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Are you looking for ways to give your website's search engine optimization a boost? Do you wonder how other websites separate themselves from the rest of the pack? If so, then you must learn how to build your SEO strategy. There are several SEO details that many company's miss out on. In doing so, they repel Google from their site and limit the number of site users they can attract. It's important to learn about the different SEO details to succeed. See below for several SEO tips and...SL Newman Grab Hire Ltd are a leading grab hire company covering Oxfordshire and the surrounding areas.
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SL Newman Grab Hire Ltd have a reputation for quality and service in Oxfordshire the local area, and we work hard to maintain our high standards.In the 1970s, Alice Hudson, a map librarian at the New York Public Library, started researching women mapmakers. “I thought I might find 10,” she told CityLab, but by the late 90s she’d found over a thousand names of women who had drawn, published, printed, engraved, sold, or traded maps prior to 1900 alone.
Around the same time in Paris, sisters Marie Catherine Haussard and Elizabeth Haussard became famous for their engravings of “cartouches,” the decorative labels that identify the subject of a map and its author. Both Roque and the Haussards used their initials instead of names to attribute their works, a tactic that hid their gender from a biased buying public, but also helped hide many female mapmakers from history.
Even more obscured than their Western counterparts were female Native American mapmakers, such as Shanawdithit, a member of Newfoundland’s Beothuk tribe. Her maps plotting the memories of her tribe’s movements and collisions with settlers are among the last accounts of her people’s languages, customs, and beliefs.
The flashcards below were created by user lawsetonhall on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
FOURTH AMENDMENT SEARCH AND SEIZURE: WAS IT EXECUTED BY GOVERNMENT AGENT?
- Unprotected items: (1) Paint scrapings on car, (2) Account records held by bank, (3) Airspace, (4) Garbage, (5) Voice Exemplars, (6) Odors, mostly from car/luggage. (7) Handwriting, (8) Open fields.
(4) Passengers in cars only if they have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the item or area searched/seized.
FOURTH AMENDMENT SEARCH AND SEIZURE: DOES WARRANT MEET AMENDMENT REQUIREMENTS?
(1) Is the warrant supported by probable cause and particularity?
(2) If not, did police rely on the defective warrant in good faith (MBE only)?
(3) Was the warrant properly executed by police?
- Requires proof of a fair probability that contraband or evidence of crime will be found in area searched.
- Cops can rely on information obtained thru informant tip even if anonymous. Sufficiency rests on corroboration by police of enough of tipsters's information to make a common sense practical determination that probable cause exists.
- In NY, gov't must establish (1) informant's basis of knowledge and (2) his veracity/reliability.
(1) affidavit supporting warrant is so egregiously lacking in probable cause that no reasonable officer would have relied on it.
(2) warrant is so facially deficient in particularity that officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.
(4) magistrate who issued the warrant is biased in favor of prosecution.
FOURTH AMENDMENT SEARCH AND SEIZURE: DOES WARRANT MEET AMENDMENT REQUIREMENTS? - WAS WARRANT PROPERLY EXECUTED?
- First, in executing the warrant, officers are allowed to search only those areas and items authorized by the language of the warrant.
- Second, the "knock and announce rule" requires they knock and announce their presence and purpose before forcibly entering the placed to be searched, unless the officer reasonably believes that doing so would be futile, dangerous, or would inhibit the investigation.
- Hot Pursuit: Allows cops, when looking for suspect, to enter suspect's home or that of a 3rd party's home into which he has fled. Any evidence in plain view while searching for suspect fair game.
- Search must be contemporaneous in time and place w/arrest.
- 3 requirements: (1) lawful access to place from which item can be plainly seen, (2) lawful access to item itself, AND (3) criminality of item must be immediately apparent.
- Constitutional if regs governing them are reasonable in scope and the search itself must comply w/those regs.
(1) Random Drug Testing for railroad employees, customs agents and public school kids. Suspicionless drugs tests no permitted where their primary purpose is to gather criminal evidence for use by cops.
- An individual is seized when, based on a totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person would not feel free leave or decline cop's request to answer question. Consider (1) whether officer shows weapon, (2) officer's tone and demeanor, and (3) if person was told she could refuse consent.
- When pursued, person only seized if submits to cop's authority by stopping or if cop physically restrains him (in NY, police pursuit is seizure in itself).
- Weapon can be seized. If contraband found, it can be seized as long as it was not manipulated. (in NY, cop can seize only something that feels like a weapon).
- Car Frisk: During traffic stop, if cop believes suspect is dangerous, he can search passenger cabin, limited to those places where a weapon may be placed/hidden.
- Reasonable suspicion, which is less than probable cause.
- Exclusionary rule does not apply to evidence erroneously obtained when executing a search warrant provided cop's mistake was reasonable.
Unreliable Ear Doctrine and Assumption of Risk: If you speak to someone who has agreed to a wiretap, you have no 4th amendment claim bc/ you assume risk that other party will not keep conversation private.
- No warrant to arrest in public, arrest warrant to arrest in home, arrest and search warrant to arrest in 3rd party home.
- Common enterprise theory in traffic stops. If you can arrest one, you can arrest all.
- Confession excluded if involuntary, meaning the product of police coercion that overbears the suspect's will.
- Offense specific, meaning it applies only to the charges filed against suspect. Provides no protection for counseled interrogation for other uncharged criminal activity.
- Attaches not only at formal charging, but also whenever there is significant judicial activity before the filing on an accusatory instrument such that the D may benefit from the presence of counsel.
- "right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in ct of law, right to an atty, if you cannot afford one, an atty will be appointed for you."
- NY parent/child rule: If cops use deception or concealment to keep a parent away from a child who is being interrogated, child's waiver may be deemed invalid.
- Burden or proof: On prosecution by preponderance of evidence, silence/shoulder shrugging no good.
- 2 substantive challenges: (1) Denial of right to counsel under 6th amendment, except for photo arrays and (2) violation of due process where procedure was so unnecessarily suggestive that there is substantial likelihood of misidentification.
- If challenge successful, in ct id is excluded unless prosecution can show id based on observations other than line-up/show-up/photo array but showing (1) witnesses opportunity to view D at crime scene, (2) the certainty of the witness's ID, and (3) the specificity of description given to cops.
- Hearing to determine prob cause unnecessary if (1) grand jury has issued indictment, OR (2) magistrate has issued an arrest warrant.
- Soon after arrest, suspect must be brought before magistrate who will (1) advise him of his rights, (2) set bail, (3) appoint counsel if necessary.
- Bail is immediately appealable.
- For guilty plea to be valid, it must be voluntary and intelligent. Judge ensures this by stating on the record the nature of the charges and the consequences of the plea.
- No death penalty for mentally retarded, presently insane, under 18 when offense occurred.
- In NY charge D with all offense arising out of transaction unless (1) offenses have substantially different elements, (2) each offense contains an element not in the other and they vindicate different harms, (3) one is for criminal possession and the other is for use, OR (4) each offense involved harm to a different victim.
- DJ bars retrial in same sovereign only. State and Fed not same, different states not same.
- 3 ways to eliminate privilege: (1) grant of