In fact, an expanded look shows that trade deficit reaches the Brazilian trade balance as a whole, and is even greater for goods of the manufacturing industry (Instituto de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento Industrial 2014). Considering the classification according to technological intensity used by the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it can be observed that Brazil is specialized in exporting low technological goods. On the other hand, Brazil’s imports are mainly constituted by goods with media-high and high technological intensity (Fig. 7). While imports of medium–high and high technological intensity goods totalize around 60 % of Brazilian overall trade balance, exports of this group of goods account only for 25–30 %. These numbers suggest a specialization in Brazilian industrial policy in favor of producing low value-added goods.
Although the development of the biotechnological field has been a priority of the Brazilian government since 1970 (Ferrer et al. 2004), it seems that the different programs created ever since have not been effective in transforming the country into a reference in industrial biotechnology. It is only from 2004, with the Industrial and Technological and Foreign Trade Policy, that biotechnology has been considered as a “strategic field” (Bianchi 2013).
In 2007, the Brazilian government launched the Biotechnology Development Policy (Decree No. 6041), which, according to its first article, “aims to establish a suitable environment for the development of innovative biotechnology products and processes”. It has also created the Biotechnology National Committee, responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Biotechnology Development Policy.
The industrial policy currently in force is the Greater Brazil Plan, launched in 2011. In a document published in 2013 by the National Confederation of Industry called “Bioeconomy: an agenda for Brazil”, it is proposed the inclusion of biotechnology in the “Structuring Guideline 2—Expansion and creation of new technological and business skills”. Such inclusion would allow that all measures being taken in other sectors to boost investments were extended to biotechnology (Harvard Business Review Analytic Services 2013).
Despite all these policies, the biotech sector in Brazil is yet weak, as it has been shown in 2011 by the Brazilian Biotechnology Association. The Brazil Biotech Map—2011 (BRBiotec 2011) is a report about private companies in Brazilian territory. This report has showed that Brazil had 237 biotech companies; most of them being micro and small sized-companies. Among these companies, 56 % have annual revenues of no more than R$ 2.4 million (around 1.5 million dollars), 20 % have no revenues, and 85 % have up to 50 employees (20 % of them between 1 and 5 employees and 25 % of them having between 6 and 10). Furthermore, 25 % of the companies export, but on the other hand, 86 % of them import especially reagents and equipment for the production and development of technology.
The trade balance of enzyme-related goods in Brazil is negative, and despite the Brazilian industrial policies and the Biotechnology Development Policy created in 2007, it has a tendency to become even more negative. The data presented herein suggests that Brazil has a sufficient technical staff. However, it does not means that the community research in enzyme technology is saturated. The major problem seems to be that the increase in the number of scientists is not accompanied by a proportional increase in the indicators of innovation in the country, which can also be observed in the bibliometric studies involving lipases, the most studied group of enzymes in Brazil. One other possible explanation for such disparity is the lack of demand by the Brazilian private firms.
On the other hand, when the entire Brazilian trade balance is analyzed, it is possible to conclude that the majority of Brazilian exports are composed of non-industrial or low-technological goods. The loss of national industrial competitiveness is another result of the lack of innovation, which will not be overcome if additional public and private investments are not made in science and technology.
RVA conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript; KGD participated in the design of the manuscript and drafted it; GCB, ALL and DMGF critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We would like to thank FAPERJ, CAPES, CNPq and PETROBRAS for their financial support and Banco Central do Brasil for providing the numbers of trade balance.
Correspondence to Rodrigo Volcan Almeida.
Nearly 50% of millennials who have or have had student-loan debt think college wasn't worthwhile. As many as 40% of borrowers could default on their student loans by 2023. Three million senior citizens in the US are still paying off their student loans. Student-loan debt is the reason 13% of Americans said they decided not to have kids.When did the hat begin taking on religious significance?
When did jews first begin wearing hats and what information is available on this?
It appears wearing a hat is not Halacha but rather a minhag. Wearing black is mentioned in the Germarah but I'm not sure wearing a hat is.What information is available on this topic?
As you mentioned, hats were used for centuries. In Beis Hamikdosh the Cohanim wore a מצנפת which was also a hat (bigger than the kippah we wear), so it is very likely that since our Tefilloh is what we can do instead of Avodas Hamikdosh - a hat is important.
The hats changed a lot from generation to generation, sometimes because of pressure from outside, and sometimes because of internal reasons. As you mentioned, the hats changed since last generation to this, from top hats to others. Only the chassidim looked at their Shtreimel as something that has certain Keddushah in it and has to be preserved.
When did the hat get introduced as a requirement or at least as a representation of the headgear the Cohain Gadol wore? Clearly people wore hats way back when. I'm interested to know when it took on a significance in terms of how one dresses for davening and thus has become a requirement from the perspective of many.
The hat was always considered an important part of the clothing, as we can see that both the Cohen and Cohen Godol had a special hat.
In the German Kehillos there was Hakpodo on the hat, and one who took of the hat was considered not being respectful.
If one happens to be davening by oneself, is Minhag Ashkenaz still insistent that one be wearing both a hat and a jacket?
Does a käppchen qualify as a hat, al pi minhag Ashkenaz?
The Minhag was to wear the most dignified hat one wore, for the Davening. This changes from place to place and from time to time, and in some places or some times one hat would be considered the most dignified hat, while in other times the same hat could be considered not appropriate.
In places which the Kaepchen is the hat which is worn, it definitely qualifies as a hat according to Minhag Ashkenaz too.
In other words, if I am orening in a Chassidic schul, I should wear a kapeljusz? Or cover my head with my tallit in a Sephardi kehillah? What about in a community where the minhag is not to wear a head-cvoering other than the kippah?Not to steal ideas from but the videogame BioShock has an underwater city. You can see their world, things you might like or things you would change. Of course, there's the plasmid/gene thing you don't have to take but the concept behind the city is pretty cool, especially if you dig into the lore (they obtained oxygen from plants, they had separate buildings connected, they were at a relatively flower depth).
You might want to think of how they got there or WHO could go there too (ie: only the very rich? Raffle winners? Etc etc)The FCC Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau has granted the Entertainment Software Association’s (ESA) request to extend the class waiver of the FCC’s accessibility rules to video game software through Jan. 31, 2017, but will require a progress report halfway through that waiver period.
ESA sought and was granted two waivers for a class of equipment and services including game consoles, peripherals and integrated online networks, as well as online services that distribute the games and software that enable networked play.
Consumer groups conceded progress but opposed the waiver unless they laid out detailed milestones for “addressing remaining technical challenges” and coming into compliance.
6. ;ESA members’ specific plans to conduct outreach and consultation with members of the disability community during the remainder of the waiver period and beyond.
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Jeremiah 49:25 How is the city of praise not forsaken, the city of my joy? (See NAS)
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Ezekiel 14:5 that I may take the house of Israel in their own heart, because they are all estranged from me through their idols.. )
Lonely (14 Occurrences)... Multi-Version Concordance Lonely (14 Occurrences). Matthew 14:13 Now when Jesus heard this, he withdrew from there in a boat, to a deserted place apart..../l/lonely.htm - 10k
Nebuzar-adan (14 Occurrences)... Nebuzar-adan the captain of the body-guard carried away captive the rest of the people that were left in the city