Carbohydratum
Carbohydratum, sive hydratum carbonii rite descriptum, in chemia organica est biomolecula cuius formula empirica Cm(H2O)n est; hoc est, hydratum carbonii in carbonio, hydrogenio, oxygenio consistit, ubi ratio atomica duorum ultimorum est 2:1. In naturae conformatione, hydrata carbonii accuratius aldehyda polyhydroxia et ketona appellantur.

Hydratum carbonii est dictio, quae frequentissime in biochemia adhibetur, ubi idem significat ac saccharidum. Hydrata carbonii (saccharida) in quattuor greges chemicos dividuntur, qui sunt monosaccharida, disaccharida, oligosaccharida, polysaccharida. In universum, monosaccharida et disaccharida, quae sunt minora (inferiore pondere moleculari) carbonii hydrata, usitate saccharida appellantur. Vocabulum saccharidi a Graeco  'saccharum' deductum est. Cum scientificum carbohydratorum vocabularium multiplex sit, nomina monosaccharidorum disaccharidorumque saepissime suffixo -osum simpliciter terminantur. Itaque saccharum sanguinis est monosaccharidum glucosum, saccharum mensae est disaccharidum sucrosum, et saccharum lactis est disaccharidum lactosum.

Chemia hydratorum carbonii 
Chemia hydratorum carbonii est pars gravis chemiae organicae, et quidem ea, quae magnum ad oeconomiam conferat. Inter praecipuas reactiones organicas quae hydrata carbonii tractant sunt hae:
 Acetalizatio carbohydratorum
 Degradatio Wohliana
 Reactio cyanohydrini
 Reactio Koenigs-Knorriana
 Reactio Nefiana
 Recompositio Amadoriana
 Transformatio Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekensteiniana

 Acidum
 Aldehidum
 Alimentum
 Amylum
 Bioplasticum
 Catabolismus
 Fermentatio
 Gluconeogenesis
 Glycolipidum
 Glycoinformatica
 Glycolysis
 Glycoproteinum
 Ketonum
 Macromoleculae
 Photosynthesis
 Saccharum
 Via pentosi phosphati

Notae

Bibliographia 
 Alton, G., M. Hasilik, R. Niehues, et al. 1998. Direct utilization of mannose for mammalian glycoprotein biosynthesis. Glycobiology 8: 285–295.
 Berger, V., S. Perier, C. Pachiaudi, S. Normand, P. Louisot, et A. Martin. 1998. Dietary specific sugars for serum protein enzymatic glycosylation in man. Metabolism 47: 1499–1503.
 British Society for Allergy and Environmental Medicine. 1996. Effective nutritional medicine. The application of nutrition to major health problems. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 6: 191–232.
 Freeze, H. H. 1998. Disorders in protein glycosylation and potential therapy: Tip of an iceberg? The Journal of Pediatrics 133: 593–600.
 Lehmann, Joshen. 1996, 2002. Kohlenhydrate: Chemie und Biologie. Ed. 2a. Stutgardiae et Novi Eboraci: Thieme. ISBN 313532902X.
 Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson, et M. M. Cox, eds. 1993. Structure and Catalysis. In Principles of Biochemistry, 252ff. Novi Eboraci: Worth Publishers.
 Lindhorst, Thisbe K. 2000. Struktur und Funktion von Kohlenhydraten. Chemie in unserer Zeit 34 (1): 38–52. ISSN 0009-2851.
 Macdonald, I. 1994. Carbohydrates. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, ed. M. E. Shils, J. A. Olson, et M. Shike, 36–44. Malvern: Lea and Febiger.
 Martin, A., C. Rambal, V. Berger, S. Perier, et P. Louisot. 1998. Availability of specific sugars for glycoconjugate biosynthesis. A need for further investigations in man. Biochimie 80: 75–86.
 Ritter, Thomas K., et Chi-Huey Wong. 2001. Kohlenhydrate in der Antibiotikaforschung: ein neuer Ansatz zur Resistenzbekämpfung. Angewandte Chemie 113 (19):3616–3641. ISSN 0044-8249.
 Zubay, G. L., W. W. Parson, et D. E. Vance. 1995. Principles of Biochemistry. Dubuque Iovae: William C. Brown.

Nexus externi 

Carbohydrata, exemplaris "interactivis" et animationibus non exclusis
Vocabularium carbohydratorum: IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature
Singula de carbohydratis
Carbohydrata et Glycosylatio: The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Functional Glycomics Gateway Carbohydrata vini

Alimenta
 
Nutritio