Shugaban kasa
Shugaban Kasa (da turanci Head of State ko Chief of State).  Shine mutumin dake wakiltar gamayyar tarayyar kasa da tabbatar da kasa mai cikake iko. ya danganta da irin tsarin mulki da rabe-raben Karfi, wanda shugaban kasar ke dashi, ko dai ceremonial figurehead ko concurrently the shugaban gwamnati. Tsarin shugaban kasa na zaben siyasa, shugaban kasa shi ake kira da de jure Jagoran Kasa, sannan akwai wani na daban de facto Jagora, mafi yawan cin lokaci mukamin sa shine firayim minista. A banbance, a semi-presidential system tana da duk shugabannin kasan da na gwamnati amatsayin shugabanni de facto na wannan kasar (a aiki sukan raba ayyukan ne tsakanin junan su).

A kasashe masu tsari na parliamentary systems, shugaban kasa shine is typically a ceremonial figurehead wanda a zahiri bashi ne ke gudanar ko jagorantar ayyukan yau da kullum ba na gwamnati ko ba'a bashi damar yin wani aikin data shafi siyasa ba. A kuma kasashen da shugaban kasa kuma shine shugaban gwamnati, shugaban kasar yana zama duka shine ke jagoran kasa kuma babban mai mukami a siyasar kasar, wanda ke zartas da ayyukan shugaban ci (misali. Shugaban kasar Brazil).

Tsohon shugaban kasar Faransa Charles_de_Gaulle, yayin da suke samar da tsarin mulkin Faransa na yanzu a (1958), yace: dole shugaban kasa yakasance yanada "Ruhi na son kasa" da faransanci "l'esprit de la nation" (da turanci "the spirit of the nation").

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