Malus pumila
Malus pumila (binomen a Philippo Miller anno 1768 inventum) est species arborum fructiferarum domesticata cuius origo, ut censetur, est species silvestris Malus sieversii. E varietatibus Mali pumilae, ad numerum 7500 vel plurium per orbem terrarum ab hominibus cultis, provenit malum fere omnibus cognitum.

Bibliographia 
 Fontes antiquiores

 Eruditio recentior
 John Bultitude, Apples: a guide to the identification of international varieties. Londinii: Macmillan, 1983
 Barrie Juniper, "The birth of the modern apple" in Petits propos culinaires no. 66 (2001) pp. 49-54
 Joan Morgan, "In praise of older apples" in Petits propos culinaires no. 20 (1985) pp. 7-16
 Joan Morgan, Alison Richards, The book of apples. Londinii: Ebury Press, 1993
 Daniel Zohary, "Wild apples and wild pears" in Bocconea vol. 7 (1997) pp. 409-416 
 "Apple: Malus pumila" in  pp. 171-175

Nexus externi 
 
 K. Kris Hirst, "Domestication History of the Apple" (3 Ianuarii 2018) apud ThoughtCo

Malus
Taxa Miller
Taxa 1768
Fruges Asiae mediae
Fructus
Species plantarum