 and Eta Geminorum], which very roughly have their centers at approximately 6h 14m +24� [IC 444] and 6h 08m +22� [IC 443]."
E.E. Barnard independently discovered these two nebulae on a plate two years later. Barnard reported in "Astronomy and Astro-Physics", Vol 8, No. 3, "On another photograph taken Feb. 1, 1894, with 2h 10m exposure, the 9m.5 star Dm +23�1313 is found to be closely nebulous, a very small dense nebulosity gives it a fuzzy appearance. The nebulosity is heaviest south and following." Harold Corwin notes that Barnard misidentified the star -- it should be BD +23�1301 = 12 Geminorum. Secondly, his reported postion gave the equinox as 1885.0, but it should be 1855.0 for the BD star, so his position -- which was used in the IC -- is poor. Corwin also comments that although 12 Gem is often given for the position of IC 444, the reflection nebula is part of a much larger emission nebulosity (Sh 2-249) centered about 25' ESE. Wolf claimed to record "very large and bright nebulous masses", so perhaps his image included Sh 2-249.
24" (1/28/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, weak concentration. Situated 3.8' SSE of mag 9.1 HD 46146.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 445 = Sw. 8-42 on 6 Sep 1888 and recorded "eF, S, R, B * sf." His position is off the northeast side of UGC 3497. The bright star is northwest of the galaxy, not southeast.
E.E. Barnard visually discovered IC 446 = IC 2167, along with IC 2169, on 11 Oct 1888 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He wrote in his notebook, "a 9 1/2 mag star with largish faint nebula, a little heavier following."
He found it again photographically on 24 Jan 1894 with the 6" Willard lens and reported on it in "Photographic Nebulosities and Star Cluster Connected with the Milky Way" (Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol XIII, No 3). Barnard mentioned that he first found it visually around 1888 "while sweeping over this region" as a "10 mag nebulous star about half a degree north preceding 2245." Apparently Barnard directly sent his original visual discovery to Dreyer, hence the two IC designations (visual and photographic), IC 446 = IC 2167. This object is a bi-polar reflection nebula. Listed in article on bi-polar nebulae by Ronald Stoyan in Deep Sky Observer #12.
Barnard found this reflection nebula again photographically on 24 Jan 1894 with the Willard 6" lens though and announced it in "Photographic Nebulosities and Star Cluster Connected with the Milky Way" (Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol XIII, No 3). Barnard stated he first found it visually around 1888 "while sweep over this region, I found a very large, weak, diffused nebulosity some half a degree south of the nebula NGC 2245. This was mixed up with several considerable stars." His earlier visual discovery was not published but apparently he sent it later to Dreyer, so it was catalogued again as IC 2169.
24" (1/28/17): at 375x; moderately bright and large, slightly elongated E-W, ~45"x35". Contains a relatively large brighter core. Situated 4.1' WSW of mag 8.4 HD 47725.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 449 = Sw. 8-43 on 6 Sep 1888 and recorded "pF, S, R, bM, bet 2 D st." His position matches IC 449, so there's little doubt about the identification, though I'm surprised he didn't mention the nearby 8.5-magnitude star.
24" (1/28/17): at 375x; faint, small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter, sharp stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with IC 451 4' NE.
William Denning discovered IC 450, along with IC 451, around 1890 with his 10-inch With-Browning reflector. The discovery was communicated directly to Dreyer as it was not published. The IC positions for both galaxies are 6'-7' too far southeast. Corrected positions were published in the 1937 paper "A study of faint northern galaxies" by Seyfert and Shapley (1937AnHar.105..219S). This is a very faint pair to be discovered in a 10-inch scope, testifying to Denning's keen eyesight.
24" (1/28/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, even surface brightness. Forms a pair with IC 450 4.2' SW. Located 20' E of NGC 2258.
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 452 = Big. 147, along with IC 453 = Big. 148 on 9 Mar 1890 while searching for NGC 2296. Swift's discovery position for NGC 2296 was 0.7 minutes of RA too large, so Bigourdan assumed Big. 147 (later IC 452) was new. Herbert Howe later measured an accurate RA for NGC 2296 in 1898 (repeated in the IC 2 Notes) so, NGC 2296 = IC 452. Bigourdan's position for Big. 148 (IC 453) points directly to a star, according to Corwin.
24" (2/7/16): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.3'. A star (mag 13.5-14?) is superimposed near the northwest end. Contains a slightly brighter nucleus, which is close southeast of the star. There may be one or two additional mag 15.5-16 star near the periphery. Since the galaxy appears to extend from the brighter star it has a comet-like appearance. Situated in a rich Milky Way star field.
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 454 = Sw. 9-16 on 23 Jan 1889 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He noted "a faint nebula, elongated with 13 mag star attached to end N.p." His rough RA (in his notebook) is about 24 seconds too large, but his small field sketch matches. The discovery was probably not communicated to Dreyer as Barnard wasn't credited in the IC.
Lewis Swift independently found this galaxy on 27 Dec 1889 and simply noted "eeF; S; e diff." Swift's RA is 9 seconds too large and he received credit in the IC. Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 and noted, "One or two stars are involved in this nebula."
18" (8/2/11): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~30"x25", fairly sharply concentrated with a small bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Located 11' SSE of NGC 2300 in a group of far northern galaxies near +85� declination.
18" (3/13/04): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration to a slightly brighter core. With direct vision, a sharp stellar nucleus was intermittently visible. Located 16' ESE of NGC 2276 and 11' SSE of NGC 2300. This galaxy is the 5th closest to the celestial pole in the NGC or IC (2nd in the IC) and 3 of these 5 are visible in the same low power field!
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 455 on 20 Sep 1890 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. While comet hunting in the north, Barnard found NGC 2276, 2300 and IC 455. He was confused on his pointing direction this far north, but made a field sketch including nearby stars and labeled the nebulae A (NGC 2276), B (NGC 2300) and C (IC 455, outside the 150x field). He noted "C is 10' S and 3' foll B. A is 2' diameter, faint, vglbM." The sketch clearly identifies the three galaxies. William Denning independently discovered IC 455 less than a month later on 17 Oct 1890 with his 10-inch reflector. Denning is credited with the discovery in the IC as Barnard never published his discovery or notified Dreyer.
17.5" (3/20/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round, gradually increases to a small bright core. Located just 1' SW of mag 9 SAO 197461 and 6' SE of mag 7.1 SAO 197448. Also mag 8.7 SAO 197447 lies 7' WNW.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 456 = Sw. 10-16 on 19 Dec 1890 and recorded "vF; pS; R; B * close nf; B * with pB dist comp np."
Hermann Kobold found IC 457 on 4 May 1893, along with 8 galaxies besides NGC 2332 and 2340, with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg. His position matches PGC 20272, which was discovered by Bindon Stoney at Birr Castle on 2 Jan 1851. Although placed fairly accurately on a constructed diagram, no absolute positions were determined so Dreyer relied on Bigourdan's measurement. Unfortunately, Bigourdan's position refers to a faint star so the NGC position for NGC 2330 is erroneous. Assuming PGC 20272 is the galaxy Dreyer had in mind as NGC 2330 (Malcolm Thomson