---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:156
- loss:MatryoshkaLoss
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
widget:
- source_sentence: 'What does this document say about: In 2024, almost every significant
model vendor rel...?'
sentences:
- 'This remains astonishing to me. I thought a model with the capabilities and output
quality of GPT-4 needed a datacenter class server with one or more $40,000+ GPUs.
These models take up enough of my 64GB of RAM that I don’t run them often—they
don’t leave much room for anything else.
The fact that they run at all is a testament to the incredible training and inference
performance gains that we’ve figured out over the past year. It turns out there
was a lot of low-hanging fruit to be harvested in terms of model efficiency. I
expect there’s still more to come.'
- 'In 2024, almost every significant model vendor released multi-modal models. We
saw the Claude 3 series from Anthropic in March, Gemini 1.5 Pro in April (images,
audio and video), then September brought Qwen2-VL and Mistral’s Pixtral 12B and
Meta’s Llama 3.2 11B and 90B vision models. We got audio input and output from
OpenAI in October, then November saw SmolVLM from Hugging Face and December saw
image and video models from Amazon Nova.
In October I upgraded my LLM CLI tool to support multi-modal models via attachments.
It now has plugins for a whole collection of different vision models.'
- 'OpenAI made GPT-4o free for all users in May, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet was freely
available from its launch in June. This was a momentus change, because for the
previous year free users had mostly been restricted to GPT-3.5 level models, meaning
new users got a very inaccurate mental model of what a capable LLM could actually
do.
That era appears to have ended, likely permanently, with OpenAI’s launch of ChatGPT
Pro. This $200/month subscription service is the only way to access their most
capable model, o1 Pro.
Since the trick behind the o1 series (and the future models it will undoubtedly
inspire) is to expend more compute time to get better results, I don’t think those
days of free access to the best available models are likely to return.'
- source_sentence: 'What does this document say about: An interesting point of comparison
here could be t...?'
sentences:
- 'The environmental impact got much, much worse
The much bigger problem here is the enormous competitive buildout of the infrastructure
that is imagined to be necessary for these models in the future.
Companies like Google, Meta, Microsoft and Amazon are all spending billions of
dollars rolling out new datacenters, with a very material impact on the electricity
grid and the environment. There’s even talk of spinning up new nuclear power stations,
but those can take decades.
Is this infrastructure necessary? DeepSeek v3’s $6m training cost and the continued
crash in LLM prices might hint that it’s not. But would you want to be the big
tech executive that argued NOT to build out this infrastructure only to be proven
wrong in a few years’ time?'
- 'An interesting point of comparison here could be the way railways rolled out
around the world in the 1800s. Constructing these required enormous investments
and had a massive environmental impact, and many of the lines that were built
turned out to be unnecessary—sometimes multiple lines from different companies
serving the exact same routes!
The resulting bubbles contributed to several financial crashes, see Wikipedia
for Panic of 1873, Panic of 1893, Panic of 1901 and the UK’s Railway Mania. They
left us with a lot of useful infrastructure and a great deal of bankruptcies and
environmental damage.
The year of slop'
- 'Those US export regulations on GPUs to China seem to have inspired some very
effective training optimizations!
The environmental impact got better
A welcome result of the increased efficiency of the models—both the hosted ones
and the ones I can run locally—is that the energy usage and environmental impact
of running a prompt has dropped enormously over the past couple of years.
OpenAI themselves are charging 100x less for a prompt compared to the GPT-3 days.
I have it on good authority that neither Google Gemini nor Amazon Nova (two of
the least expensive model providers) are running prompts at a loss.'
- source_sentence: 'What does this document say about: A lot of people are excited
about AI agents—an inf...?'
sentences:
- 'An interesting point of comparison here could be the way railways rolled out
around the world in the 1800s. Constructing these required enormous investments
and had a massive environmental impact, and many of the lines that were built
turned out to be unnecessary—sometimes multiple lines from different companies
serving the exact same routes!
The resulting bubbles contributed to several financial crashes, see Wikipedia
for Panic of 1873, Panic of 1893, Panic of 1901 and the UK’s Railway Mania. They
left us with a lot of useful infrastructure and a great deal of bankruptcies and
environmental damage.
The year of slop'
- 'A lot of people are excited about AI agents—an infuriatingly vague term that
seems to be converging on “AI systems that can go away and act on your behalf”.
We’ve been talking about them all year, but I’ve seen few if any examples of them
running in production, despite lots of exciting prototypes.
I think this is because of gullibility.
Can we solve this? Honestly, I’m beginning to suspect that you can’t fully solve
gullibility without achieving AGI. So it may be quite a while before those agent
dreams can really start to come true!
Code may be the best application
Over the course of the year, it’s become increasingly clear that writing code
is one of the things LLMs are most capable of.'
- 'The boring yet crucial secret behind good system prompts is test-driven development.
You don’t write down a system prompt and find ways to test it. You write down
tests and find a system prompt that passes them.
It’s become abundantly clear over the course of 2024 that writing good automated
evals for LLM-powered systems is the skill that’s most needed to build useful
applications on top of these models. If you have a strong eval suite you can adopt
new models faster, iterate better and build more reliable and useful product features
than your competition.
Vercel’s Malte Ubl:'
- source_sentence: 'What does this document say about: When @v0 first came out we
were paranoid about pro...?'
sentences:
- 'So far, I think they’re a net positive. I’ve used them on a personal level to
improve my productivity (and entertain myself) in all sorts of different ways.
I think people who learn how to use them effectively can gain a significant boost
to their quality of life.
A lot of people are yet to be sold on their value! Some think their negatives
outweigh their positives, some think they are all hot air, and some even think
they represent an existential threat to humanity.
They’re actually quite easy to build
The most surprising thing we’ve learned about LLMs this year is that they’re actually
quite easy to build.'
- 'DeepSeek v3 is a huge 685B parameter model—one of the largest openly licensed
models currently available, significantly bigger than the largest of Meta’s Llama
series, Llama 3.1 405B.
Benchmarks put it up there with Claude 3.5 Sonnet. Vibe benchmarks (aka the Chatbot
Arena) currently rank it 7th, just behind the Gemini 2.0 and OpenAI 4o/o1 models.
This is by far the highest ranking openly licensed model.
The really impressive thing about DeepSeek v3 is the training cost. The model
was trained on 2,788,000 H800 GPU hours at an estimated cost of $5,576,000. Llama
3.1 405B trained 30,840,000 GPU hours—11x that used by DeepSeek v3, for a model
that benchmarks slightly worse.'
- 'When @v0 first came out we were paranoid about protecting the prompt with all
kinds of pre and post processing complexity.
We completely pivoted to let it rip. A prompt without the evals, models, and especially
UX is like getting a broken ASML machine without a manual'
- source_sentence: 'What does this document say about: Intuitively, one would expect
that systems this po...?'
sentences:
- 'Intuitively, one would expect that systems this powerful would take millions
of lines of complex code. Instead, it turns out a few hundred lines of Python
is genuinely enough to train a basic version!
What matters most is the training data. You need a lot of data to make these
things work, and the quantity and quality of the training data appears to be the
most important factor in how good the resulting model is.
If you can gather the right data, and afford to pay for the GPUs to train it,
you can build an LLM.'
- 'Terminology aside, I remain skeptical as to their utility based, once again,
on the challenge of gullibility. LLMs believe anything you tell them. Any systems
that attempts to make meaningful decisions on your behalf will run into the same
roadblock: how good is a travel agent, or a digital assistant, or even a research
tool if it can’t distinguish truth from fiction?
Just the other day Google Search was caught serving up an entirely fake description
of the non-existant movie “Encanto 2”. It turned out to be summarizing an imagined
movie listing from a fan fiction wiki.'
- 'The two main categories I see are people who think AI agents are obviously things
that go and act on your behalf—the travel agent model—and people who think in
terms of LLMs that have been given access to tools which they can run in a loop
as part of solving a problem. The term “autonomy” is often thrown into the mix
too, again without including a clear definition.
(I also collected 211 definitions on Twitter a few months ago—here they are in
Datasette Lite—and had gemini-exp-1206 attempt to summarize them.)
Whatever the term may mean, agents still have that feeling of perpetually “coming
soon”.'
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
results:
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: Unknown
type: unknown
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.20000000000000004
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.10000000000000002
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Map@100
---
# SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l](https://huggingface.co/Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l](https://huggingface.co/Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l)
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("lsy9874205/legal-ft-2")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'What does this document say about: Intuitively, one would expect that systems this po...?',
'Intuitively, one would expect that systems this powerful would take millions of lines of complex code. Instead, it turns out a few hundred lines of Python is genuinely enough to train a basic version!\nWhat matters most is the training data. You need a lot of data to make these things work, and the quantity and quality of the training data appears to be the most important factor in how good the resulting model is.\nIf you can gather the right data, and afford to pay for the GPUs to train it, you can build an LLM.',
'The two main categories I see are people who think AI agents are obviously things that go and act on your behalf—the travel agent model—and people who think in terms of LLMs that have been given access to tools which they can run in a loop as part of solving a problem. The term “autonomy” is often thrown into the mix too, again without including a clear definition.\n(I also collected 211 definitions on Twitter a few months ago—here they are in Datasette Lite—and had gemini-exp-1206 attempt to summarize them.)\nWhatever the term may mean, agents still have that feeling of perpetually “coming soon”.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
## Evaluation
### Metrics
#### Information Retrieval
* Evaluated with [InformationRetrievalEvaluator](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:--------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 1.0 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 1.0 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 1.0 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 1.0 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 1.0 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.2 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.1 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 1.0 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 1.0 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 1.0 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 1.0 |
| **cosine_ndcg@10** | **1.0** |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 1.0 |
| cosine_map@100 | 1.0 |
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 156 training samples
* Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
* Approximate statistics based on the first 156 samples:
| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | - min: 17 tokens
- mean: 25.1 tokens
- max: 33 tokens
| - min: 43 tokens
- mean: 134.95 tokens
- max: 214 tokens
|
* Samples:
| sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| What does this document say about: Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
...? | Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
Simon Willison’s Weblog
Subscribe
Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
31st December 2023
2023 was the breakthrough year for Large Language Models (LLMs). I think it’s OK to call these AI—they’re the latest and (currently) most interesting development in the academic field of Artificial Intelligence that dates back to the 1950s.
Here’s my attempt to round up the highlights in one place! |
| What does this document say about: Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
...? | Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
Simon Willison’s Weblog
Subscribe
Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
31st December 2023
2023 was the breakthrough year for Large Language Models (LLMs). I think it’s OK to call these AI—they’re the latest and (currently) most interesting development in the academic field of Artificial Intelligence that dates back to the 1950s.
Here’s my attempt to round up the highlights in one place! |
| What does this document say about: Large Language Models
They’re actually quite easy ...? | Large Language Models
They’re actually quite easy to build
You can run LLMs on your own devices
Hobbyists can build their own fine-tuned models
We don’t yet know how to build GPT-4
Vibes Based Development
LLMs are really smart, and also really, really dumb
Gullibility is the biggest unsolved problem
Code may be the best application
The ethics of this space remain diabolically complex
My blog in 2023 |
* Loss: [MatryoshkaLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#matryoshkaloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
"matryoshka_dims": [
768,
512,
256,
128,
64
],
"matryoshka_weights": [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
],
"n_dims_per_step": -1
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 10
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 10
- `num_train_epochs`: 10
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
#### All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 10
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 10
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1
- `num_train_epochs`: 10
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin