Dorothy Liebes
Dorothy Wright Liebes (14 Oktoba 1897 - 20 Satumba 1972) 'yar Amurka ce mai zanen masaka kuma mai sana'anta don sabbin masana'anta na zamani da aka ƙera don masu gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. An san ta da "mahaifiyar saƙar zamani".
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Kuruciya 
An haifi Dorothy Wright a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1897,a Santa Rosa, California,ita 'yar Frederick L.Wright ce, farfesan ilmin sunadarai,da Bessie Calderwood Wright, malama. Yayin da take nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam,fasaha, da koyarwa a Kwalejin Malamai na Jiha a San Jose da Jami'ar California, Berkeley,an shawarce ta don yin gwaji tare da zane-zane. Ta siyo yar karamar masara ta koya wa kanta sana’ar saka. 

A shekarar 1928,ta auri Leon Liebes, wani ɗan kasuwa.Sun sake aure a cikin 1940, kodayake Dorothy Liebes ta riƙe sunanta da fasaha.A 1948 ta auri Pulitzer Prize -lashe ɗan jarida Relman Morin.

Aiki 

Bayan shekaru da yawa a matsayin malamar makaranta, Liebes ta yanke shawarar zama mai zane-zane, kuma ta yi karatun saƙa a Hull House, Chicago, kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa Faransanci, Italiya, Guatemala,da Mexico don koyo game da nau'ikan saƙar gargajiya.  Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙasashen waje,Liebes ta koma Amurka kuma ta buɗe babban ɗakinta mai suna a San Francisco.  Studio dinta na farko, wanda aka buɗe a 526 Powell Street a San Francisco a cikin 1930, wanda ta ƙware a kayan saƙar hannu na al'ada don gine-gine da masu zanen ciki.  A 1935,Liebes ta sadu da Frank Lloyd Wright a Taliesin a Spring Green, Wisconsin. Wright tana da tasiri a cikin falsafar ƙira.  An buɗe Dorothy Liebes Design, Inc.a cikin 1937, kodayake mijinta ya ƙi,a San Francisco.  A 1938 tana da maza da mata goma sha bakwai suna aiki a ɗakinta.  A cikin 1942,Liebes ta motsa ɗakinta a San Francisco zuwa 545 Sutter Street.  Bayan bukatar,ta bude studio na biyu a New York.  Ta yi ƙaura na cikakken lokaci zuwa Birnin New York a cikin 1948.  

An san masana'anta don haɗakar launuka masu ƙarfin hali da laushi masu ban sha'awa, kuma galibi suna amfani da kayan da ba a zata ba kamar gashin fuka-fuki, robobi,ƙarfIna, jute,tef ɗin ticker,ratsan fata,da bamboo.   An ba su izini ta hanyar gine-gine,ciki har da Frank Lloyd Wright, Edward Durell Stone,Miller da Pflueger da Samuel Marx.  Sauran abokan ciniki sun haɗa da Sarki Ibn Saud na Saudi Arabia,da Ahwahnee Hotel a Yosemite,da Paramount Theater a Oakland, California.   An kuma yi amfani da kayan saƙar ta a cikin jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa, wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da otal. 

Ƙarshen WWII ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci ga Liebes da kamfaninta. Kayayyakin roba da aka ƙirƙira da kuma amfani da su a yaƙin an samar da su don amfanin gida. Aluminum, musamman,ta kasance mai matukar sha'awa ga masana'antun yadi.Liebes ta yi farin ciki da kwarin guiwar waɗannan damar, musamman sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya yin aiki da su.Ta taɓa yin magana a cikin lacca don tsara ɗalibai a Chicago, "Ku yi la'akari da cellophanes masu haskakawa, dull acetates, robobi masu laushi,fata da aka yi da fata, gashin doki na wucin gadi, kayan da ba a lalata da kuma zaren gilashi!" Dorothy Liebes sau da yawa ana lasafta ta a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na motsi na zamani na California, kuma a cikin 1940s da 50s ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masu zanen yadi a Amurka.ta bambanta da palette na tsaka-tsaki na yawancin mutanen zamaninta na zamani, Liebes sananniya ce don amfani da kayan da ba zato ba tsammani, launi mai haske da tsari.Tana da sha'awar haɗa launukan da ba su dace ba cikin haɗin kai,yanayin gani.Liebes da aka fi sani da launi "elixir sihiri" kuma kayan aikinta sun kasance suna da kyawawan launuka masu kyau.Ta kirkiro wannan "California Look",wanda da sauri aka kira "Liebes Look". 

Dorothy Liebes ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaƙiya, amma ita ma ƴar kasuwa ce mai kaifi wacce ta yi imanin cewa masaku da yawa za su iya kaiwa ga jama'a,ba tare da la'akari da kasafin kuɗin abokin ciniki ba.Duk da yake har yanzu tana riƙe da kamannin saƙar hannu, Liebes ta yi aiki don tsara masana'anta mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗimbin salo da kayayyaki daban-daban. Ba wai kawai an sami damar saka kayanta ba, amma ta yi abokin tarayya mai ƙarfi don masana'antu. 

Liebes ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙira ga kamfanoni kamar DuPont,Dow, Bigelow-Sanford,da Goodall Fabrics na Sanford, Maine. Mai tallata kayan masaku mai yawa,ta ba da shawara game da haɓaka zaruruwan roba,da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka injinan da za su iya kwaikwayi rashin daidaituwa na ado da rashin daidaituwa na yadudduka na hannu.  Daga 1955 zuwa 1971 Liebes ta zama mai ba da shawara ga kayan gida na DuPont.A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun kamfanin,ta taimaka wa jama'a su shawo kan masifu ga masana'anta. 

An san Liebes don gabatar da shirye-shiryen fasaha na warkewa ga tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Duniya na II a duk faɗin Amurka. A cikin 1942, an nada ta a matsayin Darakta na ƙasa,Sashen Arts & Skills, Red Cross ta Amurka. 

Daga 1961 zuwa 1972, fitacciyar mai fasaha Emma Amos ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane / masaƙa don Dorothy Liebes.

Kyaututuka 
Liebes tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara samun lambar yabo ta Neiman Marcus a lokacin ƙaddamar da su a cikin shekarar 1938. A cikin shekarar 1946, Cibiyar Masu Ado na Amurka ta zaɓi ɗayan ƙirarta mafi kyawun yadi  A shekara ta gaba,1947, ta sami Medal na Sana'a daga Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Amurka. Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka daga Lord &amp; Taylor,the Paris Exposition,da Architectural League. A cikin 1948,ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Mills da lambar yabo ta Elsie de Wolfe.

Mutuwa 
Saboda yanayin zuciya, Dorothy Liebes ta yi murabus a cikin 1971.  Ta mutu a birnin New York a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1972.

Legacy 
Ana gudanar da aikinta a cikin tarin Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art, da Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.

Manazarta