Warren Buffett
Warren Buffett
Warren Edward Buffett; an haife shi a watan Agusta 30, 1930) hamshakin dan kasuwan Amurka ne, mai saka hannun jari,  kuma mai bada agaji. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaba da Shugaba na anBerkshire Hathaway. Sakamakon gagarumar nasarar sa Buffett yana daya daga cikin sanannun masu saka hannun jari a duniya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2023, ya mallaki darajar dalar Amurka biliyan 117 wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mutum na biyar mafi arziki a duniya.

An haifi Buffett a  omaha nabraska Ɗan ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan kasuwa hHoward Buffett, ya haɓaka sha'awar kasuwanci da saka hannun jari a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, daga ƙarshe ya shiga Makarantar Wharton na Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1947 kafin ya koma Jami'ar Nebraska kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Nebraska a 19. Ya ci gaba da kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Columbia, inda ya ƙera falsafar jarinsa dangane da manufarsaka hannun jarin  da Benjamin Graham ya yi. Ya halarci cibiyar kudi ta new york  don mai da hankali kan tarihin tattalin arzikinsa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci na saka hannun jari daban-daban, gami da ɗaya tare da Graham. Ya ƙirƙiri Buffett Partnership, Ltd a cikin 1956 kuma kamfanin sa hannun jari daga ƙarshe ya sami kamfanin kera masaku mai suna Berkshire Hathaway, yana ɗaukar sunansa don ƙirƙirar kamfani mai ɗimbin yawa, kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban kamfanin kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari a 1970. A 1978, Charlie Munger ya shiga Buffett a matsayin mataimakin shugaba.  

Tun 1970, Buffett ya shugabanci a matsayin shugaba kuma mafi girma mai hannun jari na Berkshire Hathaway, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni   na Amurka da manyan kamfanoni na duniya  .  Kafofin watsa labaru na duniya suna kiransa da "Oracle" ko "Sage" na Omaha sakamakon tarin tarin dukiya da ya samu daga nasarar kasuwancinsa da zuba jari.  An san shi saboda bin ƙa'idodin saka hannun jari mai ƙima, da ɓacin ransa duk da tarin arzikinsa. 

Buffett kuma sanannen mai ba da agaji ne, bayan da ya yi alƙawarin ba da kashi 99 cikin ɗari  na dukiyarsa ga ayyukan agaji, da farko ta Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates. Ya kafa The Giving Pledge a cikin 2010 tare da Bill Gates, inda biliyoyin kudi suka yi alkawarin ba da akalla rabin dukiyarsu. 

An haifi Buffett a cikin 1930 a Omaha, Nebraska, na biyu a cikin yara uku kuma ɗa kaɗai na Leila (née Stahl) da ɗan majalisa Howard Buffett .  Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Elementary ta Rose Hill. A cikin 1942, an zaɓi mahaifinsa zuwa farkon sharuɗɗan huɗu a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, kuma bayan ya koma Washington, DC tare da danginsa, Warren ya gama makarantar firamare, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Alice Deal Junior kuma ya sauke karatu daga abin da yake a lokacin Woodrow Wilson High. Makaranta a 1947, inda hoton babban littafinsa ya karanta: "yana son lissafi; mai ba da jari a nan gaba".  Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare da samun nasara tare da harkokin kasuwanci na gefensa da zuba jari, Buffett ya so ya tsallake koleji don shiga kasuwanci kai tsaye amma mahaifinsa ya rinjaye shi.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
Buffett ya nuna sha'awar kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tun yana matashi. Ya sami wahayi daga wani littafi da ya aro daga ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Omaha yana da shekaru bakwai, Hanyoyi Dubu Daya don Samun $1000 .  Yawancin shekarun kuruciyar Buffett sun sami haɓaka tare da ayyukan kasuwanci. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin kasuwancinsa na farko, Buffett ya sayar da cingam, Coca-Cola, da mujallu na mako-mako ƙofa zuwa kofa . Ya yi aiki a kantin sayar da kayan kakansa. Duk da yake har yanzu yana makarantar sakandare, ya sami kuɗi yana isar da jaridu, sayar da ƙwallan golf da tambari, da bayyani motoci, da dai sauransu. A lokacin da ya dawo haraji   na farko a 1944, Buffett ya cire $ 35 don amfani da keken sa kuma yana kallon hanyar takarda.  A cikin 1945, a matsayinsa na sakandare na sakandare, Buffett da abokinsa sun kashe $25 don siyan injin pin ball da aka yi amfani da su, wanda suka sanya a cikin shagon aski na gida. A cikin watanni, sun mallaki injuna da yawa a cikin shagunan aski guda uku daban-daban a cikin Omaha. Daga baya sun sayar da sana’ar ga wani sojan yaki akan kudi dala $1200. 

Buffett na sha'awar kasuwar hannun jari da saka hannun jari ya samo asali ne tun lokacin ɗan makarantarsa da ya yi amfani da shi a falon abokan ciniki na wani kamfani na  yanki kusa da ofishin dillalan mahaifinsa. Mahaifinsa ya yi sha'awar ilmantar da matashin Warren, a wani lokaci ya kai shi ziyara a New York Stock Exchange lokacin yana 10.  Yana da shekaru 11, ya sayi hannun jari uku na Sabis ɗin Biranen da aka zaɓa don kansa, da uku don 'yar uwarsa Doris Buffett (wanda kuma ya zama mai ba da taimako).   A 15, Warren ya sanya fiye da $175 isar da jaridun Washington Post kowane wata. A makarantar sakandare, ya saka hannun jari a wani kasuwanci mallakin mahaifinsa kuma ya sayi gona mai girman eka 40 da wani manomi ya yi aiki. Ya sayi filin tun yana dan shekara 14 da dala 1,200 na ajiyarsa.  A lokacin da ya gama kwaleji, Buffett ya tara $9,800 a cikin tanadi (kimanin $ 121,000 a yau).  [26]

A cikin 1947, Buffett ya yi karatu a Makarantar Wharton na Jami'ar Pennsylvania . Da ya gwammace ya mai da hankali kan harkokin kasuwancinsa, amma ya yi rajista saboda matsin lamba daga mahaifinsa.  Warren ya yi karatu a can na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar Alpha Sigma Phi . Daga nan sai ya koma Jami'ar Nebraska inda a lokacin yana da shekaru 19, ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin harkokin kasuwanci . Bayan da Harvard Business School ya ƙi, Buffett ya shiga Makarantar Kasuwancin Columbia na Jami'ar Columbia bayan ya koyi cewa Benjamin Graham ya koyar a can. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Columbia a 1951. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Buffett ya halarci Cibiyar Kudi ta New York .

Sana'ar kasuwanci

Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci 
Buffett ya yi aiki daga 1951 zuwa 1954 a Buffett-Falk & Co. a matsayin mai siyar da jari; daga 1954 zuwa 1956 a Graham-Newman Corp. a matsayin manazarcin tsaro; daga 1956 zuwa 1969 a Buffett Partnership, Ltd. a matsayin babban abokin tarayya; kuma daga 1970 a matsayin shugaba da Shugaba na Berkshire Hathaway Inc

A cikin 1951,  Buffett ya gano cewa Graham yana kan hukumar inshorar GEICO . A ranar Asabar da ya hau jirgin kasa zuwa Washington, DC, ya kwankwasa kofar hedikwatar GEICO har sai da wani ma’aikacin gidan yari ya shigar da shi. A can ya sadu da Lorimer Davidson, mataimakin shugaban GEICO, kuma su biyun sun tattauna kasuwancin inshora na sa'o'i. Davidson a ƙarshe zai zama abokin Buffett na rayuwa kuma yana da tasiri mai dorewa, kuma daga baya zai tuna cewa ya sami Buffett a matsayin "mutum mai ban mamaki" bayan mintuna goma sha biyar kacal. Buffett ya so ya yi aiki a Wall Street amma mahaifinsa da Ben Graham sun roke shi kada ya yi. Ya miƙa wa Graham aiki kyauta, amma Graham ya ƙi. 

Buffett ya koma Omaha kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin dillalan hannun jari yayin daukar kwas na magana da jama'a na Dale Carnegie .  Yin amfani da abin da ya koya, ya ji ƙarfin isa ya koyar da "Ka'idodin Zuba Jari" ajin dare a Jami'ar Nebraska-Omaha . Matsakaicin shekarun ɗalibansa ya fi sau biyu nasa. A wannan lokacin kuma ya sayi tashar mai na Sinclair a matsayin saka hannun jari na gefe amma bai yi nasara ba. 

A cikin 1952,  Buffett ya auri Susan Thompson a Cocin Dundee Presbyterian . A shekara ta gaba sun haifi ɗansu na farko, Susan Alice . A 1954, Buffett ya karɓi aiki a haɗin gwiwar Benjamin Graham . Albashin sa na farawa shine $12,000 a shekara (kimanin $ 131,000 a yau). [26] A can ya yi aiki tare da Walter Schloss . Graham ya kasance shugaba mai tauri. Ya tsaya tsayin daka cewa hannun jari yana ba da fa'ida mai fa'ida na aminci bayan auna cinikin tsakanin farashin su da ainihin ƙimar su. A wannan shekarar ne Buffetts suka haifi ɗa na biyu, Howard Graham . A 1956, Benjamin Graham ya yi ritaya kuma ya rufe haɗin gwiwarsa. A wannan lokacin ajiyar na Buffett ya wuce $174,000 (kimanin $ 1.87 . miliyan a yau) [26] kuma a lokaci guda kafa Buffett Partnership Ltd.

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