Laifi
A cikin yare na yau da kullun, laifi haramun ne wanda gwamnati ko wata hukuma ke hukuntawa.  Kalmar laifi ba ta, a cikin dokar laifuka ta zamani, tana da kowane ma'ana mai sauƙi kuma tana karɓuwa a duk duniya,  ko da yake an ba da ma'anar doka don wasu dalilai.  Mafi shaharar ra'ayi shi ne cewa laifuka wani nau'i ne da doka ta kirkiro; a wasu kalmomi, wani abu laifi ne idan doka mai dacewa da aiki ta bayyana shi a matsayin haka.  Wata ma'anar da aka gabatar ita ce laifi ko laifi (ko laifin aikata laifuka) wani aiki ne mai cutarwa ba kawai ga wani mutum ba har ma ga al'umma, al'umma, ko jiha (" kuskuren jama'a"). Irin wadannan ayyukan haramun ne kuma doka tana hukunta su. 

Tunanin cewa za a haramta aikata laifuka kamar kisan kai, fyade, da sata ya wanzu a duk duniya.  Menene ainihin laifin aikata laifuka ana bayyana shi ta hanyar dokar laifuka na kowane ikon da ya dace. Duk da yake mutane da yawa suna da kasida na laifuka da ake kira criminal  code, a wasu ƙasashen doka na gama gari babu irin wannan ƙa'ida mai mahimmanci.

Jiha (gwamnati) tana da ikon takura wa mutum ’yanci don aikata laifi. A cikin al'ummomin zamani, akwai hanyoyin da bincike da gwaji dole ne su bi. Idan aka same shi da laifi, za a iya yanke wa wanda ya aikata laifin wani nau'i na ramuwa kamar hukuncin al'umma, ko kuma, dangane da irin laifin da aka aikata, daurin kurkuku, daurin rai da rai ko, a wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kisa. Wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna yanke wa mutane hukunci zuwa shirye-shirye don jaddada ko samar da gyaran su yayin da mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen ke yanke wa mutane hukunci da manufar azabtar da su ko kuma cuɗanya da ayyukan da aka ambata.

Yawancin lokaci, don a rarraba shi a matsayin laifi, "aikin aikata wani abu mai laifi" (actus reus) dole netare da wasu keɓancewaa tare da "nufin aikata wani abu mai laifi" (mens rea).

Yayin da kowane laifi ya saba wa doka, ba kowane keta doka ba ne ake daukarsa a matsayin laifi. Ba a hukunta keta dokar sirri (gallazawa da karya kwangila) ta hanyar gwamnati ta atomatik, amma ana iya aiwatar da su ta hanyar farar hula.

Manazarta 
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