 by personnel familiar with rodent behavior. Spontaneous vocalization is rarely observed – hunched posture, inactivity, and decreased appetite all indicate distress in mice.
A. Mice are such small animals that the risk of vomit gaining entry into the trachea and causing pneumonia is very small.
B. Mice are physiologically unable to vomit, they have no risk for respiratory aspiration of vomitus under anesthesia.
C. USDA regulations require that all mice be fasted prior to surgery.
D. Food should be withheld prior to surgery, but not water.
B Mice and rats have a tissue fold in their stomachs known as the ‘limiting ridge’ that prevents them from vomiting. Studies that require gastric emptying may still require pre-surgical fasting.
Which is TRUE regarding thermal support for mice during anesthesia?
A. Thermal support is required by USDA regulations.
B. Thermal support is not required in mice during anesthesia.
C. Mice lose body heat rapidly under anesthesia.
D. Mice have a low metabolic rate.
A. The tail vein in a mouse cannot be used to collect small amounts of blood.
B. Because of potential damage to the heart, blood collection by cardiac puncture is usually permitted only as a terminal procedure.
C. The lateral saphenous vein is not accessible in the mouse.
D. Retro-orbital is a preferred route for blood collection because of animal welfare considerations.
B Collection of blood by cardiac puncture can result in bleeding into the pericardial sac and tamponade (death), and should only be done terminally. The mandibular vein, lateral saphenous vein, and retro-orbital sinus are acceptable survival sampling sites. However, the latter should be performed under anesthesia and is not a preferred site because of the potential for damage to the eye when the technique is not done properly or when used repeatedly.
Which statement is true regarding anesthesia in mice?
A. Long-term anesthesia is best achieved by repeat dosages of a short-acting injectable anesthetic cocktail.
B. Dose rates (ml/kg) of injectable agents are the same for all common laboratory animal species.
C. Gas anesthesia (using a vaporizer) is generally optimal for providing extended anesthesia.
D. Ether is a preferred agent for long-term anesthesia.
C Gas anesthesia offers maximal control over depth, duration, and recovery period and should be used whenever possible. Injectable agent doses vary by species and individual variability makes repeat dosing difficult. Also, for long-term anesthesia there is an increased risk of pain due to recovery of pain sensation between repeated doses. Ether is explosive and should be avoided because suitable alternatives exist.
Which statement is true regarding the conduct of surgery in mice?
A. Nonaseptic surgical practices are acceptable when it can be shown that mice do not develop postsurgical infections.
B. Nonaseptic technique for survival surgery in mice is permitted by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
C. Applicable federal mandates require the use of aseptic technique for survival surgery in mice.
D. Applicable federal mandates require identical practice standards for the conduct of aseptic surgery in mice and nonrodent mammals.
Which of the following statements concerning euthanasia of mice is true?
C. Once respiration stops in mice euthanatized with carbon dioxide, it is safe to assume that death has occurred, and mice may be placed in an airtight bag and transferred to the necropsy refrigerator.
D. The selection of an appropriate euthanasia method should address considerations of humaneness to the animal, safety for the staff and onlookers, and experimental needs.
Which statement is true regarding care procedures for mice undergoing surgery?
A. Assessment of wound repair is the only objective of post-operative monitoring.
B. Antibiotics should be routinely administered to avoid wound infection.
C. While under anesthesia, mice should be monitored for cardiovascular and respiratory function and body temperature.
D. Supportive care and monitoring can be discontinued when the mice have recovered from anesthesia.
According to the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, which statement is TRUE for the use of CO2 as a euthanasia agent of mice?
A. Animal density in the euthanasia chamber is not a concern.
B. Compressed CO2 gas in cylinders is the only recommended source of carbon dioxide.
C. Dry ice is an acceptable source of CO2 for euthanasia.
D. Carbon dioxide should not be combined with premedication with inhaled anesthetics to euthanize mice.
E. Death from CO2 can be verified solely by a lack of respiration (apnea).
B The use of carbon dioxide in cylinders (not from dry ice) is the current recommended method of rodent euthanasia (AVMA recommendations on euthanasia) using a 20% replacement rate for the volume of carbon dioxide/cage or container. The floor space of the cage should be adequate to accommodate all mice on the cage floor, and respiration and heart beat cessation should be confirmed before disposal.Fully bought into rallying cries like “Humm Baby” and “Don’t get your dauber down,” the 1987 San Francisco Giants picked up right where they left off the previous season, coming from behind to beat the San Diego Padres, 4-3, in 12 innings on Opening Day at Candlestick Park in San Francisco.
In 1986 — their first full season under uber-positive manager Roger Craig, creator of the catchy phrases — the Giants recorded 40 come-from-behind victories, including 24 after the sixth inning. Their 83-79 record marked a 21-game improvement from 1985, and the Giants became just the ninth major-league team to post a winning season after a 100-loss campaign.
So expectations were high for the 1987 Giants when they took the field for the Monday afternoon opener on April 6 against the Padres under a brilliant, sunny sky. San Francisco sent veteran right-hander Mike Krukow, coming off a 20-win season, to the pitcher’s mound to face San Diego righty Eric Show.
Through six innings the Padres led, 1-0, on a home run by Carmelo Martinez to deep center field leading off the second. Show, meanwhile, limited the Giants to three singles: Will Clark in the third, Jeffrey Leonard in the fourth, and Jose Uribe in the fifth.
San Diego made it 2-0 in the seventh. Garry Templeton singled leading off, stole second, and advanced to third on a sacrifice by Tony Gwynn. Martinez drove Templeton in with a single. In the eighth, Padres second baseman Joey Cora — making his major-league debut, less than two years after San Diego selected him in the first round of the June 1985 draft — singled with one out for his first big-league hit. After Cora stole second, Marvell Wynne’s two-out single to left plated him and pushed the Padres’ advantage to 3-0.
Show had retired nine straight Giants when he set down Eddie Milner leading off the eighth. But a walk to Mike Aldrete, pinch-hitting for Krukow, sparked San Francisco. Clark singled, advancing pinch-runner Chris Speier to second, and Chris Brown spoiled the shutout with a check-swing double to right that scored Speier and sent Clark to third. Lance McCullers replaced Show and got Leonard to pop out to second for the second out.
But Candy Maldonado picked up Leonard with an opposite-field double just inside the right-field line, tying the game as Clark and Brown raced home.
Scott Garrelts replaced Krukow in the ninth and worked two scoreless innings, scattering three hits and a walk. The Giants had a golden opportunity to win the game in the 10th when Clark led off with a triple to center against Craig Lefferts. Larry Bowa, managing his first major-league game just 18 months after his final game as a player, ordered intentional walks to Brown and Leonard. Pinch-hitter Joel Youngblood hit a groundball back to Lefferts, who erased Clark on a force out at home. Then Youngblood was doubled off first on Chili Davis’s lineout to third.
In the 11th Jeff Robinson retired the Padres in order, and the Giants had another chance to decide matters as Robby Thompson was hit by a Lefferts pitch with one out and stole second with two outs — but Speier grounded out to second. Cora managed a one-out single off Robinson in the 12th, but Bob Brenly threw him out trying to steal second.
Dave Dravecky took over for the Padres in the bottom of the inning and promptly disposed of Clark and Brown. But Leonard and pinch-hitter Bob Melvin followed with two-out singles. Davis’s flare to right scored Leonard with the winning run.
Clark collected three of the Giants’ 10 hits to ignite a banner season in which he batted.308 with a career-high 35 home runs and 91 RBIs. He finished fifth in National League Most Valuable Player balloting. San Francisco was merely 3-for-14 with runners in scoring position and stranded 11 baserunners. Cora, Martinez, and Kevin Mitchell each had two hits for the Padres, who were 2-for-7 with runners in scoring position and left six men on base.
The sellout crowd of 52,020 — San Francisco’s first achieved in advance of an Opening Day since the Giants moved into Candlestick in 1960 — included Commissioner Peter Ueberroth, former NL President and Giants general manager Charles “Chub” Feeney, and San Francisco Mayor Diane Feinstein.
The Giants swept the season-opening three-game series with two more one-run victories,