Denver Broncos Denver Broncos Santa Clara, California Denver Broncos gold Roman numerals February 7, 2016 Denver Broncos Roman numerals Denver Broncos February 7, 2016 Denver Broncos Levi's Stadium Santa Clara Super Bowl L Super Bowl 50 Super Bowl 50 Santa Clara Levi's Stadium Denver Broncos February 7, 2016 Super Bowl 50 Denver Broncos Denver Broncos Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Denver Broncos Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. Super Bowl 50 Denver Broncos Cam Newton New England Patriots 1995 49–15 New England Patriots 49–15 New England Patriots New England Patriots Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers Cam Newton Cam Newton Cam Newton New England Patriots NFC Championship Game New England Patriots Cam Newton 49–15 2 New England Patriots Cam Newton New England Patriots 49–15 Cam Newton 49–15 New England Patriots five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. Von Miller Super Bowl 50 five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. five solo tackles Denver's defense three five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. three five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. Super Bowl 5 Von Miller five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. Super Bowl 5 three three three five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. three three five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles. $5 million $5 million Coldplay Beyoncé and Bruno Mars Coldplay $5 million $5 million Coldplay Beyoncé and Bruno Mars Coldplay $5 million $5 million Beyoncé and Bruno Mars third $5 million $5 million Coldplay Beyoncé and Bruno Mars $5 million Coldplay Beyoncé and Bruno Mars Coldplay $5 million Coldplay Beyoncé and Bruno Mars Beyoncé and Bruno Mars Roger Goodell Roger Goodell 2012 Roger Goodell 2012 Roger Goodell Roger Goodell Roger Goodell spectacular spectacular 2012 Mercedes-Benz Superdome Sun Life Stadium Levi's Stadium Sun Life Stadium Levi's Stadium Levi's Stadium Mercedes-Benz Superdome Sun Life Stadium Levi's Stadium three New Orleans Sun Life Stadium three three Sun Life Stadium Mercedes-Benz Superdome three October 16, 2012 Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV 2010 San Francisco Bay Area Sun Life Stadium October 16, 2012 San Francisco Bay Area May 3, 2013 2010 Sun Life Stadium Super Bowl XLIV Sun Life Stadium Florida legislature San Francisco Bay Area New Orleans October 16, 2012 Super Bowl XLIV New Orleans San Francisco Bay Area Florida legislature May 21, 2013 Boston 2014 $1.2 billion San Francisco Bay Area Boston May 21, 2013 $1.2 billion San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay Area May 21, 2013 2014 $1.2 billion 1985 San Francisco Bay Area May 21, 2013 2014 2003 Boston May 21, 2013 San Francisco Bay Area $1.2 billion San Francisco Bay Area John Fox one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, Super Bowl XLVIII John Fox one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, Super Bowl XXXVIII one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, number one number one Super Bowl XLVIII The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII. one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, number one one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, John Fox DeAngelo Williams DeAngelo Williams DeAngelo Williams 1978 DeAngelo Williams Pro Bowl Pro Bowl DeAngelo Williams 1978 New Orleans Saints New Orleans Saints DeAngelo Williams DeAngelo Williams DeAngelo Williams 1978 Pro Bowl DeAngelo Williams DeAngelo Williams DeAngelo Williams Pro Bowl six Cam Newton Cam Newton 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns Greg Olsen Cam Newton 99.4 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns Jonathan Stewart six Cam Newton Cam Newton Cam Newton six 500 Cam Newton Cam Newton Cam Newton 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns 24 136 118 24 Kawann Short 24 Kawann Short 24 24 Kurt Coleman 24 Kony Ealy Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly. Kawann Short Gary Kubiak Brock Osweiler Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, San Diego Chargers Wade Phillips Gary Kubiak Gary Kubiak Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, Gary Kubiak Peyton Manning Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, Gary Kubiak Gary Kubiak Peyton Manning Gary Kubiak partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot. Wade Phillips 67.9 67.9 Demaryius Thomas C. J. Anderson Osweiler 67.9 67.9 67.9 Demaryius Thomas Demaryius Thomas 67.9 67.9 Demaryius Thomas Demaryius Thomas 67.9 67.9 Demaryius Thomas C. J. Anderson Ronnie Hillman 4,530 Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson Brandon Marshall three DeMarcus Ware DeMarcus Ware Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson 296 Von Miller Brandon Marshall Von Miller Von Miller Brandon Marshall Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals 31–24 Seattle Seahawks 31–24 Arizona Cardinals Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals Seattle Seahawks 49–15 Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals Pittsburgh Steelers Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots 20–18 New England Patriots Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 New England Patriots New England Patriots Manning Pittsburgh Steelers Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots New England Patriots Thomas Davis three ACL tears three ACL tears 11 three ACL tears three ACL tears 11 Super Bowl three ACL tears three ACL tears 11 Thomas Davis 39 John Elway Super Bowl XXXIII Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager Super Bowl XXXIII Super Bowl XXXIII John Elway Super Bowl XXXIII Peyton Manning Peyton Manning Peyton Manning Peyton Manning John Elway Super Bowl XXXIII Peyton Manning 39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38. John Elway Manning 2011 26 48 days Carolina Manning Manning 26 the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning 2011 Carolina Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. 26 48 days Super Bowl XX Kubiak Kubiak Kubiak Broncos Kubiak Kubiak Kubiak Super Bowl XX Justin Tucker Bermuda 419 Ed Mangan Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; Justin Tucker Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; Bermuda 419 turf Justin Tucker a new playing surface Bermuda 419 the turf showed problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game. Justin Tucker Bermuda 419 road white jerseys Atlanta Falcons 34–19 The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game road white jerseys Super Bowl XXXIII Super Bowl XXXIII Atlanta Falcons 34–19 The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game road white jerseys road white jerseys Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XXXIII blue 0-4 black jerseys with silver pants. San Jose State The Broncos San Jose State The Broncos San Jose Marriott Santa Clara Marriott San Jose State The Broncos San Jose State San Jose State practice facility The Broncos The Broncos San Jose State San Jose State practice facility The Broncos The Broncos June 4, 2014 Super Bowl V Jaime Weston the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV silver June 4, 2014 Super Bowl LI Arabic numerals gold June 4, 2014 Arabic numerals Super Bowl 50 gold The use of Roman numerals Arabic numerals The use of Roman numerals gold week 7 50 gold gold Golden Super Bowl "homecoming" events Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the "Golden Super Bowl" gold Moscone Center Moscone Center in San Francisco Ed Lee Jane Kim Justin Herman Plaza More than 1 million Ed Lee Moscone Center Super Bowl City Moscone Center Super Bowl City Ed Lee Super Bowl City More than 1 million Ed Lee Jane Kim Moscone Center Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University $2 million a week $2 million a pep rally A professional fundraiser $2 million A professional fundraiser A professional fundraiser $2 million A professional fundraiser Monday afternoon Monday afternoon February 1, 2016 San Jose Golden Gate Bridge Monday afternoon Monday afternoon Super Bowl Opening Night February 1, 2016 San Jose Tuesday afternoon prior to the game Super Bowl Opening Night. February 1, 2016 Golden Gate Bridge. Monday afternoon Super Bowl Opening Night. February 1, 2016 Golden Gate Bridge. February 1, 2016 Business Connect over $40 million Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health Gap Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL over $40 million over $40 million Business Connect Business Connect over $40 million The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments. The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments. the most giving Super Bowl ever The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments. The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments. Vince Lombardi Trophy 18 33 lb (15 kg) Tiffany & Co. Tiffany & Co. Vince Lombardi Trophy Vince Lombardi Trophy Tiffany & Co Vince Lombardi Trophy Tiffany & Co. CBS Jim Nantz and Phil Simms Jim Nantz and Phil Simms pylon cameras and microphones 5K three Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines pylon cameras and microphones 5K resolution Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines CBS three CBS Jim Nantz and Phil Simms Jim Nantz and Phil Simms 5K pylon cameras and microphones ESPN Deportes John Sutcliffe Monday Night Football December 28, 2015 Spanish ESPN Deportes ESPN Deportes Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. Verizon Wireless WatchESPN CBSSports.com Windows 10, Xbox One Windows 10 CBSSports.com Windows 10, Xbox One Verizon Wireless NFL Mobile service Verizon Wireless ESPN Deportes Spanish Windows 10, Xbox One Verizon Wireless ESPN Deportes Spanish Stephen Colbert James Corden Stephen Colbert James Corden Stephen Colbert late local programming James Corden. $5,000,000 Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Nintendo and The Pokémon Company $5,000,000 Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Nintendo and The Pokémon Company Nintendo and The Pokémon Company Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Anheuser-Busch InBev Doritos Crash the Super Bowl "Small Business Big Game" "Small Business Big Game" "Small Business Big Game" nine "Small Business Big Game" nine nine "Small Business Big Game" nine nine "Small Business Big Game" Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Gods of Egypt Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Gods of Egypt Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Captain America: Civil War Independence Day 20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios 20th Century Fox Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Jim Gray Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Jim Gray Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Kevin Harlan Jim Gray North America KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) 1110 AM Chester, South Carolina Mick Mixon KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) Mick Mixon Mick Mixon KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) WBT-FM (99.3 FM) 5 Live Sports Extra 5 Live Sports Extra Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman 5 Live Sports Extra Greg Brady Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) 2001 Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) 39 Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) Harvey Martin 39 39 Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) Harvey Martin Six the national anthem Marlee Matlin the national anthem Marlee Matlin Marlee Matlin Marlee Matlin Marlee Matlin Marlee Matlin Marlee Matlin Six Marlee Matlin December 3 British rock group Super Bowl XLVII "Hymn for the Weekend" Mark Ronson Coldplay. Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", "Hymn for the Weekend" Coldplay. Beyoncé Hymn for the Weekend Bruno Mars Peyton Manning Andre Caldwell Shaq Thompson Brandon McManus C. J. Anderson 18 Shaq Thompson Brandon McManus The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit. Peyton Manning Peyton Manning C. J. Anderson Brandon McManus The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit. Mike Carey Cam Newton Malik Jackson Malik Jackson 1993 Jerricho Cotchery Mike Carey Malik Jackson Malik Jackson 1993 Mike Carey Malik Jackson Malik Jackson 1993 Jonathan Stewart Brad Nortman 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11: 28 left in the second quarter. 61 33 Jonathan Stewart Jonathan Stewart Jonathan Stewart Jordan Norwood 33 Jonathan Stewart McManus Darian Stewart Danny Trevathan Kony Ealy DeMarcus Ware DeMarcus Ware Danny Trevathan Kony Ealy Kony Ealy DeMarcus Ware Danny Trevathan Danny Trevathan Kony Ealy could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt DeMarcus Ware Ted Ginn Jr. Graham Gano 44 McManus T. J. Ward Ted Ginn Jr. Graham Gano T. J. Ward. Ward Trevathan Ted Ginn Jr. 26-yard line Graham Gano Emmanuel Sanders Carolina 39 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart Panthers 41-yard line. Carolina Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line. The next three drives of the game would end in punts. Carolina Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line. 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart The next three drives of the game would end in punts. 24 Newton Josh Norman Bennie Fowler Bennie Fowler Miller Miller Newton Josh Norman Bennie Fowler 4:51 Miller Miller Josh Norman Bennie Fowler five 141 yards Anderson Luke Kuechly 141 yards 141 yards 141 yards Anderson Sanders Luke Kuechly Sanders Anderson McManus 141 yards Anderson 194 11 244 Jordan Norwood 112 194 11 The Broncos' seven sacks The Broncos 21 11 The Broncos The Broncos' seven sacks 13.8 Nobel Prize 1745 Maria Skodowska-Curie Wadysaw Szpilman seven months old over 100 the Krasiski Palace Garden The Saxon Garden Tomb of the Unknown Soldier azienki Park 15 kilometres (9 miles) otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species 13 oxbow emptied before winter foreign-born 8,33,500 around 34% Jewish minority internal migration and urbanisation 2,000 2,000 Medical University of Warsaw 1816 Fryderyk Chopin University of Music 1816 over two million Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski Irena Bajerska more than 10,000 m2 Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy solid economic growth improved markedly Warsaw Children's Memorial Health Institute Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology 700 The infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years. Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, many events and festivals Palace of Culture and Science Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, many events and festivals Ogród Saski Saxon Garden 1870 to 1939 Momus Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks Museum of Posters National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch the history of arms Warsaw Uprising Museum Warsaw Uprising Museum stereoscopic patriotic and political objects 60 Royal Ujazdów Castle 500 Zachta National Gallery of Art Polish and international artists September Polonia Warsaw 1946 twice Konwiktorska Street their disastrous financial situation syrenka The mermaid mid-14th century 1390 1609 legend the depths of the oceans and seas Denmark Warszowa greedy merchant Warsaw Maria Górska Art Deco Israeli poet Isaac Bashevis Singer Economist Intelligence Unit Economist Intelligence Unit a wide variety of industries The Warsaw Stock Exchange Frontex 1313 Kraków 1596 King Sigismund III Vasa "Phoenix City" a Roman Catholic archdiocese Polish Academy of Sciences UNESCO World Heritage Site the Castle Square with the Royal Castle and the iconic King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions luxurious parks and royal gardens Warszawa belonging to Warsz Mariensztat Mariensztat miasto stoeczne Warszawa Bródno The Prince of Pock 1300 1413 1526 General Sejm 1569 1573 King Sigismund III Vasa 1596 1796 Kingdom of Prussia Napoleon's army Congress of Vienna of 1815 1816 November 1918 1914 Pisudski Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920 Battle of Warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended 1 September 1939 German Nazi colonial administration 30% 19 April 1943 almost a month the Red Army Poland 1 August 1944 63 days between 150,000 and 200,000 the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign Eastern Bloc city Palace of Culture and Science UNESCO's World Heritage list John Paul II 1979 and 1983 Victory Square Victory Square the incentive for the democratic changes 260 km (160 mi) 325 Vistula River 452.8 ft at the right bank of the Vistula the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley The Vistula River Warsaw Escarpment plain moraine plateau former flooded terraces visible valleys and ground depressions several levels of the plain Vistula terraces (flooded as well as former flooded once) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment. pine forest. architectural styles Second World War liberation Leopold Kronenberg Palace Eastern bloc countries burgher houses 14th century St. John's Cathedral Baryczko merchant family the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church the later decades of the 17th century 1688–1692 Czapski Palace the simplicity of the geometrical forms 1775–1795 the communist authorities the communist authorities the communist authorities Warsaw University of Technology building Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace, heroic Pawiak The Warsaw Citadel Wincenty Kuma Wincenty Kuma Botanic Garden New Orangery Park Ujazdowski Park Ujazdowski 1952 close-to-wilderness areas within the borders of Warsaw Masovian Primeval Forest Kabaty Forest Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin 1,300,000 420,000 1951 Varsovians the Warsaw area enlargement multi-cultural 56.2% 56.2% 56.2% 1944 commune counties or powiats Kraków 60 60 every four years the City Council 30 days President Jan Andrzej Menich 1695–1696 City council Centrum ródmiecie 304,016 7th greatest emerging market 12% 191.766 billion PLN 1817 World War II April 1991 162 584 mln EUR Polish United Workers' Party 1951 Polonez Daewoo AvtoZAZ Chevrolet Aveo Warsaw Warsaw Vistula River 2.666 million residents 1.740 million Warsaw Vistula River Vistula River 1.740 million 1.740 million France 10th and 11th Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway Rollo the first half of the 10th century William the Conqueror Richard I Catholic orthodoxy "Norseman, Viking 9th century the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte Upper Normandy down to the river Seine Rollo Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language 1066 999 William of Apulia William of Apulia Drogo William Iron Arm Saracens 1130 Squillace Kitab Rudjdjar The Book of Roger meritocratic the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks 1050s 1060s Alexius Komnenos Afranji Oursel Turkish forces Norman mercenary Robert Guiscard February 1082 300 Deabolis Bohemond Deabolis 1185 Dyrrachium the Adriatic Ethelred Ethelred Duke Richard II of Normandy Sweyn Forkbeard Harthacnut 1041 Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury Battle of Hastings Duke William II of Normandy 1066 Anglo-Saxons Modern English 1169 east of Ireland Bannow Bay the English throne King Malcolm III 1072 Duncan Sybilla of Normandy Norman Ralph defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh Ralph a long period of slow conquest 1018 William of Montreuil 1097 Tancred Transjordan 380 years a storm Berengaria Richard the Lion-hearted Isaac Komnenos Conrad of Montferrat Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons. Guy de Lusignan Richard the Lion-Heart 12 May 1191 a double coronation 1489 Guy de Lusignan Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa Bethencourt Enrique Pérez de Guzmán Maciot de Bethencourt Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands Très ancien coutumier Romanesque idiom rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions. the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic Norman architecture Kingdom of Sicily Cluniac reform of monasteries Cluniac reform of monasteries The French Wars of Religion embroidery Bayeux Tapestry Odo mosaics Normandy William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna southern Italy Sant'Eufemia. Robert Guiscard singing Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla 7 January 1943 Nikola Tesla 7 January 1943 Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla telephony and electrical engineering telephony and electrical engineering George Westinghouse New York City War of Currents telephony and electrical engineering telephony and electrical engineering New York City George Westinghouse AC induction motor and transformer 1893 high-voltage mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging New York and Colorado Springs 1893 wireless controlled boat Wardenclyffe Tower project 7 January 1943 SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla New York hotels mad scientist patents 7 January 1943 SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla 1990s his achievements and showmanship Croatia Serbian Orthodox priest eidetic memory and creative abilities eidetic memory and creative abilities Serbian Orthodox priest Milutin Tesla uka Tesla making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems his mother's genetics and influence four German 1862 Dane Milka, Angelina and Marica a horse-riding accident Gospi, Austrian Empire the Tesla family moved to Gospi, Austrian Empire, where Tesla's father worked as a pastor Martin Sekuli German integral calculus cheating 1873 1870 math teacher Martin Sekuli German 1873 cholera nine months best engineering school to enter the priesthood birthtown, Smiljan 1873 cholera nine months to enter the priesthood best engineering school Tomingaj Mark Twain mountains 1874 hunter's garb Austro-Hungarian Army 1874 hunter's garb Mark Twain 1875 Austrian Polytechnic 1879 gambling he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m., no Sundays or holidays Austria 1875 1879 During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back his initial losses unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork Graz to hide the fact that he dropped out of school Maribor to beg his son to return home nervous breakdown December 1878 to hide the fact that he dropped out of school Mur River. Maribor nervous breakdown not having a residence permit 24 March 1879 Milutin Tesla stroke Higher Real Gymnasium, not having a residence permit. 24 March 1879 Higher Real Gymnasium stroke Prague Charles-Ferdinand auditor Charles-Ferdinand University Prague January 1880 Charles-Ferdinand University Prague Ferenc Puskás the Budapest Telephone Exchange the Budapest Telephone Exchange a telephone repeater or amplifier Central Telegraph Office 1881 a telegraph company the Budapest Telephone Exchange the Budapest Telephone Exchange 1882 France New York City New York City:57–60 New York City:57–60 Continental Edison Company France June 1884 New York City:57–60 Manhattan's lower east side fifty thousand dollars US $10 a week "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor. fifty thousand dollars "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor. US$10 a week Benjamin Vail Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing dynamo dynamo dynamo electric machine commutators Benjamin Vail 1886 Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing dynamo Tesla They eventually forced Tesla out penniless $2 1886/1887 patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock. $2 $2 Western Union superintendent 13 13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development 89 Liberty Street 1886 Western Union superintendent Charles F. Peck 89 Liberty Street 13 1887 May 1888 a commutator self-starting self-starting 1887 advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes May 1888 the editor of Electrical World magazine Thomas Commerford Martin 1888 control the market Thomas Commerford Martin Thomas Commerford Martin George Westinghouse Galileo Ferraris commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor George Westinghouse July 1888 $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor George Westinghouse a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor July 1888 a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Pittsburgh to power the city's streetcars 60-cycle AC current system DC traction motor an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. DC traction motor Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse DC and the incandescent light 1890 1890 AC Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse 1888 the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it 1890 George Westinghouse George Westinghouse George Westinghouse Tesla Polyphase System Tesla Polyphase System George Westinghouse George Westinghouse 1893 AC power Richard Dean Adams Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company Westinghouse Electric General Electric a two-phased system Richard Dean Adams Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company a two-phased system a two-phased system 1896 $216,000 $2.50 per AC horsepower royalty $200,000 J. P. Morgan $200,000 $216,000 35 New York electric lamps Tesla coil 30 July 1891 Tesla 35 wireless American Institute of Electrical Engineers American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1892 to 1894 forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) 1892 to 1894 Institute of Radio Engineers damaged film March 1895 Mark Twain the metal locking screw on the camera lens 1894 X-Rays March 1895 an X-ray image Mark Twain Tesla Coil March 1896 radiography X-rays Tesla Coil March 1896 Tesla Coil the "instrument will... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus." longitudinal waves the ozone generated in contact with the skin skin damage the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices force-free magnetic fields the ozone generated in contact with the skin longitudinal waves force-free magnetic fields skin damage Benjamin Lamme Benjamin Lamme Benjamin Lamme Egg of Columbus rotating magnetic field 11 July 1934 break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him stinging pain where it entered his body the bits of metal projected by his "electric gun," Tesla said, "The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations." St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association Tesla Coil 1893 1898 teleautomaton Madison Square Garden electric exhibition magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey 1900 17 1901 1943 Supreme Court of the United States 17 May 1899 Pikes Peak to Paris 15 June 1899 five inches lightning signals stationary waves lightning storms artificial lightning millions 15 miles turned off electrified a power outage the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out heavy sparks heavy sparks communications from another planet Mars Collier's Weekly he may have intercepted Marconi's European experiments in July 1899—Marconi may have transmitted the letter S (dot/dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in July 1899 $100,000 to further develop and produce a new lighting system Colorado Springs 1899 7 January 1900 Tesla 1904 two years The Colorado experiments The Colorado experiments Shoreham, Long Island Morgan 1901 breach of contract 50 over 50 Newfoundland 187 feet 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 1906 100–5,000 hp steam Houston Street lab sledge hammer World Today split the earth in two Tesla saturating them unconsciously with electricity William H. Maxwell New York City schools Tesla patents $20,000 $20,000 Boldt electric could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen electric could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen a superficial resemblance to modern radar Émile Girardeau Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner their animosity toward each other neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize 1937 U.S. Patent 1,655,114 VTOL aircraft $1,000 tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept $125 per month Hotel New Yorker expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life bad publicity mechanical energy transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance mechanical energy underground mineral deposits 1935 to feed the pigeons refused to consult a doctor three of his ribs were broken in the accident 1938 1937 Van de Graaff Van de Graaff generator ground-based infantry against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes a "peace ray" or death ray 1937 it is not an experiment a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage Only a little time charged particle beam weapons Nikola Tesla Museum archive Belgrade an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war efforts had been made to steal the invention blueprint for the teleforce weapon His room had been entered 86 7 January 1943 Alice Monaghan Alice Monaghan coronary thrombosis seize Tesla's belongings John G. Trump three-day Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company Louis Adamic Louis Adamic 12 January Tesla Cathedral of Saint John the Divine 80 Sava Kosanovi Charlotte Muzar 80 Nikola Tesla Museum 300 278 United States, Britain, and Canada patent archives 8:10 p.m 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later 3:00 a.m headwaiter between 8 to 10 miles per day exercise one hundred times stimulated his brain cells telepathy telepathy, stating, "Suppose I made up my mind to murder you," he said, "In a second you would know it. he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one to feed the pigeons over $2,000 to fix her broken wing and leg to feed the pigeons to feed the pigeons 142 pounds 6 feet 2 inches 1926 New York City Serbo-Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin. visions picture thinking blinding flashes of light a photographic memory billiards, chess and card-playing, billiards, chess and card-playing, Graz Kenneth Swezey Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended, chastity many accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. toward the end of his life Dorothy Skerrit Robert Underwood Johnson asocial asocial Tesla's friend Mark Twain Mark Twain 1920s overweight people openly expressed disgust when he fired a secretary because of her weight a subordinate if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could only exist in an experimental vacuum ether an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy an all pervasive "ether" Einstein's the conversion of matter into energy. relativity a "dynamic theory of gravity 1892 a letter to have completed a "dynamic theory of gravity" that "[would] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space." 81 eugenics ruthless workings pity 1937 the ills of the social subservience of women 1926 Queen Bees a post-World War I environment Science and Discovery are the great Forces 20 December 1914 League of Nations Orthodox Christian religious fanaticism Buddhism and Christianity "A Machine to End War" religious views "A Machine to End War books and articles magazines and journals Ben Johnston the web 1900 The Century Magazine science fiction books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games science fiction. Time magazine Time magazine electrical power generation Albert Einstein more than 70 Computational complexity theory classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty Computational complexity theory significant resources mathematical models of computation time and storage number of gates in a circuit to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do analysis of algorithms and computability theory Closely related fields analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm analysis of algorithms and computability theory problem instance The input string concrete infinite collection of instances together with a solution infinite collection of instances together with a solution 2000 kilometres asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km. computational problems a string the binary alphabet bitstrings binary notation their adjacency matrices Decision problems yes or no 1 or 0 a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0. a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0. an arbitrary graph the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings. the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, the notion of decision problems the multiplication of two integers can be expressed as the set of triples (a, b, c) how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem the instance the size of the instance size of the input in bits how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size a feasible amount of resources the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size polynomial time algorithm Turing machine if a problem can be solved by an algorithm complexity a theoretical device deterministic Turing machine deterministic Turing machine probabilistic Turing machine non-deterministic Turing machine randomized algorithms complexity classes time or space deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines random access machines without providing any extra computational power time and memory consumption the machines operate deterministically non-deterministic Turing machine some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources non-deterministic time non-deterministic time the total number of state transitions complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty DTIME(f(n)) deterministic Turing machine time and space are the most well-known complexity resources computational resource the Blum complexity axioms Complexity measures Complexity measures three complexity measure three three deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort O(n2) O(n2) computation time Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms computation time upper bound T(n) proving lower bounds big O notation hides constant factors and smaller terms write T(n) = O(n2) the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model complicated definitions complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework complicated definitions complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model quadratic time quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines Cobham-Edmonds complexity class P bounding the time or space bounding the time or space bounding the time or space BPP, ZPP and RP BQP and QMA, BQP and QMA, #P IP and AM relaxing the requirements on (say) computation time DTIME(n2) time and space hierarchy theorems hierarchy theorems how much more additional time or space is needed space hierarchy theorems EXPTIME PSPACE the concept of a reduction transformation of one problem into another problem reduces to Y. Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions the bound on the complexity of reductions polynomial-time reduction multiplying two integers polynomial time giving the same input giving the same input the type of reduction being used if every problem in C can be reduced to X an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C the set of problems that are hard for NP class of NP-complete problems class of NP NP is not solved, being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, 2, to another problem, 1, would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for 1. class of NP complexity class P Cobham–Edmonds thesis The complexity class NP Boolean satisfiability problem deterministic Turing machines many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions integer programming problems $1,000,000 if P NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete. NP-intermediate problems The graph isomorphism problem The graph isomorphism problem NP-complete polynomial time hierarchy the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks integer factorization problem deciding whether the input has a factor less than k deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems general number field sieve unequal P NP PP PSPACE P and PSPACE Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory. co-NP problems with the yes/no answers reversed NP is not equal to co-NP; if these two complexity classes are not equal then P is not equal to NP if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. P or equal to P if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. NL and NC distinct or equal classes intractable problems exponential-time algorithms NP-complete problems Presburger arithmetic Presburger arithmetic SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem. SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem. NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem complexity of algorithmic problems Alan Turing Alan Turing 1936 a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns 1965 Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns 1965 John Myhill 1961 Hisao Yamada concrete choice of input encoding concrete choice of input encoding Manuel Blum speed-up theorem "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" Richard Karp a lesson plan pedagogy must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. a lesson plan The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. cultures literacy and numeracy literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills a family member home schooling formal education a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting. a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting. Religious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors Religious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors Quran, Torah or Bible Religious and spiritual teachers homeschooling paid professionals. Chartered informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community paid professionals. help with the organization of school functions Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors supervise study halls Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors teacher's colleges certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice complaints involving members the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action outdoors a tutor a school or academy student learning a course of study and lesson plan pedagogy accompanying students on field trips technology rise of the internet course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill the relevant authority students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities. students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities. standardized curricula assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills self-study and problem solving pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint the whole gamut of psychology the relationship between teachers and children the whole curriculum ten or more primary school and secondary school teaching form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent alternative approaches for primary education platoon staying with the same group of peers for all classes teachers who specialize in one subject most of the United States Co-teaching two or more social networking support two or more social networking support corporal punishment substitute parent a teacher corporal While a child was in school corporal punishment Western countries 1977 1977 physical pain 30 South declining the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle the principal's office caning Asian, African and Caribbean countries School corporal punishment. detention detention detention sit quietly write lines or a punishment essay North America and Western Europe Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior sarcasm sarcasm assertive and confrontational style of discipline. East Asia assertive and confrontational style of discipline. assertive and confrontational style of discipline. Japan Japan Japan Japan 40 to 50 students divert the teacher from instruction motivated students attention-seeking and disruptive students motivated students dictatorial authority dictatorial authority persuasion and negotiation preservation of public order good, clear laws teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion by rote students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials. teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality lecture material nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, Enthusiastic teachers teacher enthusiasm emotional contagion energy and enthusiasm student-teacher relationships Enthusiastic teachers personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior. A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. student-teacher stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter spark An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life. The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching sexual misconduct 9.6% 9.6% 9.6% 9.6% 0.3% priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers 2,869 AAUW study Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau teacher misconduct pedophile or hebephile Chris Keates child protection and parental rights groups a shortage of male teachers statutory rape occupational stress stress occupational burnout occupational stress occupational stress 42% 42% twice the figure for the average profession double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers occupational hazards Organizational interventions Individual-level interventions helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers Organizational interventions a university or college certification by a recognized body elementary school education certificate pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation many educational institutions especially within the US individual states and territories three primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education universities and/or TAFE colleges primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education Bachelor's Degree Bachelor of Education private sector, businesses and sponsors Lehramtstudien Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies) Grundschule salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung) Gymnasium Extra pay €53,423 53,423 over € 90,000 Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council Oireachtas Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001 Oireachtas funds Garda vetting new entrants to the teaching profession vetted on a phased basis non-teaching posts £20,133 to £ 41,004 some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities £ 20,980 bachelor's degree £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007 hard-to-fill hard-to-fill positions geographic area Excellent job opportunities secondary school teachers General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS) General Teaching Council for Scotland Initial Teacher Education Provisional Registration "Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met. April 2008 £ 20,427 £20,427 £20,427 Teachers in Scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association. Education in Wales wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16 22 Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16. ATL, NUT or NASUWT ATL, NUT or NASUWT between 2005 and 2010 ATL, NUT or NASUWT attacks on teachers in Welsh schools a license teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years a bachelor's degree Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. No Child Left Behind relatively low salaries average teacher salaries teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor's degree K-12 TeachersPayTeachers.com spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions starets or elder (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational LDS Church Elder The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints spiritual mentorship Priesthood representatives guru the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples spiritual mentorship Lama reborn Tulku often many times phowa and siddhi mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas Sufism actions-oriented Qutb German 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546 Late Medieval Catholic Church. freedom from God's punishment for sin Pope Leo X salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace sacerdotalism sacerdotalism the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood vernacular a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible. Tyndale Bible hymns influenced the development of singing in churches Katharina von Bora Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) Eisleben, Saxony Holy Roman Empire Catholic lawyer University of Erfurt beerhouse and whorehouse four four 1505 law school uncertainty theology and philosophy to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience loving God he cried out, 2 July 1505 Erfurt the deaths of two friends what he saw as a waste of Luther's education Augustinian order deep spiritual despair the jailer and hangman Johann von Staupitz a change of heart 1507 Staupitz 1508 9 March 1508 Peter Lombard 19 October 1512 21 October 1512 Bible University of Wittenberg Doctor of Theology 1516 Germany Germany faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works 31 October 1517 Albert of Mainz The Ninety-Five Theses Hans Hillerbrand Thesis 86 Johann Tetzel purgatory Johann Tetzel Johann Tetzel God indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation false assurances Christ Tetzel capacity to exaggerate Catholic dogma Catholic dogma the story of the posting on the door the story of the posting on the door Philipp Melanchthon Wittenberg the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth January 1518 the printing press January 1518 two weeks within two months 1519 Wittenberg early part of Luther's career 1520 On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. penance and righteousness corrupt central truths of Christianity doctrine of justification entirely the work of God 1525 a gift from God the Smalcald Articles a discovery about "the righteousness of God" – a discovery that "the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith Christ and His salvation Christ and His salvation sale of indulgences Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" Mainz and Magdeburg Rome papal dispensation one half heresy Pope Leo X papal theologians and envoys October 1518 the Antichrist Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant, January 1519 silent Johann Eck Matthew 16:18 Jan Hus 15 June 1520 Exsurge Domine 60 days Karl von Miltitz 3 January 1521 secular authorities 18 April 1521 Holy Roman Empire Emperor Charles V Prince Frederick III Johann Eck Archbishop of Trier whether he stood by their contents the next day requested time to think about the answer to the second question. a knight a knight winning a bout Michael Mullett epoch-making oratory recant his writings Luther the evidence for these words to be unreliable, since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech Mullett private conferences 25 May 1521 The Emperor banning his literature, and requiring his arrest permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence. Luther's disappearance Wartburg Castle my Patmos Greek Archbishop Albrecht every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin God's grace (which cannot be earned 1 August 1521 Melanchthon this life is not a place where justice resides." 1521 thanksgiving it is a gift compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation. prophetic faith 1521 Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25 Little Horn 2 Thessalonians 2 Gabriel Zwilling June 1521 disturbances Zwickau prophets town council 6 March 1522 Satan eight sermons Invocavit Sermons trust God's word immediate Jerome Schurf sixth sermon Dr. Martin's misguided people restore public order conservative banishing the Zwickau prophets radical reformers radical reformers Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer 1524–25 upper classes pamphlets temporal authorities Thuringia mad dogs condemned the violence as the devil's work the devil's three grounds St. Paul St. Paul Divine Right of Kings body and soul the uprising Battle of Frankenhausen 15 May 1525 Müntzer's execution the wing of the secular powers Katharina von Bora herring barrels 26 years old 41 years old April 1523 13 June 1525 The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks later on 27 June. two weeks 27 June Johannes Bugenhagen clerical clerical marriage Biblical grounds death of a heretic reckless The Black Cloister a former monastery six children Croesus Hans – June 1526; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527, who died within a few months; Magdalene – 1529, who died in Luther's arms in 1542; Martin – 1531; Paul – January 1533; and Margaret – 1534; Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers a supervisory church body a supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms. two catechisms system building tendency of reason is held in check, and system building does not degenerate into System. extreme change Electorate of Saxony Electorate of Saxony, John the Steadfast temporal sovereign 1526 1523 simple people sacrifice freedom of ceremony 1527 Luther and his colleagues pastoral care and Christian education the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching the catechism 1529 pastors and teachers Large Catechism, questions and answers The catechism the plan to collect my writings in volumes Bondage of the Will and the Catechism The Small Catechism the Bible Small Catechism Small Catechism German vernacular Trinity Salvation 1522 1534 the Old Testament alone whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say,'Faith alone justifies us, and not works' Saxon chancellery Saxon to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance impediments and difficulties rising demand for German-language publications Bible translation German Lucas Cranach William Tyndale da komm ich her" high art and folk music German hymns lute waldzither Luther's hymns the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views Ein neues Lied wir heben an John C. Messenger Flung to the Heedless Winds "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism German creedal hymn difficulty of its tune 1538 Small Catechism a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions multiple revisions Luther's tune psalm-hymns psalm-hymns psalm-hymns Achtliederbuch essential Reformation doctrine Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland Veni redemptor gentium Veni redemptor "Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot" and "Mensch, willst du leben seliglich". German Te Deum Luther's 1541 hymn "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn Psalm 67's prayer for grace J. S. Bach a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn Luther's hymns 24 24 24 Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn chorales Christ lag 1707 1724 to 1725 chorales it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body torments enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace penitential suffering Smalcald Articles Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper Johann Gerhard Franz Pieper 1755 Luther's Commentary on Genesis John Jortin John Jortin John Jortin dreams October 1529 Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse German and Swiss theologians the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther. the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther. "This is my body which is for you" and "This cup is the new covenant in my blood" Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ sacramental union spiritually or symbolically present confrontational the Marburg Colloquy the Marburg Colloquy the Marburg Colloquy The Swiss cities John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach faith and reason faith and reason Reason faith and reason honoring their different epistemological spheres. Jesus Christ was born a Jew Christianity Jesus Christ was born a Jew Anabaptists 1543 Biblical apocalypse Biblical apocalypse apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist papacy Emperor Charles V and the German people Qur'an Islam Islam the devil banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny. God's wrath to Christians Johannes Agricola city hall six 1539 second use of the law the Holy Spirit's tool everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness does not eliminate the accusing law essentially holy people how the Christian ought to live the Ten Commandments third use of the law Ten Commandments the Ten Commandments baptism The Ten Commandments direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world. Luther Luther wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting history chiefly holds Luther accountable lasting damage theological and cultural tradition Luther murder of Christ rejected the divinity of Jesus Christianity. 60,000-word 1543 three years the devil's people a sanction for murder Luther Martin Luther whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works 1580s Luther antisemitism the Nazis' attacks on Jews Luther Nuremberg 17 December 1941 seven Diarmaid MacCulloch Bishop Martin Sasse The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews." opportunistic 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism the modern hatred of the Jews 18th and 19th centuries entirely religious and in no respect racial Judaism and its adherence Ronald Berger hysterical and demonizing mentality German Lutheran clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists. German Lutheran clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists. declining state of mind Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 vulgarity and violence Muslims) and Catholics Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 1980s 4,745 Professor Richard (Dick) Geary 1928-1933 1531 Philip of Hesse kidney and bladder stones kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis, angina poor physical health writings and comments poor physical health Katharina 1545 and 1546 Eisleben 15 February 1546 obdurate Jews expel from all German territory convert Mansfeld 1546 1546 1546 his concern for his siblings' families 17 February 1546 chest pains Ps. 31:5 the common prayer of the dying 1 a.m apoplectic stroke 2:45 a.m 18 February 1546 Castle Church Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon his last statement Latin German. 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size frail Catholic saints physically imposing the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders 1530s and 1540s 18 February the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. 31 October Church of England's Calendar of Saints 18 February SoCal California's southernmost 10 counties Southern California demographics and economic ties historical political divisions Southern California Megaregion 8- and 10-county Las Vegas, Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada, and south Tijuana Southern California seven over 12 million Greater San Diego 17.5 million Colorado Desert and the Colorado River Colorado Desert and the Colorado River Colorado Desert and the Colorado River Mexico–United States border southern California 3,792,621 southern California Los Angeles and San Diego south Los Angeles the top 15 most populous counties in the United States Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside Hollywood Los Angeles Walt Disney Company Los Angeles Walt Disney Company Southern California Tony Hawk Professional skateboarder Oahu Transpac southern California coast beaches southern California coast its resort feel and nearby open spaces 11 miles 11 miles ten Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains northern and southern Californios of Monterey Alta California Californios of Monterey Missouri Compromise the passing of the Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state. Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California Cow Counties Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California 75 Senator Milton Latham seven 1900 1999 Imperial seven regional tourism groups California State Automobile Association California State Automobile Association South of the Tehachapis northern, central, and southern third heavily developed large, spread-out, suburban communities automobiles and highways an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California. Camp Pendleton The cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire San Bernardino and Riverside County San Bernardino and Riverside Counties 1980s and 1990s infrequent rain infrequent rain 90- 60's snow 90-60's Transverse and Peninsular Ranges geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes geologic, topographic Transverse and Peninsular Ranges the large and small interior valleys 10,000 Nearly all of them are so small 1994 over $20 billion. over $20 billion magnitude 8.0 magnitude 8.0 San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone. California California culturally, politically, and economically culturally, politically, and economically culturally, politically, and economic 22,680,010. high growth rates 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas five million five million Southern Border Region 17,786,419 3.7 million 3.7 million more than 200,000 more than 200,000 San Bernardino and Riverside petroleum tourism and Hollywood housing bubble Southern California's economy housing bubble 1920s cattle and citrus cattle and citrus cattle and citrus aerospace Southern California Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside. Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside. Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale San Fernando Valley Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale San Bernardino-Riverside Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town Hospitality Business/Financial Centre Irvine University of California, Irvine West Irvine Irvine Irvine Downtown San Diego Northern San Diego Northern San Diego Downtown San Diego Los Angeles International Airport second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume Van Nuys Airport Metrolink seven seven Orange Port of Los Angeles Port of San Diego Southern California The Tech Coast The Tech Coast The Tech Coast 5 5 Southern California Southern California Southern California Los Angeles Kings LA Galaxy Chivas USA Chivas USA 2005 to 2014 Chivas USA 2018 College sports UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans Rugby Rugby an official school sport November 1990 November 1990 90.04% Sky plc Sky UK Limited May 2006 Setanta Sports 2007–08 £1.3bn BSkyB Freeview three Sky News, Sky Three Pick TV BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. September 2007 monthly fee Multiroom upgrade only Multiroom upgrade only BSkyB NDS BSkyB BSkyB Sky+ Virgin Media 2007 "substantially more value" "substantially more value" "substantially more value" July 2013 July 2013 OneDrive OneDrive for Business BSkyB and Microsoft 1 September 1993 Astra 27 September 2001 BSkyB's analogue service 3.5 million British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB Sky UK Limited 11 million Freeview Sky Q Hub a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection all set top boxes in a household 2016 2016 MPEG-2 Sky Movies and Sky Box Office MPEG-4 7-day EPG MPEG-4 19.2°E. 19.2°E. 19.2°E. 19.2°E. 19.2°E. 22 May 2006 40,000 Thomson 17,000 4,222,000 8 February 2007 March four Virgin Media English Premier League Football free-to-view pay-per-view VideoGuard UK a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) VideoGuard UK 1991 ITV £34m BSkyB £304m Ofcom £15–100,000 BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues 1 October 1998 Sky Digital Sky Active ONdigital digiboxes and minidishes Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, Video On Demand BBC HD Channel 4 HD 10 million 36% August 2004 36% growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened Welfare Cash Card essentials often damaging Sky TV bills subscription to sports channels £30m Video On Demand and High Definition Virgin Media BSkyB the carriage of their respective basic channels highly diversified fourth fourth museums, art galleries and theatres Melbourne Cricket Ground Bendigo Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales Buckland Valley typhoid cramped and unsanitary Victorian Legislative Council elections The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote. The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote. four years every four years Australian Greens Australian Greens Australian Greens The Greens Australian Greens 61.1% 26.7% Buddhism Buddhism 20% Victoria second-most second Melbourne second-largest the Koori 1788 New South Wales Sullivan Bay 1803 More than 26,000 square kilometres 50% More than 2 6,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) 90% 121,200 1975 1855 colonial constitution Parliament of Victoria three-fifths Victoria Constitution Act 1855 The Mallee and upper Wimmera 32 °C (90 °F) 32 °C (90 °F) Hopetoun 7 February 2009 Victoria Department of Education Victoria Department of Education Victoria Department of Education Victoria Department of Education Victoria Department of Education Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; 2017 May 2013 October 2016 Ford Mount Bogong Mount Bogong Mount Bogong Murray River Leadbeater's possum Victorian Alps Great Dividing Range mountain system Great Dividing Range mountain system less than 9 °C (48 °F) Omeo several private and public railway operators The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink Victorian Government freight services The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink 37 37 Legislative Assembly Legislative Council Linda Dessau 1 July 1851 1 July 1851 one of the largest gold rush ten years 20 million ounces 1,548 1,548 540,800 63,519 Over 61 per cent Victoria 60% 60% 60% Asia 1,600 mm 1,435 mm 760 mm mountainous areas 760 mm 1788 New South Wales New Holland Sydney 1854 British troops Eureka Stockade hated mining licence fees Colony of Victoria Act The Premier of Victoria The Premier of Victoria representatives Daniel Andrews representatives $8.7 billion 17% 32,463 32,463 60% tourism tourism Melbourne regional cities the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong southern and central parts of France one-eighth 1562 to 1598 the granting of the Edict of Nantes substantial religious, political and military autonomy derision John Calvin's Besançon Hugues Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise 1560 The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages 1294 Guyard de Moulin 1487 Paris villes de sûreté Montpellier the ville de sûreté 1622 1629 François Villion Cape Town Maria de la Queillerie 31 December 1687 1700 1624 Jessé de Forest L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit Brooklyn Charleston Orange district British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger Rev. Elie Prioleau Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River Charleston, South Carolina William III of Orange King of England League of Augsburg Louis XIV 1672 Edict of Fontainebleau 1685 Louis XIV 500,000 The Catholic Church 5,000 to 30,000 5,000 to 30,000 the Huguenots had their own militia southern France 1621 and 1629 southwestern France Henry IV Louis XIII three 2% 2% Alsace Alsace A diaspora of French Australia New Rochelle New Paltz The "Huguenot Street Historic District" the oldest street in the United States of America south shore of Staten Island 75,000 to 100,000 75,000 to 100,000 people ca. 2 million 25% the revocation of the Edict of Nantes Tours Huguon le roi Huguet Tours came back to harm the living at night Walloons and Huguenots The Weavers economic separation Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone a restaurant Cork City Huguenots Dublin a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland 1696 a brain drain French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France Seven Years' War 1759-60 Henry of Navarre 1598 Catholicism The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. Protestantism required education of children as Catholics required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration Four thousand "new converts" Holland, Prussia, and South Africa Switzerland and the Netherlands 1555 France Antarctique 1560 the Guanabara Confession of Faith Afrikaans vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home. Western Cape province French Huguenot Cuckoo Tavern Henry Laurens Charleston, South Carolina Manakin Episcopal Church Texas Huguenots 'Bucks Point' Dover 'Bucks Point' Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt one-fifth the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon 1806-07 Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia Cévennes region the Camisards the Camisards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church in the region 1702 and 1709 Jacksonville Jean Ribault Jean Ribault September 1565 September 1565 Jean Ribault Parris Island Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 1562 The Wars of Religion Virginia Lower Norfolk County Manakin Town farms 12 May 1705 1568–1609 Huguenots Early ties were already visible in the "Apologie" of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. William the Silent Calvinist Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 50,000 50,000 articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation William of Orange William of Orange Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal Killeshandra the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry Prince Louis de Condé Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken glass-making 1890s 1604 Huguenot émigrés Huguenot émigrés the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec, where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely. worship freely Hugues Capet The "Hugues hypothesis" Janet Gray Hugo double or triple non-French linguistic origins Jacques Lefevre University of Paris 1530 William Farel Jean Cauvin (John Calvin) 3 October 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Nearly 3,000 An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators. 25,000 Louis XIV force the Huguenots to convert a fund penalties, closed Huguenot schools dragonnades Westchester Davenports Neck John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor La Rochelle Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church Huguenot outside their immediate French communities E.I. du Pont well into the nineteenth century Eleutherian gunpowder mills Pierre Bayle Rotterdam Historical and Critical Dictionary US Library of Congress Saint Nicolas Royal Charter 1550 Soho Square Shoreditch 1724 Huguenot refugees Germany and Scandinavia Edict of Potsdam Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 Frederick William Theodor Fontane Adolf Galland Lothar de Maizière German Federal Minister of the Interior Non-combustion heat sources Rankine water water Steam engines atmospheric engine Thomas Newcomen 1712 Savery's steam pump Papin Richard Trevithick 21 February 1804 Richard Trevithick south Wales Richard Trevithick Rankine cycle multi-stage centrifugal 1850s steam locomotives steam jet triple and quadruple triple and quadruple Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class) Corliss Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve Lead fusible plugs the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, the lead melts and the steam escapes manually suppress the fire dampening the fire James Watt James Watt James Watt 1883 Industrial Revolution aeolipile Hero of Alexandria aeolipile Taqi al-Din Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont compound engines expansions double and triple expansion engines reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine. double and triple expansion engines steam turbines steam turbines reciprocating piston type steam engines 90 reciprocating engines burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space combustion chamber a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat electric heating steam engine indicator 1851 Charles Porter Charles Porter Charles Porter 90 ° the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180 °, the groups being set at 90° to each other. 90 ° counterflow four four four admission, expansion The Quasiturbine the hotter incoming admission steam the hotter incoming admission steam oscillating cylinder steam engine trunnion toys and models full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued. the working fluid is recycled continuously open loop Mercury Rankine working fluid 565 °C creep limit of stainless steel 42% around 30 °C Steam engines Steam engines Stanley Steamer factories an increase in the land available for cultivation Catch Me Who Can Salamanca Salamanca edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway George Stephenson Arthur Woolf 1804 torque variability to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume 90 reciprocating steam engines reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines 90% 90% The Rankine cycle a condenser 1990s solar, biomass William John Macquorn duty 17 7 million 94 Watt Reciprocating piston type steam engines Reciprocating piston type steam engines steam turbine Reciprocating piston type steam engines Thomas Savery water pump 1698 Bento de Moura Portugal Bento de Moura Portugal 1801 1801 1802 cylinder size power Energiprojekt AB Energiprojekt AB 5 8.8 27-30 % surface condensers A dry type cooling tower water is costly wet about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour Boulton Boulton flour mill cotton spinning The governor could not actually hold a set speed 1880 compounding complicated 1930 compounding shortening the cutoff kick back evacuate the cylinder valve gears Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 1606 Thomas Savery 1712 rotating discs drive shaft static discs stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing 3600 revolutions per minute The weight of boilers and condensers internal combustion engines or electric motors steam turbine Advanced Steam fuel sources and pollution pistonless rotary engine pistonless rotary engine the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion 1775 condenser half as much coal James Watt air pressure two plug valve tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. fasterened the valve down the Corliss steam engine 1849 30% four Rumford medal The steam engine model steam engine the separate condenser Joseph Black latent heat during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump Rankine cycle 1% to 3% 1500 °C an injector to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation pumps bunker a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor Land-based steam engines steam turbine dreadnought battleships dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners HMS Dreadnought heating water heating water electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator turbo-electric transmission Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain a practical Carnot cycle in the condenser constant pressure isobaric (constant pressure) processes a pump a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8 hydrogen and helium two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas almost half 20.8% 20.8% Oxygen a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8 downward trend hydrogen and helium a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8 chalcogen group oxides third dioxygen cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis cellular respiration UVB radiation oxygen water cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis water UVB radiation Robert Boyle John Mayow John Mayow 1679 Robert Boyle John Mayow the late 17th century respiration John Mayow mercuric oxide mercuric oxide HgO mercuric oxide mercuric oxide dephlogisticated air 1775 Because he published his findings first candles burned brighter in the gas Leonardo da Vinci Philo of Byzantium 2nd century BCE the classical element fire Philo of Byzantium the classical element fire Pneumatica Leonardo da Vinci 2nd century BCE an ignition event, such as heat or a spark oxidant peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates Oxygen an ignition event oxidant rapid combustion Oxygen peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission. Steel pipes and storage vessels the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission. Steel pipes and storage vessels Concentrated O 2 Steel pipes and storage vessels Steel pipes and storage vessels the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission. silicon carbon dioxide The Earth's mantle carbon dioxide silicon The Earth's mantle The Earth's mantle complex silicates monatomic monatomic HO hydrogen Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt phlogiston Highly combustible materials Air metals Air a covalent double bond the two oxygen atoms Aufbau the two oxygen atoms a covalent double bond Joseph Priestley 1774 published first Antoine Lavoisier 1777 spin triplet state triplet oxygen electron configuration with two unpaired electrons spontaneous combustion. antibonding tin and air tin and air tin and air 1777 azote Trioxygen Trioxygen lung tissue UV UV dioxygen 121 pm the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere its energy content cellular respiration James Dewar James Dewar 1895 oxyacetylene welding Oxygen temperature 6.04 milliliters 6.04 milliliters twice as much Oxygen third 0.9% 49.2% ultraviolet radiation late 19th century late 19th century Raoul Pierre Pictet a few drops March 29, 1883 the isotope ratios in the Sun a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains the Earth Singlet oxygen common organic molecules water during photosynthesis the troposphere Carotenoids the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms During periods of lower global temperatures 687 and 760 nm low signal-to-noise ratio satellite platform global vegetation canopies paramagnetic a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet. they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, when it is in the presence of a magnetic field a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet superoxide ion destroy invading microbes pathogen attack 2.5 billion years ago 2.5 billion years ago 90.20 K light sky-blue color fractional distillation of liquefied air liquid nitrogen segregated from combustible materials Free oxygen polar oceans polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content nitrates or phosphates by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand 3.5 billion years ago Paleoproterozoic eon banded iron formations 1.7 billion years ago 3–2.7 billion years ago oxygen cycle biogeochemical cycle biogeochemical cycle photosynthesis unusually high concentration of oxygen gas passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves 90% to 93% 90% to 93% non-cryogenic technologies 90% to 93% Oxygen gas electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen hydrogen and oxygen oxides and oxoacids chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles mild mild euphoric to get a "boost" in performance a placebo effect enriched O 2 mixtures Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine Increased O 2 concentration anaerobic bacteria Decompression sickness emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart Uptake of O 2 respiration emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders electronegativity corresponding oxides FeO oxide slows further corrosion cabin depressurization chemical oxygen generators steady stream of oxygen gas steady stream of oxygen gas cryogenics specially insulated tankers 840 liters compressed gas bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas. acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, acid anhydrides Acetone Epoxides acid anhydrides biomolecules squalene carbohydrates carbonyl groups phosphate Oxygen toxicity permanent pulmonary fibrosis 160 kPa 100% O 2 seizures Breathing pure O 2 30 kPa 1.4 times normal Breathing pure O 2 30 kPa elevated partial pressures 50 kilopascals 50 kilopascals patients on mechanical ventilators 30%–50% O 2 October 1973 US$3 per barrel 1979 first oil shock October 1973 to avoid being targeted by the boycott Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. Henry Kissinger March 1974 August 15, 1971 "float" (rise and fall according to market demand) currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. September 1971 because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased less than two percent per year 1971 Bretton Woods oil shock October 6, 1973 second-largest ten times more second-largest hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict Israel $5.11 their economic and political objectives were met $1.5 billion Israel over 100 billion dollars Al-Qaeda and the Taliban Middle East shrinking Western demand Wahhabism recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth." The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR 1973 Kissinger embargo automobiles inflationary and deflationary Arctic five to ten years the Netherlands the Netherlands the Netherlands the Netherlands Ted Heath the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 Germany Sweden Price controls allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment Price controls Scarcity William E. Simon 1973 embargo 20% 55 mph Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act the Cabinet-level Department of Energy November 28, 1995 the Cabinet-level Department of Energy energy crisis market and technology realities entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful. the U.S James Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer 10 years the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World Japan 71% 5% November 22 December 25 USSR's invasion of Afghanistan increased military competition increased military competition Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists The crisis reduced the demand for large cars Japanese imports four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines four cylinder engines 1981 Toyota Corona Mark II power steering 1981 Compact trucks Forte Ford, Chrysler, and GM captive import policy General Motors, Ford and Chrysler four-cylinder engines 1985 Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans Chevrolet Bel Air 1979 1982 1974 Mustang I 1981 $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. trying to recover market share $40 per barrel Dwight D. Eisenhower's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 1968 Dwight D. Eisenhower two 1961 to 1972 Gemini three Skylab a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire prelaunch test three five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon Apollo 8 Apollo 8 382 kg avionics, telecommunications, and computers one one Abe Silverstein ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings 1960 July 1960 Maxime Faget feasibility study competition Hugh L. Dryden John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. NASA Administrator James E. Webb missile gap Yuri Gagarin Soviet Union US House Committee on Science and Astronautics circumspect April 20 Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership." "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership." Robert R. Gilruth NASA's Langley Research Center Houston, Texas Rice University Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida Merritt Island Kurt H. Debus the LOC's first Director Kennedy two, designated A and B, Operations and Checkout Building 250,000 feet a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building Dr. George E. Mueller July 23, 1963 Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes Mueller Air Force missile projects the United States Air Force General Samuel C. Phillips July 1969 Apollo Program Director a rendezvous 1961 Associate Administrator Robert Seamans Nicholas E. Golovin July 1961 LOR Joseph Shea Wernher von Braun Jerome Wiesner Golovin NASA July 11, 1962 September "No, that's no good" Lunar Excursion Module Grumman LOR Apollo 13 The Lunar Module 1964 cone-shaped Command/Service Module the Lunar Excursion Module The Command Module The Command Module ablative heat shield Parachutes 5,560 kg service propulsion engine and an RCS high-gain S-band antenna The Service Module 51,300 pounds an orbital scientific instrument package North American Aviation twice Block I North American Aviation The Lunar Module fuselage 15,100 kg over 3 days Wernher von Braun Army June 11, 1962 dummy upper stages filled with water 1964 and 1965 Pegasus satellites measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. the third stage of the Saturn V. the third stage of the Saturn V. Saturn V 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter three liquid hydrogen Project Mercury and Gemini Mercury Dr. Harrison Schmitt Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on the last mission 32 Distinguished Service Medal 1969 Flight Director's orders Grissom, White, and Chaffee LC-34 265.7 nautical miles 25,700 km the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield Block II CSM and LM Apollo spacesuit a clear "fishbowl" type water-cooled undergarment Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot Deke Slayton Donn F. Eisele January 1966 Donn F. Eisele AS-205 the AS-205 mission was canceled August 1967 Saturn IB Apollo 1 backup crew Samuel Phillips Samuel Phillips 1967 Samuel Phillips altitude chamber Grissom, White, and Chaffee LC-34 North American a strange odor in their spacesuits January 27, 1967 100% oxygen asphyxiated 100% oxygen both houses of Congress deficiencies George Low accident review board nitrogen/oxygen mixture use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not. a sequence of mission types successful letters AS-501 the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry April 4, 1968 cancelling a third unmanned test Apollo 5 Apollo 5 George Low computer programming error abort Saturn IBs Zond 5 Christmas Eve ASPO Manager George Low human cosmonauts Apollo 11 Apollo 11 21 hours, 36 minutes Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin July 24 Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth accidentally pointed into the Sun Lunar Roving Vehicle Block II CSM and LM over three days CSM and LM liquid oxygen tank exploded two rookies 1970 a liquid oxygen tank April 1970 Apollo 20 NASA's yearly budget John F. Kennedy Space Center 1971 radiometric dating 4.6 billion years KREEP Genesis Rock micrometeoroid impact craters impact process effects materials melted near an impact crater. $170 billion 15 $20.4 billion Apollo X S-IVB Saturn an empty S-IVB 1973 1973 February 8, 1974 Apollo Telescope Mount Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Command Module the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown Apollo 8 Book of Genesis one-quarter Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Apollo TV camera Apollo TV camera National Archives and Records Administration National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data Stan Lebar Nafzger to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings Nafzger black and white primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. a body of treaties and legislation Treaties establishing the European Union Secondary sources European Parliament and the Council of the European Union a body of treaties and legislation European Union law primary law, secondary law and supplementary law European Parliament and the Council of the European Union primary law, secondary law and supplementary law Treaties establishing the European Union European Parliament and the Council of the European Union primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union the courts of member states Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Court of Justice the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law. the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The European Court of Justice the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law. the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union the courts of member states The European Court of Justice case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) The European Commission citizens The European Court of Justice The "European Council" Treaty on European Union Faroe Islands it cannot rule on their validity if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) Gibraltar and the land islands as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties atomic energy Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 Spain and Portugal 1985 Norway did not end up joining) 1985 atomic energy Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 Single European Act 1986 Finland, Norway and Sweden Spain and Portugal 1985 Nice Treaty the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands significantly altered the existing treaties amending treaty significantly altered the existing treaties reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent a single constitutional document the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands Lisbon Treaty The European Commission Article 17(1) The Commission's President one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states Federica Mogherini Article 17(1) The Commission's President simple majority vote circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections. Article 17(1) Santer Commission did in fact not break any law a culture had developed where few Commissioners had ‘even the slightest sense of responsibility’. a six-person board appointed by the European Council the President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights 1999 Commission v Edith Cresson a culture had developed where few Commissioners had ‘even the slightest sense of responsibility’. the European Anti-fraud Office €60m the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes every five years Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote. Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote. the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 1979 every five years European People's Party different ministers of the member states Donald Tusk When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states. 352 65 per cent the Council President (currently former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. 352 65 per cent of the population of the EU Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission: Kompetenz-Kompetenz the Court of Justice TFEU article 294 a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission Kompetenz-Kompetenz Conciliation Committee The judicial branch of the EU the Court of Justice of the European Union the Treaty on European Union article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" member state courts ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed accelerating economic and political integration the Court of Justice of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal three years "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed" if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy. 1958 1964 and 1968 the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts 1964 the Court of Justice the Court of Justice the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people. if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles administrative law citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties. all actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, administrative law Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen urea-formaldehyde plastics a postal company TFEU article 288 Treaties and Regulations more than 28 days more than 28 days Advocate Generals the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action a dispute with another citizen or company 10 years the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc national courts to conform with the First Company Law Directive article 11, that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent 6 million Lira European Court of Justice fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity 1950s Article 5 the least onerous 1960s international law and public law the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis principles of legal certainty and good faith constitutional traditions common to the member states cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states None of the original treaties establishing the European Union 1950 1950 the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights. 1999 Article 6(1) Article 6(1) the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law European Court of Justice The Social Chapter The Social Chapter 1989 30 40 11 of the then 12 member states The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty the UK Labour Party 1997 1994 Works Council Directive 1994 required workforce consultation in businesses the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany Article 65 Article 65 1957 Article 101(1) abuse of dominant position Articles 106 and 107 price discrimination 2007 Treaty of Rome 1957 reduce consumer prices monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being. non-discrimination Mr Dassonville private actors French farmer vigilantes the Court of Justice held that Austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to infringe article 34 a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent France Commission v Italy Italian law cocoa butter a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to TFEU article 34, because it had a greater negative effect on imports. Keck and Mithouard cut throat competition Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini Unfair Commercial Practices Directive to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement the European Community citizenship Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did The Free Movement of Workers Regulation Jean-Marc Bosman Groener v Minister for Education TFEU art 45 TFEU art 45 Citizenship of the EU increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" higher education Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union non-discriminatory Reyners v Belgium article 49 a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client 2006 Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste October 2007 2005 people who give services "for remuneration" Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice the Netherlands' regulation of cannabis consumption, including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists (but not Dutch nationals) going to coffee shops, fell outside article 56 The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. 200,000 Danish krone 200,000 Danish krone restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany broadleaf 7,000,000 square kilometres nine "Amazonas" over half of the planet's remaining rainforests Amazoneregenwoud broadleaf Brazil 390 billion 390 billion broadleaf 5,500,000 square kilometres nine nations Brazil 16,000 species the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. savanna regions to expand into the tropics. the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species. Cretaceous–Paleogene 45 34 million years Oligocene Middle Miocene, Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66–34 Mya Middle Miocene a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum 34 million years Purus Arch. Pacific Solimes Basin 5–10 million years 5–10 million mid-Eocene Atlantic Pacific Amazonas Basin Solimes Basin mid-Eocene Purus Arch Atlantic Pacific Solimes Basin Last Glacial Maximum rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data. data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data. Last Glacial Maximum Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin Last Glacial Maximum rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO Amazon basin CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO NASA CALIPSO CALIPSO CALIPSO Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise 0.52/sq mi agriculture anthropological findings 5 million it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil Betty Meggers 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise Betty Meggers Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre 5 million 1 million Francisco de Orellana 1540s spread of diseases from Europe 1970s AD 0–1250 Francisco de Orellana 1542 AD 0–1250 Ondemar Dias 11,000 years black earth Terra preta agriculture and silviculture Xingu tribe University of Florida Terra preta (black earth) agriculture and silviculture Xingu tribe Michael Heckenberger roads, bridges and large plazas 2.5 million one in five 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles one in five between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species 2.5 million 2.5 million 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles one in five 62 acres a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) 90,790 356 47 tonnes per hectare 438,000 a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) 90,790 356 47 tonnes 438,000 electric eels black caiman electric eels dart frogs Vampire bats Deforestation 1960s crop cultivation and the slash and burn method loss of soil fertility and weed invasion naked eye 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres pasture for cattle second-largest Seventy percent soy farmers increased settlement and deforestation 18% higher deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day. 18% higher loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, destruction of the forest destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation 10% 10% severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures greenhouse gas emissions 2100 21st century deforestation Urarina non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples deforestation and ecocide Urarina non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples remote sensing Trio Tribe southern Suriname strengthen their territorial claims to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests tree growth stages To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions Tatiana Kuplich Tatiana Kuplich Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Thematic Mapper 2005 Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research savanna or desert Woods Hole Research Center 2010 1,160,000 square miles three 2010 5 gigatons comb jellies phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. phylum groups of cilia which they use for swimming ctenophores and cnidarians 1.5 m groups of cilia which they use for swimming comb jellies 1.5 m ctenophores and cnidarians kteis 'comb' and pher 'carry' phylum ten times their own weight 100–150 100–150 100–150 tentilla ten times their own weight tentilla phylum ten times their own weight tentilla phylum colloblasts 100–150 hermaphrodites cydippids juveniles it can fertilize its own egg produce both eggs and sperm at the same time eggs and sperm platyctenids hermaphroditism and early reproduction a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. the eggs and sperm mature at different times platyctenids beroids Black Sea Mnemiopsis over-fishing preys on other ctenophores Mnemiopsis causing fish stocks to collapse phytoplankton phytoplankton planktonic plants Mnemiopsis causing fish stocks to collapse Beroe Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago the "cydippids" are not monophyletic lagerstätten lagerstätten lagerstätten Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event the "cydippids" are not monophyletic lagerstätten bilaterians colloblasts bilaterians bilaterians colloblasts bilaterians colloblasts colloblasts ctenophores and cnidarians bilaterians mesoglea diploblastic mesoglea mesoglea ctenophores locomotion ctenes comb-bearing Pleurobrachia Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis epithelium nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles (internal compartments), germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence pharynx a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth swimming-plates "ctenes" or "comb plates the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function ctenophores up to 2 millimeters (0.079 in) osmotic pressure ciliary rosettes increase its bulk and decrease its density pump water out of the mesoglea aboral organ at the opposite end from the mouth a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia statocyst statocyst, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", sea gooseberry slender tentacles more or less rounded a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn. an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end tentilla outer layer of the epidermis striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; they may flick out very quickly (in 40 to 60 milliseconds); they can wriggle, which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms; and they coil round prey. capturing prey eight rows near the mouth to the opposite end spaced evenly round the body ciliary groove lobes gelatinous projections edged with cilia gelatinous projections edged with cilia direct microscopic prey toward the mouth suspended planktonic prey clapping their lobes the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. combs on the same row beat in the same Mexican wave style by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia Nuda The Beroida zip" the mouth shut a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip. pharynx The Cestida Cestum veneris belt animals swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. Velamen parallelum tentilla-bearing tentacles pharynx comb-rows rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates pores in the epidermis internal fertilization genus Mnemiopsis the internal canal network under the comb rows internal fertilization tentacles and tentacle sheaths plankton dropping to the sea-floor true larvae tentacles secretions secretions ink Juveniles ctenophores nematocysts colloblasts Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis salps low ratio of organic matter to salt and water chum salmon combs zooplankton during blooms in the Red Sea jellyfish and turtles ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi ballast tanks of ships Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi significantly slowed the animal's metabolism their soft, gelatinous bodies The Ediacaran Eoandromeda Cambrian Burgess Shale tentacles Chengjiang lagerstätte Stromatoveris Stromatoveris Chengjiang lagerstätte Ediacaran period ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals Porifera cydippid-like monophyletic Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event Richard Harbison Fresno 220 miles ash tree an ash leaf Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh) 1872 flooding 1885 47 Fresno 94.0% Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown Pinedale an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps assembly center BankAmericard BankAmericard a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants 1976 Visa Inc. Bill Aken Bill Aken Madera The Fresno Barn Lupe Mayorga three Roeding Park Kearney Mansion Shinzen Japanese Gardens Kearney Mansion Between the 1880s and World War II Fresno Carnegie Public Library Fresno Carnegie Public Library Fresno Carnegie Public Library 1964 Fulton Mall Pierre-Auguste Renoir The public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district. The public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district. Fresno's far southeast side Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue 1950s through the 1970s Chestnut Avenue William P. Bell Tower Theatre 1939 a well-known landmark water tower Fresno Normal School one-half mile late 1970s classic films 1978 Audra McDonald Audra McDonald a few hundred feet within a few hundred feet of each other Tower District Tower District Tower District early twentieth century homes California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses north and east many of which have been restored in recent decades Huntington Boulevard William Stranahan Billings & Meyering 267 Fresno Traction Company "Southwest Fresno" 99 African-American Hmong or Laotian The "West Side" M. Theo Kearney tall palm trees half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave Brookhaven 2008 between the 1960s and 1990s the corner of Fresno and B streets Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side State Route 99 Freeway Ralph Woodward 235 acres 2,500 Lewis S. Eaton April through October 1946 William Smilie Sierra Sky Park Airport Sierra Sky Park Airport Sierra Sky Park semi-arid 83.0 °F 11.5 inches northwest southeastern wind directions 17 °F January 6, 1913 9.54 inches (242.3 mm) 2.2 inches 9.54 inches (242.3 mm) 494,665 49.6% 62,528 30.0% 4,404.5 68,511 19.3% 1,388 3.62 3.07 140,079 149,025 5.2% 5.2% 4,097.9 people per square mile San Francisco Bay Area KMJ-TV June 1, 1953 KSEE KGPE State Route 99 Sierra Freeway Atascadero Kings Canyon National Park Fresno 1950s State Route 99 SR 99 Amtrak San Joaquins Downtown Fresno Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad San Joaquin Valley Railroad Downtown Fresno Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching pre-allocation of network bandwidth packet switching Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching packet switching circuit switching fee per unit of connection time fee per unit of information transmitted circuit switching dedicated network bandwidth a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred characters, packets, or messages Packet mode communication fair queuing a multiple access scheme Packet mode communication fair queuing a multiple access scheme RAND Corporation for the US Air Force survivable communications networks dividing user messages into message blocks store and forward switching a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network store and forward switching RAND Corporation for the US Air Force packets Baran packet switching build a nationwide network in the UK ARPANET Donald Davies packet switching ARPANET complete addressing information different paths and out-of-order delivery a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet packet sequence number length, timestamp, or sequence number Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table the packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking establish the parameters of communication data link layer X.25 is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. X.25 is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. X.25 is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. 1969 the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core sequenced delivery of data to the host The User Datagram Protocol Apple Inc. a centralized router or server automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing plug-n-play system French the network itself unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms ARPANET architecture Digital Equipment Corporation to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers OSI-compliant networking protocol Linux four the world's first commercial online service turning the business around Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable to help the state's educational and economic development IBM mainframe computer systems TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States Larry Roberts making ARPANET technology public X.29 GTE X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies dial-up connections or dedicated async connections government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network DATAPAC and TRANSPAC Bell Northern Research the destination address Telstra Australian Tax Office a permanent X.25 node to the network PTT Telecom leased lines DNIC 2049 all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion U.S. National Science Foundation ARPANET the global Internet research and education communities, industry, and government Qwest Abilene a brand new nationwide network Internet2 Network National Science Foundation Network advanced research and education networking in the United States through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone National Science Foundation provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States the NSF DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) OC-48c the arid plains of Central Asia Oriental rat fleas 30–60% of Europe's total population 17th century the 19th century commonly present Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan 1331 25 million Genoese traders Jani Beg Jani Beg the plague by ship war, famine, and weather the disease spread northwest across Europe northwestern Russia smaller trade relations with their neighbours Germany and Scandinavia Norway serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures autumn 1347 through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea the north 1631 1631 J.I. Pontanus 1823 Scandinavia blamed the heavens 1345 bad air Miasma theory Yersinia pestis 1894 Alexandre Yersin Paul-Louis Simond rodents Francis Aidan Gasquet bubonic plague 1908 the Black Death the Black Death 38–41 °C 100–106 °F 80 percent 90 to 95 percent high fevers and purple skin patches October 2010 PLoS Pathogens DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague genetic branches Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves Marseille 1349 confirmed and amended Y. pestis may no longer exist Y. pestis J. F. D. Shrewsbury bubonic plague exaggerations zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly Graham Twigg an epidemiological account of the plague lack of reliable statistics from this period over 100% clergy 1377 the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague 5 to 15 years anthrax anthrax and other pandemics typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections "blood poisoning" 25 about a third. Half mass burial pits 50% The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. 14th to 17th centuries between 1346 and 1671. almost a million as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million 1350 10–15% of the population 1665 40,000 Russia 1629–1631 Oslo between 1361 and 1528 1.7 million 300,000 inhabitants half Sweden v. Russia and allies 1720 between 1500 and 1850 30 to 50 thousand the second quarter of the 19th century. Baghdad melt (magma and/or lava) heat and pressure magma igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic heat and pressure seafloor spreading the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle asthenosphere the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle 1960s divergent boundaries convergent boundaries Transform boundaries Alfred Wegener how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle seismic waves a crust and lithosphere a crust and lithosphere seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body a crust and lithosphere the most recent eon with an expanded scale Quaternary The Holocene Quaternary period the formation of faults and the age of the sequences the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault. the formations that were cut are older than the fault xenoliths magma or lava flows clasts inclusions gravel faunal succession William Smith The principle becomes quite complex presence or (sometimes) absence Charles Darwin beginning of the 20th century fossils and stratigraphic correlation isotopic dates fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another isotopic dates Thermochemical techniques the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature isotope ratios of radioactive elements lava and volcanic ash layers horizontal compression shallow crust antiforms synforms anticlines and synclines Extension boudins Maria Fold and Thrust Belt metamorphosed normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning Dikes areas that are being actively deformed topographic gradients Continual motion along the fault volcanism layered basaltic lava flows Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks Cambrian time northwestern Canada the study of rocks the study of sedimentary layers the study of positions of rock units and their deformation modern soils petrologists thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties geochemical evolution of rock units rock samples in the laboratory petrographic microscope fluid inclusion data fluid inclusion data igneous and metamorphic processes microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples plot and combine measurements of geological structures analog and numerical experiments orogenic wedges orogenic wedges horizontal layers of sand all angles remain the same Numerical models stratigraphers geophysical surveys computer programs computer programs to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition biostratigraphers magnetic reversals stratigraphic section Persia Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni Shen Kuo Ibn Sina Shen Kuo James Hutton Theory of the Earth 1795 he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded William Maclure 1809 1807 Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map American Philosophical Society Principles of Geology uniformitarianism uniformitarianism catastrophism Charles Darwin Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne English Core Cities Group Northumberland Geordie Robert Curthose wool trade wool trade 16th century the Great North Run Pons Aelius a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne 2,000 Fragments of Hadrian's Wall 73 miles Newcastle Elizabeth 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall William the Lion Henry IV 1530 Hostmen pointless pursuit an entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him keelmen and their families the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, 7,000 out of 20,000 47% 47% the King the Scots roaring drummes Triumphing by a brave defence Charles I urbanization Maling company electric lighting shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity steam turbine medieval Narrow alleys Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house Tyneside Classical Stuart Maconie Stuart Maconie 1960s Eldon Square Shopping Centre Town Moor Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath The Hoppings funfair June Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath the Gateshead Millennium Bridge the Gateshead Millennium Bridge Norman Foster tourist promotion Bambuco Bridge Grainger Town area 1835 and 1842 four stories 450 The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market 1835 2000 2000 English Heritage Gulf Stream Gulf Stream driest January 1982 the remainder of the British Isles 2010 Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes Bainbridge's department March 2007 Grainger Street Gosforth Kingston Park MetroCentre Gateshead Tyneside flat terraces Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula 7.8% 5.9% the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census 189,863, 189,863, Newcastle and Northumbria Universities Newcastle and Northumbria Universities Jesmond and Heaton. 37.8 Scottish or Irish ancestors Border Reiver between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians Geordie Anglo-Saxon populations influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect strong stream Scandinavia Northern United Kingdom Scots Many words Newcastle a report 80.4 80.4 negative long-term impact attaching too much weight to readings Collingwood Street 12-screen 12 Times Square area near the Centre for Life bars, cafés and clubs theatre Stephen Kemble many celebrated seasons 21 January 1788 Grey Street theatres Theatre Royal Royal Shakespeare Company local talent 2006 The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 8000 John and Benjamin Green Joseph Swan Joseph Swan Newcastle Beer Festival May Biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, 2 weeks 2 weeks The Hoppings June Temperance Movement a cycling festival Leazes Park Newcastle Mela Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre Design Event festival East Asian NewcastleGateshead Tyneside 1971 Venom Skyclad Duran Duran November 2006 and May 2008 Old Town Hall Classic Classic Classic Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities Tyneside Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities On the Night of the Fire Get Carter Mike Figgis Mike Figgis Mike Figgis Gosforth Park Newcastle Eagles Newcastle Diamonds Newcastle Diamonds the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race Ponteland Metro Light Rail 20 minutes 15 million over 90 Glazing one of only six Grade One listed railway stations Glazing was placed over the historic arches a neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson. Manors Virgin Trains East Coast Virgin Trains East Coast Virgin Trains East Coast CrossCountry Northern Rail Tyne and Wear Metro five deep-level tunnels Queen Elizabeth II DB Regio The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations part of the transition to smart ticketing tracks, signalling and overhead wires procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains trams A696, which becomes the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road", A696 "Great North Road" 1-prefix the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed. 3 Haymarket bus station 3 Tyne and Wear Go-Ahead 1998 educating that cycling promotes healthy living the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; link the local networks to national networks Danish DFDS Seaways DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008 Thomson cruise lines 11 to 18 11 to 18 Royal Grammar School Newcastle College Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart Newcastle University Newcastle University Sunday Times University of the Year polytechnics became new universities Newcastle University and Northumbria University Augustus Welby Pugin 1474 Augustus Welby Pugin Church of St Thomas the Martyr parish churches The Parish Church of St Andrew 1726 12th Century the last of the ancient churchyards Siege of Newcastle ITV Tyne Tees The Watermark business park The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex its colouring BBC Radio Newcastle NE1fm Newcastle Student Radio 1951 Great North Children's Hospital Newcastle Student Radio 1770 Archbishop of Westminster George Stephenson engineer and industrialist Lord Armstrong, engineer and father of the modern steam railways Former Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva, Rutherford Grammar School Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch WWE NXT champion Neville keyed Northumbrian smallpipes Newcastle the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 4.5 million 1852 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 1852 Queen Victoria and Prince Albert Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2001 12.5 acres 12.5 acres 5,000 years Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa post-classical sculpture the Great Exhibition of 1851 Henry Cole Museum of Manufactures Somerset House Gottfried Semper Queen Victoria 22 June 1857 George Wallis late night openings 1949 between September and November 1946 Britain Can Make It Festival of Britain (1951) Festival of Britain 1948 a rock concert Gryphon Roy Strong the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation University of Dundee £76 million The V&A Dundee fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography within five years Brompton Park House Sheepshanks Gallery Captain Francis Fowke Secretariat Wing 1862 Oriental Courts Italian Renaissance James Gamble & Reuben Townroe James Gamble & Reuben Townroe James Gamble & Reuben Townroe Philip Webb and William Morris Edward Burne-Jones James Gamble The Centre Refreshment Room 1865–77 Sir Edward Poynter Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott Henry Cole Wing Cadeby stone Royal Institute of British Architects 2008 sgraffito Starkie Gardner 70 feet (21 m) Reuben Townroe Reuben Townroe 720 feet (220 m) red brick and Portland stone 720 feet (220 m) statue of fame the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum. Alfred Drury four Alfred Drury marble Prince Albert 1950s and early 1960s Henry Cole a new entrance building iron gates the Spiral 2002 linoleum FuturePlan Several designers and architects have been involved in this work. Eva Jiiná designed the enhancements to the main Silver Gallery, Contemporary; in 2003: Photography, the main entrance, The Painting Galleries; in 2005: portrait miniatures, prints and drawings, displays in Room 117, McInnes Usher McKnight Architects Kim Wilkie John Madejski Garden elliptical water feature receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes herbaceous borders 2004 Royal Institute of British Architects 700,000 RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection 700,000 Andrea Palladio Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs, Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, Henry Holland, John Nash, Sir John Soane, Sir Charles Barry, Charles Robert Cocker Andrea Palladio Sir Christopher Wren Sir Edwin Lutyens c1600 Great Fire of London c1600 a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of Montal Alhambra 19,000 2006 Ardabil Carpet Spain 1909 60,000 60,000 60,000 1991 Jawaharlal Nehru 70,000 China, Japan and Korea 16,000 1991 Tang Toshiba gallery of Japanese art December 1986 13th 1550 to 1900 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter Tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks. mother-of-pearl Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka Leonardo da Vinci Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III Alexander Dyce 1869 over 18,000 Writers Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter 1524 Charter Joan of Arc Lucas Horenbout Word and Image Department MODES cataloging system Encoded Archival Description newly accessioned into the collection Search the Collections 2007 Andy Warhol Andy Warhol 15,000 catalog everything British patrons Asia Gian Lorenzo Bernini Horace Walpole porcelain, cloth and wallpaper tea entertainment and leisure John Ruskin mass production the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Ruskin, contributed to the Arts and Crafts movement. Trajan's Column half Michelangelo's David plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs a glass case 1762 Frederick II the Great 1762 1909 Chinese and Japanese ceramics Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach Britain and Holland ceramic stoves 16th and 17th centuries Germany and Switzerland over 6000 over 6000 Art Nouveau glass René Lalique Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé 1994 Danny Lane the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine Dale Chihuly 13th over 10,000 British and 2,000 over 10,000 British and 2,000 Dürer Rembrandt Dominique Ingres 14,000 Word and Image department everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived 1,442 1,442 2002 Costiff Costiff Costiff modern fashion The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects 1859 and 1865 John Jones Collection of French 18th-century art and furnishings 1882 £250,000 1580 Hans Vredeman de Vries Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet Germany Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames 6000 6000 1869 154 gems bequeathed William and Judith Bollinger over 10,000 1496–97 8 Sir George Gilbert Scott over 10,000 c1110 gilt bronze relics of St Thomas Becket Becket Casket copper over 5,100 British Galleries, the Medieval & Renaissance Galleries, and the planned new galleries for Furniture and Europe 1600–1800, Horniman Museum 35 25 February 2010 1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures, 1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures, 1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures, Queen Elizabeth II Andrés Marzal De Sax 233 233 'A National Gallery of British Art' The Hay Wain 233 1600–1800 260 Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child 260 Eadweard Muybridge 1887 781 different animals and humans performimg various actions James Lafayette post-classical European sculpture 22,000 about 400 AD to 1914 tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens National Galleries of Scotland Neptune and Triton c. 1622–3), Chancel Chapel Chancel Chapel 1493–1500 more than 20 sculptor 1914 World War I more than 20 George Frampton Thomas Brock Sir Francis Chantrey British and Europeans Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein 1950 theme Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein Tate Britain 53,000 53,000 the 1st century AD to the present 53,000 technique Cloth of St Gereon 15th the Netherlands hunting of various animals John Vanderbank's workshop 14th-century William Morris 1887 Marion Dorn Serge Chermayeff Theatre Museum March 2009 live performance Shakespeare research, exhibitions and other shows Conservation temperature and light interventive V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood preventive The Walt Disney Company 1957 Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street The American Broadcasting Company October 12, 1943 a radio network 1948 ESPN Capital Cities Communications 232 Citadel Broadcasting 232 Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Citadel Broadcasting Radio Corporation of America NBC Blue and NBC Red the major cities testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series Radio Corporation of America Federal Communications Commission 1938 1940 NBC Red Network NBC Red or NBC Blue Mark Woods NBC Red and NBC Blue Dillon, Read & Co. David Sarnoff Dillon, Read & Co. Life Savers candy October 12, 1943 George B. Storer vice-chairman of the board June 30, 1951 Magnetophon tape recorder Paul Whiteman symphony Bing Crosby NBC Blue's traditions of public service Disney Media Networks ABC1 September 8, 2007 ABC International United States 1959 the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties. Japan and Latin America increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties Queen Elizabeth II Beirut 1951 technical problems and flight delays Queen Elizabeth II 1965 Emmy Awards 1965 Academy Awards It's the Great Pumpkin 1974 Ryan Seacrest TLC New Year's Eve TLC General Hospital 1975 The Edge of Night The View and The Chew 1963 X Games 2006 Saturday Night Football January The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments Frank Marx channels 2 through 6 1947 VHF channel 7 108 CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. DuMont Television Network CBS and NBC United Paramount Theatres Paramount Pictures nine CBS Prudential Insurance Company of America Leonard Goldenson William S. Paley June 6, 1951 1952 February 9, 1953 American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc six AM and several FM radio stations, five television stations and 644 cinemas August 10, 1948 October 1948 Mount Wilson The Prospect Studios September 30, 1960 the rise of family-oriented series William Hanna and Joseph Barbera the rise of family-oriented series 1959 NBC 1961 1985 circle logo the Troika Design Group the Troika Design Group the dot Pittard Sullivan 2015 "We Love TV" ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show 1993–94 season 1995–96 season 1983 That Special Feeling a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance. a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance. a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance. Paul Rand Herbert Bayer Herbert Bayer 1963–64 season ABC Radio October 19, 2005 six divisions 2004 Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy Anne Sweeney NASCAR 2002 Michael Eisner The Bachelor The Bachelorette Time Warner Cable ABC ABC TWC 2000 Step by Step to CBS Step by Step to CBS 1999 Regis Philbin Buena Vista Television Meredith Vieira July 31, 1995 ABC Inc. Knight Ridder Robert Iger Sports Night 1965–66 remained in third place Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC May 1, 1953 7 West 66th Street Baltimore Robert Kintner DuMont Television Network ABC-DuMont $5 million in cash Paramount Pictures The Lone Ranger The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Wyoming Kid); Cheyenne Wyoming Kid); Cheyenne Walt Disney Warner Bros. Presents 1953 $500,000 1954 1953 Allen Shaw Harold L. Neal LOVE Radio seven September 1969 Duel Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg $400,000–$450,000 1970s CBS and NBC behavioral and demographic data Monday Night Football 2006 MNF move to ESPN 15%–16% 1970 1972 Worldvision Enterprises banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks January 2, 1971 Henry Plitt Elton Rule 1966 Happy Days youth-oriented programming Paramount Pictures Fred Pierce Fred Silverman S.W.A.T November 3, 1975 NBC's entertainment division Laverne & Shirley jiggle TV Aaron Spelling Aaron Spelling nine seasons 1976–77 season Soap Roone Arledge ABC Sports 7 Lincoln Square June 1979 June 1978 Hugh Downs Barbara Walters MCA Inc. ABC Cable News ABC News Now Toledo, Ohio Toledo, Ohio The Writers Guild of America Duel Caris & Co. ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios ABC Entertainment Group Citadel Media iTunes 2010 2004 Ugly Betty Ugly Betty 1970 Worldvision Enterprises Worldvision Enterprises Turner Broadcasting System Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library Buena Vista Television Buena Vista International Television Selznick library WABC-TV and WPVI-TV 235 235 300,794,157 1946 Federal Communications Commission 1957 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Extreme Makeover: Home Edition January 2012 Litton's Weekend Aventure 720p high definition 1080i HD 11 720p high definition Body of Proof Happy Endings NBC would manage to outrate NBC for third place by a larger margin V One Life to Live Prospect Park One Life to Live One Life to Live, The Revolution fourth place in the 18–49 demographic 2004 long-dominant CBS The Neighbors The Neighbors The Middle and Modern Family Shark Tank Shark Tank Shark Tank Thomas Murphy Thomas Murphy NYPD Blue Steven Bochco (who created Doogie Howser, M.D. and the critically pilloried Cop Rock for ABC earlier in the decade); ten seasons 1993 DIC Entertainment Time Warner Cable 23.63% of American households WLS May 9, 1960 John Bassett CFTO-TV Wide World of Sports Roone Arledge Roone Arledge Roone Arledge American Broadcasting Companies The Dating Game The Newlywed Game 1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan 90% Dynasty Too Close for Comfort, Soap spinoff Benson and Happy Days spinoff Mork & Mindy Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) Infinity Broadcasting Corporation Getty Oil The Entertainment Channel Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E) Thomas S. Murphy ABC's chairman and CEO $465 million America's Funniest Home Videos Home Improvement The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital Eastern/Pacific 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays Jimmy Kimmel Live!. New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV; WBMA-LD WBND-LD WLQP-LP Touchstone Television Touchstone Television KABC-TV ABC Television Center, East 1500 Broadway 1500 Broadway Peter Jennings Way World News Tonight ABC on Demand Hulu Hulu Hulu the day after their original broadcast Disney–ABC Television Group fast forwarding of accessed content Disney–ABC Television Group LoyalKaspar a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets (such as ABC.com, WATCH ABC, and by ABC Studios) ABC Modern a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets (such as ABC.com, WATCH ABC, and by ABC Studios) 74 74 All-Channel Receiver Act UHF tuning Youngstown five times lower viewership WTRF-TV WTRF-TV Disneyland anthology Desilu Productions use of violence April 1959 ABC Sunday Night Movie $15.5 million Hanna-Barbera Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons April 1, 1963 ITT Donald F. Turner United States Department of Justice January 1, 1968 Capital Cities Communications $118 Warren Buffett E. W. Scripps Company allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations September 5, 1985 four Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division Brandon Stoddard Brandon Stoddard Laverne & Shirley Laverne & Shirley NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984 Laverne & Shirley comedies and family-oriented series 1989 Thank Goodness It's Funny Miller-Boyett Productions Warner Bros. KXYZ and KXYZ-FM Ralph Nelson-directed Charly Ralph Nelson 1985 Redwood City, California westerns and detective series 10% and 18% 10% and 18% Ollie Treiz Dick Clark Goldenson Zorro Life NBC and CBS WATCH ABC New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV Hearst Television ESPN's WatchESPN service WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 Birmingham market The E. W. Scripps Company two additional subchannel-only affiliates The E. W. Scripps Company Start Here Troika entertainment division ABC News WFTS-TV and WWSB KMBC-TV and KQTV WZZM and WOTV WTSP is Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994, due to WTSP's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of Miami affiliate WPLG Mongol invasions Northeast Asia Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands Central Asia and China Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties gedei Khan 1227 Western Xia sons and grandsons Mongolia at an unknown location Delüün Boldog Toghrul Khan 1162 a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured Temülen Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge Börte Khongirad Dai Setsen Begter wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game Khasar Khasar Tayichi'ud portable stocks Temüjin Jelme and Bo'orchu hiding in a river crevice tribal confederations Hoelun interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south the need for alliances 16 Merkits Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe Jochi 1185 Chagatai (1187—1241), gedei (1189—1241), and Tolui Chagatai (1187—1241), gedei (1189—1241), and Tolui 1241 Chagatai (1187—1241), gedei (1189—1241), and Tolui no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan. sworn brother or blood brother Toghrul Khan of the Keraites 20,000 Jamukha Mongolian aristocracy shaman Kokochu 1186 Battle of Dalan Balzhut Qara Khitai the Yassa code promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils adopt orphans from the conquered tribe conquered tribe Jochi Jamukha Jamukha Keraite Naimans 1201 universal ruler Subutai 1206 Temüjin he did not want disloyal men in his army there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death breaking the back siege warfare from the Chinese rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to Khasar his extensive spy network and Yam route systems rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes Khuruldai Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, gedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father gedei a council of Mongol chiefs the Jin dynasty Ming-Tan 1215 Kaifeng gedei Khan Kuchlug Liao dynasty 20,000 Jebe The Arrow invading Mongols west of Kashgar Lake Balkhash Khwarezmid Empire the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south. Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad Inalchuq The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded 100,000 Silk Road Tien Shan mountains three Jebe Tolui Samarkand defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces Otrar molten silver Near the end of the battle 20,000 Bukhara Bukhara divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map. The Mongols Genghis pyramids of severed heads a unit of Turkish defenders a unit of Turkish defenders artisans and craftsmen the flail of God artisans and craftsmen 1220 Subutai The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea Battle of Kalka River Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' Batu and the Golden Horde Subutai and Jebe 1225 Samarkand 1226 Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou Helan Mountains Yellow River a line of five stars arranged in the sky Ning Hia Ma Jianlong Ma Jianlong Liupanshan executed Jochi Chagatai Chagatai gedei Chagatai and Jochi Chagatai and Jochi) Tolui gedei 1226 Khorasan Urgench Sultan Muhammad 1223 Yinchuan The exact cause of his death Marco Polo Western Xia Oirads without markings Khentii Aimag Mongolia The Genghis Khan Mausoleum Edsen Khoroo Dongshan Dafo Dian Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining 1954 Red Guards October 6, 2004 a river was diverted over his grave Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun horses Genghis Khan the Yassa meritocracy Genghis Khan and his family Muhammad Khan tax exemptions Genghis Khan, Ong Khan religion was a personal concept Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian Töregene Khatun Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) Chinese the legal equality of all individuals, including women Chu'Tsai administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty Khitan rulers his generals when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum Muqali the Jin dynasty unwavering loyalty diverting certain rivers Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers feigned retreat taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan Caspian Sea gedei Khan Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 Genghis Khan Turkey meritocracy increased communication and trade Mongolian uniting warring tribes Genghis Khan's children brutality historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög Genghis Khan Chinggis Khaan International Airport trivialization Ulaanbaatar Ikh Zasag Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Ikh Zasag Inner Mongolia region 5 million Kublai Khan Kublai Khan Kublai Khan Iran Steven R. Ward Steven R. Ward Hulagu Khan Mamluks of Egypt Hulagu Khan 1237 Novgorod and Pskov the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara Genghis Khan and particularly Timur Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur tenggis Lake Baikal and ocean "right", "just", or "true" Mongolian adjectival modifier Chinggis Mongolian Chinggis Khaan Cengiz Han Timùzhn Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz Chéngjs Hán pharma sold tobacco and patent medicines sorcery or even poison apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent herbs not listed specialised education and training specialised education and training optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual small-business proprietors specialised education and training supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register pharmacists and pharmacy technicians Pharmacy Technician the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice Pedanius Dioscorides De Materia Medica materia medica Diocles of Carystus De Materia Medica the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected Yr Code (718) Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court physicians and acupuncturists the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor. botany and chemistry Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Al-Muwaffaq sodium carbonate 1317 Florence, Italy perfume museum old prescription books and antique drugs 1221 pharmacy legislation compounding/dispensing medications automation patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc. pharmacy school various disciplines of pharmacy effectiveness of treatment regimens pharmacy school within the premises of the hospital unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions high cost of medications and drug-related technology specialized medications optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention inside hospitals and clinics physicians and other healthcare professionals drug product selection all health care settings patient-specific problems an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions full independent prescribing authority North Carolina and New Mexico 2011 Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH medication regimen review nursing homes Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services 2000 brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door online pharmacies another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take the method by which the medications are requested and received to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. substandard products prescription drugs without requiring a prescription a valid prescription the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship ensure that the prescription is valid individual state laws hydrocodone reduce consumer costs Canada international drug suppliers, rather than consumers There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities. importation of medications from Canada and other countries pharmacy practice science and applied information science information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals medication management system development, deployment and optimization national and international novel medications 19 cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs physicians pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics 7 to 10 percent pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments Austria United Kingdom 1.6 kilometres Austria the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers he or she can then sell more medications to the patient checks and balances system exaggerating their seriousness obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects become more integral within the health care system their patient care skills the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system Alberta and British Columbia Australian Government medicine use reviews pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree mortar and pestle and the (recipere) character The show globe the Netherlands a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease parasitic worms adaptive immune system blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers The immune system parasitic worms adaptive immune system a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease pathogens blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier pathogens adaptive immune system the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt bacteriophage infections eukaryotes immunological memory rudimentary defensins the basis of vaccination immunological memory autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer when the immune system is less active than normal recurring and life-threatening infections severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. rheumatoid arthritis Immunodeficiency hyperactive immune system Immunology HIV/AIDS 430 BC scorpion venom Louis Pasteur Walter Reed Robert Koch microorganisms yellow fever virus 430 BC an immunological memory innate immune system adaptive immune system Innate immune systems adaptive immune system an immunological memory physical barriers innate and adaptive immunity self and non- self molecules ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules antigens antigens pattern recognition receptors the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms non-specific waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin coughing and sneezing flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens, flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens, -defensins lysozyme and phospholipase A2 defensins and zinc gastric acid and proteases menarche commensal flora most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children pH or available iron Inflammation increased blood flow into tissue eicosanoids and cytokines prostaglandins interleukins phagocytes cytokines phagosome phagolysosome acquiring nutrients Neutrophils and macrophages Neutrophils and macrophages 50% to 60% chemotaxis interleukin 1 Leukocytes Leukocytes activation of the adaptive immune system macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells Dendritic cells neuronal dendrites T cells T cells missing self Natural killer cells MHC I killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR early vertebrates antigen presentation the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells the killer T cell and the helper T cell regulatory T cells Class I MHC molecules helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules minor subtype Killer T cells CD8 when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen granulysin perforin CD4 co-receptor around 200–300 engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule cytokines CD40 ligand helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells CD4+ and CD8+ () T cells T cells adaptive immunity V9/V2 T cells pathogens proteolysis lymphokines long-lived memory cells adaptive passive short-term memory or active long-term memory each specific pathogen encountered no prior exposure to microbes IgG Breast milk or colostrum fetus immunomodulators adaptive and innate immune responses lupus erythematosus immunosuppressive NFIL3 heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma sleep deprivation weakened immune responses vitamin D thyroid UVB destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells MHC class I molecules viral antigens antibodies phagocytic cells Pathogen-associated molecular patterns rapid apoptosis Systemic acquired resistance RNA silencing mechanisms autoimmune disorders self and non-self thymus and bone marrow "self" peptides Immunodeficiencies the young and the elderly The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age obesity, alcoholism, and drug use malnutrition vaccination immunization introduce an antigen from a pathogen it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system Bacteria a type III secretion system shut down host defenses its ability to elude host immune responses Frank Burnet pathogens, an allograft histocompatibility Niels Jerne Glucocorticoids cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs methotrexate or azathioprine cyclosporin cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) cortisol and catecholamines melatonin oxidative stress it extends a vitamin D receptor calcitriol symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. CYP27B1 dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages Pattern recognition receptors defensins complement system and phagocytic cells Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway immunoglobulins and T cell receptors lamprey and hagfish Variable lymphocyte receptors adaptive immune system invertebrates restriction modification system bacteriophages CRISPR sequences "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity Elie Metchnikoff phagocytes Robert Koch and Emil von Behring the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells. cancers MHC class I molecules secreting the cytokine TGF- suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes Hypersensitivity four classes Type I IgE when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells, intracellular pathogenesis Salmonella Plasmodium falciparum Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein A antigenic variation HIV Trypanosoma brucei frequent changes in antigens immune surveillance human papillomavirus tyrosinase melanomas melanocytes >500 Da hydrophilic amino acids Immunoproteomics the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells immunoinformatics leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin the milieu of hormones produced at this time Th1 /Th2 the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes disrupting their plasma membrane signal amplification catalytic cascade Civil disobedience apartheid South Africa Ukraine South Africa Egyptians Egyptians South Africa what they deem to be unfair laws American Civil Rights Movement Antigone King of Thebes King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon Oedipus giving her brother Polynices a proper burial Antigone Sophocles King of Thebes giving her brother Polynices a proper burial she must obey her conscience rather than human law Percy Shelley it is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest. Satyagraha Gandhi would often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India Henry David Thoreau Percy Shelley Percy Shelley nonviolent protest Satyagraha Henry David Thoreau muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins Marshall Cohen ambiguity utterly debased utterly debased Marshall Cohen draft evaders Vice President Agnew ambiguity LeGrande difficult, if not impossible violent civil disobedience civil disobedience specific terminology has no more (or no less) meaning LeGrande civil disobedience semantical problems and grammatical niceties nonviolent civil disobedience non violent civil disobedience Civil disobedience Civil disobedience pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws head of government of a country would be acting in her or his capacity as public official Civil disobedience pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws head of government of a country would be acting in her or his capacity as public official head of government of a country would be acting in her or his capacity as public official private citizen two equally sovereign branches of government Thoreau Thoreau’s imprisonment the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right Resign it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians The individual only individuals act, only individuals can act unjustly. Thoreau Resign the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right governmental entities trade unions, banks, and private universities trade unions, banks, and private universities breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments trade unions, banks, and private universities a larger challenge to the legal system governmental entities trade unions, banks, and private universities to constitute civil disobedience covert lawbreaking when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house 15-19) Shiphrah and Puah lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced morality assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury "A Primer for Prospective Jurors" Book of Exodus Black's Law Dictionary Black's Law Dictionary rebellion refraining from violence violence whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent rebellion rebellion is much more destructive preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience Revolutionary civil disobedience Ferenc Deák Ferenc Deák revolutionary civil disobedience change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs Non-revolutionary civil disobedience an individual conscience render certain laws ineffective Revolutionary civil disobedience Gandhi Roman Empire pagan images not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers higher political office after the end of the Mexican War Roman Empire pagan images some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists. jail solidarity after the end of the Mexican War Civil disobedients the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals Voice in the Wilderness 738 days cut down different illegal acts trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals medical cannabis dispensaries 180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree Joseph Haas Joseph Haas civil disobedience FCC v. Pacifica Foundation George Carlin pure speech George Carlin Threatening government officials Joseph Haas make it more difficult for a system to function GCSB Waihopai padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes limited coercion coercive refusals to pay taxes limited coercion their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue GCSB Waihopai civil disobedience consent search it is generally agreed within the legal community, and is often believed within the activist community, that a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful. some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators' questions, sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, some civil disobedients to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, their belief in the validity of the social contract don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. anarchists does not infringe the rights of others whether or not to plead guilty it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law violating this particular law Guilt implies wrong-doing creative plea Committee for Non-Violent Action Committee for Non-Violent Action one at a time they stepped across the "line" and were immediately arrested nolo contendere suspended sentences continuing their protest reminding their countrymen of injustice the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way to accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' one misdemeanor count the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time solidarity tactics a blind plea Mohandas Gandhi defiant speech defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions lack of remorse a likelihood government officials Steven Barkan Steven Barkan Steven Barkan Benjamin Spock some civil disobedients seek jury nullification disobedience encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit breaking the law for self-gratification not being a civil disobedient a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution Indirect civil disobedience direct civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law Vietnam War the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense "prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence incapacitation and deterrence whether it would do more harm than good utilitarian grounds it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law Construction manufacturing six to nine percent planning,[citation needed] design, and financing on location for a known client construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager effective planning megaprojects zoning buildings, infrastructure and industrial residential and non-residential heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering heavy/highway, heavy civil refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills construction industry ENR 2014 transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project). The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project Building construction small renovations laborer, paymaster, and design team structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. local building authority regulations and codes of practice Materials readily available in the area waste cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis advances in 3D printing technology 20 hours 3.5 metres (11 ft) 3.5 metres (11 ft) to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts translation of designs into reality property owner a quantity surveyor the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder integration of previously separated specialties separate companies "one-stop shopping" a "design build" contract design-build, partnering and construction management architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process preventable financial problems when builders ask for too little money to complete the project when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials Fraud Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers the owner's equity in the property Accountants change orders or project changes that increased costs Cost engineers and estimators zoning and building code requirements does not benefit the owner malum custom or expectation an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed construction project the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out poorly drafted contracts relationship contracting Public-Private Partnering Public-Private Partnering to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry. architect or engineer the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator the architect's client and the main contractor the architect's client and the main contractor The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy. The owner D&B The owner a consortium of several contractors phase 2 utilities themselves or through a company electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities the municipal building inspector an occupancy permit $960 billion $960 billion 667,000 fewer than 10 employees 828,000 £42,090 £26,719 $100,000 Construction Falls electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; charging their students tuition private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; more than $45,000 'tuition-free the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions. Private education lower sixth upper sixth prep schools Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. parochial Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians academic subjects their power of expulsion a compulsory blazer private schools in Australia are always more expensive than their public counterparts. anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church, e.g. St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius' College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, Sydney girls Article 7 Gleichschaltung 6.1% to 7.8 % 11.1 between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in Germany increased from 6.1% to 7.8% (including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1% in the former GDR) Sonderungsverbot private individuals, private organizations or religious groups. very low tuition fees private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups vocational outside of government regulation private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups private schools CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE 30 union government and the state governments non-profit trusts and societies only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India The Annual Status of Education Report learning levels in rural India English scoil phrobháideach a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State €5,000 The fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order, i.e., the Society of Jesus or Congregation of Christian Brothers, etc. €25,000 per year 1957 an uproar English surrender their properties Over 60 aided private parties the Galaxy Public School in Kathmandu English Nepali and/or the state's official language 88 88 3.7 the nation's then-private Catholic school system Auckland Anglican Wellington Presbyterian King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch the Society of St Pius X 7.5 80% 80 August 1992 the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools The Education Service Contracting scheme The Tuition Fee Supplement Private Education Student Financial Assistance The South African Schools Act of 1996 The South African Schools Act of 1996 independent The South African Schools Act of 1996 private church schools government schools formerly reserved for other race groups government schools formerly reserved for other race groups government schools formerly reserved for other race groups Over 10 % 700 700 The Knowledge School innovative school voucher model up to 13 years old some of these are also known as public schools. 9 per cent up to 13 years old £27,000+ per year Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka segregation academies South white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students endowments Establishment Clause of the First Amendment Establishment Clause of the First Amendment Non-religious private schools theoretically could qualify for such funding without hassle, preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with charter status. Private schooling 1852 1972 427 U.S. 160 McCrary $40,000 $40,000 Groton School Groton School John Harvard 1977 James Bryant Conant Association of American Universities Charles W. Eliot Harvard Library 79 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes eight U.S. presidents 150 Nobel laureates Boston metropolitan area $37.6 billion The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area eleven separate academic units The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area 1636 Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1638 1639 1650 Puritan ministers English university model It was never affiliated with any particular denomination 1804 Samuel Webber 1805 Louis Agassiz intuition Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart Charles W. Eliot Transcendentalist Unitarian William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson James Bryant Conant recruit 1945 every woman studying at Radcliffe 1977 the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House twelve residential Houses south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River Radcliffe College students a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston The John W. Weeks Bridge 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus. fifty percent Storrow Drive the enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space 2,400 2,400 2,400 1875 1858 $32 billion 30% $1.2 billion $159 million $159 million late 1980s South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown. $230 million 5.3% 2007 2007 2007 seven eight General Education categories Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, mid-May four-course rate average summa cum laude 60% $38,000 $57,000 room and board $340 million 88% Widener Library Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library Pusey Library over 18 million volumes three The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 2003 2011 Mines ParisTech Harvard Crimson Harvard–Yale Regatta Oxford University and Cambridge University team 1875 1903 revolutionary new rules former captain of the Yale football team Lavietes Pavilion The Malkin Athletic Center three weight rooms 23 years June Cornell 2003 U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Juan Manuel Santos Costa Rican President José Mara Figueres Benjamin Netanyahu Conan O'Brien Leonard Bernstein Yo Yo Ma W. E. B. Du Bois Shing-Tung Yau Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig Stephen Greenblatt Jacksonville 1,345,596 853,382 Duval 1968 First Coast First Coast Fort Caroline 1564 Andrew Jackson riverine golf riverine "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" Jacksonville University of North Florida Timucua the beginning of the historical era Ossachite Jean Ribault France Pedro Menéndez de Avilés San Mateo Fort Caroline French and Indian War 1763 cattle were brought across the river there. 1763 February 9, 1832 hogs and cattle Skirmish of the Brick Church Battle of Olustee Warfare Battle of Cedar Creek Gilded Age President Grover Cleveland yellow fever outbreaks Florida East Coast Railway steamboat and later by railroad Spanish moss 146 Governor Jennings Great Fire of 1901 New York–based filmmakers 30 Winter Film Capital of the World Hollywood highways 75.8% middle class "white flight" W. Haydon Burns World War II Much of the city's tax base dissipated sewage Jacksonville Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965. old boy network 11 Jacksonville Consolidation all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation voters approved the plan Lee Meredith Lee Meredith The Better Jacksonville Plan half-penny sales tax 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and St. Johns River The Trout River 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and Baldwin Downtown Jacksonville Barnett Center 617 ft 37-story Wells Fargo Center 37-story Wells Fargo Center humid subtropical climate May through September humid subtropical climate low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny. 104 °F (40 °C) thunderstorms the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity July Hurricane Dora 110 mph Tropical Storm Beryl Saffir-Simpson Scale 2008 5,751 366,273 5,751 25,033 29.7% 23.9% 94.1 91.3 World Institute for Development Economics Research 3.5 billion people $759,900 on the basis of the methodology used diversion World Institute for Development Economics Research The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations $41 trillion 0.7% there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts PolitiFact the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent." Inherited wealth grew up in substantial privilege PolitiFact richest 1 percent Inherited wealth over 60 percent Institute for Policy Studies Neoclassical economics differences in value added by labor, capital and land differences in value added by different classifications of workers the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions. marginal value added differences in value added by labor, capital and land differences in value added by different classifications of workers marginal value added worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions to reduce costs and maximize profits unemployment unemployment substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class. capitalist firms to reduce costs and maximize profits capitalist firms substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class. substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class. purely capitalist mode of production the law of supply and demand chronically understaffed Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair the market Wages purely capitalist mode of production markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair expendable nature low demand a large need for the positions collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption Professional and labor organizations a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) competition between workers expendable nature high supply) competition between employers for employees increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment) income for food and shelter push pull income for food and shelter higher economic inequality necessity income for food and shelter income for food and shelter the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth. progressive tax level of the top tax rate steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system progressive tax level of the top tax rate steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation variation in individuals' access to education those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education generally receive much lower wages it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor lower aggregate savings and investment variation in individuals' access to education increases in education first increase and then decrease growth those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages. lower incomes variation in individuals' access to education increasing access to education $105 billion boom-and-bust cycles Standard & Poor 2014 the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession increasing access to education $105 billion boom-and-bust cycles 1910–1940 During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. Lagerlof and Galor compression 1910–1940 a decrease in the price of skilled labor equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work educational inequality in gender Lagerlof and Galor Anglo-American liberal policies lower level of economic mobility U.S.-style labor-market flexibility continental European liberalism economic inequality substantial levels of social exclusion John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer U.S.-style labor-market flexibility lower level of economic mobility Scandinavia the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa." the University of Washington the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization the University of Washington the University of Washington the University of Washington the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa." the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa." low-skilled workers reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages technological innovation machine labor Trade liberalization low-skilled workers Paul Krugman minor machine labor 53% 53% women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate Gender pay gap Gender pay gap males in the labor market women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay Thomas Sowell once other factors are accounted for redistribution mechanisms countries with low levels of development capital redistribution mechanisms Simon Kuznets Simon Kuznets capital it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income lower levels of inequality the United States 1970s move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. middle-income developing economies level of inequality the Kuznets curve very weak decrease move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. Wealth concentration those who already hold wealth Capital in the Twenty-First Century larger fortunes Wealth concentration those who already hold wealth wealth condensation Capital in the Twenty-First Century Capital in the Twenty-First Century Joseph Stiglitz Joseph Stiglitz the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits political power generated by wealth by certain groups rent-seeking higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries Robert J. Shiller Robert J. Shiller High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem Increasing inequality Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income. lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued) in countries and states with higher in equality full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives poorer countries middle income countries 77 years Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) income inequality Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett states in the US with larger income inequalities 40 Crime rate homicides fifty half Daly et al. 2001 economic inequality distributive efficiency an additional dollar spent by a much richer person reduced "distributive efficiency" a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility consumption Will Wilkinson 2001 Thomas B. Edsall "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" the Financial crisis of 2007–08 systematic economic inequalities the Financial crisis of 2007–08 lower and middle income earners lower and middle income earners inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells High levels of inequality GDP growth higher GDP growth The poor and the middle class inequality increasing inequality harms economic growth negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth it is a waste of resources reducing its inequality-associated effects Joseph Stiglitz aggregate demand Joseph Stiglitz human capital in development widespread education 1993 Galor and Zeira channels through which inequality may affect economic growth higher levels of redistributive taxation politically and socially unstable high levels of inequality high levels of inequality income inequality and rates of growth and investment Harvard Swedish counties Kuznets curve hypothesis inequality first increases Thomas Piketty Thomas Piketty Thomas Piketty 1970s reduced consumer demand growth has risen with increased income inequality Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates "longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution development community the existing level of inequality development community Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty land and housing various associations and other arrangements over 200 steps and up to 14 years over 200 steps and up to 14 years over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York, rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing ad valorem certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone those who are worse equipped to manage their finances middle income earners taking on debt even greater inequality and potential economic instability waste and pollution is created increase of emissions per person more environmental degradation 2 billion private ownership of the means of production private ownership of the means of production income in the form of a wage or salary socially owned socially owned Robert Nozick taxation Robert Nozick forceful taking of property inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole capability deprivation a means to an end rather than the end itself functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals). functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals). the ability to pursue valued goals earning as much income an old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man gender roles and customs there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security Doctor Who 1963 TARDIS British police box Doctor Who 1963 to 1989 Russell T Davies The Sarah Jane Adventures 2005 Christopher Eccleston Twelve Peter Capaldi The Time of the Doctor Time Lords the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality Gallifrey Mark I Type 40 Time and Relative Dimension in Space chameleon circuit malfunction in the chameleon circuit The Doctor Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master regenerate humans Time Lord Saturday, 23 November 1963 The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants) the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters" Terry Nation 25 minutes of transmission length 26 Jonathan Powell Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS the series would return BBC 1 the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show Philip Segal 1996 9.1 million British expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States Rose 26 March 2005 2009 Chris Chibnall nine 2005 2005 2005 Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman 30 November 1963 eighty seconds ten minutes ten minutes power blackouts across the country Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa 1991 Behind the Sofa scariest TV show of all time 2011 Doctor Who 3% comparing Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously." comparing Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously." The Times newspaper a police box a trade mark a police box as a time machine Patent Office 2002 26 6 December 1989 14 The Master Black Guardian Trilogy 2005 60 minutes Christmas Day Journey's End "Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour" Resurrection of the Daleks Resurrection of the Daleks Resurrection of the Daleks 72 minutes 2009 William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton poor storage seasons 3, 4, & 5 1978 1964 and 1973 the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast 8 mm cine film Mission to the Unknown 8 mm cine film home viewers who made tape recordings of the show "Official" reconstructions Cosgrove Hall 1968 Theta-Sigma November 2006 Producers third William Hartnell's poor health renewal change of appearance The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead The Time of the Doctor The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead John Hurt The Day of the Doctor Michael Jayston The Trial of a Time Lord McGann and Eccleston's Doctors the War Doctor The Three Doctors Peter Davison The Space Museum The Day of the Doctor 1999 Zagreus Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann 1999 2003 The Time of the Doctor The Brain of Morbius Mawdryn Undead The Lodger 1983 An Unearthly Child Susan Foreman Dr. Constantine the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed Smith and Jones a human The Deadly Assassin Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton Jo Grant 2005 Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) Eleventh Doctor Pearl Mackie as Bill Catherine Tate the Sontarans and Davros 1 the Sontarans and Davros 3 Cybermats Dalek race Skaro to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings Davros their eyestalk Time Lord Time Lord Eric Roberts Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes Roger Delgado Derek Jacobi Utopia the Master had become a female incarnation or "Time Lady," going by the name of "Missy" Missy Michelle Gomez Ron Grainer BBC Radiophonic Workshop tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators The Derbyshire arrangement Did I write that? Peter Howell Dominic Glynn Keff McCulloch Murray Gold The Christmas Invasion Voyage of the Damned Classic FM's Hall of Fame 2007 228 Gold Jon Pertwee Mankind 24 Doctorin' the Tardis Doctorin' the Tardis Dudley Simpson Planet of Giants the 1960s and 1970s Planet of Giants The Talons of Weng-Chiang Murray Gold and Ben Foster Murray Gold and Ben Foster 27 July 2008 Music of the Spheres Murray Gold and Ben Foster Six The first featured tracks from the first two series 4 October 2010 A Christmas Carol 8 November 2010 The original logo used for the First Doctor (and briefly for the Second Doctor) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" "DW" TARDIS insignia Third and Eighth Doctors 1973–80 Eleventh Doctor John F. Kennedy BBC's mainstream BBC One channel late 1970s circa 1964–1965 BBC Three 1979 three to five million Coronation Street Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time 2005 23 November Silver Nemesis Edmonton, Canada 12 May 1996 on CITV in Edmonton, Canada, 15 days before the BBC One showing, and two days before it aired on Fox in the United States. 23 November Australian Broadcasting Corporation The Five Doctors SyFy the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes ABC1 1976 1976 Canadian cable channel Space The Talons of Weng-Chiang Judith Merril Christopher Eccleston Christopher Eccleston The Christmas Invasion CBC began airing series two on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving CBC began airing series two on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States Eight The Infinite Quest Spearhead from Space Spearhead Trevor Martin Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure The Curse of the Daleks Seven Keys to Doomsday David Banks Torchwood 22 October 2006 2008 Children of Earth BBC Wales, BBC Worldwide and the American entertainment company Starz Elisabeth Sladen 24 September 2007 David Tennant 2010 autumn 2011 Dimensions in Time Children in Need EastEnders requiring glasses with one darkened lens Pulfrich Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased Rowan Atkinson Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley head writer and executive producer The Neutral Zone "Blue Harvest" and "420" Queer as Folk Oliver on Coupling young adult fantasy novels a 21-minute narrated abridgement a 21-minute narrated abridgement Doctor Who and the Pescatons 1981 Slipback Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors Destiny of the Doctor Doctor Who 1999 2012 1991 Doctor Who 1979 Panini BBC Books early 1960s BBC Television the BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea. the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series 2005–2010 2011 Matt Smith Matt Smith Guinness World Records Peabody Awards electronic music 2013 50th anniversary special Writers' Guild of Great Britain "Auntie Awards" third SFX magazine eight Best Drama Series five 25 2009 Mind Award six over 200 over 200 Matt Smith The Waters of Mars a Dalek invades his bathroom Jon Culshaw a Dalek invades his bathroom Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory. Jon Culshaw The University of Chicago 1890 seven seven 5,000 various academic disciplines man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction Stagg Field University of Chicago Press 2020 William Rainey Harper John D. Rockefeller William Rainey Harper 1891 1892 Marshall Field Silas B. Cobb Cobb Lecture Hall $100,000 Charles L. Hutchinson several regional colleges and universities 1896 a grade of A for all four years The program passed into history by 1910. 1910 Robert Maynard Hutchins Common Core emphasize academics over athletics the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure 1929 1950s crime and poverty the University of Chicago after their second year crime and poverty allowed very young students to attend college 1962 President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies. 1967 two-page social and political action mid-2000s Milton Friedman Institute $200 million Chicago Theological Seminary David G. Booth Main Quadrangles six Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic Magdalen Tower Christ Church Hall 1940s Ludwig Mies van der Rohe School of Social Service Administration Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 2003 Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago left bank of the Seine fall 2010 Renmin University 2015 a board of trustees 50 fourteen Andrew Alper Robert Zimmer The Higher Learning Commission seven seven Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees five the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division Common Core 17 UChicago Uni in the USA Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School University of Chicago campus 9.8 million 9.8 million Regenstein Library 2011 John Crerar Library 113 113 Oriental Institute Fermilab Sunspot, New Mexico Milton Friedman Willard F. Libby Miller–Urey experiment 1953 a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track 2000 1996 2002 Several thousand 5,792 5,792 5,792 5,792 44% The Maroons The Maroons Big Ten Conference Jay Berwanger 1946 400 400 University of Chicago College Bowl Team Doc Films Off-Off Campus graduate and undergraduate students Executive Committee Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life, elected together as a slate by the student body greater than $2 million seven seven Alpha Phi Omega Alpha Phi Omega ten University of Chicago 1987 Festival of the Arts Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko Summer Breeze Satya Nadella Larry Ellison Larry Ellison Jon Corzine James O. McKinsey Saul Alinsky David Axelrod Robert Bork Masaaki Shirakawa Eliot Ness Allan Bloom Pulitzer Prize Before I Fall Lauren Oliver Studs Terkel Philip Roth Philip Glass Alex Seropian Halo Ed Asner Mike Nichols Carl Sagan John M. Grunsfeld uranium-lead dating John B. Goodenough Clair Cameron Patterson Milton Friedman George Stigler Paul Samuelson Eugene Fama David Graeber and Donald Johanson Samuel Reshevsky Samuel P. Huntington speed of light calculator A. A. Michelson Arthur H. Compton Enrico Fermi Edward Teller Maria Goeppert-Mayer James Henry Breasted Alberto Calderón Ted Fujita Yuan T. Lee Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley Raghuram Rajan anthropologist Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno Yuán Cháo Great Yuan Kublai Khan Kublai Khan 1271 The Yuan dynasty Song dynasty the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty Genghis Khan 1271 Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus Great Mongol State "Empire of the Great Khan the Mongol and Turkic tribes 1206 gedei Khan 1251 nephew Kublai the Jin Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala 10,000 Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala Shi Tianze the Jin dynasty Interethnic marriage Shi Bingzhi Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou Möngke Khan southern China 1259 Ariq Böke Zhongtong Ogedei weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south 1259 1259 1262 preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects Imperial Secretariat Confucian imperial examinations three, later four salt and iron Karakorum Karakorum 1264 Zhongdu Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration Kublai Khan Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace Daidu Daidu in the north Marco Polo Kong Duancao 1115 1234 Kong Duancao 30,000 northern China 1268 and 1273 Yangzi River basin Hangzhou drowned 1279 an inauspicious typhoon The Tran dynasty The Tran dynasty 1288 1253 Zhenjin 1285 Emperor Chengzong 1294 to 1307 Buyantu Khan mainstream Chinese culture Li Meng Department of State Affairs 1313 Emperor Gegeen Khan 1321 to 1323 Baiju the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese:, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan" five princes Qipchaq War of the Two Capitals four days El Temür Qipchaq Tugh Temür Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature Jingshi Dadian Buddhism Toghun Temür Emperor Ningzong Toghun Temür Toghun Temür Liao, Jin, and Song struggle, famine, and bitterness too Chinese they were separated from both the army and the populace Outlaws Uninterested in administration 1340s onwards Red Turban Rebellion betrayal Red Turban rebels 1368–1644 China and much of central Asia West Asian and European contacts Persia, the Ilkhanate carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton Western musical instruments Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism Buddhism Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education Marco Polo Cambaluc the Travels of Marco Polo Il milione Persian traders Guo Shoujing Gregorian calendar granaries were ordered built throughout the empire Beijing sorghum Yuan dynasty the Eternal Heaven Song dynasty Song dynasty a period of foreign domination Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu Privy Council civil, military, and censorial offices Privy Council the Sui and Tang dynasties Mongols and Semuren Ministry of War 1269 Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well Tugh Temur Emperor Wenzong 1290 Kublai the Yuan dynasty painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater painting, poetry, and calligraphy Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty qu the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu Yuan dynasty Tibetan variants Tibetan Buddhism Khanbaliq Sakya sect 1249 1314 a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices polynomial algebra 1303 the construction of calendars cubic interpolation formula 1281 Calendar for Fixing the Seasons 1281 Healers herbal remedies otachi doctors Imperial Academy of Medicine Confucian virtues The same intellectual foundation, the Jin dynasty military campaigns acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs 1347 huihui or Muslim medicine 1263 1263 humoral system humoral system Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries Wang Zhen 12th century Töregene Khatun 1273 chao bark of mulberry trees 1275 bronze plates 1294 Kublai Khan Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system Central Asia and the western end of the empire colonial Ilkhanate Han Chinese and Khitans Han Chinese and Khitans Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand artisans and farmers Qara-Khitay (Khitan circumcision Halal slaughter The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang thanks the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading degrees of privilege the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading who lived in poverty and were ill treated Southern Chinese Southern Chinese Southern Chinese higher they were placed private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans violently resisting The Central Region central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq Beijing Zhongshu Sheng East African Community East African Community Nairobi Tanzania 45 million Indian Ocean coastline savannah grasslands Mount Kenya Somalia and Ethiopia safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks Lower Paleolithic period the first millennium AD 97% 19th century December 1963 Mount Kenya Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa God's resting place Ludwig Krapf correct African pronunciation Joseph Thompsons 1862 Masai Mara lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant Masai Mara between June and September 2,900 kilometres primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago Pleistocene epoch Richard Leakey Richard Leakey Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey Mombasa Mombasa Cambay and Melinde the Kenyan Coast City of Malindi Mombasa August 1914 British East Africa Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck undefeated Northern Rhodesia over a million itinerant farmers the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour 80,000 Warhi Itote Mau Mau command structure 24 April 1954 4,686 Mau Mau Mau reward loyalists 1957 Jomo Kenyatta 12 December 1963 12 December 1963 Republic of Kenya voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot widespread agitation for constitutional reform Daniel arap Moi democratic republic head of state and head of government the government both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate The Judiciary Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index public sector corruption in various countries 139th Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Party of National Unity Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) votes from his stronghold arrived later 8% the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future the Evangelical Lutheran Church the Evangelical Lutheran Church the Evangelical Lutheran Church 28 February 2008 the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister PNU and ODM camps the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete Nairobi's Harambee House 29 February 2008 the two political parties would share power equally eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President 4 August 2010 delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights 27 August 2010 Second Republic December 2014 armed groups nine it infringed on democratic freedoms United States, Britain, Germany and France Wit 2007 President Xi Jinping July 2015 peacekeeping missions around the world the violence that subsequently engulfed the country human rights violations Kenya’s armed forces blanket of “state security” Armoured Personnel Carriers Further 145 out of 186 in the world 145 $1.25 a day frontier market or occasionally an emerging market 62% 75% Industry and manufacturing 75% 61% tourism late 1980s coastal beaches and the game reserves Germany and the United Kingdom 24% tea, horticultural produce, and coffee Agriculture sharp weather-related fluctuations International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics 650 mm stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing linking producers to wholesalers buy assets fertile highlands tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat north and east 53% August and September 2011 14% 14% Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements African Growth and Opportunity Act 2000 Turkwel Gorge Dam Turkwel Gorge Dam Kenya Electricity Generating Company Turkana 10 billion barrels. Exploration 20% to 25% $474 million Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment Uganda Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia China has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project. Vision 2030 2030 National Climate Change Action Plan omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months agriculture 30% 400 poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions their mother tongues within their own communities English and Swahili commerce, schooling and government British English is primarily used in the country 23.5% 23.5% 3 million Nairobi 2.4% Sixty percent Christian around 300,000 80% clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners 43 million 43 million Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition 15 million British colonists. 12 December 1963 Ominde Commission identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time 7–4–2–3 the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system 8–4–4 8–4–4 1992 January 1985 vocational subjects enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector January 2003 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required six years 12 years a vocational youth/village polytechnic four years 85% children from age three to five Standard One (First Grade) those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Kenya National Library Service establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life. it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing middle-distance and long-distance athletics Morocco and Ethiopia Morocco and Ethiopia six gold 2008 Olympics IAAF Golden League jackpot the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries economic or financial factors Africa Cricket They upset some of the World's best teams Rakep Patel March 2007 Safari Rally one of the toughest rallies in the world Björn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon (chakula cha mchana) and supper in the evening 10 o'clock tea bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Resolution 43/53 Hoesung Lee Hoesung Lee Ismail El Gizouli Bert Bolin February 2015 governments and organizations 350 350 government officials and climate change experts 322 the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data published sources non-peer-reviewed sources model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals ten to fifteen ten to fifteen ten to fifteen coordinating lead authors ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs WG I Summary for Policymakers additional warming of the Earth's surface CO2 0.3 °C 0.3 to 0.6 °C 2001 16 Australian Academy of Science 1.4 and 5.8 °C 1.4 and 5.8 °C Richard Lindzen the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report John Houghton TAR WGI scientific evidence IPCC Assessment Reports 2011 2011 governments Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme default emission factors levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions The IPCC poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance" WWF report an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale" Robert Watson overstating the impact co-chair of the IPCC working group II a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment" Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes the "hockey stick graph" Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000 between 1000 and 1900 Fred Singer Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. 18 July 2000 United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Rep. Joe Barton Ed Whitfield 23 June 2005 Sherwood Boehlert Sherwood Boehlert 2007 2007 14 divergence problem 14 1 February 2007 temperatures and sea levels the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection. the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection. projected rises in sea levels 9–88 cm 50–140 cm 2001 Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 Science Magazine Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 Montreal Protocol Climate Change The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus Sheldon Ungar varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report a deadline for submissions five five Wikipedia-IPCC full-time staff conduct photosynthesis ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH Calvin cycle 100 Chloroplasts light color and intensity their own DNA a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell cell division plants and algae Andreas Schimper Andreas Schimper Andreas Schimper Andreas Schimper Cyanobacteria prokaryotes two cell membranes peptidoglycan blue-green algae phagocytic vacuole around a billion years ago innermost lipid-bilayer membranes innermost lipid-bilayer membranes the nucleus of the host chloroplast glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage. glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage. glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage. the green chloroplast lineage glaucophyte alga glaucophyte chloroplasts icosahedral icosahedral chlorophyll a and phycobilins phycobilin pigments chlorophyll a and phycobilins help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water granules they have lost their phycobilisomes accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors peptidoglycan wall some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, though they've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts eukaryote secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two failed to digest it the host's cell membrane cell membrane and nucleus a green alga Euglenophytes a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three membrane-bound granules three red-algal red-algal derived chloroplast nucleomorph granules found in the periplastid space pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two helicosproidia chromalveolates Plasmodium, the malaria parasite vestigial red algal derived chloroplast amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters apicomplexan-related diseases isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids four Peridinin peridinin-type chloroplast triplet-stacked red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages tertiary endosymbiosis tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte nucleomorph and outermost two membranes Dinophysis a two-membraned chloroplast heterokontophyte a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast five whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast granules nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus a green algal derived chloroplast a green algal derived chloroplast a green algal derived chloroplast a green algal derived chloroplast endosymbiotic events a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently 850 850 850 ctDNA, or cpDNA plastome 1962 1986 two inverted repeat regions direct repeats stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome electron microscopy mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication theta intermediary form Cairns replication intermediate theta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns replication intermediate, and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism A G deamination when it is single stranded homologous recombination. homologous recombination circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex structures homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4 homologous recombination and replication structures a D-loop mechanism of replication most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism Endosymbiotic gene transfer providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence red algal derived chloroplast green algal genes in the diatom nucleus nonfunctional pseudogenes half participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group cytosol helps many proteins bind the polypeptide folding prematurely lens-shaped 5–8 m 5–8 m a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell a double membrane a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium the host's cell membrane mitochondrial double membrane oxidative phosphorylation to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy internal thylakoid system inner chloroplast membrane Stromules a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport 1962 chloroplasts of C4 plants gymnosperms membranous tubes and vesicles cross-membrane transport to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes 17 nm vs 25 nm shine-dalgarno sequence recognition most chloroplasts and prokaryotes plastoglobule(s) Plastoglobuli Plastoglobuli 45–60 nanometers across a lipid monolayer a thylakoid exchange its contents with the thylakoid network their parent thylakoid old or stressed chloroplasts chloroplasts roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies "de novo" helical thylakoid model flattened circular granal thylakoids 10–20 10–20 helicoid stromal thylakoids chlorophyll and carotenoids chlorophyll and carotenoids chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space dam turbine stromal thylakoids, grana stroma pancake-shaped circular disks 300–600 nanometers in diameter thirty transfer and dissipate excess energy override the chlorophyll green -carotene orange-red zeaxanthin cyanobacteria Phycobilins phycoerytherin 40 nanometers 40 nanometers rubisco it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen adding oxygen to sugar precursors Calvin cycle ATP energy the light reactions rubisco grana and thylakoids a four-carbon compound to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar chlorophyll chlorophyll parenchyma cells collenchyma tissue chlorenchyma stems leaves 8–15 per cell half a million mesophyll layers low-light conditions intense light reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out Mitochondria infected cells infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence purposely damaging their photosynthetic system reactive oxygen species salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species detecting stress in a cell pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus photosynthesis photosynthesis to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space up to a thousand times ATP synthase adenosine triphosphate NADP+ cyclic photophosphorylation C4 plants C4 plants, which need more ATP than NADPH Rubisco six-carbon molecules 3-phosphoglyceric acid one out of every six glucose monomers high atmospheric CO2 concentrations grana and thylakoids Waterlogged roots another photosynthesis-depressing factor RuBP when the oxygen concentration is too high it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar Calvin cycle chloroplast dimorphism sulfur-containing cysteine and methionine it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed cytosol Chloroplasts fertilized egg an adult plant's apical meristems starch-storing amyloplasts chloroplasts chlorophyll a lattice of tubes in their stroma yellow Gymnosperms chromoplasts flowers and ripe fruit chromoplasts chromoplasts If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 the chloroplast's stroma The Min system plastid-dividing rings plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings 5 nanometers across 5 nanometers a third plastid-dividing ring Light exposure to bright white light Spinach leaves grown under green light poor quality green light pollen posing significantly lower environmental risks 3 in 1,000,000 failed containment rate of transplastomic plants a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself composite number fundamental theorem of arithmetic fundamental theorem of arithmetic arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization primality trial division Miller–Rabin primality test AKS primality test 22,338,618 decimal digits Euclid Euclid statistical behaviour prime number theorem end of the 19th century Goldbach's conjecture Goldbach's conjecture algebraic public-key cryptography prime elements and prime ideals 3 1, 2, and n odd prime 1, 3, 7, or 9 0 or 5 Greeks Christian Goldbach Christian Goldbach 10,006,721 forms its own special category as a "unit" Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic if 1 were considered a prime the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function the sum of divisors function eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1 the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus Ancient Greeks Euclid's Elements Euclid compute primes Pierre de Fermat Leibniz and Euler 22n + 1 2p 1 n = 4 (or 216 + 1) trial division if a complete list of primes up to is known dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root 4 and 6 dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n two main classes probabilistic probabilistic probabilistic 1/(1-p)n the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number. the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number. the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and Carmichael numbers. Baillie-PSW Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests Sophie Germain primes 2p 1 Lucas–Lehmer primorial primes Sophie Germain primes distributed computing 2009 US$100,000 $150,000 and $250,000 by taking a piece of semi-random binary data, converting it to a number n, multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k, and searching for possible primes within the interval [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) 1] floor function Chebyshev there always exists at least one prime number p with n p 2n 2, for any natural number n > 3 there always exists at least one prime number p with n p 2n 2 Wilson's theorem when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions 1/6 one prime number infinitely many prime numbers zeta if there were only finitely many primes then (1) would have a finite value diverges exceeds any given number richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory 1859 s random noise asymptotic distribution of primes asymptotic distribution of primes Goldbach's conjecture all four of these conjectures have withstood a proof n = 2 1017 Vinogradov's theorem Chen's theorem twin prime conjecture infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 it states that for every positive integer n2 + 1 there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. prime numbered gear teeth G. H. Hardy 1970s hash tables hash tables and pseudorandom number generators if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal p 1 p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n 1)! is divisible by n. p is not a prime factor of q 512-bit primes RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange 512-bit primes there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation 512-bit primes cicadas grubs underground They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years prime number intervals between emergences 2% minimality or indecomposability the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. a connected sum of prime knots any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots commutative ring R prime elements prime elements and irreducible elements p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y. units fundamental theorem of arithmetic Z[i] a + bi the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not. ring theory Prime ideals prime elements The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11), The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11), Prime ideals ramification in geometry quadratic number fields quadratic number fields p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value arithmetic questions related to Q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields p-adic norm ||p local-global principle Olivier Messiaen La Nativité du Seigneur La Nativité du Seigneur the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in the third étude the movements of nature The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) Cologne, Germany the Danube 1,230 km (760 mi) the Rhineland the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands 2,900 m3/s Rnos Rhin Rnaz 1st century BC Rnos Rhin Greek (Rhnos), Latin Rhenus. Rnaz Rhijn Rhine-kilometers "Rhine-kilometers" "Rhine-kilometers" "Rhine-kilometers" number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century. Rhine-kilometers" "Rhine-kilometers" "Rhine-kilometers" number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century. "Rhine-kilometers" north 599 m to 396 m. 599 m to 396 m. Seeztal valley the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East. Chur 599 m to 396 m. 599 m to 396 m. 599 m to 396 m. the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East. The mouth of the Rhine The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section. the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section Isel Donkey The mouth of the Rhine the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section. at least two arms Isel Diepoldsau Fußach Diepoldsau The Dornbirner Ach continuous input of sediment into the lake Fußach Diepoldsau Diepoldsau The Dornbirner Ach continuous input of sediment into the lake the Seerhein lower lake Lake Rhine Swiss-Austrian border upper lake the Seerhein Germany, Switzerland and Austria Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps 47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650 Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg greater density of cold water Lake Überlingen Rheinbrech this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake. on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau Rheinbrech on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau Lake Überlingen Rhine Gutter Depending on the water level westward the river Aare 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s) Finsteraarhorn the canton of Schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of Zürich and Basel westward the river Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), Finsteraarhorn German Basel Rhine knee the Central Bridge Upper Rhine Plain, about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide Basel Rhine knee the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North High Rhine the Central Bridge 19th Century The rate of flow was increased The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly Grand Canal d'Alsace large compensation pools a Rhine straightening program 19th Century The rate of flow was increased The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly Grand Canal d'Alsace the longest river in Germany 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s) The Rhine the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) the longest river in Germany the longest river in Germany the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle Northeastern France 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) Middle Rhine the Rhine Gorge erosion the Romantic Rhine Middle Rhine the Rhine Gorge The gorge Romantic Rhine the Rhine Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg The Ruhr drinking water Switzerland water pollution the Rhine Switzerland Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg The Ruhr viniculture and tourism Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz Lorelei the Middle Rhine Valley viniculture and tourism The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz Lorelei Sankt Goarshausen Duisburg Wesel-Datteln Canal the Lippe Emmerich Rhine Bridge 400 m Lower Rhine Rhine-Ruhr Duisport Emmerich Rhine Bridge 400 m Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse Rijn Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede farther west Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas Pannerdens Kanaal the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn the Lek Nieuwe Maas Pannerdens Kanaal the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer the Lek Wijk bij Duurstede Rijn draining the surrounding land Kromme Rijn Bent Rhine Old Rhine Dutch-German border Dutch-German border Rhine Delta Angeren three IJssel Old Meuse the Rip Merwede-Oude Maas 1421 Merwede-Oude Maas 1421 to 1904 archipelago-like estuary Many rivers have been closed ("dammed") Delta Works dammed Delta Works tidal delta tidal currents strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Brakel and Zaltbommel Tethys sea Jurassic Period Mediterranean geography the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, Alpine orogeny Upper Rhine Graben Miocene northern flanks stream capture Pliocene period Vosges Mountains Ice Ages 120 m (390 ft) 120 m (390 ft) the Rhine followed a course to the northwest Brest 74,000 11,600 BP 70,000 120 m (390 ft) the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. a glacier tundra 22,000–14,000 yr BP Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps, wind-blown dust frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers Rhine 13,000 BP 9000 BP 7500 yr ago natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes 7000 years tectonic subsidence 1–3 cm 11,700 years ago 8,000 years ago Late-Glacial valley the Netherlands 3000 yr BP increased flooding and sedimentation upland areas 11–13th 80 the North Sea Meuse estuary IJsselmeer freshwater lake River Waal Herodotus Gaul and Germania 6th century BC Maurus Servius Honoratus Augustus water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube the empire fell eastwards Moguntiacum eight Germania Inferior oppidum Ubiorum the actual number of legions present at any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. town of the Ubii the 5th century the 5th century dragons rock Siegfried Hagen 6th century 10th century Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine Archduke Sigismund of Austria Archduke Sigismund of Austria Peace of Westphalia Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine Louis XIV 1806 1840 World War I 1935 1935 helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power 1936 Arnhem formidable natural obstacle Operation Market Garden of September 1944 the Ludendorff Bridge Seven Days to the River Rhine 1,230 kilometres (764 miles) Knaurs Lexikon typographical error 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) 2010 1997 Scotland Act 1998 the areas in which it can make laws the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom Westminster Parliament of Great Britain Parliament of Great Britain the First World War. 1969 1973 Scottish National Party Scottish National Party 1974 the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should 1978 an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. 51.6% The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed 51.6% the government of the United Kingdom the Conservative Party the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly the Convention a new Scottish Parliament Building Enric Miralles Enric Miralles parkland and gabion walls Queen Elizabeth II to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland School of Divinity Strathclyde Regional Council Glasgow City of Edinburgh Council George IV Bridge this building was demolished Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge one Tricia Marwick secret ballot 129 electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks. the Presiding Officer Parliamentary Bureau the Standing Orders of the Parliament The Presiding Officer a hemicycle the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members 131 2 cannot vote silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers a glass case Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity a glass case suspended from the lid Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays 2 pm to 6 pm Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public Entry is free Official Report Wednesdays up to four minutes Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Scotland nominate speakers The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak a balance between different viewpoints and political parties ministers or party leaders Scots, Gaelic 5 pm Parliamentary campus MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote electronic consoles on their desks seconds political parties political parties whips moral future elections Decision Time an MSP who is not a Scottish minister 45 minutes proposer mancare, other members normally contribute winds up committee backbenchers there is no revising chamber take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise other locations throughout Scotland MSPs MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties different committees Mandatory Committees the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament beginning of each parliamentary session one the fourth Session the fourth Session an outside party or promoter large-scale development projects private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private Bill Committees The Scotland Act 1998 Parliament of the United Kingdom extends the devolved competencies Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster Parliament of the United Kingdom Schedule 5 all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament All matters that are not specifically reserved up to 3 pence in the pound borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns. Reserved matters Westminster Westminster UK Government ministers a committee of the Parliament a committee of the Parliament a bill as a private member an outside proposer a number of stages the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament the relevant committee or committees Stage 2 Stage 3 amendments Stage 3 wrecking amendments" Decision Time the Monarch the Monarch the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]". The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament Any member Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs the Sovereign the first Thursday in May the first Thursday in May the Monarch less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it. the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election Scottish Parliament The First Minister or members of the cabinet setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement Parliamentary time 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction four 73 Orkney and Shetland one member The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles 55,000 proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot the d'Hondt method The party with the highest quotient constituency seats repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated. qualifications House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981 18 members of the police and the armed forces Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 a party has commanded a parliamentary majority 16 seats from Labour 151 votes Liberal Democrats there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence Conservatives Edinburgh Pentlands five seats Annabel Goldie vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum. Scotland MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament West Lothian the Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England. England Islamism moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life. government and society "oscillating between two poles a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion Moderate and reformist Islamists Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine abolish the state of Israel entirely reject democracy religious the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" Sunni pan-Islamism sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions, "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other." Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy Islamism Islam ism Islamism illiberal Islamic regimes to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics not Muslims the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970", the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970", between 1945 and 1970 non-political Islam dangerous enemies Western and pro-Western governments considerable impact US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition considerable impact Anwar Sadat Anwar Sadat Anwar Sadat 1975 assassinated strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism hate them Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims Saudi affordable mass marriage ceremonies incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments affordable mass marriage ceremonies rhetoric prohibitively costly dowry demands law and philosophy the All India Muslim League Indian National Congress 1908 The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam Hindu-majority Hindu-majority shedding of nationalist differences Sir Muhammad Iqbal Pakistan movement Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi journalism Jamaat-e-Islami writing placed Islam in a modern context Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi journalism writing placed Islam in a modern context Sharia Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state unity of God the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process Maududi Maududi Hassan al Banna the Qur'an Shariah law Mahmud Fami Naqrashi Mahmud Fami Naqrashi Mahmud Fami Naqrashi 1948 Gamal Abdul Nasser Brotherhood 75% of the total seats "semi-legal" "semi-legal" Mohamed Morsi Six-Day War Six-Day War secular Arab nationalism secular, socialist and nationalist politics Maududi and Sayyid Qutb Sunni Islamic thinkers Ali Shariati Sunni Islamic thinkers complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law The Islamic Republic The Islamic Republic The Islamic Republic Israel-Lebanon conflict Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 40th Army 40th Army to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith marginal 16,000 to 35,000 several hundred thousand Saddam Hussein several hundred thousand several hundred thousand a puppet of the west American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it remained stationed in the kingdom Algeria Osama bin Laden moderate 1966 Brotherhood Fringe or splinter movements 1970s Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization 1981 apostate leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya 2003 the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful attempted assassinations of political figures quiescent HAMAS Hamas charter devout middle class First Palestine Intifada Hamas 542 January 2006 542 driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip Islamist Hassan al-Turabi General Gaafar al-Nimeiry foreign Islamist banking systems sympathetic students in the university and military academy 1985 overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military sharia law Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization 1989 Algeria Front Islamique de Salut a military coup d'état justice and prosperity the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union 1992 one of the poorest countries on earth 80% governmental and religious groups the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist Sharia Osama bin Laden July 1977 alcohol and nightclubs Islamism legitimize his means of seizing power 1988 Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group ten million it lacks international recognition caliphate 2004 the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad notorious intransigence March 2011 the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria Muslim history 7th century 1924 Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. ended the true Islamic system armed jihad ideological struggle armed jihad 1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt terrorist groups 900,000 Islamist 2007 Londonistan incitement to terrorism 2001 public diplomacy programmes Christian Whiton Robert Gates Robert Gates Latin military force Japan rapid spread of technologies and ideas Imperialism "physical control or full-fledged colonial rule". othering less direct "formal" and "informal" imperialism physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule" general-purpose aggressiveness private industries informal the amount of land that a nation has conquered how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory Lenin expansion overland, economic and cultural influences Asia and Africa colonialism it lacks a political focus Robert Young the Russian or Ottoman to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people Imperialism and colonialism the process of a country taking physical control of another conquering the other state's lands the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered the conquered indigenous populations. imperialism imperialism races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest'social efficiency' The purportedly scientific nature of "Social Darwinism" and a theory of races whiteness Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder The Royal Geographical Society of London The Royal Geographical Society of London environmental determinism Ellen Churchill Semple Edward Said’s Orientalism environmental determinism orientalism Terra nullius eighteenth century the policies and practices of the British Empire Australia empty land Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography irrational and backward Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior Orientalism irrational and backward Bassett to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps unknown or unexplored territory cartographic techniques empire Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire. Genghis Khan Historically recognized Muslim empires number in the dozens Ethiopian Empire Sub-Saharan Africa Cultural imperialism soft power smuggled South Korean drama series smuggled South Korean drama series authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes 1700 colonizing the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world the middle of the 20th century Open Door Policy 1919 1999 John Gallagher the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous. the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous. territorial imperialism the "British exploited the political weakness of the Mughal state, and, while military activity was important at various times, the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance" collecting resources from colonies Mughal state communication chemists machine gun arrows, swords, and leather shields chemists anglophone 1870s idealism and philanthropy need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment aristocracy 1950s World War I domestic social reforms state intervention through taxation environmental determinism the environment in which they lived less civilized Americas, second in Asia and lastly in Africa orientalism and tropicality climatic Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate guidance and intervention from the European empire orientalism colonizing empires sixteenth century Queen Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth 1767 Portuguese Algeria 1850 Catholicism North and West Africa Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. they have a duty to civilize the inferior assimilation France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority. Christianity and French culture Algeria Charles de Gaulle and the Free French 1945 Vietnam Algeria 1960 Germanic tribes Muslim Iberia classical antiquity 800 CE an amorphous area of central Europe late 19th century 1862 Franco-German War Napoleon Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses. Africa and the South Pacific reasons of German prestige 1884 German New Guinea Hamburg merchants and traders Sakhalin Island 1894 Thailand 1931 The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China 1932 Bolshevik leaders Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe Bolshevik leaders the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution Imperialism Mao Zedong Nikita Khrushchev socialism in one country mercantilism 1776 free trade 1820 1815 The British Empire Social Darwinism and theories of race imperialism Asia and the Middle East Monroe Doctrine Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy" a war erupted in the Philippines Anti-Imperialist League a "racket" Isiah Bowman 1917 the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' Wilson's geographer internal strife between various people groups "internal colonialism" Participation in the African slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient 1299 to 1923 Suleiman the Magnificent 32 Southeast Europe 16th and 17th centuries the Ottoman Empire Germany World War I Germany The United Methodist Church Protestant Methodist denomination the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church Wesleyan 80 million 80 million the largest mainline Protestant denomination 3.6% mid-18th century Church of England Bible study 1735 to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia Charles Wesley salvation by God's grace John Wesley 1784 Thomas Coke Lovely Lane Methodist Church Lovely Lane Methodist Church St. George's United Methodist Church St. George's United Methodist Church 1767 Dock Street 1784 Richard Allen and Absalom Jones St. George's Church 1784 1830 the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church 1844 tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination April 23, 1968 Dallas, Texas Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke the holy catholic (or universal) church The Book of Discipline invisible American Revolution Dr. Thomas Coke Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. 1968 John Wesley and Charles Wesley Albert C. Outler Albert C. Outler Prevenient grace Prevenient grace grace that "goes before" us Prevenient grace Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace justifying grace conversion conversion New Birth Christian Perfection Sanctifying Grace a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves Christian Perfection Wesleyan theology prima scriptura moderate and tolerant The Book of Discipline 2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice". pro-choice Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women the need to be in supportive ministry with all women the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality May 2012 Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth temperance movement 2011 and 2012 The Use of Money unfermented grape juice capital punishment Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. lex talionis The General Conference of the United Methodist Church celebration of same-sex unions Rev. Jimmy Creech 2016 Connectional Table many organizations, conferences, and congregations resolutions 1987 2005 Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC conscription neither the way of military action those persons who conscientiously oppose all war Christ's message and teachings national foreign policy general and complete disarmament The United Methodist Church violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue. federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America Church of England Sunday Service of the Methodists Africa Book of Common Prayer laying on of hands and anointing with oil a biblical figure William Booth John Wesley The United Methodist Church General Conference The Book of Discipline General Conference every four years five seven elect and appoint bishops elect and appoint bishops Episcopal Areas Mission Council church bishops South Central Jurisdiction George W. Bush Presidential Library South Central Jurisdiction nine The Judicial Council eight-year term twice a year twice a year at various locations throughout the world The Annual Conference geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting Clergy The Book of Discipline a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members The church conference The church conference one hundred sixty International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities John Wesley pastors Annual Conference Order of Elders Annual Conference Order of Deacons Annual Conference Cabinet one year at a time Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference Word, Sacrament, Order and Service the local church 2–3 years District Superintendents 2–3 years Deacons Deacons sacramental authority 1996 seminary graduate 1996 Licensed Local Pastor licensed local pastor an approved five -year course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary or course of study school, successfully complete written and oral examinations, and appear before the District Committee on Ministry and the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry. Associate Membership Baptized Members confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith transfer from another Christian denomination Baptism confirmation and membership preparation classes The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition lay servants their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant annually at least one advanced course every three years The United Methodist Church National Association of Evangelicals blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity 2000 May 2012 1985 11 million 11 million 8 million 8 million Texas 11.4 million 7.9 million 7.9 million The UMC is also a member of the Wesleyan Holiness Consortium World Methodist Council July 18, 2006 1754–1763 British America and New France 60,000 European settlers 2 million New France and the British colonies Forks of the Ohio George Washington 1755 Battle of the Monongahela poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies Fort Beauséjour expulsion of the Acadians William Pitt France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war. Quebec Great Britain Spain eastern North America 1740s Seven Years' War France and Great Britain the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire 1763 six years the capture of Montreal in 1760 Battle of Jumonville Glen Île Royale Île Royale Indian women Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south the settlements were growing into the interior native tribes Father Le Loutre's War Upstate New York and the Ohio Country authority to make agreements Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region Anglo-Cherokee War North America no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces. 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave. they would trade with the British regardless of the French Pickawillany if he continued to trade with the British Montreal the English the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present Ohio Company of Virginia Ohio Company of Virginia Christopher Gist Monongahela River the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) King George's War Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission both sides Marquis de la Jonquière French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British Old Briton Paul Marin de la Malgue Erie, Pennsylvania Waterford, Pennsylvania to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British Tanaghrisson The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond British Superintendent for Indian Affairs colonel of the Iroquois Mohawk Chief Hendrick Ohio Company Major George Washington Tanaghrisson December 12 Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it. the British April 5, 1754 William Trent construction tools Battle of Jumonville Glen Joseph Coulon de Jumonville They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships dislodge the French France King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. February 1755 Albany Congress allegiance of the various tribes and nations never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown War of Independence 1,500 a disaster Approximately 1,000 Thomas Gage Shirley and Johnson. fortify Oswego Fort Niagara Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams Baron Dieskau Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat both sides withdrawing from the field Fort William Henry Fort Carillon Colonel Monckton Charles Lawrence 1757 William Shirley Albany Fort Frontenac Quebec January 1756 Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm May 18, 1756 Oneida Carry Battle of Fort Bull 45,000 pounds Oswego garrison Loudoun Ticonderoga Vaudreuil's disposition of prisoners' personal effects Quebec Montcalm William Pitt New York Fort William Henry Lake George some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. poor harvest Vaudreuil European theater Loudoun regular troops Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg 3,600 3,600 Fort Frontenac victor to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland New France the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. Montcalm cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south Battle of Sainte-Foy the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides. Governor Vaudreuil worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed General Amherst. 10 February 1763 15 February 1763 Guadeloupe and Martinique sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent 80,000 1755 North American provinces New Orleans King George III the division and administration of the newly conquered territory west of the Appalachian Mountains Yamasee Braddock and Forbes 1769 Choctaw and the Creek the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession Aristotle and Archimedes fundamental error Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton nearly three hundred years Einstein quantum mechanics and technology gauge bosons strong strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational electroweak interaction Aristotle Aristotelian cosmology terrestrial sphere motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place" the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo Galilei objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. friction Newton a lack of net force Newton Newton's First Law of Motion the laws of physics laws of physics curving parabolic path the laws of physics do not change from being at rest constant velocity motion inertia The rotational inertia of planet Earth Albert Einstein Newton's Laws of Motion principle of equivalence Newton's Second Law kinematic General relativity General relativity the relative units of force and mass then are fixed symmetry symmetry a unidirectional force F and F the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system internal forces the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system an intuitive understanding using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale Newtonian mechanics experimentation vector quantities denoted scalar quantities vectors the situation is ambiguous vectors static equilibrium magnitude and direction the net force their respective lines of application the resultant (also called the net force), can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition: the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram, gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction independent components horizontal force pointing northeast the original force scalar three-dimensional static friction static friction Pushing against an object on a frictional surface Pushing against an object on a frictional surface static equilibrium between two forces spring reaction force an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force", an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force", Isaac Newton Dynamic equilibrium simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Dynamic equilibrium the falling cannonball the falling cannonball constant velocity motion kinetic friction force constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction Aristotle Schrödinger equation Schrödinger equation classical position variables quantized force spin Pauli spin symmetric antisymmetric momentum-carrying force quantum field theory sophisticated mathematical descriptions straight line four nuclear forces electromagnetic force the gravitational force acts between masses Pauli exclusion principle Isaac Newton quantum mechanics fundamental theories self-consistent unification models Isaac Newton Galileo 9.81 meters per second squared 9.81 meters per second squared force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration: Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, Henry Cavendish Henry Cavendish Newton Mercury Vulcan Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Albert Einstein general relativity ballistic trajectory gravitational force curvature of space-time Lorentz's Law The connection between electricity and magnetism Lorentz's Law electrostatic force 1864 1864 1864 186 1864 attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, quantum mechanics quantum electrodynamics photons quantum electrodynamics stiffness and rigidity Pauli exclusion principle lower energy quantum mechanical states structural force stiffness and rigidity Pauli exclusion principle lower energy quantum mechanical states structural force elementary particles hadrons hadrons gluons color confinement weak force beta decay beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity 1013 times less 1015 kelvins repulsive forces Pauli repulsion fermionic nature of electrons repulsive forces ideal strings ideal pulleys action-reaction pairs conservation of mechanical energy movable pulleys Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object tensile stresses pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area position unbalanced torque instantaneous angular acceleration center of the curving path velocity vector centripetal the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path tangential force kinetic kinetic net mechanical energy an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area. an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area. gradient gradient of potentials gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials Nonconservative forces statistical mechanics macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases. macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces kilogram-force kilopond metric slug 1000 N, and the kip sthène