IBO.
Small bowel motility disorders also predispose to the development of SIBO, because bacteria may not be effectively swept from the proximal bowel into the colon. Disruption of the MMC is associated with bacterial overgrowth.
Small bowel diverticula. Large duodenal and jejunal diverticula can harbor bacteria and lead to symptoms of SIBO. Strictures of the small intestine, which can develop after surgery, after radiation, in association with Crohn's disease, or secondary to medication use, also predispose to the development of SIBO.
Finally, resection of the ileocecal valve increases the risk of developing SIBO, because retrograde movement of bacteria from the colon into the small intestine can now readily occur.
Patients who are immunodeficient, whether due to an abnormal antibody response or T-cell response, are prone to bacterial overgrowth.
SIBO can develop in a variety of patient populations.
There is a significant amount of interest on the possible role of SIBO in the generation of IBS. Many IBS symptoms are nonspecific (bloating, distention, cramping, abdominal discomfort) and can mimic symptoms of SIBO. Long-standing and poorly controlled diabetes can injure the enteric nervous system leading to disordered GI motility.
SIBO develops in the elderly because of age-associated decline in GI tract motility.
Long-standing celiac disease can disturb gut motility, leading to small intestine dysmotility.
GI symptoms are common in patients with renal failure and include nausea, early satiety, bloating, and abdominal pain.
Surgically induced obstructive jaundice can lead to bacterial overgrowth and increased bacterial translocation from the GI tract.Clinical studies have shown that patients with advanced liver disease are more likely to have abnormalities in gut motility.
Acute necrotizing pancreatitis disturbs the jejunal MMC leading to SIBO.
Chronic alcohol use may predispose patients to SIBO.
Antibiotics can alter the normal balance of gut flora leading to changes in the population of bacteria within the GI tract.
Fat malabsorption occurs as a result of bacterial deconjugation of bile salts. In addition, free bile acids are toxic to the intestinal mucosa, resulting in mucosal inflammation and malabsorption.Deconjugated bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum rather than the ileum, leading to impaired micelle formation, fat malabsorption, and deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Fortunately, symptoms rarely develop; however, in severe cases night blindness (vitamin A), osteomalacia and tetany due to hypocalcemia (vitamin D), prolonged prothrombin times (vitamin K), or neuropathy, retinopathy, and impairments in T-cell function can occur.
Carbohydrate malabsorption develops as a result of premature breakdown of sugars by bacteria in conjunction with decreased disaccharidase activity secondary to disruption of the intestinal brush border. Protein malabsorption can occur because of digestion by bacteria, whereas protein-losing enteropathies can develop as a result of mucosal damage.
A common complication of bacterial overgrowth is cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Patients with normal intestinal enteric flora rely on gastric intrinsic factor to bind to vitamin B12 to permit absorption in the ileum.
The diagnosis of SIBO is controversial. Two tests are commonly employed: bacterial culture and breath tests.
All breath tests rely on the recovery and quantification of an exhaled gas produced by the bacterial metabolism of the ingested substrate. The development of inexpensive, commercially available gas chromatographs to measure exhaled hydrogen and/or methane has led to the widespread use of breath testing for the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth.
Strict adherence to diet may lead to symptom improvement in patients with celiac disease and bacterial overgrowth.
Nutritional support, particularly in those patients with weight loss or vitamin and mineral deficiencies, is an important component of SIBO treatment. Supplementation and maintenance of vitamin B12 and fat-soluble vitamins, with correction of calcium and magnesium deficiencies, are key components of treatment. Lactase and fructase deficiency may develop due to inflammation of the small bowel brush border.
Attempts at treating SIBO with probiotics have shown mixed results.NedaSay Posted March 6, 2021 Report Share Posted March 6, 2021 Why do you think that the AMG engine is an option for Lotus? Why would Lotus pay royalty on this engine? While it can get an engine that will be royalty free, more powerful and that will not require extra additionnal training at dealerships! I don't get where the AMG 4cyl idea come from. I don't know why people rave about it, when Volvo Polestar has an engine that has some 30bhp on it in standard guise and a 120bhp in its most extreme incarnation. As far as we know Lotus will either keep using Toyota's engine for this last run of combustion engine or more likely as they are stakeholders in Geely-Volvo new engine joint venture will get bespoke tuned Geely/Volvo engineered 4cyl and V6s. Geely owning a 9% share of Daimler doesn't mean they can give Lotus access to the AMG engines. it is only a 9% share, first minority shareholder on paper, but still only 9%, Geely got Smart and the small engine manufacturing as part of the deal which is what they wanted. 2 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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You can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.<commit_before>from reid.models import model_utils as mu
from reid.utils.serialization import load_checkpoint
from reid.config import Config
from reid import datasets
from reid import models
import numpy as np
import torch
import os
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Model Test')

parser.add_argument('-d', '--dataset', type=str, default='market1501std',
                    choices=datasets.names())
parser.add_argument('-c', '--checkpoint', type=str, default='spaco.epoch4')
parser.add_argument('-b', '--batch-size', type=int, default=256)
args = parser.parse_args()


dataset = args.dataset
cur_path = os.getcwd()

logs_dir = os.path.join(cur_path, "logs")
data_dir = os.path.join(cur_path,'data',dataset)
data = datasets.create(dataset,data_dir)
query_gallery = list(set(data.query) | set(data.gallery))

# model config
config1 = Config(batch_size=128)
config2 = Config(model_name='densenet121', height=224, width=224,
                 batch_size=128)

features = []
for config in [config1, config2]:
    model = models.create(config.model_name, num_features=config.num_features,
                          dropout=config.dropout, num_classes=config.num_classes)
    model = torch.nn.DataParallel(model).cuda()

    save_pth = os.path.join(config.logs_dir, config.model_name, '%s'%(args.checkpoint))
    if os.path.exists(save_pth) is not True:
        raise ValueError('wrong model pth')
    checkpoint = load_checkpoint(save_pth)
    state_dict = {k:v for k,v in checkpoint['state_dict'].items()
                  if k in model.state_dict().keys()}
    model.load_state_dict(state_dict)
    mu.evaluate(model, data, config)

    features.append(mu.get_feature(model, query_gallery, data.images_dir, config))
<commit_msg>evaluate<commit_after>from reid.models import model_utils as mu
from reid.utils.serialization import load_checkpoint
from reid.config import Config
from reid import datasets
from reid import models
import numpy as np
import torch
import os
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Model Test')

parser.add_argument('-d', '--dataset', type=str, default='market1501std',
                    choices=datasets.names())
parser.add_argument('-c', '--checkpoint', type=str, default='spaco.epoch4')
parser.add_argument('-b', '--batch-size', type=int, default=256)
parser.add_argument('--combine', type=str, default='123')
parser.add_argument('--single-eval', type=bool, default=False)
args = parser.parse_args()


dataset = args.dataset
cur_path = os.getcwd()

logs_dir = os.path.join(cur_path, "logs")
data_dir = os.path.join(cur_path,'data',dataset)
data = datasets.create(dataset,data_dir)
query_gallery = list(set