Protestant Reformation
Reformation (wanda ake kira da Furotesta Reformation ko Ƙaddamarwar Turai)  babban motsi ne a cikin Kiristanci na Yamma a cikin karni na 16 na Turai wanda ya haifar da kalubale na addini da siyasa ga Cocin Katolika kuma musamman ga ikon Paparoma, wanda ya taso daga abin da ya kasance. an gane kurakurai ne, cin zarafi, da bambance-bambance daga Cocin Katolika. Gyaran baya shine farkon Furotesta da kuma rabuwar Ikilisiyar Yamma zuwa Furotesta da kuma abin da ake kira Cocin Katolika a yanzu. Har ila yau, ana la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka nuna ƙarshen zamanai na tsakiya da farkon farkon zamanin zamani a Turai. 

Kafin Martin Luther, akwai ƙungiyoyin sake fasalin da yawa a baya. Ko da yake ana ɗaukan gyare-gyaren ya fara ne da buga littattafan Tasa’in da biyar na Martin Luther a shekara ta 1517, Paparoma Leo X bai kore shi ba sai Janairu 1521. Diet of worms na watan Mayu 1521 ya la'anci Luther kuma ya haramtawa 'yan kasar Roman Empire a hukumance daga kare ko yada ra'ayoyinsa.  Yaduwar injin buga littattafai na Gutenberg ya samar da hanyoyin yada kayan addini cikin sauri cikin yare. Luther ya rayu bayan an ayyana shi a matsayin haramtacciyar doka saboda kariyar mai zaɓe Frederick the Wise. Yunkurin farko a Jamus ya bambanta, kuma wasu masu gyara irin su Huldrych Zwingli da John Calvin sun tashi. Gabaɗaya, masu gyara sun yi iƙirarin cewa ceto a cikin Kiristanci ya kasance cikakken matsayi bisa bangaskiya ga Yesu kaɗai kuma ba tsarin da ke buƙatar ayyuka masu kyau ba, kamar yadda a cikin ra'ayin Katolika. Mahimman abubuwan da suka faru na lokacin sun haɗa da: Diet of Worms (1521), samuwar Duchy Lutheran na Prussia (1525), Gyaran Ingilishi (1529 a gaba), Majalisar Trent (1545-63), Aminci na Augsburg (1555), korar Elizabeth I (1570), Dokar Nantes (1598) da Aminci na Westphalia (1648). The Counter-Reformation, wanda kuma ake kira Cocin Katolika ko Revival Revival, shine lokacin gyare-gyaren Katolika da aka fara don mayar da martani ga sauye-sauyen Furotesta.  An yi sabani a kan ƙarshen zamanin Reformation a tsakanin malaman zamani.

Manazarta 
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