Camera obscura
Camera obscura est instrumentum opticum quod ad photographiam et cameram photographicam duxit. Instrumentum in capsa vel conclave perparvo foramine acuto in uno latere sito consistit. Lux, ex prospectu externo per foramen transiens, superficiem intus percutit, ubi inversa (sursum deorsum) regeneratur, coloribus et perspectivo conservatis. Imago tum in chartam proici potest, et vicissim ad repraesentationem exactissimam propagandam delineari potest. Maxima orbis terrarum camera obscura in Colle Constitutionis Aberystwyth in urbe Cambriae  stat.

Camera obscura speculo adhibito, ut in modo supero saeculo duodevicensimo in usu, imaginem erectam proici potest. Aliud genus, gestabilius, est capsa cui est speculum tam angulatum ut in chartam delineariam in superiori vitrei parte posita proiciat, ubi imago erecta est, a tergo visa.

Cum foramen minus fiat, imago acutior fit, sed imago proiecta hebescit; si autem foramen nimis parvum sit, acies ob diffractionem ingravescit. In usu, plurimae camerae obscurae lente, potius quam foramine acuto (ut in camera foraminis acuti) utuntur, quia lens maiorem aperturam sinit, nitorem utilem foco apto iam dans.

Exempla

Alhazenus
Camera
Camera lucida
Historia cinematis
Lanterna magica
Larva Pepperana
Observatorium Bristolianum
Optica
Vitreum Claudianum

Notae

Bibliographia
Crombie, Alistair Cameron. 1990. Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780907628798. Google Books, p. 205. 
Frevert, Detlef, Ulrich Timmermann, et Reinhold Elschot. 1982. Fremde Heimat: Fotografie mit der Camera Obscura. Gelsenkirchen-Buer: Etc Medienproduction & Verlag Elschot, Timmermann und Clobes. ISBN 3923355009.
Gernsheim, Helmut, cum Alison Gernsheim. 1969. The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era. Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill.
Kelley, David H., E. F. Milone, et A. F. Aveni. 2005. Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy. Birkhäuser. ISBN 0387953108. OCLC 213887290.
Hill, Donald R. 1993. Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh University Press.
Lindberg, D. C. 1976. Theories of Vision from Al Kindi to Kepler. Sicagi et Londinii: University of Chicago Press.
Nazeef, Mustapha. 1940. Ibn Al-Haitham As a Naturalist Scientist. Proceedings of the Memorial Gathering of Al-Hacan Ibn Al-Haitham, 21 Decembris 1939. Egypt Printing.
Needham, Joseph. 1986. Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Science and Civilization in China, 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Omar, S. B. 1977. Ibn al-Haitham's Optics. Bibliotheca Islamica. Sicagi.
Wade, Nicholas J., et Stanley Finger. 2001 The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective. Perception 30(10):1157–1177. doi:10.1068/p3210. PMID 11721819.

Lux
Photographia