Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya
Al'adar Najeriya, Ta samo asali ne daga ƙabilun Najeriya da yawa. Ƙasar tana da yaruka (harsuna) 527, bakwai daga cikinsu sun ɓace.  Najeriya kuma tana da yaruka da ƙabilu sama da guda ɗari da hamsin (1150). Manyan ƙabilun guda uku sune: hausawa galibinsu a arewa, yarbawa sun fi yawa a kudu maso yamma, da kuma Igbo inyamurai galibinsu a kudu maso gabas. Akwai wasu kabilun da yawa da ke da yawan mutane a fadin sassa daban-daban na kasar. Mutanen Kanuri suna yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, mutanen Tiv na arewa ta tsakiya da kuma Efik - Ibibio. Mutanen Edo sun fi yawa a yankin tsakanin yankin Yarbawa da ƙasar Igbo. Yawancin Edo suna da Krista. Ana bin wannan rukuni  daga mutanen Ibibio / Annang / Efik na kudu maso kudancin Najeriya da Ijaw na Neja Delta.

Sauran kabilun Najeriya, wasu lokuta ana kiransu 'marasa rinjaye', ana samun su a duk faɗin ƙasar amma musamman a arewa ta tsakiya da kuma ɓangaren midul belt (Middle belt). A bisa ga al'ada matasa basu cika zama waje ɗaya ba (Nomadic) saboda haka Fulani za a iya samunsu a duk faɗin yammaci da tsakiyar Afirka. Fulani da Hausawa galibinsu Musulmi ne yayin da Ibo mafi yawansu kirista ne kuma haka ma mutanen Efik, Ibibio, da Annang. Yarabawa daidai suke da yuwuwar zama Krista ne ko Musulmi amma Yarbawa Musulmi sunfi kirista yawa amma ba sosai ba. Ayyukan addini na asali suna da mahimmanci ga dukkan kabilun Najeriya, kuma sau da kiristoci sunfi al'adar da ake kira (syncretism).

Manyan al'adun ƙabilun Najeriya

Al'adun Efik-Ibibio 
Al’adun Efik-Ibibio na gabar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga al’adun Najeriya, musamman al’adun yankin kudu. A takaice dai kamar haka:

 Harshen Efik-Ibibio : Ana yin wannan yaren a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom da kuma jihar Cross River. Tana da yarurruka daban-daban kamar yaren Annang, yaren Oron, da sauran su. Harshen Efik-Ibibio yana da tasiri sosai a kan harsuna da sunayen mutanen kudancin Najeriya.
 Masu Kare : Al'adun Efik-Ibibio sun samu karbuwa daga kungiyar asiri, Ekpe, wanda ya kasance dan asalin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. "Ekpe", ma'ana 'Damisa', ya zama sanannen alama a al'adun Efik-Ibibio wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a sauran al'adun kabilun Najeriya.
 Rubutawa : Nsibidi sanannen rubutun asalin yan asalin mutanen Efik ne wanda Ekpe ya kirkireshi ta mutanen Efik-Ibibio.
 Abinci : Ana zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya kusa da Tekun Atlantika, mutanen Efik-Ibibio suna da albarkatu da kayan lambu iri iri. Abincinsu sananne ne a duk faɗin Najeriya ciki har da sanannen miyar Afañg, Edikang Ikong miyan, miyar barkono, Ukwoho, Atama, Eritañ, shinkafa dafa-duka (jollof-rice), da sauransu.

Bini 
Bini suna cikin yankin Kudu maso Kudu na zamani a Nijeriya. Wani lokacin ana kiransu Edos kuma suna kewaye da wasu al'adun kabilu kamar Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ishan, Yarabawa da sauransu.

Al'adar Yarbawa 
Yarbawa suna cikin yankin yammacin Najeriya kuma shugabancinsu yana da masarauta. Suna da sarakuna waɗanda aka yarda su auri mata kamar yadda suke so da shugabanni da mutane masu taken. Suna kuma yin bautar gargajiya, suna girmama gumaka kamar Sango; allahn tsawa, Oya, Ogun; allahn ƙarfe ... da dai sauransu. Yarbawa suna da fara'a sosai kuma suna maraba da mutanen wasu ƙabilu da ƙasashe.

Al'adar Igbo 
Gabashin Najeriya gida ne na ƙabilar inyamurai, waɗanda akasarinsu kiristoci ne. Addininsu na gargajiya an san shi da Omenani . Ta fuskar zamantakewar al'umma sarakunan da aka fi sani da Eze Igwes ke jagorantar su . Waɗannan alkaluman kuma ana sa ran za su ba da taken ga maza da mata waɗanda suka cika sosai. An san wannan da suna taken Nze na Ozo. Mutane masu taken yawanci ana magana dasu sosai, ana girmama su sosai kuma ana san su sosai a cikin al'ummomin su.

Al'adar Hausa-Fulani 
Hausawa da Fulani suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya. Najeriya ta kunshi kabilu da al'adu da dama, hausa fulani itace mafi girma ko kuma mafi yawan al'umma a nigeria kuma suna daga cikin mutane masu karrama baƙi da fara'a da son baƙi suna girmama juna musamman shuwagabannin su. Dukda cewa hausawa da fulani kabilu ne daban amma ana daukar su a matsayin kabila daya saboda kusancin dake akwai tsakanin kabilun biyu da kuma yadda Addinin su ya zamo ɗaya shine Addinin Musulunci. Hausa A kasar Hausa akwai al'adu daya wanda Hausawa ke amfani da su kowace shekara wadanda ake kira Hawan Sallah.   Al'adun Fulanin kuma suna daukar "Shaɗi" a matsayin abubuwan bikinsu na shekara shekara. Haka kuma Auratayya ta ƙara danƙon dangantaka tsakanin Fulani da Hausawa.

Adabin Najeriya 
Najeriya ta shahara da adabin turanci . Abubuwa Faɗa Baya, na Chinua Achebe, littafi ne mai mahimmanci a adabin Afirka.  Tare da sayar da kofi sama da miliyan takwas a duniya, an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 50, yana mai da Achebe marubucin Afirka mafi fassara a kowane lokaci.  

Wani dan Najeriya da ya taba lashe kyautar Nobel Wole Soyinka ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "littafi na farko a Turanci wanda ya yi magana daga ciki da dabi'un Afirka, maimakon nuna dan Afirka a matsayin na bako, kamar yadda farin mutum zai ganshi."  Najeriya tana da wasu fitattun marubutan adabin turanci. Wadannan sun hada da Femi Osofisan wanda ya fara buga wani littafin Kolera Kolej a 1975; Ben Okri wanda aikinsa na farko, (The Famished Road) aka buga shi a cikin 1991 da (Buchi Emecheta) wanda ya rubuta labaran da aka samo daga abubuwan da ta samu na rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata wanda ke inganta kallon mata ta hanyar iya yin aure da samun yara. Helon Habila, Sefi Atta, Flora Nwapa, Iquo DianaAbasi Eke,  Zaynab Alkali da Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie da sauransu su ne mashahuran marubutan Nijeriya waɗanda ake karanta ayyukansu a ciki da wajen ƙasar. 

Baya ga masu magana da Ingilishi na yau da kullun, yawancin mutane, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku, suna magana da pidgin na Najeriya, wanda yake da mahimman ƙamus na Turanci. Hakan ya zama yaren da ya zama ruwan dare sakamakon hakan. Ingilishi Pidgin wani nau'i ne na yare. Misali, "Yaya kake '' yana nufin" Yaya kake ". Palm Wine Drinkard, sanannen labari ne da Amos Tutuola ya rubuta a ciki. Sai dai kuma a ƙarƙashin haka akwai Yaren Hausa wanda, kusan ko wane yare a Najeriya yana sha'awar yinshi saboda haka ne ma Yaren yafi ko wane yare yawa da watsuwa da kuma sauƙin fahimta.

Masana'antun finafinai ta kudancin Najeriya 
Tun daga shekarun 1990 masana'antar fina-finai ta kudancin Nijeriya, wani lokaci ana kiranta " Nollywood ", ta zama ƙungiya mai saurin haɓaka al'adu a duk kudancin Najeriya. Saboda fina-finai, tasirin yamma kamar kiɗa, suturar yau da kullun da hanyoyin magana ana samun su a duk faɗin Nijeriya, har ma da arewacin sai dai ba sosai ba saboda akwai tsananin ra'ayin mazan jiya wato ra'ayin bin Dokokin Addinin Musulunci.

Mai jarida

Wasanni 
Magoya bayan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Ingila kamar Manchester United, Arsenal, Manchester City, Liverpool da Chelsea galibi suna rarrabewa fiye da kabilanci har ma da bambancin addini don raba abin da ya dace a kungiyoyin Premier. Football ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar, da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Super Eagles", ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya ce, wanda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ke gudanarwa. A cewar FIFA World Rankings, Najeriya tana matsayi na 31 kuma tana matsayi na biyu mafi girma a tsakanin kasashen Afirka bayan Senegal (na 20). Matsayi mafi girma da Nijeriya ta taɓa kaiwa a kan matsayin shi ne na 5, a cikin Afrilu 1994.

Abinci 

Abincin Najeriya yana ba da dunƙulen gargajiyar carbohydrates na gargajiya irin su doya da rogo da kuma kayan miya na kayan lambu waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su. Masara wani irin shuka ne da ake yawan noma shi a Nijeriya.  Abinda 'yan Najeriya suka yaba dashi saboda karfin da yake bayarwa, garri shine "abu na farko a abinci a kudancin Najeriya"  hatsi na rogo wanda za'a iya cin sa da shi azaman abinci kuma bashi da tsada sosai. Doya ake akai-akai soyayyen ko dai soyayyen dankalin turawa. Waken Najeriya, ya sha bamban da koren wake, ya shahara sosai. Nama kuma mashahuri ne kuma suya ta Nijeriya —kamar nama mai wanda yake gasasshe ne— sanannen ɗanɗano ne. Naman daji, nama daga namun daji kamar ɓaure da rakumin dawa, shima ya shahara. Kayan dabinon da aka tatsa suna yin giyar gargajiya sai dai ita giya ba'a cika samunta a yakin arewa ba saboda Musulmai sune a yankin kuma giya haramun ce a Musulunci, hasalima ƴan Arewa sun kyamaci duk wani mai shanta, ruwan inabi, da kuma rogo mai yisti. Abincin Najeriya yana da yaji, galibi a yamma da kudancin ƙasar, har ma fiye da na Indiya . Wasu karin misalan kayan abincin su na gargajiya sune eba. Da kuma tuwo da Miyan kuka sakwara (pounded yam), iyan, fufu da miyan kamar okra, ogbono da egusi . Fufu alama ce ta Najeriya don haka take a Chinua Achebe's Abubuwa Fada Baya, misali. Achebe's magnum opus littafi ne da aka fi karantawa a cikin adabin Afirka na zamani.

Waƙa 

LafiyaKiɗan Nijeriya ya haɗa da nau'ikan mutane da yawa da mashahuran kiɗa, wasu daga cikinsu an san su a duniya. Mawaki kuma mai rajin kare zamantakewar mata Fela Kuti ya taka rawa sosai wajen bunkasa kide-kide a Najeriya.

Mawaƙan gargajiya suna amfani da kayan kida iri-iri, kamar su gangunan Gongon . Kora da kakaki ma suna da mahimmanci.

Sauran maganganun al'adu na gargajiya ana samun su a masquerades daban-daban na Najeriya, kamar Eyo dodonni, Ekpe da Ekpo na Dodanni na mutanen Efik / Ibibio / Annang / Igbo na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da Arewacin Edo dodo. Bayyanannun Yarabawa na wannan al'ada sune Gelede na Dodanni.

Albarkatun kasa 
Babban mahimmin tushe na bayanai game da fasahar zamani ta Najeriya shine Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani da Zamani wanda Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic dake Lagos ke gudanarwa.

Bugu da kari, Hukumar Inganta Zuba Jarin Nijeriya, da kuma Naija (Investway Gateway), suna ba da cikakken bayani kan al’adun kasuwancin Najeriya.

Tufafi 
Mata suna sanya dogayen riguna masu gudana da mayafai da aka yi daga kasuwannin gida waɗanda suke rini da saƙar masana'anta a cikin gida. Matan Kudancin Najeriya sun zabi sanya tufafi irin na yamma. Saɓanin yankin Arewacin Najeriya su suna sanya tufafi yadda Addinin Musulunci ya tsara musu mata da lulluɓi wanda yake rufe dukkan jikin su maza kuma da babbar riga Malum-Malum da kuma hula wani lokacin hadda Rawani. Mutane a yankuna na biranen Najeriya suna yin ado irin na yamma, matasa galibi sanye da wando da T-shirt. Sauran maza da mata na Najeriya galibi suna sanya salon gargajiya da ake kira Buba . Ga maza rigar da ke kwance a kasa zuwa rabin cinya. Don mata, sutturar rigar ta ɗan sauka ƙasa da kugu. Sauran kayan suturar sun hada da gele, wanda shine kwalliyar mata. Ga maza ana kiran nasu kwalliyar gargajiya fila .

A tarihi, Kwalliya a Najeriya shine sanya nau'ikan yadudduka daban-daban. Auduga an shafe sama da shekaru 500 ana yin kwalliya a Najeriya. Hakanan ana amfani da siliki (ana kiransa tsamiya a Hausa, sannan a Yarbanci, akpa-obubu a Igbo, da sapar ubele a Edo ).  Wataƙila shahararriyar kwalliyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin tufafin Najeriyar ita ce ɗab'in Dutchan (Dutch), wanda aka samar a cikin (Netherlands). Kasuwar shigo da wannan masana'antar ta mamaye kamfanin Holland na Vlisco,  wanda ke siyar da masana'antarsa ta Dutch wax din tun daga ƙarshen 1800s, lokacin da aka siyar da masana'anta a hanyar kasuwancin kamfanin na cikin teku zuwa Indonesia. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sanya sifofin Najeriya da Afirka, tsarin launi, da zane a cikin zane na Vlisco don zama babban bin sa alama. 

Najeriya tana da kabilu sama da 250  kuma a sakamakon haka, akwai nau'ikan salon tufafi na gargajiya. A al'adar Yarbawa, mata suna sanya iro (wrapper), buba (sakakkiyar riga) da gele (nade kai).  Maza suna sanya buba (babbar riga), sokoto (wando mai ɗaurin jaka), agbada (riga mai yawo tare da manyan hannaye) da fila (hula).  A al’adar kabilar Ibo, kayan al’adun maza su ne Isiagu (babbar riga), wacce ake sawa da wando da hular gargajiya ta ’yan kabilar Ibo da ake kira Okpu Agwu . Al'adar Hausawa Matan suna sanye da rigar atamfa mai lullubi, mayafai biyu da mayafin hannu.  Mazan Hausawa suna sanya barna ko kaftans (doguwar riga) tare da dogayen hular kwalliya. Matan suna sanya mayafi da riga kuma suna rufe kawunansu da hijabi (mayafi).

Duba kuma 

 Gine-ginen Najeriya
 Waƙar Najeriya
 Al'adun Nok
 Bukukuwa a Najeriya
 Jerin gidajen tarihi a Najeriya

Manazarta 

 Ross, Zai. " Fagen fasaha da waka a Najeriya ." ( Taskar labarai ) BBC. 20 Nuwamba 2013.1.   http://www.ethnologue.com/

2.  https://allafrica.com/stories/200810130780.html

3.  https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2678893

4.  https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-534099821/contemporary-african-poetry-a-postcolonial-reading 

5.  https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/from-achebe-to-adichie-top-ten-nigerian-authors/

6.  http://answersafrica.com/nigerian-people-culture.html
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