Turin ruwa
Turin ruwa, tururin ruwa ko tururin ruwa shine yanayin gas na ruwa . Yana daya daga cikin yanayin ruwa a cikin hydrosphere. Za a iya samar da tururin ruwa daga tafasar ruwa ko kuma dagaƙanƙara . Turin ruwa a bayyane yake, kamar yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi.  A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, tururi na ruwa yana ci gaba da haifar da ƙashin ruwa kuma ana cire shi ta hanyar tari . Ba shi da yawa fiye da yawancin sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da iska kuma yana haifar da igiyar ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da gajimare da hazo.

Kasancewa wani bangare na tsarin hydrosphere na duniya da sake zagayowar ruwa, yana da yawa musamman a cikin yanayin duniya, inda yake aiki azaman iskar gas da ɗumamar ra'ayi, yana ba da gudummawa ga jimlar tasirin greenhouse fiye da iskar gas ɗin da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar carbon dioxide da methane . Amfani da tururin ruwa, azaman tururi, yana da mahimmanci don dafa abinci, kuma a matsayin babban sashi a cikin samar da makamashi da tsarin sufuri tun juyin juya halin masana'antu .

Turin ruwa wani nau'in yanayi ne na yau da kullun, yana samuwa ko da a cikin yanayin hasken rana da kuma kowace duniyar da ke cikin Tsarin Rana da abubuwa da yawa na taurari da suka hada da tauraron dan adam na halitta, tauraron dan adam har ma da manyan taurari . Haka kuma gano tururin ruwa daga hasken rana zai nuna irin wannan rarraba a cikin sauran tsarin duniya. Har ila yau, tururin ruwa na iya zama shaida ta kai tsaye da ke goyan bayan kasancewar ruwan ruwa na waje a cikin yanayin wasu abubuwa masu tarin yawa.

Kayayyaki

Evaporation 
A duk lokacin da kwayoyin ruwa ya bar sama ya watsa zuwa wani iskar da ke kewaye, an ce ya kwashe . Kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halittar ruwa wanda ke canzawa tsakanin mafi alaƙa (ruwa) da ƙasa mai alaƙa ( tururi / iskar gas) yana yin haka ta hanyar sha ko sakin makamashin motsa jiki . Ma'auni na jimlar wannan canjin makamashin motsa jiki ana bayyana shi azaman makamashin thermal kuma yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka sami bambanci a yanayin zafin kwayoyin ruwa. Ruwan ruwa wanda ya zama tururin ruwa yana ɗaukar wani yanki na zafi da shi, a cikin wani tsari da ake kira evaporative cooling .  Adadin tururin ruwa a cikin iska yana ƙayyade yadda akai-akai kwayoyin zasu dawo saman. Lokacin da ƙawancen gidan yanar gizon ya faru, jikin ruwa zai sha ruwan sanyi kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da asarar ruwa.

A cikin Amurka, Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Ƙasa tana auna ainihin ƙimar ƙawancewar ruwa daga daidaitaccen "kwandon" buɗaɗɗen ruwa a waje, a wurare daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Wasu kuma suna yin haka a duniya. Ana tattara bayanan Amurka kuma ana haɗa su cikin taswirar ƙafe na shekara-shekara.  Ma'auni sun bambanta daga ƙasa da 30 zuwa sama da 120 inci a kowace shekara. Ana iya amfani da fomula don ƙididdige ƙimar ƙawancen ruwa daga saman ruwa kamar wurin iyo.   A wasu ƙasashe, ƙimar ƙawancen ya zarce yawan hazo .

An iyakance sanyayawar iska ta yanayin yanayi . Humidity shine adadin tururin ruwa a cikin iska. Ana auna abun cikin tururi da na'urori da aka sani da hygrometers . Yawanci ana bayyana ma'aunin azaman ƙayyadaddun zafi ko yanayin zafi na dangi . Yanayin yanayin yanayi da saman ruwa suna ƙayyade ma'aunin tururin matsa lamba; 100% dangi zafi yana faruwa lokacin da ɓangaren ɓangaren tururin ruwa yayi daidai da ma'aunin tururin ma'auni. Ana kiran wannan yanayin a matsayin cikakken jikewa. Danshi ya tashi daga 0 gram a kowace mita cubic a bushewar iska zuwa 30 gram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari (0.03 ounce kowace ƙafar cubic) lokacin da tururi ya cika a 30 °C.

Sublimation 
Sublimation shine tsarin da kwayoyin ruwa ke barin saman kankara kai tsaye ba tare da fara zama ruwan ruwa ba. Sublimation yana haifar da jinkirin bacewar kankara da dusar ƙanƙara a yanayin zafi da ƙasa don haifar da narkewa. Antarctica tana nuna wannan tasirin zuwa wani mataki na musamman domin ita ce nahiyar da ke da mafi ƙarancin hazo a duniya. A sakamakon haka, akwai manyan wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ta shekara dubu ta yi ta zubewa, ta bar duk wani kayan da ba su da ƙarfi da suke da su. Wannan yana da matukar mahimmanci ga wasu fannonin kimiyya, misali mai ban mamaki shine tarin meteorites waɗanda aka bar su a cikin lambobi marasa misaltuwa da kyawawan yanayin kiyayewa.

Sublimation yana da mahimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen wasu nau'ikan samfurori na halitta don bincika microscopy na lantarki. Yawanci ana shirya samfurori ta hanyar cryofixation da daskarewa-karye, bayan haka an yi daskarewa, ana lalata shi ta hanyar fallasawa har sai ya nuna matakin da ake buƙata. Wannan dabarar na iya nuna kwayoyin furotin, tsarin organelle da lipid bilayers tare da ƙananan digiri na karkatarwa.

Condensation 

Rashin ruwa zai taru ne kawai a kan wani wuri lokacin da wannan wuri ya fi sanyi fiye da zafin raɓa, ko kuma lokacin da aka wuce ma'aunin tururin ruwa a cikin iska. Lokacin da tururi na ruwa ya taru a kan farfajiyar, ana samun zafi a kan wannan farfajilar. Kwayar ruwa tana kawo wutar lantarki tare da ita. Hakanan, zafin jiki na yanayi yana raguwa dan kadan. A cikin yanayi, condensation yana samar da girgije, hazo da hazo (yawanci kawai lokacin da aka sauƙaƙe ta ji hanyar girgije). Matsayin raɓa na ɓangaren iska shine zafin jiki wanda dole ne ya sanyaya kafin tururin ruwa a cikin iska ya fara tarwatsawa.  Condensation a cikin yanayi yana samar da ɗigon girgije.

Har ila yau, tarin tururi na ruwa yana faruwa a saman lokacin da zafin jiki na farfajiyar ya kasance a ko ƙasa da zafin raɓa na yanayi. Kashewa wani canji ne na lokaci daban daga kwantar da hankali wanda ke haifar da samar da kankara kai tsaye daga tururin ruwa. Frost da dusar ƙanƙara misalai ne na saukowa.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na sanyaya wanda ke faruwa:
Ana iya ɗaga iska ta duwatsu, wanda ke karkatar da iska sama, ta hanyar convection, da kuma sanyi da dumi.

Muhimmancin da Amfani 
Yana samar da ruwa ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi: Rashin ruwa yana canzawa zuwa ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na halitta ga shuke'u da dabbobi.

Halayen sinadarai 
Yawancin halayen sunadarai suna da ruwa a matsayin samfurin. Idan halayen sun faru a yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da raɓa na iska da ke kewaye da ruwa za a kafa shi azaman tururi kuma ya kara yawan danshi na gida, idan a ƙasa da raɓa za a sami tarwatsawa na gida. Halin da ke haifar da samar da ruwa shine ƙone hydrogen ko hydrocarbons a cikin iska ko wasu iskar oxygen da ke dauke da cakuda gas, ko kuma sakamakon halayen tare da oxidizers.
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