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README.md
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# Malicious URL Detection Model
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> A fine-tuned **BERT-LoRA** model for detecting malicious URLs, including phishing, malware, and defacement threats.
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## Model Description
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This model is a **fine-tuned BERT-based classifier** designed to detect **malicious URLs** in real-time. It applies **Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)** for efficient fine-tuning, reducing computational costs while maintaining high accuracy.
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The model classifies URLs into **four categories**:
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- ✅ **Benign**
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- 🔴 **Defacement**
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- ⚠️ **Phishing**
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- 🛑 **Malware**
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It achieves **98% validation accuracy** and an **F1-score of 0.965**, ensuring robust detection capabilities.
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---
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## Intended Uses & Limitations
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### Use Cases
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✔️ Real-time URL classification for cybersecurity tools✔️ Phishing and malware detection for online safety✔️ Integration into browser extensions for instant threat alerts✔️ Security monitoring for SOC (Security Operations Centers)
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### Limitations
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⚠️ May **misclassify short or obfuscated URLs**⚠️ Performance may degrade with **dynamic domain structures**⚠️ Requires **frequent retraining** to adapt to evolving threats
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---
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## Model Details
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- **Model Type:** BERT-based URL Classifier
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- **Fine-Tuning Method:** LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)
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- **Base Model:** `bert-base-uncased`
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- **Number of Parameters:** 110M
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- **Dataset:** Kaggle Malicious URLs Dataset (~651,191 samples)
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- **Max Sequence Length:** `128`
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- **Framework:** 🤗 `transformers`, `torch`, `peft`
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---
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## How to Use
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You can use this model directly with 🤗 **Transformers**:
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```python
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
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import torch
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# Load the model and tokenizer
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model_name = "your-huggingface-model-name"
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
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model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_name)
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# Example URL
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url = "http://example.com/login"
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# Tokenize and predict
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inputs = tokenizer(url, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, padding=True, max_length=128)
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with torch.no_grad():
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outputs = model(**inputs)
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prediction = torch.argmax(outputs.logits).item()
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# Mapping prediction to labels
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label_map = {0: "Benign", 1: "Defacement", 2: "Phishing", 3: "Malware"}
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print(f"Prediction: {label_map[prediction]}")
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```
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---
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## Training Details
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- **Batch Size:** `16`
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- **Epochs:** `5`
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- **Learning Rate:** `2e-5`
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- **Optimizer:** AdamW with weight decay
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- **Loss Function:** Weighted Cross-Entropy
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- **Evaluation Strategy:** Epoch-based
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- **Fine-Tuning Strategy:** LoRA applied to BERT layers
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---
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## Evaluation Results
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| Metric | Value |
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| ------------ | --------- |
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| Accuracy | **98%** |
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| Precision | **0.96** |
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| Recall | **0.97** |
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| **F1 Score** | **0.965** |
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### Category-wise Performance
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| Category | Precision | Recall | F1-Score |
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| -------------- | --------- | ------ | -------- |
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| **Benign** | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.985 |
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| **Defacement** | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.985 |
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| **Phishing** | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.935 |
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| **Malware** | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.955 |
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---
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## Deployment Options
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### 1️⃣ Streamlit Web App
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- Deployed on **Streamlit Cloud, AWS, or Google Cloud**.
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- Provides **real-time URL analysis** with a user-friendly interface.
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### 2️⃣ Browser Extension (Planned)
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- **Real-time scanning** of visited web pages.
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- **Dynamic threat alerts** with confidence scores.
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### 3️⃣ API Integration
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- REST API for bulk URL analysis.
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- Supports **Security Operations Centers (SOC)**.
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---
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## Limitations & Bias
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- **May misclassify complex phishing URLs** that mimic legitimate sites.
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- **Needs regular updates** to counter evolving threats.
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- **Potential bias** if future threats are not represented in training data.
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---
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## Training Data & Citation
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### Data Source
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Dataset sourced from **Kaggle Malicious URLs Dataset**:📌 [Dataset Link](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/sid321axn/malicious-urls-dataset)
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### BibTeX Citation
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```
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@article{maliciousurl2025,
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author = {Your Name},
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title = {Fine-Tuned BERT for Malicious URL Detection},
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year = {2025},
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journal = {Cybersecurity AI Research},
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url = {https://your-research-paper-link.com}
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}
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```
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---
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## Future Work
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🚀 **Improvements Planned:**
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- **Better phishing URL detection** via adversarial training.
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- **Deploying as a real-time browser extension.**
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- **Integration with VirusTotal for enhanced threat intelligence.**
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- **Expanding detection to identify zero-day threats.**
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---
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## Uploading to Hugging Face
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To upload this model to **Hugging Face**, follow these steps:
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```bash
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pip install transformers huggingface_hub
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```
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```python
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from huggingface_hub import create_repo
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create_repo("your-huggingface-model-name")
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```
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```python
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from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer
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from huggingface_hub import HfApi
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model_name = "your-huggingface-model-name"
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model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("your-local-model-directory")
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("your-local-model-directory")
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# Save & Push Model
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model.save_pretrained(f"{model_name}")
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tokenizer.save_pretrained(f"{model_name}")
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api = HfApi()
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api.upload_folder(
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folder_path=f"{model_name}",
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repo_id=f"your-huggingface-username/{model_name}",
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repo_type="model",
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)
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```
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---
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## Conclusion
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The **Malicious URL Detection Model** provides **state-of-the-art** accuracy for detecting **phishing, malware, and defacement threats**. It is optimized for **real-time cybersecurity applications** and **deployed using Streamlit**.
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✅ **Final F1-score: 0.965**✅ **Optimized for real-time detection**✅ **Ready for deployment via API & browser extension**
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