Abstract
Abstract-Management is a complex task in today's heterogeneous and large scale networks like Cloud, IoT, vehicular and MPLS networks. Likewise, researchers and developers envision the use of artificial intelligence techniques to create cognitive and autonomic management tools that aim better assist and enhance the management process cycle. Bandwidth allocation models (BAMs) are a resource allocation solution for networks that need to share and optimize limited resources like bandwidth, fiber or optical slots in a flexible and dynamic way. This paper proposes and evaluates the use of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) for the cognitive management of BAM reconfiguration in MPLS networks. The results suggest that CBR learns about bandwidth request profiles (LSPs requests) associated with the current network state and is able to dynamically define or assist in BAM reconfiguration. The BAM reconfiguration approach adopted is based on switching among available BAM implementations (MAM, RDM and ATCS). The cognitive management proposed allows BAMs self-configuration and results in optimizing the utilization of network resources.
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
The current scenario of communication networks, such as 5G, Cloud, IoT, vehicular and MPLS networks, is marked by a wide variety and large distribution of services, applications and users alongside with a high volume of data exchanges with heterogeneous quality assurance requirements (SLA, QoE, QoS) [1] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
These actual networks are highly heterogeneous, have to deal with an exponential growth in the number of users, have a huge amount of data to process and extract management knowledge, are highly dynamic in terms of user's demands and are subject to failure [2] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
It is also a fact that the research and developing communities have struggled in the last years to provide adaptable management solutions towards autonomic and self-managing networks. Autonomic solutions aim to reduce human intervention in complex management tasks and engineer accurate knowledge, possibly on-the-fly, to better support the management process [3] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
In this new and ever increasing complex context, management and autonomic management do require a blueprint. Aligned with this perspective, one of the actual trends in network management is to explore the concept of cognitive management in which artificial intelligence techniques are used to process management data, extract knowledge and infer decisions [4] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
Resource allocation for communications has been a challenging management task for decades [5] . Current resource allocation proposals do reflect the aforementioned communications network scenario evolution and inherent requirements. In effect, resource allocation methods, eventually embedded in a more general autonomic management solution, must support heterogeneous and large scale networks, must have dynamic and adaptable capabilities, should preferably guarantee on-thefly computation and, eventually, should be distributed [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
Bandwidth allocation models (BAMs) are a solution for resource allocation. In summary, BAMs allow the definition of application or traffic classes and control the distribution and sharing of resources among them [3] . BAMs can effectively optimize resource allocation for the target networks by either reconfiguring its operational parameters or switching among BAM distinct models (MAM, RDM and ATCS) [13] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
BAM reconfiguration and BAM switching are a challenging management task that must be dynamically orchestrated considering network policies, current network traffic demand and a huge volume of management state information [13] .
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
We propose in this paper a cognitive management approach (BAMCBR) based on Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) for the dynamic reconfiguration (switching) of bandwidth allocation models in MPLS networks.
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
The motivation is to develop a CBR-based autonomic management solution for BAMs that reduces human intervention in the management process and allow the optimization of resources (bandwidth) in MPLS networks.
I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
This article is organized as follows: section 2 discusses the related work and section 3 details the cognitive management approach with CBR. The BAMCBR module implementation is discussed in section 4 and section 5 presents its proof of concept. Finally, section 6 indicates the final considerations.
II. RELATED WORK
Resource allocation management for communications has been researched for many years [5] . Despite years of struggle, investment and results achieved, the subject keeps its importance mainly due to the communication network's evolution.
II. RELATED WORK
Aligned with new communication network (5G, Cloud, IoT, vehicular, MPLS, SDN, other) requirements, actual resource allocation management research considers multiobjective optimization [12] , envisions scalability for large and highly distributed networks [14] , explore distributed and adaptable capabilities [9] and considers computational efficiency and dynamics towards on-the-fly management solutions [].
II. RELATED WORK
As discussed in [4] and [2] , cognitive management using artificial intelligent techniques became more recently a relevant asset for communications management. Cognitive management has been applied using different AI techniques for cellular systems [14] , vehicular networks [9] , satellite communications [7] , small cells mobile systems [11] and, more extensively, to cognitive radio [15] .
II. RELATED WORK
Bandwidth allocation model research has been focused on developing new models that, somehow, complement the basic ones: i) MAM proposed by [16] , ii) RDM discussed in [17] ; and iii) the AllocTCSharing (ATCS) model proposed by [18] . The research group associated with this work has proposed 2 new basic BAM: i) the AllocTCSharing (ATCS) model [18] ; and ii) the Generalized Bandwidth Allocation Model (GBAM) [19] . Some additional hybrid models that fundamentally provide some extra capabilities to existing models have also been proposed by [20] [21] and [22] .
II. RELATED WORK
To the best of our knowledge, none of these new resource allocation management approaches has takled yet the problem of cognitive management applied for BAM-based resource allocation.
II. RELATED WORK
The proposed BAMCBR module is part of the REPAF project [23] in which BAMs and cognitive management are investigated to allocate resources in MPLS, IoT [24] , EON (Elastic Optical Networks) [25] and NFV (Network Function Virtualization) networks.
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
Cognitive management principle applied to autonomic management, as discussed in [4] , state that "management actions should be learned from the network environment, reasoned and eventually adapted while respecting management goals and requirements".
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
The BAM cognitive management approach with CBR is depicted in Figure 1 . There are 3 components that interact to learn and actuate: the BAM module, the BAMCBR module and the target MPLS network. The BAM module acts as a broker for MPLS users requesting LSPs setup and allocates the required bandwidth (network links resource) for LSP setup. The BAMCBR module learns from the MPLS network and infers the necessary BAM reconfiguration actions.
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
Considering the approach depicted in Figure 1 , the following issues to discuss are: i) what aspects of BAM operation are configurable and; ii) how adequate CBR technique is for BAM reconfiguration. Firstly, it is worth to mention that BAM is a resource allocation solution suitable for controlled networks or systems that have a fixed amount of resources and envisage to distribute and share them among users.
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
BAM configuration involves 3 phases: i) the definition of classes of services (TCs -Traffic Classes) with common requirements (QoS, SLA or other user/ application parameter); ii) the definition of the amount of bandwidth per class (BC -Bandwidth Constraint); and iii) BAM model configuration with an inherent behavior for resource sharing among TCs [26] . Traffic classes are typically static since they put together applications/ users with common network requirements. Consequently, cognitive management may effective explore two configuration alternatives: i) the amount of bandwidth defined per class; or ii) the sharing strategy among TCs. BAMCBR proposal explores the reconfiguration of the sharing strategy.
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
Next issue is, how resource sharing will be explored by BAMCBR cognitive management? The answer is: changing from no sharing at all between TCs, to sharing among priority and non-priority TCs and, finally, to sharing between all TCs, independently of their priority. The switch among BAM models, as described in the following paragraphs, clarifies this approach.
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
There are 03 basic BAM models: (i) Maximum Allocation Model (MAM) [16] , (ii) Russian Dolls Model (RDM) [17] and (iii) AllocTC-Sharing (ATCS) [18] . There are also several hybrid BAM versions like described in [20] [22] and [21] that will not be considered in BAMCBR proposal.
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
In summary, MAM model allocates bandwidth without any resource sharing between traffic classes (TCs). The RDM model allows temporary sharing of unused higher priority classes bandwidth by lower priority traffic classes (High-toLow -HTL strategy). The ATCS model allows the generalization of bandwidth sharing between all priority and non-priority traffic classes (LTH and HTL strategies -Low-to-High) [26] .
III. COGNITIVE MANAGEMENT OF BAMS WITH CASE-BASED REASONING -BASIC APPROACH AND ISSUES
All basic and hybrid BAMs are implemented by BAMCBR using the Generalized Bandwidth Allocation Model (GBAM) that allows the configuration of all possible models, BCs and behaviors [19] .
B. CBR Evaluation and Pertinence Issues for BAM-based Cognitive Resource Allocation
As discussed in [27] , cognitive management research is an empirical process in which a management task is selected to incorporate intelligence features, a management system is built incorporating these features and the system is evaluated with different management task scenarios. Cognitive systems evaluation methods include statistical evaluation, theoretical analysis, tuning evaluation, limitation evaluation and characteristic analysis, among other alternatives [28] .
B. CBR Evaluation and Pertinence Issues for BAM-based Cognitive Resource Allocation
In the perspective of BAMCBR evaluation, [27] also points out that typical complexity of CBR application contexts makes CBR solution evaluation difficult, if not impossible.
B. CBR Evaluation and Pertinence Issues for BAM-based Cognitive Resource Allocation
Aligned with the aforementioned technical aspects, a BAM-CBR proof of concept is the preliminary evaluation method adopted (section V), associated with an CBR pertinence characteristic analysis.
B. CBR Evaluation and Pertinence Issues for BAM-based Cognitive Resource Allocation
In relation to the later mentioned evaluation aspect, the most relevant CBR pertinence characteristics include: i) the fact that CBR is based on the reuse of previous problem solution "cases" to solve new ones; and ii) CBR supports adequately knowledge intensive applications. By intuition, is common sense that problems tend to recur, so new problems are often similar to previous ones.
IV. BAMCBR IMPLEMENTATION -PROBLEM DETERMINATION, LEARNING AND REASONING METHOD
BAMCBR implementation aspects like problem determination, knowledge control mapping and learning and reasoning method adopted are described in this section.
A. Problem Determination and Knowledge Control
BAMCBR uses Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) as the learning and reasoning techniques. For CBR operation, as proposed by [29] [30] and [31] , it is necessary clearly determine the problem and how the acquired knowledge will infer actions promoting network adaptability (BAM reconfiguration).
A. Problem Determination and Knowledge Control
The problem determination and knowledge control are mapped to CBR context aiming to optimize the competition of resources arbitrated by BAMs.
A. Problem Determination and Knowledge Control
The problem determination consider the following aspects: i) defines context and reason for it; ii) represents the captured information or infers it; iii) specifies how to infer new knowledge from existing one to detect symptoms and make a decision; iv) allows the system to learn about new states and improve its capabilities; and v) defines a uniform approach to represent problems and associated potential solutions.
A. Problem Determination and Knowledge Control
The knowledge control: i) aims to determine if changes need to be made, or not, in the elements managed through policies; and ii) provides a uniform and neutral way to define control policies to govern the autonomous network decision process.
B. BAMCBR Learning and Reasoning Method
The BAMCBR module is based on the CBR 4R cycle defined by [32] that encompasses a cycle of continuous reasoning composed of four main stages ( Figure 2 ):
B. BAMCBR Learning and Reasoning Method
• "Evaluation and Proposal" (Recovery) -Responsible for interpreting the data obtained and searching the knowledge base for the best alternative (configuration) for the current state of the network.
B. BAMCBR Learning and Reasoning Method
• "Adaptation and Use" (Reuse) -Responsible for adapting the proposed solution and applying it to the network.
B. BAMCBR Learning and Reasoning Method
• "Test and Review" (Revision) -Responsible for verifying the effectiveness of the solution applied and proposing changes, if necessary.
B. BAMCBR Learning and Reasoning Method
• "Storage and Learning" (Retention) -Responsible for assimilating the knowledge acquired in the process of analysis and planning for a fast execution in a future occurrence.
B. BAMCBR Learning and Reasoning Method
The following subsections present with greater detail the BAMCBR module operation.
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
The BAMCBR cycle starts with the "Evaluation and Proposal" stage. This task can be activated in two different ways: i) reactively; or ii) proactively.
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
Reactive Mode ( At the beginning of the cycle, after receiving an alert from the external module (Figure 2 -A1) , the BAMCBR module requests from the network all values of the attributes relevant to it (preemptions, delays, LSPs, etc.) containing the characteristics that describe the current state of the network. This set of information is called "Current Problem".
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
With the "Current Problem", the "Evaluation and Proposal" stage checks the network status and the BAM policies defined by the manager (Figure 2 -B) . This is accomplished to figure out if the current network state conforms to the manager's specifications. If the network state is not compliant, the "Evaluation and Proposal" stage is in charge to find and propose a solution to the "current problem".
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
Initially, "Evaluation and Proposal" stage searches in the "cases" database another previously stored network state (case) with similar characteristics to the current problem. A similarity function is used to calculate "cases" similarity [33] . The nearest cases are then returned and forwarded to the next stage as a possible solution to the current problem (Figure 2 -C) .
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
However, if no "case" is returned from the database, the "Evaluation and Proposal" stage itself will suggest a solution. This will be accomplished taking into account the manager's previously established criteria. In an initial implementation the "Evaluation and Proposal" stage presents an arbitrary solution that is attributed to the current problem even without a correspondence in the "case" database.
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
Once a similar "case" is found on the "positive case" database, the "Adaptation and Utilization" stage is initiated. It receives from the first stage a tuple containing the description of the current problem (the current state of the network) and the solution to the current problem (Figure 2 -C) . Then an adaptation of the solution is executed with the case "current problem". The resulting compilation is called "New Case".
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
Immediately after the adaptation step, the "New Case" is evaluated to verify that it meets the manager's requirements. This is done by making a comparison with the base of rejected cases. If the case has been rejected previously or marked with any manager's observation, it is considered invalid.
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
Finally, if the case is valid, the "Adaptation and Utilization" stage sends to the network the existing configuration in the solution field of the "New Case", as a solution to the initial alert, (Figure 2 -D) . This corresponds to modify BAM's behavior (model) to meet manager's specifications. If the case is not valid then it is discarded and the whole cycle is started again.
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
The third stage of the cycle corresponds to "Test and Review". This stage is responsible for evaluating the efficiency of the proposed solution. It receives the "new case" containing the problem and the solution previously applied to the network. However, the evaluation does not happen immediately after the "new case" arrives at the "Test and Review" stage (Figure 2 -E) . In effect, it is necessary to wait some time (timer) until the network statistics are updated with new network performance data acquired from the reconfigured network (Figure 2 -D) .
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
Timer overflow triggers the "Testing and Revision" stage that receives new network statistics (Figure 2 -F) . With this information, a comparison is made between current network metrics and previous ones. If the network, based on the manager's criteria, presents improvement in its performance, the "new case" receives the positive status. If there were no improvements or, alternatively, if the network worsened its performance, the new case receives a negative status. In both situations the "case" is directed to the "Learning Stage".
C. The BAMCBR 4R Cycle
After receiving the "new case" (Figure 2 -G) , the "Learning Stage" analyzes the status of the case to know if the solution was appropriate or not for solving the problem. Regardless of the response, learning always occurs because: i) if the case was successful -it is stored in the "positive cases database" for later use; ii) if the case was unsuccessful -it is stored on the "negative cases database" so as not to be used in future occurrences.
D. BAMCBR Cycle Additional Considerations
CBR 4R cycle additional considerations are presented next to allow a deeper understanding of the learning process.
D. BAMCBR Cycle Additional Considerations
• "Evaluation and Proposal" stage: if no "case" is found in the "cases database", an arbitrary solution is proposed by this stage. That is so to always guarantee a solution offer to the current problem. If this "randomly" proposed solution is evaluated as satisfactory by the 4R cycle, the case is stored on the positive cases database. If the "randomly" proposed solution is not satisfactory, a new solution is proposed and the previous alternative is stored on the negative cases database. This process is repeated several times until a suitable solution is found.
D. BAMCBR Cycle Additional Considerations
• When the "Evaluation and Proposal" stage proposes a solution, the whole cycle should be executed. However, this does not need to be done in all implementations. As an option, the manager can propose a solution.
D. BAMCBR Cycle Additional Considerations
• "Testing and Review" stage: In the comparison that occurs between the current network performance metrics and the previous ones (Figure 2 -F) , it is important to take into account the network profile changes (number of established LSPs, allocated bandwidth per network and per link, network current traffic demand, other). In effect, it will not be wise to evaluate the efficiency of the reconfiguration process in case the network profile has substantially changed. This could lead to an erroneous case-based learning, since it would not be possible to identify whether the network improved because the new solution was adequate or because the traffic changed.
V. BAMCBR PROOF OF CONCEPT
A proof of concept was carried out with BAMCBR module to verify the following capabilities:
V. BAMCBR PROOF OF CONCEPT
• Does CBR, as a cognitive technique, effectively learns about the MPLS network and proposes reconfiguration solutions? • Even without having any previous knowledge of the MPLS network, can BAMCBR learn and propose solutions that result in network optimization?
A. Proof of Concept -Test Scenario Definitions
The test scenario for BAMCBR proof of concept: i) uses the BAMSIM simulator [17] do simulate BAM's module operation; ii) defines the CBR domain and knowledge representation; and iii) define BAM policies.
B. BAMSIM and BAM Module Simulation
The BAMSIM (Bandwidth Allocation Model Simulator) is a specialized simulator that simulates the BAM Module (Figure 1) . BAMSIM supports all the necessary mechanisms to simulate a MPLS/DS-TE network. Functionality available include path selection algorithms and the generalized GBAM model that has the capability do be reconfigured to implement MAM, RDM and ATCS models.
C. CBR Module
The BAMCBR cognitive module implements CBR (Figure 1) . The jCOLIBRI framework was used to built the CBR implementation and integration with BAMSIM simulator. jCOLIBRI is an object-oriented framework developed in Java for the purpose of building CBR-oriented systems [34] .
D. CBR Domain Definition
BAMCBR requires two data input sets: network state information (measurements, statistics, etc.) included in the domain definition and the policies/goals of the network manager.
D. CBR Domain Definition
The first step in the process of using CBR in any area of knowledge is the definition of the "domain" where the problem is located. Domain definition requires the definition of attributes that will be used as indexes to represent domain's knowledge. These indexes are important to the success of the CBR implementation, since it is through these indices that CBR performs the similarity search on the "cases database".
D. CBR Domain Definition
Four components were defined to represent the domain and for the calculation of similarity [33] :
D. CBR Domain Definition
• Contextual Information -Contextual attributes are related to the current network configuration and the policies defined by the network manager. They identify the context in which similarity should act and their information is acquired before the network optimization process starts. Examples of contextual attributes are: BAM currently used, network manager tolerance for network problems (preemption, devolution, blocking, etc), bandwidth defined for each BC, among others.
D. CBR Domain Definition
• Measurements -These are information obtained from the network and provide a snapshot of the current state of the network. These measurements are essential to portray changes in the network profile. Some examples of measurements are: total or by TCs network utilization, total or by TCs preemption, total or by TC devolution and total or by TCs LSP blocking.
D. CBR Domain Definition
• Similarity Function -It is the method used to execute the case's search in the database. One or more similarity functions can be used. The similarity function is responsible for the comparison of cases. Examples of similarity functions are: linear, ladder and nearest neighbor [33] .
D. CBR Domain Definition
• BAM-CBR Problem (symptom) -The BAM-CBR problem is the symptom/alert that suggests and characterizes the current problem. These symptoms may be from emergency alerts to setups for periodic diagnoses. The definition of the problem and associated policies is depicted in the following subsection.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
The BAM policy is the set of criteria and rules specified by the network manager for each network assisted "condition".
E. BAM Problems and Policies
Actions are associated with "conditions" and responses are executed when these conditions are satisfied. In the BAMCBR domain the BAM policy is the BAM-CBR problem itself. For example, in an network where the network manager defines in the policy that the high devolution number is not a relevant condition, no problem is generated. However, if in this network the number of preemption is a BAM policy action factor, an action must be taken and a problem is mapped and sent to BAMCBR.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
Just like the cases in CBR, the BAM policies are also defined as a tuple Problem/ Solution. In this work the following policies were defined for the representation of BAM problems.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
• Problem: Network uses MAM; link utilization is low.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
-Solution -Reconfigure the network to use ATCS model.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
• Problem: Network uses RDM; link utilization level is low; blocking rate is high. -Solution -Reconfigure the network to use ATCS model.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
• Problem: Network uses RDM; link utilization level is high; preemption level is high. -Solution -Reconfigure the network to use MAM model.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
• Problem: Network uses ATCS; link utilization level is high; preemption level is low; devolution level is high. -Solution -Reconfigure the network to use RDM model.
E. BAM Problems and Policies
• Problem: Network uses ATCS; link utilization level is high; preemption level is high. -Solution -Reconfigure the network to use MAM model.
F. Network Test Topology and Input Traffic Patterns
The proof of concept defined is focused on verifying, firstly, if CBR effectively learns and proposes a new reconfiguration and, secondly, if it does achieve any network optimization.
F. Network Test Topology and Input Traffic Patterns
At this point it is also worth to remember that BAM models control bandwidth allocation on a per-link basis (independent BAM control and allocation for each link). As such, a single link topology (point-to-point link between routers) is used to implement the target MPLS circuit. In a real network there will exist many links and the BAMCBR operation will execute independently for all links. As such, the preliminary conclusions obtained about learning capability for this simplified topology will hold true for a more complex topology on a per-link analysis.
F. Network Test Topology and Input Traffic Patterns
Of course, the overall performance achieved for a multiple link topology using BAMCBR can not be inferred from the results obtained with this proof of concept. This aspect is being object of further research.
F. Network Test Topology and Input Traffic Patterns
Additional network test scenario definitions are: i) three classes of traffic (TC0 -BC0 = 400M; TC1 -BC1 = 350M and TC2 -BC2 = 250M; link = 1G) for accommodate users.
F. Network Test Topology and Input Traffic Patterns
A set of patterns with random input traffic within each of them are generated in the simulation (Table I) . Six input traffic configurations (1 hour duration each) are used. The first three input traffic patterns configurations are intended to allow bandwidth sharing between TCs and allow random cognitive management actions by BAMCBR. The last three were created to overload the network and investigate how BAMCBR behaves with these input traffic conditions. These patterns are repeated for 4 times (24h simulation). The results obtained are discussed in the following session.
F. Network Test Topology and Input Traffic Patterns
The set of simulation patterns was designed incorporating previous manager's knowledge about what would be the best possible BAM model for each specific traffic pattern. This allow the verification if BAMCBR module does effectively learns about the current network status and acts reconfiguring BAMs. The last line of Table I indicates the best BAM model to be configured according manager's knowledge, expertise and perception for each traffic condition. 
VI. EVALUATED RESULTS
The proof of concept has 2 phases. In phase 1, each BAM model (MAM, RDM and ATCS - Table II) is used statically (no reconfiguration) for a 24h simulation period. Following that, BAMCBR is used to configure BAM models for the same 24h simulation period and input traffic pattern (BAMCBR -Table II) . Performance metrics are captured, allowing to compare BAMs individual network performance metrics with CBRBAM cognitive management and infer about the learning process.
VI. EVALUATED RESULTS
In phase 2, CBRBAM pilots BAM reconfiguration process for a 24h period and the objective is to infer further details about the learning process with CBR (Table III) .
VI. EVALUATED RESULTS
BAMCBR uses the following management goals and requirements ( Figure 1 ): i) to minimize preemption and devolution; and ii) to maximize network utilization in terms of achieving the maximum possible number of established LSPs. For all simulations using BAMCBR, MAM is always the initial BAM model configured and the "cases database" is empty (no previous manager's knowledge is inserted). Table II illustrates network performance metrics (preemption, devolution, blocking and unbroken LSP rates) for phase 1. The 3 first lines basically confirm MAM, RDM and ATCS overall expected behaviors and are relevant to check further investigated BAM cognitive management. MAM (1st line) do not share bandwidth and, as such, no preemption and devolution occurs. MAM disadvantages in relation to other models (RDM and ATCS) is that blocking rate is higher and less LSP are established (effectively the unbroken ones). RDM (2nd line) shares bandwidth and, as such, preemption do occur. Blocking rate is reduced and more LSP are effectively established in relation to MAM. ATCS (3rd line) allows generalized sharing and preemption and devolution occurs. ATCS, as expected, presents the smallest blocking rate, higher preemption and the highest number of established and unbroken LSPs. Line BAMCBR (Table II) shows network performance with BAMCBR managing BAM configuration for the entire 24h simulation period. Result shows that preemption and devolution reduction goals were effectively achieved. In relation to the high utilization goal, BAMCBR result has a lower number of unbroken LSPs in relation to ATCS model individually. That indicate the cognitive BAMCBR management effectively succeeded to get the best possible network utilization keeping preemption and devolution at their minimum values at the cost of having less LSPs established.
VI. EVALUATED RESULTS
Result in Table II endorses two evidences: i) network utilization was maximized keeping preemption and devolution lower values when compared to RDM and ATCS models individually; and ii) this result can only be achieved in case BAMCBR effectively learns about network performance metrics and reconfigure BAMs to achieve manager's goals.
VI. EVALUATED RESULTS
Phase 2 simulation results are presented in Table III and presents further evidences on how BAMCBR module learns during 4 cycles of 6 hour simulation (CBR 1/4 to CBR 4/4). The analysis of the BAMCBR 1/4 period indicates that, initially, CBR cognitive reconfiguration succeed to reduce preemption. Within BAMCBR 2/4 period, CBR cognitive management succeed to reduce devolution but at the cost of increasing preemption. At the BAMCBR 3/4 period result present an evidence that CBR cognitive management attained the best possible solution and, overall performance results keep stable for next period. This learning process also indicates that previous configuration are not used anymore by BAMCBR whenever a new configuration with better results is learned. The repetition of performance values for lines BAMCBR 3/4 and 4/4 indicates that no new case occurred and that the learning process was achieved.
VII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The main evidence obtained for BAMCBR approach is that cognitive management using CBR does learn from policydefined network current performance metrics whether the current configuration is adequate and, subsequently, is able to dynamically and autonomically reconfigure BAM models to achieve the specified manager's goal. Another relevant result obtained is that network performance was improved in alignment with manager's predefined policy.
VII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
A positive aspect of the result obtained is that the learning process occurred from the scratch. No previous knowledge was required to be inserted in the "cases database" to allow BAMCBR switch among BAM models, looking for the best configuration and find the best possible result. The drawback of not inserting any previous knowledge is that BAMCBR takes more time to find out the appropriate solution and considers eventually "bad solutions" on the learning path that are subsequently not considered (Table II learning Evidences obtained paved the way to autonomic network where automated decisions are necessary with the engineering of accurate knowledge from a complex network environment.
VII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Future work will include the impact of previous knowledge utilization on the efficiency of the solution (how fast BAMCBR can reach stability), BAMCBR's dependency of the system policies defined by the manager and the evaluation of BAMCBR configuration tuning impacts for positive and negative learning issues.

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