Tombutum
Tombutum, vulgo Timbuktu et Tumbutu, est urbs circiter  incolarum, saeculo XII condita et per multa saecula famosa, in parte ad orientem versa civitatis Malii sita. Urbs, quae in oase in deserta regione sita est, quinque chiliometra a flumine Nigro distat.

Hic temporibus mediaevalibus Madrasa Sankuri cum meschitis aliis duabus scholam superiorem late celebram constituebant.

Notae

Bibliographia 
 Sékéné Mody Cissoko, "L'intelligentsia de Tombouctou aux 15e et 16e siècles" in Présence africaine no. 72 (1969) pp. 48-72
 John O. Hunwick, interpr., Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdī's Taʼrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 1999 
 John O. Hunwick, Alida Jay Boye, The hidden treasures of Timbuktu: historic city of Islamic Africa. Londinii: Thames & Hudson, 2008
 R. J. McIntosh, S. K. McIntosh, "Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Timbuktu, Mali" in National Geographic Research vol. 2 (1986) pp. 302-19
 Ruth Maclean, "Islamists banned their music. Now Timbuktu is singing again" in The Guardian (18 Ianuarii 2018)
 Elias N. Saad, Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400-1900. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1983 
 Alex Duval Smith, "Life in Timbuktu: how the ancient city of gold is slowly turning to dust" in The Guardian (16 Septembris 2014)
 Jean-Louis Triaud, Islam et sociétés soudanaises au Moyen-Âge: Étude historique. Lutetiae, 1973 (Études voltaïques, vol. 16)

 Aliae encyclopaediae
 Andrew Petersen, "Timbuktu" in Dictionary of Islamic Architecture (Londinii: Routledge, 1996) versio interretialis

Nexus externi 

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Condita saeculo 12
Regnum Melli
Loci hereditatis mundialis in Africa