Filozofie biologie
Filozofie biologie je součást filozofie vědy, která se zabývá gnozeologickými, metafyzickými a etickými problémy v biologii a medicíně. Přestože filozofové vědy a filozofové obecně se často zabývali životem (včetně např. Aristotela, Descarta a Kanta), o filozofii biologie se mluví většinou až od 60. a 70. let 20. století. Filozofové vědy se tehdy začali biologií zabývat po moderní syntéze a vývoji moderní genetiky. Někteří filozofové se také domnívají, že klíčový zde byl vývoj neurologie a redukování vědomí na materiální termíny.

Přehled 
Filozofii biologie lze vidět jako pokračovatele empirické tradice a naturalismu. Mnoho současných filozofů biologie se vymezuje ústřední otázce rozdílu mezi živým a neživým. Mezi hlavní otázky, kterými se dnes filozofie biologie zabývá patří:
 „Co je to druh?“
 „Jak se evolučně vyvinula racionalita?“
 „Jak organismy koordinují své společné chování?“
 „Jakou roli hraje v biologické evoluci evolučně vývojová biologie?“
 „Jaké sociální hodnoty odráží naše biologické porozumění rasám, sexualitě nebo pohlaví?“
 „Jak působí přirozený výběr mimo vlastní evoluci organizmů?“
O filozofii biologie se také mluví jako o bioetice: Filozofické disciplíně, která by měla pomoci rozklíčovat základní lidské hodnoty a vyřešit etické otázky kolem nových technologií. Mezi takové otázky lze zařadit:
 „Co je to život?“
 „Čím je člověk jedinečný?“;
 „Jaké jsou evoluční základy morálního myšlení?“;
 „Jaké biologické faktory ovlivňují naše estetické soudy?“;
 „Jak je evoluce slučitelná s křesťanstvím a dalšími náboženskými systémy?“

Redukcionismus, holismus, a vitalismus 
Velkou část diskuze filozofie biologie tvoří analýza různých současných i historických pohledů, které biologové zastávají a jaké kulturní či sociální sounáležitosti tyto pohledy doprovázely. Mezi ně patří:
 Vědecký redukcionismus je názor, že veškeré biologické procesy je možné zredukovat na mikroskopické chemické reakce a fyzické interakce
 Holismus znamená v biologii pohled na makroskopická působení živých organismů. Například evoluce je dobrým příkladem pozorování děje s velkým měřítkem tím, že aplikujeme statistické výpočty na pravděpodobnosti přežití jednotlivce.
 Vitalismus je pohled biology od 19. století povětšinou odmítaný, že existuje jakási životní energie (nazývaná vis-viva)

Reference

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Externí odkazy 
 
 Philosophy of Biology entry by Paul Griffiths in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Roberta Millstein's compilation of History and Philosophy of Biology Resources

 
Filozofie vědy
Biologické obory