 ignored. How are we supposed to learn how to juggle our lives when money is tight and debts are piling up on all sides?
If we have to work it out for ourselves, like I did, then it's obvious lots of people are going to make the same mistakes. It seems like that's an awful lot of unhappiness that could so easily be avoided.
Andree Sammonds, 35, a book-keeper
'I expected to feel relief, but it has been awful'
I'd love to say I'd learnt a lesson from going bankrupt, but the truth is that once you're in that downwards spiral there's nothing you can do about it until you hit rock bottom.
My husband and I were just about making ends meet until I lost my job. I'd always been really good at operating on a tight budget, but I felt compelled to continue paying for half the household running costs while I was unemployed, and so, although I found a job within six months, by then I'd already been tipped overinto the world of loans and overdrafts.
We split up shortly afterwards and I had to set up home for myself and my two teenage children. I was earning £1,000 a month and there was absolutely nothing left once I'd paid the rent and bills. I'd have to borrow a little extra each month just to put food on the table. I hated doing it, but I just couldn't see how else to survive. I turned to the bank for help, but all they did was give me another credit card and raise my overdraft limit to £5,000. At the time I thought that was dangerous, but I was desperate. I also thought that, if the bank trusted me, then it must mean that these situations generally turned themselves around and I'd be able to pay it all back. That didn't happen. As my debts rose to astronomical levels, the creditors began threatening me. There really didn't seem to be any option other than bankruptcy.
I expected to feel a great relief and be able to start all over again, but that's not what happened. Bankruptcy has been awful. I regret ever agreeing to go through it. I went bankrupt almost two months ago, but my creditors have not been told, which means they're still calling me. I've been taken to court by one of them, and now have a county court judgment against me. The Official Receiver said I wasn't allowed to attend court and defend myself, but he didn't stop proceedings from going ahead. County court judgments stay on your credit ratings for ever, which is exactly the sort of thing I went bankrupt to avoid.
The idea of owing money again absolutely terrifies me, but I have to feed my children and keep a roof over their heads. If I don't earn enough to do that, what are my other options?
James, 38, motor insurance salesman.
'I was spending money with no idea how to repay it'
At the height of its success, my business was turning over £9m a year. I was earning around £60,000, had a fancy company car, was taking six holidays a year and had a second home in Spain. Life was great.
Then suddenly it all came crashing to the ground. My motor insurance company had been built up around a few businesses. Around 85 per cent of our work, however, came from one particular business, which was run by a friend. Our friendship meant our professional relationship had never been legally codified, and so when he was suddenly taken over by another company, I was cut off - literally overnight - and we were forced into liquidation.
I still had Visa cards with overdrafts of £15,000 and loans of £25,000. In the past I could pay back those amounts very easily, but now I was spending the money with no idea how to repay it.
In retrospect our next decision was rash, but at the time it seemed perfectly sensible to take the profits from our house sale and move to Spain to start a new life and a business there. It went quite well for a year, but the family didn't take to the lifestyle and so we came back to England. It was then the trouble started. We'd spent all the money from the house sale setting up the business in Spain, and now the debts and loans I'd carried with me from the time of the liquidation suddenly came to a head. I owed around £60,000.
Bankruptcy is something I never thought I'd experience, but although it still carries a stigma overall it's been a ray of light, a salvation of sorts. It's an opportunity to start afresh, like someone saying to you: 'Have you learnt from the past? All right then. Do you want another go at making a success of yourself?'
I now work as a debt adviser at UK Bankruptcy, the company that gave me advice when I was in trouble. The more I hear about other people's experiences, the angrier I become with society for pushing people to the point where bankruptcy is their only option.
Christine Rolfe, 36, NHS switchboard operator
'My ex refused to pay his bills'
My husband and I had taken out a loan of £18,000 to refurbish the house and I began noticing money disappearing from our joint account. He just said I was imagining things. This went on for two months, by which time about £5,000 had disappeared. Then my three-year-old daughter told me she'd seen daddy kissing another woman, and it all suddenly made sense.
We got divorced but he wouldn't leave the family home, so I took our daughter to live with my mother. He also refused to pay alimony, so I took him to court. But the judge awarded him possession of our house because, he said, I had made a new home with my mother.
But then my ex stopped contributing to the mortgage. He also refused to pay any of the household bills and even made me pay the interest on his loans: he had a bank overdraft of £15,000 and debts of £9,000.
I went to a solicitor, but was told that his debts were my debts. We'd sold the house by this point and he'd disappeared. I was only earning about £10,000 a year. The bailiffs began coming to my office. It broke my heart; I felt humiliated and terrified.
All this time the interest was pushing up my debt. Soon I owed £40,000. My solicitor suggested I go to a debt management company, who said if I paid £95 a month for 20 years I'd have paid off the interest. Then I could start paying off the debt itself. I wasn't prepared to have the next few decades of my life dictated by the debts of my ex-husband, so I decided bankruptcy was the only option.
I was so ashamed when I went to court that I couldn't stop crying. But now I've had time to adjust and I'm so much happier.
(Subject's name has been changed)Our primary focus is on analysis of the concept of voluntariness, with a secondary focus on the implications of our analysis for the concept and the requirements of voluntary informed consent. We propose that two necessary and jointly sufficient conditions must be satisfied for an action to be voluntary: intentionality, and substantial freedom from controlling influences. We reject authenticity as a necessary condition of voluntary action, and we note that constraining situations may or may not undermine voluntariness, depending on the circumstances and the psychological capacities of agents. We compare and evaluate several accounts of voluntariness and argue that our view, unlike other treatments in bioethics, is not a value-laden theory. We also discuss the empirical assessment of individuals' perceptions of the degrees of noncontrol and self-control. We propose use of a particular Decision Making Control Instrument. Empirical research using this instrument can provide data that will help establish appropriate policies and procedures for obtaining voluntary consent to research.package com.coodcool.icook.mother;

import com.coodcool.icook.model.Comment;
import com.coodcool.icook.model.User;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.Month;

public class CommentMother {

    private static final String RECIPE_ID = "http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edamam.com%2Fontologies%2Fedamam.owl%23recipe_233567d117b63a90fd90dabbcd4e4f39";
    private static final String CONTENT = "Test comment";
  
    public static Comment.CommentBuilder withoutUserAndId() {
        return Comment.builder()
               .content("This is very delicious and healthy")
               .recipeId("http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edamam.com%2Fontologies%2Fedamam.owl%23recipe_954a236596ef32f8e013cc9dbf52d0cf")
               .submissionTime(LocalDateTime.of(2019, Month.AUGUST, 10, 10,10,10));
    }

    public static Comment.CommentBuilder withoutUserAndWithCustomId(Long id) {
        return withoutUserAndId()
               .id(id);
    }

    public static Comment.CommentBuilder withoutIdAndWithCustomUser(User user) {
        return withoutUserAndId()
               .user(user);
    }

    public static Comment.CommentBuilder completeWithCustomIdAndUser(Long id, User user) {
        return withoutUserAndWithCustomId(id)
               .user(user);