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README.md
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---
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#
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This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search.
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## Usage (Sentence-Transformers)
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```python
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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sentences = ["
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model = SentenceTransformer('
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embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
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print(embeddings)
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```
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# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
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sentences = [
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# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('
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model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('
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# Tokenize sentences
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encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
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print(sentence_embeddings)
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```
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##
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The model was trained with the parameters:
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```
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{'batch_size': 16, 'sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.RandomSampler', 'batch_sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.BatchSampler'}
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```
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```
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{
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"epochs": 10,
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"evaluation_steps": 0,
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"evaluator": "sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator",
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"max_grad_norm": 1,
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"optimizer_class": "<class 'torch.optim.adamw.AdamW'>",
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"optimizer_params": {
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"lr": 2e-05
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},
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"scheduler": "WarmupLinear",
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"steps_per_epoch": null,
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"warmup_steps": 10000,
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"weight_decay": 0.01
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}
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```
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```
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SentenceTransformer(
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(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
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(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False})
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)
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```
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## Citing & Authors
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# Bert-MLM_arXiv-MP-class_zbMath
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This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search.
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The model is specifically designed to compute similarities of short mathematical texts.
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## Usage (Sentence-Transformers)
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```python
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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sentences = ["In this paper we show how to compute the $\\Lambda_{\\alpha}$ norm, $\\alpha\\ge 0$, using the dyadic grid. This result is a consequence of the description of the Hardy spaces $H^p(R^N)$ in terms of dyadic and special atoms.",
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"We show that a determinant of Stirling cycle numbers counts unlabeled acyclic single-source automata. The proof involves a bijection from these automata to certain marked lattice paths and a sign-reversing involution to evaluate the determinant."]
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model = SentenceTransformer('math-similarity/Bert-MLM_arXiv-MP-class_zbMath')
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embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
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print(embeddings)
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```
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# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
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sentences = ["In this paper we show how to compute the $\\Lambda_{\\alpha}$ norm, $\\alpha\\ge 0$, using the dyadic grid. This result is a consequence of the description of the Hardy spaces $H^p(R^N)$ in terms of dyadic and special atoms.",
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"We show that a determinant of Stirling cycle numbers counts unlabeled acyclic single-source automata. The proof involves a bijection from these automata to certain marked lattice paths and a sign-reversing involution to evaluate the determinant."]
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# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('math-similarity/Bert-MLM_arXiv-MP-class_zbMath')
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model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('math-similarity/Bert-MLM_arXiv-MP-class_zbMath')
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# Tokenize sentences
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encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
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print(sentence_embeddings)
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```
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---------
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## Background
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## Intended uses
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Our model is intended to be used as a sentence and short paragraph encoder for mathematical texts. Given an input text, it outputs a vector which captures the semantic information. The sentence vector may be used for information retrieval, clustering or sentence similarity tasks.
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By default, input text longer than 256 word pieces is truncated.
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## Training procedure
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### Domain-adaption
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We use the domain-adapted [math-similarity/Bert-MLM_arXiv](https://huggingface.co/math-similarity/Bert-MLM_arXiv) model. Please refer to the model card for more detailed information about the domain-adaption procedure.
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### Pooling
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We add a mean-pooling layer on top of the domain-adapted model.
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### Fine-tuning
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We fine-tune the model using a cosine-similarity objective. Formally, it computes the vectors `u = model(sentence_A)` and `v = model(sentence_B)` and measures the cosine-similarity between the two. By default, it minimizes the following loss: `||input_label - cos_score_transformation(cosine_sim(u,v))||_2`, with MSE as loss function.
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We use title-pairs from [zbMath](https://zbmath.org) as fine-tuning dataset and model semantic similarity with their MSC codes. Two titles are defined as similar, if they share their primary MSC<sub>5</sub> and another secondary MSC<sub>5</sub>. Otherwise, they are defined as semantically dissimilar.
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The training set contains 351.472 title pairs and the evaluation set contains 43.935 pairs. See the [training notebook](https://github.com/math-collab/text-similarity/blob/main/Bert-MLM%20%2B%20mean%20pooling%20%2B%20fine-tune%20zbMath-class.ipynb) for more information.
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Unfortunately, we cannot include a dataset with titles due to licensing issues. However, we have created a dataset than only contains the respective zbMath identifiers (also known as an) with primary and secondary MSC classification but without titles. It is available as [datasets/math-similarity/class-zbmath-identifier](https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-similarity/class-zbmath-identifier).
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## Citing & Authors
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This model is an additional resource for the [CICM'24](https://cicm-conference.org/2024/cicm.php) submission *On modelling similarity of short mathematical texts*.
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