Makirifo
Makirifo, wanda ake kira da mic ko mike (maɪk/),  mai fassara ne wanda ke canza sauti zuwa siginar lantarki. Ana amfani da makirufo a cikin aikace-aikace da yawa kamar wayar tarho, na'urorin ji, tsarin adireshi na jama'a da ɗakunan kide-kide da abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a, samar da hoton motsi, aikin injiniya mai  rikodin kai tsaye, rikodin na sauti, two-way radio, megaphones, da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin. Ana kuma amfani da su a cikin kwamfutoci don yin rikodin na murya, fahimtar magana, VoIP, da sauran dalilai kamar na'urori masu auna firikwensin ultrasonic ko na'urori masu ƙwanƙwasa.
Ana amfani da nau'ikan makirufo da yawa a yau, waɗanda ke amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don musanya bambance-bambancen matsa lamba na iska zuwa siginar lantarki. Mafi na kowa shi ne makirufo mai ƙarfi, wanda ke amfani da igiyar waya da aka dakatar a cikin filin maganadisu; makirufo mai ɗaukar hoto, wanda kuma ke amfani da diaphragm mai girgiza a matsayin farantin capacitor; da makirufo mai lamba, wanda ke amfani da crystal na kayan piezoelectric. Marufofi yawanci suna buƙatar haɗawa da na'urar tantancewa kafin a iya yin rikodin ko sake buga siginar.

Manazarta 

Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba