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BDRC released its first version of YTS (YourEconomy Time-Series) 1997-2016!!The Azerbaijan section of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil export pipeline was inaugurated today by the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey in an official ceremony, which was held at the BTC head pump station in the Sangachal Terminal near Baku. This event marks the official celebration of first oil into the Heydar Aliyev BTC main export pipeline.
HE President Ilham Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Republic hosted the event, in which he was joined by the President of Turkey Ahmet Nejdet Sezer, the President of Georgia Mikheil Saakasvili, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, a large group of visiting senior government and state officials, senior executives of BTC owner companies and business representatives.
The inauguration of BTC follows the commissioning of the BTC head pump station at the Sangachal terminal earlier this month and officially marks the commencement of the first linefill phase of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil export pipeline. A total of 10 million barrels of crude oil is required to fill the 1770 kilometre pipeline running from the Sangachal terminal near Baku via Georgia to the Ceyhan terminal on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The oil comes from the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) field in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea. The staged filling of the pipeline along its entire route could take over six months and the loading of the first tanker at Ceyhan is expected in the fourth quarter of 2005.
David Woodward, BP Azerbaijan Associate President, said: “This is a great moment as it marks Azerbaijan’s rebirth as an important country for the industry just as it was more than a century ago. It is also a symbol of what can be achieved through cooperation - between different countries, nation states and national companies and international business. None of us could have done this on our own. Ten years ago many people said that this was an impossible project. Thanks to many people the impossible was made possible.
“Over the last decade nearly $10 billion have been invested in this country’s oil and gas developments in the Caspian, and over the next decade that will make the Caspian region one of the major sources of incremental supply to the world market. Today marks the beginning of a new chapter for both Azerbaijan and BP”.
The 1770-km BTC pipeline will allow one million barrels of oil a day to be exported safely and responsibly from the Caspian without increasing tanker traffic through the Turkish Straits. It is buried for its entire length and following construction land is being fully re-instated.
In addition, the project’s community investment programme (CIP) is up and running in all three countries. Overall BTC together with the South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP), being built to carry Shah Deniz gas from the Caspian to Georgia and Turkey, will spend some $30 million on community and environmental investment in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey during the construction phase. As we move into the operations phase, we are also developing a Regional Sustainable Development Programme (RSDP), which will build upon the best practice of existing CIP projects as well as addressing some of the regional and national challenges posed by the development of large-scale oil and gas businesses.
Introduction
America is considered to be one of the worlds most mature democracies and a country that strictly observes human rights. However, the history of the United States involves many evidences of slavery and gross violation of human rights. Black people and Asians suffered from slavery for many years in the U.S, since the beginning of this tendency in 1528 (Lee, 2016). As early as 16th century, Asian slaves, sailors, and servants were brought by the Spanish trading ships to the present day Mexico, with the Spaniards having an intention to create a Pacific empire. Later, the slaves would find themselves in the United States (Seijas, 2014). Legalization of slavery in some parts of America, such as Massachusetts,, recognized the practice of effectual endeavor and resulted in captivity of Asians and blacks. Looking at the sharp contrast of the modern U.S., and the historic U.S that violated human rights, this essays attempts to explain how the nation that values human freedom so much today, supported slavery and all other forms of coercion against Asians. The essay largely implies Asian Americans, whose ancestry can be traced back to the countries in South, East, and South East Asia. The essay also aims to identify different forms of coercion and slavery that Asians have been subjected to through the past American history. The discussion examines two forms of suppression, mainly refusal to give Asian Americans American citizenship, and enactment of laws barring marriage with white race. In addition, it will come to the subject of interactions between liberty and coercion in the historic America. The next section commences with a discussion on interactions of liberty and coercion in American history.
America Revolution: The Interaction of Liberty and Coercion in the American History
A process of revolution in a country implies a shift in the way in which this country is ruled or governed. In most cases, revolution is characterized by changes from one particular political system to another, which is deemed by people to be better. According to Horne (2016), deviations or changes that result in revolution may be caused by a system, where many people are subjected to slavery. The American Revolution was largely centered on the Americans wanting to control their property. Prior to the American Revolution, slavery was a central institution in America (Horne, 2016). Many white Americans regarded slavery to be normal, with many of them terming it as a positivist movement in America.
In the American Revolution era, however, opposition to the existence of slavery only seemed to increase aggression between slaves and the whites. Although Delaware became the first state to pass laws that criminalized slavery in 1636, violation of human rights, coercion and torture of Asians and Afro-Americans continued in most parts of America. For instance, skirmishes that erupted between Tuscarora and the colonialists in September 1710 were connected with the gross violation of rights of a number of Asians and blacks (Lee, 2016). While some of the slaves took advantage of the skirmishes and escaped from their masters, others continued in slavery, with even more intensified violations of their rights.
Violation, torture and deprivation of slaves was also witnessed during the New York City slave revolt (Horne, 2016). The eruption of the revolt resulted in killing and wounding of several New York City white residents. As a result, slaves were rampantly punished. More than twenty slaves were accused of organizing and taking part in the uprising, and sentenced to death without proper hearing. An approximate number of six other slaves, some of them Asians, ended their lives by committing suicide for fear of torture by their white masters for participation in the revolt (Horne, 2016). While reacting to the New York City uprising, colonial assemblies in some states, notably Massachusetts, established laws that were intended to suppress and punish any gatherings or meetings by slaves within their territories. In todays context, laws that oppose any acts of group assembly would be regarded as violation of the rights of groups and individuals, yet this was perpetuated by a number of U.S. states during the American Revolution.
Although religious and other activist groups identified the need to stop slavery of Asians and blacks, their attempts only resulted in further aggravation of the situation. Meanwhile, slavery fired the emanation of capitalism, but for capitalism to realize its full potential, there was an eminent need to stop slavery (Horne, 2016). Only at this point of the necessity to stop slavery different religions played a crucial role, but this did not stop slavery right away. What is more, liberty in the U.S was characterized as a strange mix of issues, including religion, political associations, legal and economic partnerships; all these however favored only natives and denied the same rights to the outsiders (largely slaves). Americans in the time of revolution believed that liberty was limited, and so it was difficult for them to extend the rights and freedoms that they were enjoying to others. Moreover, Jones et al. (2014) document struggles for equality that Asian-American slaves experienced from the whites, who limited their liberty. Consequently, Asian or Afro-American slaves, despite being citizens of the United States, were denied to share political rights with the white people.
The Other Forms of Coercion that Existed in the US from 1776 to 1865
Even after passing the laws that prohibited slavery and other forms of human rights violations, other forms of coercion were still witnessed. Before highlighting different forms of suppression that continued after the American Revolution up to the mid-19th century, it is important to understand, what the coercion is. Co