Iuniperus Serra
Iuniperus Serra (natus Petrae in vico Maioricae 24 Novembris 1713; mortuus 28 Augusti 1784) fuit Hispanicus Ordinum Franciscanorum Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae frater qui unam missionem in California Inferiori primasque novem ex viginti uno missionibus Hispanicis in California a Didacopoli ad Franciscopolim in California Superiori (in regione tum California Alta appellata) in provincia Californiis (Hispanice Las Californias) in Nova Hispania condidit. Didacopoli die 16 Iulii 1769 coepit, et suum praesiduum prope Praesidium Montis Regalis constituit, sed pauca milia ad meridiem mox migravit ad Missionem Sancti Caroli Borromeo Carmelitae Carmeli in hodierna Californiae urbe constituendam.

Primus missionum finis erat fidem Catholicam ad indigenas afferre; alii fines erant neophytas in societatem Hispanicam educare, eosque exercere ut possessionem et tractationem terrae administrarent. Frater Serra, caput ordinum Franciscanorum in California, non solum clericis ecclesiasticis, sed magistratibus Hispanicis Mexicopoli fungentibus sagatisque militaribus praesidium propinquum ducentibus uti solebat.

Frater Serra beatificatus est a Ioanne Paulo Papa II die 25 Septembris 1988, et canonizatus est a Papa Francisco die 23 Septembris 2015, ad Basilicam Fani Nationalis Conceptionis Immaculatae Vasingtoniae in Districtu Columbiae, per primam illius papae commorationem in America Septentrionali primamque canonizationis caerimoniam in Civitatibus Foederatis habitam. Declaratio Sanctae Sedis Fratrem Serram fuisse sanctum in controversia erat, cum nonnulli Indi Americani Serranam reprehenderent eorum maiorum tractationem, illumque cum eorum cultura suppressa coniungerent.

Eius dies festus die 1 Iulii celebratur, et ipse sanctus patronus Californiae et vocationum religiosarum habetur.

Notae

Bibliographia
Castillo, Elias.  2015. A Cross of Thorns: The Enslavement of California's Indians by the Spanish Missions. Quill Driver Books. ISBN 9781610352420.
Clifford, Christian. 2015. Saint Junípero Serra: Making Sense of the History and Legacy. CreateSpace. ISBN 9781511862295.
Cook, Sherburne Friend. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520031425.
Deverell, William Francis, William Deverell, et David Igler. 2008. A Companion to California History. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9781405161831.
Fitch, Abigail Fitch. 1914. Junipero Serra: The Man and His Work. Sicagi: A. C. McClurg.
Fogel, Daniel. 1988. Junipero Serra, the Vatican, and Enslavement Theology. ISM Press. ISBN 9780910383257.
Geiger, Maynard J. 1959. The Life and Times of Fray Junipero Serra, OFM; or, The Man Who Never Turned Back, 1713–1784, a Biography. 2 vol. Vasingtoniae: Academy of American Franciscan History.
Geiger, Maynard. 1963. Fray Junípero Serra: Organizer and Administrator of the Upper California Missions, 1769-1784. California Historical Society Quarterly 42(3):195–220.
Gleiter, Jan. 1991. Junipero Serra.
Guest, Francis P. 1985. Junipero Serra and His Approach to the Indians. Southern California  Quarterly 67(3):223–261.
Hackel, Steven W. 2005. Children of Coyote, Missionaries of St. Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769-1850.
Hackel, Steven W. 2005. The Competing Legacies of Junípero Serra: Pioneer, saint, villain. Textus. Common-Place 5(2).
Hackel, Steven W. 2013. Junípero Serra: California's Founding Father. Novi Eboraci: Hill and Wang, pars Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780809095315.
Luzbetak, Lewis J. 1985. If Junipero Serra Were Alive: Missiological-Anthropological Theory Today. Americas 42:512–519.
Orfalea, Gregory. 2014. Journey to the Sun: Junipero Serra's Dream and the Founding of California. Novi Eboraci: Scribner. ISBN 9781451642728. ISBN 9781451642735 (charta). ISBN 9781451642759 (ebook).
Pogash, Carol. 2015. To Some in California, Founder of Church Missions Is Far From Saint. New York Times, 21 Ianuarii.
Sandos, James A. 2004. Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in the Missions. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300101003.

Fons primarius
Serra, Junipero. 1955–1966. Writings of Junípero Serra. Ed. et conc. Antonine Tibesar. 4 vol. Vasingtoniae.

Nexus externi

Bibliotheca et archivum missionis S. Barbarae

Nati 1713
Mortui 1784
Exploratores Californiae
Exploratores Civitatum Foederatarum
Exploratores Americae Mediae
Franciscani
Historia Civitatum Foederatarum
Incolae Californiae
Incolae Maioricae
Incolae Mexici
Missionarii
Sacerdotes