was employed to counterstain the cell walls. Scale bars, 10 μm. dag, days after germination.
BZU2/ZmMUTE can move from GMC to SMC
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008377.g005 BZU2/ZmMUTE controls stomatal development in maize we performed sequence alignments, the results of which indicate that MUTE proteins from different species have a variable C-terminal region, whereas the N-terminal region is relatively conserved (Fig 4D) . To further verify the characterization of the C-terminal regions of BZU2/ ZmMUTE and BdMUTE, we generated AtMUTEp:YFP-ZmMUTE-ΔC and AtMUTEp: YFP-BdMUTE-ΔC transgenic plants in Arabidopsis which lack the 190-219 and 208-237 amino acids in ZmMUTE and BdMUTE, respectively. The fluorescence of AtMUTEp: YFP-ZmMUTE-ΔC is only detected in the GMCs and expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. In contrast, AtMUTEp:YFP-BdMUTE-ΔC is detected in the GMCs and restricted in nucleus, which is similar to the pattern seen with AtMUTEp:AtMUTE-YFP (Fig 6D-6F) However, it is obvious that the localization (for ZmMUTE-ΔC, Fig 6D and S6F Fig) , or the intensity (for BdMUTE-ΔC, Fig 6E and S6G Fig), does not correspond to that of the wild-type, suggesting that the protein does not properly interact with its binding partner for normal localization and/or stability. To further confirm whether a truncated BZU2/ZmMUTE protein, from which the 30 amino acids of the C-terminus had been deleted, can still bind the Ebox motifs within the promoters of PAN1 (-27) and PAN2 (-187, -200), the yeast one-hybrid assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were used to test the activity of ZmMUTE-ΔC binding to short nucleotide fragments (26-37 bp) containing the E-box motifs. The results of both assays show that BZU2/ZmMUTE lacking these C-terminal amino acids is similar in behavior to BZU2/ZmMUTE ( S7 Fig and S8 Fig) . These data imply that the C terminus of BZU2/ZmMUTE and BdMUTE might be necessary for their characteristic mobility. Together, these results support that BZU2/ZmMUTE is mobile and necessary for SMC formation and asymmetric division in normal development of the maize stomatal complex.
BZU2/ZmMUTE modulates gene expression related to GC formation and SC precursor initiation
In order to further assess the role of BZU2/ZmMUTE in stomatal development and, in particular, define its interactions with other cellular components, we performed RT-qPCR to compare, for bzu2-1 mutants and wild-type, the transcript levels of genes previously reported to be involved in stomatal and leaf development (Fig 7A) . PAN2 is polarized in premitotic SMCs [24] . After PAN2 polarization, PAN1 and ROP proteins are polarized, and an actin patch forms at the GMC/SMC interface [22, 23] . ROP2/9 functions downstream of PAN1 to promote the premitotic polarization of SMCs [25] , and the premitotic SMC nucleus migrates to this site in an actin-dependent manner. Liguleless1 (LG1) accumulation at the site of ligule formation and in the axil of developing tassel branches, functions in the leaf shape and tassel architecture [30] . Low levels of the PAN1, PAN2 and ROP2/9 transcripts were observed in bzu2-1 mutant plants as compared to wild-type. Furthermore, these genes related to stomatal development are down-regulated at very early seedling stages (S9 Fig), since stomata production in grass initiates at the leaf base with a longitudinal gradient of development and differentiation toward the tip. This therefore suggests that the reduction of the transcript levels of these genes is not simply due to the leaves dying. For example, ROP2 transcript abundance in the wild-type was 6.7 times higher than that in bzu2-1. Transcripts of the Brick1 (BRK1) and BRK3 genes, required for the formation of epidermal cell lobes as well as for actin-dependent cell polarization events of subsidiary mother cells [26, 31, 32] , were also found at lower levels in bzu2-1 plants. The expression of SCARECROW (SCR) gene in rice and maize was observed in leaf primordia and in young leaves, which is required for asymmetric cell divisions of GMCs [13, 26, 33] . The transcript level of SCR1 was significantly reduced in bzu2-1 as compared to wild-type. However, the transcript levels of LG1, a SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING proteins 1 and 2 like gene, in bzu2-1 mutants was comparable to that in the wild-type.
BZU2/ZmMUTE modulates gene expression related to GC formation and SC precursor initiation
More importantly, it is also known that the function of FAMA and OsFAMA is conserved between dicots and monocots in the regulation of the final symmetric division of the GMCs [13, 34] . In rice, c-osfama (OsFAMA mutant in rice, generated by CRISPR/Cas9) mutants showed the stomatal complex consisted of four swollen cells, two GCs and two SCs, occasionally a stoma lacking one SC was observed, however in c-osfama the entry division and GMC differentiation stage even the stomatal density is the same compared with wild-type. OsFAMA controls the cell (-750 --1) . The E-box (6 bp) motif logo was produced by MEME based on previously studied motifs. The relative position of E-box cis-elements in the promoters of PAN1 and PAN2 as detected by ChIP-qPCR. (D) The DNA fragments used for yeast one-hybrid and EMSA assays. The E-box is underlined, and the mutated sequences are highlighted in red. (E) Yeast one-hybrid assays showing BZU2/ZmMUTE binding to the E-box motifs present in the PAN1 and PAN2 promoters. (F) EMSA assays showing specific binding of BZU2/ZmMUTE to the E-box motifs in the PAN1 and PAN2 promoters. EMSA was performed with probes that were biotin-labeled (biotin probe) or unlabeled (cold probe). E-box-containing DNA fragments (top panel) and recombinant BZU2/ZmMUTE protein; specific combinations are shown above the autoradiograph. Unlabeled fragments were added gradually in 2-, 5-or 10-fold excess, as indicated.
BZU2/ZmMUTE modulates gene expression related to GC formation and SC precursor initiation
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008377.g007 BZU2/ZmMUTE controls stomatal development in maize fate transition from GMCs to GCs and SMCs to SCs and affected SMC asymmetrical division [13] . We noticed that, in bzu2-1, the expression of ZmFAMA is reduced significantly (Fig 7A) , similarly to the manner in which OsFAMA is dramatically downregulated in the c-osmute mutant [13] . Therefore, the absence of ZmFAMA or OsFAMA is simply a result of the lineage abortion. These data clearly demonstrate that the genes of asymmetric and symmetric division in bzu2-1 mutants are impaired in stomatal development, which is consistent with the proposed role of BZU2/ZmMUTE as a master regulator of stomatal differentiation. Therefore, it is speculated that the abnormal formation of SCs and the symmetric division of GMCs in bzu2-1 mutants might be specifically due to downregulation of PAN1, PAN2, and ZmFAMA (Fig 7A and S9 Fig) .
BZU2/ZmMUTE modulates gene expression related to GC formation and SC precursor initiation
Previous studies have shown that bHLH transcription factors can specifically bind to the Ebox cis-element and regulate the expression of targets (Fig 7C) [35] . Therefore, we performed motif enrichment analysis by MEME [36] , found that five and three E-box cis-elements are located in the regions within -750 --1 in the promoter of PAN1 and PAN2, respectively ( Fig  7C) . This prompted us to assess the DNA binding specificity of BZU2/ZmMUTE. First, we obtained transgenic plants of BZU2/ZmMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE, and used for ChIPqPCR experiments using anti-GFP (ab290, Abcam) polyclonal antibody (the expression of YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE was confirmed by Western blot using anti-GFP antibody) (S10 Fig). Our results showed a strong enrichment in promoter fragments for PAN1 and PAN2, as compared to negative controls (the wild-type in the presence of anti-GFP). However, no enrichment was observed in the negative control using the regions lacking E-boxes in the promoters of PAN1 and PAN2 (Fig 7B) . These data are consistent with the ChIP-qPCR results using the native antibody of BZU2/ZmMUTE (S11 Fig). Second, we employed the yeast one-hybrid assay to directly examine interactions between BZU2/ZmMUTE and 3-4 repeats of short nucleotide fragments (26-37 bp) containing the E-box motifs from the promoters of PAN1 (-27) and PAN2 (-187, -200). Activation of BZU2/ZmMUTE the LacZ reporter gene was seen for PAN1 sequence motifs, but was not detected using sequences from a second putative Ebox contained in the PAN2 promoter (-645) (Fig 7C-7E) . Mutation of the E-box motif eliminated LacZ expression, providing confirmation of the binding specificity of BZU2/ZmMUTE. Finally, the experiment of EMSA further indicated that BZU2/ZmMUTE binds to the Ebox motifs in vitro (Fig 7F) , which is consistent with the yeast one-hybrid data. Taken together, our results suggest that PAN1 and PAN2 are two direct targets of BZU2/ZmMUTE.
Discussion
In this study, we found that BZU2/ZmMUTE encoding a bHLH transcription factor is an ortholog of AtMUTE. AtMUTE plays an essential role in the transition of the meristemoid to GMC by repressing the stem cell activity of the meristemoid and inducing guard mother cell formation [10, 12] . Loss-of-function bzu2-1 mutants can form normal GMCs, but fail to undergo a symmetric division to generate two guard cells, as in wild-type. This indicates that the GC precursors in bzu2-1 are similar to wild-type, with the exception of stomatal development. Consequently, eight-day-old seedlings of bzu2-1 displayed etiolated phenotypes and, at the stage of three leaves, the seedlings subsequently died (Fig 1) . Unlike AtMUTE mutants, the longitudinal symmetric division of the GMC in bzu2-1 mutants is replaced by an asymmetric or irregular directional division (transverse or diagonal longitudinal division), resulting in the production of 2-4 short columns of elongated cells (Fig 2B and 2C) . In bzu2-1 mutants, the stomata are defective and thus the functions of gas exchange and water loss are impaired. Our data suggest that BZU2/ZmMUTE acts as a switch that controls stomatal development.
Discussion
Normally, in maize, premitotic SMCs polarize toward the GMC in response to hypothetical cues coming from the adjacent GMCs. This process involves migration of the nucleus toward the GMCs and a distinct enrichment of cortical F-actin at the point of interaction of the GMCs and SMCs when the cell files are forming. Subsequently, SMCs divide asymmetrically to produce subsidiary cells flanking the GMC, which in turn divides to produce a guard cell pair to form stomatal complex [4] . In bzu2-1 mutants, a lack of nuclear polarization and/or actin accumulation at the GMC/SMC interaction area was observed. Thus, the GMCs failed to induce the flanking cells to form SMCs. bzu2-1 mutants share similar features with BdMUTE mutants of B. distachyon, but are different in several respects (Fig 2) . Both mutations of MUTE in Zea mays and B. distachyon result in an abnormal SMC formation and polarization. BdMUTE mutants fail to recruit SCs and instead produce dicot-like two-celled stomata [21] . As compared to BdMUTE, where partial guard cells form without SCs, bzu2-1 is completely defective in guard cell and SMC formation. These data suggest that the function of BZU2/ ZmMUTE transcription factor in maize is different from BdMUTE, since absence of the former appears to disrupt SC and GC formation in a more direct and severe manner than does absence of BdMUTE. In addition, our results suggest the C-terminal is necessary for the mobile nature of both BdMUTE and BZU2/ZmMUTE (Fig 6) .
Discussion
Even though previous work in B. distachyon has established the mobile nature of BdMUTE, the molecular mechanisms of how BdMUTE controls SCs formation are still unknown [21] . In fact, the mechanisms governing SMC polarization to allow establishment of asymmetric division are also largely unknown. We provide several lines of evidence suggesting that BZU2/ZmMUTE participates in the regulation of SMC development, and of PAN1 and PAN2, which are early regulators of SC precursor and of SMC polarization by cooperatively promoting polarization of the actin cytoskeleton and nuclei in these cells [22] . Firstly, our data show that BZU2/ZmMUTE can bind to the E-box of the PAN1 and PAN2 promoters (Fig 7 and S7 Fig) ; consistent with this, transcript levels for PAN1 and PAN2 are severely downregulated in bzu2-1 mutants as compared to the wild-type. Unexpectedly, yeast one-hybrid and EMSA data show that BZU2/ZmMUTE is not able to activate P3 of the promoter of PAN2 in vitro, but the ChIP-qPCR data indicate that BZU2/ ZmMUTE can activate P3 of the PAN2 promoter in vivo. We speculate that BZU2/ZmMUTE combines with additional unknown factors to activate P3 of the PAN2 promoter in vivo (Fig 7, S7  Fig and S8 Fig) , by analogy to the observation that the DNA binding specificity of AtMUTE depends on its dimerization partner ICE1 or SCRM2 [37] . Furthermore, a number of genes involved in the regulation of stomatal development are down-regulated in bzu2-1 mutants as compared to the wild-type (Fig 7A) . Finally, mutations in BZU2/ZmMUTE disrupted the actin-based patch attachment of GMCs with SMCs, which can mis-orient the deposition of new cell walls ( Fig  3A and 3B) [38] [39] [40] [41] . Actin plays an important role in the spatial regulation of asymmetric cell division. For example, actin-dependent relocation of the nucleus during G1 to a defined cortical site of SMCs during stomatal complex formation is one of the early events of asymmetric cell division in Tradescantia [42] which is followed by formation of a dense actin patch at this site [43, 44] .
Discussion
Combining the existing knowledge and the results presented, here we propose a model in which BZU2/ZmMUTE plays a role partially similar to what has been previously described, but that includes some different roles in maize stomatal development (Fig 8) . In the base of maize leaves, protodermal cells undergo one asymmetric division to form the GMCs. At a specific stage of GMC development (Fig 5) , these cells could send BZU2/ ZmMUTE as an extrinsic cue to neighboring cells connecting non-sister GMCs and SMCs, thereby acting as an important regulator of the early players in SC development (e.g. PAN1, PAN2). After BZU2/ZmMUTE-mediated induction, PAN1 and PAN2 (and possibly other additional factors) accumulate at the SMC/GMC interface, working together with F-actin to induce SMC polarity and nuclear migration towards the GMC proximal site [26] . Following polarization, SMCs undergo one asymmetric division to form a SC and an epidermal cell. In the final stage of stomatal development, BZU2/ZmMUTE performs an additional role controlling the symmetric division of the GMCs to produce the two GCs. It is important to note that the role of BZU2/ZmMUTE in the biogenesis of SCs is not limited to the control of PAN1/2 expression, since SC formation is not entirely disrupted in pan1 or pan2 mutants, whereas SCs are completely absent in bzu2-1 mutants [22] . Thus, these imply that BZU2/ZmMUTE, acting as a GMC-derived polarizing signal, moves to neighboring cells (Fig 5) . This, in turn, initiates the expression of the polarity program by regulating the expression of the genes required for nuclear polarization and polarized actin accumulation at the GMC contact sites (Fig 7A) . These data indicate that BZU2/ZmMUTE may play a role in the modulation of gene expression at earlier stages of SC precursor development. In summary, our data support a critical role for BZU2/ZmMUTE in the regulation of SC development and GC maturation. Further studies will be required to dissect the functions of BZU2/ZmMUTE in the determination of GMC fate and in the initiation of intercellular signaling required for the recruitment of the SMCs during stomatal development. More insights could emerge from characterization of the additional mutants obtained in our screen that show different defects in GC and SC development.
Materials and methods

Plant materials
Maize plants were grown at the experimental station of Henan University in the Kaifeng experimental field, Henan Province, and the Sanya experimental field, Hainan Province. 
Collection of EMS-mutagenized plants
To isolate stomatal development deficient mutants, we established an extensive collection of EMS-mutagenized maize plants, as follows: the pollen of maize inbred line Mo17 was treated with EMS, T1 population seeds were sowed in the soil, and T1 plants were self-crossed to obtain T2 population seeds. We screened the T2 mutagenized population for the phenotype of an altered leaf surface temperature, using a far-infrared imaging instrument. In 3,000 lines, represented by~45,000 T2 population seeds, we found a single lethal mutant, and named bzu2-1 (called bizui, closed mouth, bzu2-1). Genetic analysis indicates BZU2 is a qualitative trait gene, with a segregation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation (Table 1) .
Map-based cloning for BZU2
The homozygous bzu2-1 (-/-) mutant is lethal. We use the heterozygous bzu2-1 (+/-) crossed with B73 for generation of the reciprocal F1 population. The F2 population resulting from the self-crossed F1, and a map-based cloning population, was screened for the bzu2-1 phenotype from the F2 population ( S2 Fig). Preliminary mapping of BZU2 used 306 plants from the F2 population, derived from a cross between Mo17 and B73. The 384 SSR markers (SIGMA catalog number M4193) selected from the Maize Genetics and Genomic Database cover the entire genome with an average of 20 cM units of map distance between every two SSR markers. More SSR markers that were genetically mapped on IBM2 2008 Neighbors Frame were used, and BZU2 was mapped between SSR markers bnlg1863 (recombination rate 2.1%) and umc1858 (recombination rate 12.5%). Based on Maize B73_RefGen_v3 (http://www.maizesequence. org), the BZU2 was mapped to the chromosome VIII between bins 8.03 and 8.04. Therefore, all BAC contigs in bins 8.03-8.04 were exploited to develop new polymorphic markers. To develop more SSR markers, SSR Hunter 1.3 [45] was used to search for SSR sequences present in bins 8.03-8.04. SSRs and their flanking sequences about 150 bp were then aligned with NCBI nucleotide BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (high-throughput genomic sequences: HTGSs). Only single sequences were used as SSR markers and amplified by PCR. In fine mapping,~7,000 plants from F2 population deprived from a cross between Mo17 and B73, 63 polymorphic markers were used, BZU2 was mapped in SSR markers 79M15 (79.01 M) and 79M45 (79.70 M). Further analysis and sequencing confirm that GRMZM2G417164 was located between these two markers, AGCT insert in the + 390 bp of GRMZM2G417164.
Generation of CRISPR Lines
CRISPR constructs were designed using the vector system and following the design protocol [46] , and was done by Genovo Biotechnology Co (Xi'an, Shanxi). The PAM sites were chosen at the + 289 bp downstream of the start codon of BZU2/ZmMUTE genome region, because there is no intron in BZU2/ZmMUTE. The sequence of the gRNA is CCTGTCATGATCAAG GAGCTCGC (S1 Table) . To genotype CRISPR-induced mutations, we amplified a 668-bp fragment including the guide RNA site by PCR from the genome of transgenic seedlings [47, 48] , and the PCR products were sequenced. We obtained three CRISPR/Cas9 mutant lines: bzu2-2, bzu2-3 and bzu2-4. A 5 bp and 25 bp deletion was detected behind PAM site in bzu2-2 line and bzu2-3 respectively, while a 1 bp insertion was detected behind PAM site bzu2-4 line. In T0 mutant plants, the phenotype of homozygous mutants lines was comparable to bzu2-1 (Fig 4C) . The heterozygous T0 mutants lines were planted in the field to get seeds. In the T1 populations, homozygous mutants lines also showed a similar phenotype to that of bzu2-1.
Reporter constructs
Reporter constructs to be transformed into Oryza sativa Japonica were generated using the Infusion cloning with the monocot binary expression vector pIPKb003 and to be transformed in Arabidopsis thaliana were generated using the Gateway Recombination Cloning Technology with plant expression vector pGWB504. AtMUTE promoter and genome sequences were amplified from the Arabidopsis (Col-0) genome, OsMUTE promoter and genome sequences were amplified from the Japonica genome, and BdMUTE sequence was amplified from the Brachypodium distachyon genome. All genomic DNA samples were produced using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (TIANGEN). RNA samples were produced using the TRIzol extraction method and corresponding cDNA was obtained by M-MLV reverse transcriptase (M1705, Promega). The Pri1 and Pri2 primers were used to clone the OsMUTE promoter from the rice genome. We then amplified tag-YFP using forward primers Pri3 and Pri4 (for AtMUTE), Pri3 and Pri7 (for OsMUTE), Pri3 and Pri10 (for BZU2/ZmMUTE), and Pri3 and Pri14 (for BdMUTE), respectively, which have sequences homologous with the OsMUTE promoter, and using four reverse primers (Pri4, Pri7, Pri10, Pri14) to get four tag-YFP PCR products which has homologous sequence with the AtMUTE, OsMUTE, BZU2/ZmMUTE and BdMUTE. Then we used primers Pri5 and Pri6 to clone the AtMUTE ORF carrying a STOP codon, primers Pri8 and Pri9 to clone the OsMUTE ORF with a STOP codon, and the primers Pri11 and Pri12 to clone the ZmMUTE ORF with a STOP codon. Primers Pri11 and Pri13 were used to clone the ZmMUTE ORF with a deletion of 30 AA in the C terminal replaced by a STOP codon, and primers Pri15 and Pri16 to clone the BdMUTE ORF with a STOP codon. Primers Pri15 and Pri17 were used to clone the BdMUTE ORF with a deletion of 30 AA in the C terminal replaced by a STOP codon. The three PCR products were employed for in-fusion cloning using the vector pIPKb003. OsMUTEp:YFP-AtMUTE, OsMUTEp:YFP-OsMUTE, OsMUTEp: YFP-BdMUTE and OsMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE were produced according to the procedures described in the manual of the Clone Express1 MultiS One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd, China).
Reporter constructs
Pri18 and Pri19 were used to clone the whole genomic fragment of AtMUTEp:AtMUTE from the Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) genome. The tag-YFP fragment was amplified using Pri20 and Pri21, Pri20 bearing homology to AtMUTE and Pri21 providing an attB2 site. The fusion gene AtMUTEp:AtMUTE-YFP was then generated by overlap PCR using primers Pri18 and Pri21, and then BP recombined into pDONR207, next LR recombined into destination vector pGWB504. For AtMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE and AtMUTEp:YFP-BdMUTE, primers Pri18 and Pri22 were used to clone the AtMUTE promoter from the Arabidopsis (Col-0) genome. Pri22 provided sequence homologous to tag-YFP. With primer Pri23 and reverse primers (Pri24, Pri25), this amplified the tag-YFP PCR products all carrying sequences homologous to BZU2/ZmMUTE and BdMUTE. We then used primers Pri26 and Pri27 to clone the BZU2/ZmMUTE ORF carrying a STOP codon, and primers Pri26 and Pri28 to clone the BZU2/ZmMUTE ORF with 30 AA at the C terminal being replaced with a STOP codon. Primers Pri29 and Pri30 were similarly used to clone the BdMUTE ORF with a STOP codon, and primers Pri29 and Pri31 to clone of BdMUTE ORF with 30 AA at the C terminal being replaced with a STOP codon. All reverse primers amplified ORFs carrying Gateway attB2 sites. The inframe gene fusions AtMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE, AtMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ ZmMUTE-ΔC, AtMUTEp:YFP-BdMUTE, and AtMUTEp:YFP-BdMUTE-ΔC were generated by overlap PCR using the forward primer Pri18 and four reverse primers (Pri27, Pri28, Pri30, Pri31), then BP recombined into pDONR207, followed by LR recombined into the destination vector pGWB504. AtMUTEp:AtMUTE-YFP, AtMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE, AtMUTEp: YFP-BdMUTE, AtMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE-ΔC and AtMUTEp:YFP-BdMUTE-ΔC were produced through Gateway Recombination Cloning (Invitrogen).
Reporter constructs
BZU2/ZmMUTEp:YFP-BZU2/ZmMUTE was inserted into the maize genome via Agrobacterium mediated transformation (see below). The promoter of BZU2/ZmMUTE being amplified from the wild-type (Mo17) genome using primers Pri32 and Pri33, the YFP ORF lacking the stop codon amplified using primers Pri34 and Pri35, and the ORF of BZU2/ZmMUTE including the stop codon amplified from the cDNA of Mo17 with primers Pri36 and Pri37. The three PCR products were employed for In-fusion cloning with the pCM3300 vector. The primers used in this work are listed in S1 Table. Generation and analysis of transgenic lines [50] .
Reporter constructs
Maize transgenic lines were produced via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation [51] . Maize seedlings were grown in the greenhouse or in the experimental field. Ears containing immature embryos, between 1.0 to 2.0 mm in length along the axis and optimal for transformation, were collected 8 to 13 days after pollination. The immature embryos were submerged in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens suspension contained in a 2.0 mL Eppendorf tube at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was then removed, and the embryos transferred onto fresh co-cultivation solid medium with the scutellum face up, and were incubated in darkness at 25˚C for 2-3 days. After that, the calli were transferred onto fresh screen solid medium, screening three times for a period of 2 weeks each. The Type I calli that further proliferated were transferred to shoot regeneration medium, and incubated under continuous illumination (5,000 lux) at 25˚C for 14-30 days. The emerging shoots were transferred onto root regeneration medium, and were incubated under continuous illumination (5,000 lux) at 25˚C for 14-30 days. The rooted seedlings were transferred to pots containing appropriately supplemented soil for growth in the greenhouse for 3-4 months to collect progeny seeds.
Reporter constructs
We typically analyzed at least three independent lines in the T0 generation (depending on how many independent lines were recovered upon regeneration) and confirmed the observed expression pattern in at least three T1 individuals if the transgenics were fertile and produced seeds. T1 maize transgenic plants were used in this study. The images were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope, the cellular membranes being counterstained with propidium iodide (PI, red) in maize and Arabidopsis, and FM4-64 (red) in rice.
Analysis of stomatal complex development using microscopy
To determine the stomatal phenotype in wild-type and bzu2-1 mutants (Fig 1D) , epidermal strips were peeled from mature leaves of wild-type and bzu2-1 plants, and were observed using a Zeiss Axioskop II microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. To obtain images characterizing the process of stomatal complex development (Fig 2A) , around 1.5 cm of segments from the leaf base were excised from 8-day-old seedlings. The tissues were cleared in Herr's solution (lactic acid:chloral hydrate:phenol:clove oil:xylene (2:2:2:2:1, by weight)) [52] . The stomatal development process was studied using Zeiss Axioskop II microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics.
Analysis of stomatal complex development using microscopy
For F-actin observation,~1.5 cm (the section of stomatal complex develops from stomatal lineage cell to mature stomatal complex is about 1.5 cm base in the leaf from maize seedling root node, indicated by the analysis of stomatal complex development using microscopy) of basal leaf segments, excised from 8-day-old seedlings, were cut into 0.2 cm wide x 0.5 cm long strips, and fixed for 30 min at room temperature in a solution comprising 4% paraformaldehyde, dissolved in 50 mM PEM (50 mM PIPES, 2.5 mM EGTA, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 ). The strips were washed three times for 5 min in 50 mM PEM, and were permeabilized by submersion 20 mins in 50 mM PEM containing 5% DMSO and 1% Triton X-100. After three further washes in 50 mM PEM, the sections were incubated for 1.5 h in 50 mM PEM solution containing 90 nM AlexaFluor 488-phalloidin (dissolved in DMSO, Invitrogen/Molecular Probes) at room temperature. Images were acquired using a Zeiss LSM710 confocal microscope.
Analysis of stomatal complex development using microscopy
For observation of the polarized nuclei of the GMCs,~1.5 cm of second or third basal leaf segments excised from 8-day-old seedlings was cut into 0.2 cm wide x 0.5 cm long strips directly stained with 4 μg/mL Hoechst 33258 (94403-1ML, SIGMA) dissolved in water for 15 min at room temperature. Images were acquired using a Leica SP8 Confocal Microscope.
BZU2/ZmMUTE antibody production
A peptide corresponding to amino acids 192-206 of the BZU2/ZmMUTE protein (GQDTAEQKPQAEENH) was synthesized, conjugated to KLH, and used for polyclonal antibody production in rabbits by the Hanlin Biotechnology Co. (Shijiazhuang, Hebei).
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
ChIP-qPCR experiments were carried out using the Magna ChIP kit (MAGNA001, Millipore) with minor modification [53, 54] . Samples (0.4 g) of the stomatal development zones of 8-dayold seedlings were collected, and then immersed in buffer A (0.4 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris [pH 8], 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF) containing 1% formaldehyde, and were subjected to four eight-minute cycles under vacuum, until the materials became translucent. The materials were then transferred to fresh buffer A containing 0.1 M glycine, and incubation was continued for 16 min at 4˚C. The materials were then washed, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples (approximately 0.4 g) of the materials were ground for each immunoprecipitation, and were resuspended in 1 mL lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES [pH 7.5], 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM PMSF, and 1 x Roche Protease Inhibitor Cocktail), followed by immunoprecipitation with an anti-GFP antibody (ab290, Abcam). Immunoprecipitated products were resuspended in 50 μL elution buffer. Approximately 3-5 μL was used for ChIP-qPCR. Each immunoprecipitation was performed three times independently, with the wild-type being used as the control. The primers for ChIP-qPCR are listed in S1 Table. Yeast one-hybrid assay
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
The plasmids pB42AD-BZU2/ZmMUTE and pB42AD-BZU2/ZmMUTE-ΔC, and wild-type and mutated PAN1-P1:LacZi, PAN2-P2:LacZi, PAN2-P3:LacZi were co-transformed into yeast strain EGY48 using standard transformation techniques. Transformants were grown on dropout plates containing X-gal (5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) for blue color development. pB42AD-SPL9 (squamosa promoter binding protein-like 9) reacting with DFR (dihydroflavonol reductase) [55] was used as a positive control, and combinations with the empty pB42AD vector were used as negative controls. The PAN1 and PAN2 primers are listed in S1 Table.
EMSA
The EMSA was conducted using the LightShift™ Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The coding sequence of BZU2/ZmMUTE was cloned into pGEX-2TK. Recombinant BZU2/ZmMUTE protein was expressed and purified from BL21 E. coli. The probes of the PAN1/2 promoter were obtained by gene synthesis and biotin-labeled at their 5' terminal. Biotin-unlabeled probes of the same sequences were used as competitors. The probe sequence is described in S1 Table.
Sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis
The amino acid sequences of BZU2/ZmMUTE and other homologous proteins were retrieved from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Alignments of BZU2/ZmMUTE (GRMZM2G4 17164) (in wild-type and bzu2-1), BdMUTE (LOC100843821), OsMUTE (Os05g51820) and AtMUTE (At3g06120) were conducted using the MUSCLE and BOXSHADE programs. Construction of phylogenic trees using the neighbor-joining method and confirmation of tree topology by bootstrap analysis (5,000 replicates) was performed with MEGA6 software (using default settings except for the replicates of bootstrap value) [56] .
RNA extraction and RT-qPCR
Samples were taken from~1.5 cm of the base of leaves of 8-day-old maize seedlings for RTqPCR analysis. Total RNA was isolated using the TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Reverse transcription into cDNA was done with 2 μg total RNA in 25 μL reverse transcription mixture, using M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (M1705, Promega). The cDNA was diluted to 100 μL, and 1 μL diluted cDNA was used as the template for quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The maize ZmUbiquitin 2 gene was used as an internal standard to normalize expression of the tested genes. Quantitation was performed using at least three independent biological replicates [57] . The primers used for RT-qPCR are listed in S1 Table.
Subcellular localization
The coding sequences of BZU2/ZmMUTE was cloned into pGreen0280 (35S:BZU2/ZmMU-TE-GFP) for the analysis of subcellular localization. 35S:BZU2/ZmMUTE-GFP, empty vector, and 35S:H2B-mCherry were cotransfected into tobacco leaves. Green and red fluorescence was imaged using the Zeiss LSM710 confocal microscope 24 h after Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves [58] . The primers used are listed in S1 Table. E-box cis-element analysis Previous studies indicated that the E-box cis-element is the conserved CANNTG. The cis-element was produced by the Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation MEME Suite web server [36] . 

{'paper_id': '201674124', 'title': 'BZU2/ZmMUTE controls symmetrical division of guard mother cell and specifies neighbor cell fate in maize', 's2_url': 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201674124', 'source': 'S2ORC'}