Y
Y, ko y , shine harafi na ashirin da biyar kuma na ƙarshe na harafin haruffan Latin na ISO da na shida (ko na bakwai idan sun haɗa da W) harafin wasali  na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani . A tsarin rubuce -rubucen Ingilishi, galibi yana wakiltar wasali kuma ba kasafai ake samun baƙaƙe ba, kuma a cikin wasu rubutun na iya wakiltar wasali ko baƙaƙe. Its sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwHQ">wye</i>  (furta  waɪ) jam'i wyes.

Suna 
A cikin Latin, an kira Y I graeca (Girkanci)  tunda sautin Girkanci na gargajiya , kama da Jamusanci na zamani ü ko Faransanci u, ba sautin asali bane ga masu magana da Latin, kuma da farko an yi amfani da harafin rubuta kalmomin waje. Wannan tarihin ya haifar da daidaitattun sunaye na harafi a cikin yaren Romance - i grego a Galician, i grega a Catalan, i grec a Faransanci da Romanian, i greca a cikin Italiyanci - duk ma'anar "Greek I". Sunayen igrek a Yaren mutanen Poland da  a cikin Vietnamese duka biyun aro ne na sunan Faransanci. A cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, ana amfani da duka Griekse ij da i-grec . A cikin Mutanen Espanya, ana kuma kiran Y da i griega ; Duk da haka, a cikin karni na ashirin, da gajeriyar suna ye aka samarwa da aka hukumance gane kamar yadda ta sunan a  shekara ta 2010 da Real masana ilimi da Española, ko da yake ta asali sunan karbuwa har yanzu. 

Asalin sunan Girkanci υ ψιλόν ( upsilon ) shima an daidaita shi zuwa yaruka da yawa na zamani. Misali, ana kiranta Ypsilon a Jamusanci, ufsilon i a Icelandic. Ana amfani da duka sunaye biyu a Italiyanci, ipsilon ko i greca ; haka nan a Fotigal, ípsilon ko i grego .  A cikin Faroese, kawai ana kiran harafin seinna i (daga baya i) saboda matsayinta na baya a cikin haruffa.

Tsohuwar Ingilishi ta aro Latin Y don rubuta ɗan asalin tsohuwar Ingilishi sauti  (wanda aka rubuta a baya tare da rune yr  ) Sunan harafin yana da alaƙa da 'ui' (ko 'vi) a cikin yaruka daban -daban na da; a cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya shine 'wi'   wanda ta hanyar Babban Wasali Shift ya zama Ingilishi na zamani 'wy'  .

Tarihi 

Tsohon tsoffin kakannin harafin Ingilishi Y shine harafin Semitic waw (wanda ake kira  ) wanda daga ciki kuma F, U, V, da W suka fito . Duba F don cikakkun bayanai. Haruffan Helenanci da na Latin sun samo asali ne daga nau'in Fonisiya na farkon haruffan nan.

Tun daga Ingilishi na Tsakiya na Tsakiya, an fara amfani da harafin Y a cikin kalmomi da yawa inda rubutun haruffan Ingilishi na farko ya ƙunshi harafin yogh (Ȝȝ) wanda ya samo asali daga harafin G, daga ƙarshe daga gimel Semitic - kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa (azaman bayanin gefe - Modern Greek Ƙaramin baki gamma <γ> ne da ɗan kamar wancan dimbin yawa da Ƙaramin baki harafin <y>)

Wasali 
Siffar harafin Y ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga harafin Girkanci upsilon . Romawa da farko sun aro wani nau'in upsilon - kai tsaye daga haruffan Helenanci, ko daga haruffan Etruscan - azaman harafi guda ɗaya na V, wanda ke wakiltar duka sautin wasalin  da  (A cikin Latin da aka rubuta na zamani, yawanci V ana rarrabe shi daga U.) Wannan lamuni na farko na upsilon zuwa Latin ba shine asalin Ingilishi na Y na Y ba (a maimakon haka, shine tushen Ingilishi na zamani U, V, da W )

Amfani da nau'in Y Greek na upsilon sabanin U, V, ko W, ya samo asali ne zuwa Latin na ƙarni na farko BC, lokacin da aka gabatar da upsilon a karo na biyu, wannan lokacin tare da "ƙafarsa" don rarrabe ta. Yana da aka yi amfani da su rubũtunsa loanwords daga babbar ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi yare na Greek, wanda ya cikin wadanda ba Latin wasali sauti  (kamar yadda samu a zamani Faransa cru (raw) ko Jamus grün (kore)) a cikin kalmomin da aka furta da  a farkon Girkanci. Saboda  ba sautin asalin Latin bane, galibi ana furta shi  ko  . Wasu kalmomin Latin na asalin Italic suma sun kasance an rubuta su da 'y': Latin silva (gandun daji) galibi an rubuta shi sylva, a kwatancen tare da ma'anar Girka da ma'anar ὕλη . 

Sarkin Roma Claudius ya ba da shawarar gabatar da sabon harafi (Ⱶ) a cikin haruffan Latin don rubuta abin da ake kira sonus medius (gajeriyar wasali kafin haruffan labial )  wanda a wasu lokutan ana amfani da rubutun don Greek upsilon maimakon.

An yi amfani da harafin Y don wakiltar sautin  a cikin tsarin rubutun wasu wasu yarukan da suka karɓi haruffan Latin. A cikin Tsohon Ingilishi da Tsohon Norse, akwai  sauti, don haka Latin U, Y da ni duk an yi amfani da su don wakiltar sautunan wasali daban. Amma, ta hanyar lokacin Tsakiya English,  ya rasa ta roundedness, kuma ya kasance m zuwa na  da  Don haka, kalmomin da yawa waɗanda da farko an rubuta su tare da Y, kuma akasin haka. Bambanci tsakanin  da  ya kuma ɓace a cikin Icelandic da Faroese daga baya, yana mai rarrabe tsattsauran ra'ayi da tarihi, amma ba a cikin manyan yarukan Scandinavia ba, inda aka riƙe bambancin. Ana iya lura cewa irin wannan haɗuwar  cikin  ya faru a Girkanci a farkon farkon karni na 2, yana yin bambanci tsakanin iota (Ι, ι) da upsilon (Υ, υ) zance na haruffan tarihi kawai. can kuma. A cikin yarukan Slavic na Yammaci, an daidaita Y a matsayin alama don wasali na tsakiya mara iyaka  ; daga baya,  hade da  a cikin Czech da Slovak, yayin da Yaren mutanen Poland ke riƙe da shi tare da  . Hakanan, a cikin Welsh ta Tsakiya, an zo amfani da Y don ƙera wasula  da  a hanyar da ake iya hango daga matsayin wasalin a cikin kalmar. Tun daga wannan lokacin,  ya haɗu da  a yarukan Kudancin Welsh, amma  an riƙe.

A cikin Ingilishi na zamani, Y na iya wakiltar sautin wasali iri ɗaya kamar harafin I. Yin amfani da harafin Y don wakiltar wasali ya fi ƙuntatawa a cikin Ingilishi na zamani fiye da yadda aka yi a tsakiyar da farkon Ingilishi na zamani. Yana faruwa galibi a cikin mahalli uku masu zuwa: don haɓakawa a cikin kalmomin aro na Girkanci ( s y stem : Greek σ ύ στημα) a ƙarshen kalma ( hatsin rai, birni ; kwatanta birane, inda S yake ƙarshe) kuma a wuri na I kafin kawo karshen -ing (DY-yin, gaskata-ing)

Baƙaƙe 
A matsayin baƙaƙe a cikin Ingilishi, Y yawanci yana wakiltar kusancin sarauta,  ( y ear, Jamusanci J ahr )A cikin wannan amfani, harafin Y ya maye gurbin yogh (Ȝȝ) na Ingilishi na Tsakiya, wanda zai iya wakiltar  (Yogh kuma yana iya wakiltar wasu sautuna, kamar , wanda aka fara rubuta shi gh a Turanci ta Tsakiya. )

Rikici a rubuce tare da ƙaya harafi 
Lokacin da aka gabatar da bugu zuwa Burtaniya, Caxton da sauran firintar Ingilishi sun yi amfani da Y a maimakon Þ ( ƙaya : Turanci na zamani th )wanda babu shi a cikin nau'ikan nahiyoyi. Daga wannan babban taron ya zo da haruffan sa kamar yadda kuke cikin archaism mai ban dariya Ye Olde Shoppe . Amma, duk da kuskure, pronunciation shi ne guda kamar yadda na zamani da (jaddada  unstressed  Bayyana labarin ku a matsayin yee (  ) kalma ce kawai ta furta haruffan zamani.

Furuci da amfani

Turanci 
Kamar yadda /j / :

 a farkon wata kalma kamar yadda a cikin a
 a farkon harafi kafin wasali kamar a bayan, lauya, kanyon

Kamar yadda ba syllabic  :

 bayan wasu wasali a diphthongs, kamar a wasa, launin toka, yaro

Kamar yadda /i / :

 ba tare da damuwa ba a ƙarshen kalma da yawa kamar a cikin farin ciki, jariri, sa'a, daidaito
 amfani dashi a hade tare da e a ƙarshen kalmomi, kamar a cikin kuɗi, maɓalli

Kamar yadda /ɪ / :

 a cikin rufaffiyar syllable ba tare da damuwa ba kuma tare da damuwa kamar yadda a cikin tatsuniya, tsarin, gymnastics
 a cikin rufaffiyar haruffa a ƙarƙashin damuwa kamar yadda aka saba, waƙa
 a cikin harafin da ba a buɗe ba tare da damuwa ba kamar na jiki, fanjama

Kamar yadda /aɪ / :

 a ƙarƙashin damuwa a cikin ƙaramin harafi kamar yadda na, nau'in, hatsin rai, kwance, pyre, taya, guguwa
 a cikin murfin buɗe murya mai ƙarfi kamar a cikin jan layi, sake zagayowar, cylon
 a cikin pretonic bude syllable kamar yadda a hypothesis, psychology
 kalma-a ƙarshe bayan baƙaƙe, kamar a cikin abokin tarayya, haɗa kai

Sauran:

 hada da ⟩ kamar yadda /ɜːr / karkashin danniya (irin ⟩ a tsuntsu), kamar yadda a ci-zaƙin, mur
 as /ə / ( schwa ) cikin kalmomi kamar shahidi

A cikin ilimin halittar turancin Ingilishi, -y sigar karin magana ce .

Y shine harafi na tara da ake yawan amfani da shi a cikin yaren Ingilishi (bayan P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, da Z ) tare da mitar kusan 2% cikin kalmomi.

Wasu harsuna 

⟨y⟩ represents the sounds  or  (sometimes long) in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords)

(A Yaren mutanen Holland da kuma Jamus) bayyana ne kawai a loanwords da ya dace sunayen .

A cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, yawanci yana wakiltar  . Yana iya, wani lokacin za a bar daga cikin Dutch haruffa da kuma maye gurbinsu da ⟨   digraph. Bugu da kari ⟩ da ⟩ an lokaci-lokaci amfani maimakon Dutch ⟩ da ⟩ albeit sosai da wuya.

A cikin rubutun harshen Jamusanci,  ya kasance tun ƙarni na 19 a cikin kalmomin aro na gargajiya - misali a cikin kalmomi kamar typisch  'hankula', Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ . Hakanan ana amfani dashi don sautin  a cikin kalmomin aro, kamar Yacht (haruffan bambancin: J acht), Yak, Yeti ; duk da haka, misali yo-yo an rubuta " J o- J o " a Jamusanci, da yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt " J og (h) urt " [galibi an rubuta shi da h  ]) Harafin ⟩ aka kuma yi amfani da yawa Gwargwadon sunayen, misali Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Misira, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus (amma: J emen Yemen, J ugoslawien Zimbabue) Musamman ma a Jamus sunayen, da lafazai  ko  faruwa da - misali a cikin sunan Meyer, inda shi hidima a matsayin wani bambanci na ⟩ gwama Meier, wani haruffan gama gari na sunan. A cikin Jamusanci ana adana y a cikin nau'in wasu kalmomin aro kamar Bab y s bab watau s da Sashe na y sashe watau s, bukukuwa.

A ⟩ cewa ya sami asali daga ⟩ ligature auku a cikin Afirkanci harshe, zuriyar Dutch, kuma a Alemannic Jamus sunayen. A cikin Afirkaans, yana nuna diphthong  . A cikin sunayen Jamusanci na Alemannic, yana nuna dogon , misali a Schnyder [ˈƩniːdər] ko Schwyz [ˈƩʋiːts]-ƙwaƙƙwaran sunayen Jamusanci ba na Alemannic ba Schneider [ˈƩnaɪdər] ko Schweiz [ʃʋaɪts] suna da diphthong  wanda ya haɓaka daga dogon  .

A Icelandic rubutu, saboda asarar da Old Norse Ƙididdigar da wasali  da haruffa ⟩ da ⟩ yanzu furta identically da haruffa ⟩ da ⟩ wato kamar yadda  da  bi da bi. Bambancin haruffan ta haka ne kawai na asali. A Faroese, ma, da bambanci da aka rasa, da kuma ⟩ ne ko da yaushe ya furta  alhãli kuwa da accented versions ⟩ da ⟩ designate guda diphthong  (taqaitaccen zuwa  a wasu wurare)  A cikin duka harsuna, shi kuma iya samar da wani ɓangare na diphthongs kamar ⟩ (a duka harsunan), pronounced  kuma ⟩ ya furta  (Faroese kawai)

A Faransa orthography, ⟩ ne da sunan kamar yadda  lokacin da wani wasali (as a cikin kalmomi sake zagayowar, y) da kuma kamar yadda  a matsayin baƙi (as a yeux, voyez). Yana jujjuyawa da ⟨   wasu fi'ili, yana nuna sauti  . A mafi yawan lokuta idan ⟩ haka wani wasali, shi modifies da pronunciation na wasali: ⟩  ⟩  ⟩  Harafin ⟩ yana da biyu aiki (gyaggyarawa da wasali kazalika ana furta a matsayin  ko  a cikin kalmomi payer, balayer, moyen, essuyer, yana biya, da dai sauransu, amma a wasu kalmomi da shi yana da kawai wani aiki ɗaya:  a bayer, mayonnaise, coyote ; gyara wasali a ƙarshen sunaye masu dacewa kamar Chardonnay da Fourcroy . A Faransa ⟩ iya samun diaeresis (tréma) kamar yadda a Moÿ-de-l'Aisne .

A Spain, ⟩ aka yi amfani a matsayin kalma-farko nau'i na ⟩ cewa ya fi bayyane. (Jamus ya yi amfani da ⟩ a irin wannan hanya. ) Saboda haka, <i id="mwAyU">el yugo y las flechas</i> wata alama ce ta raba farkon Isabella I na Castille ( Ysabel ) da Ferdinand II na Aragon . Royal Academy Academy ta gyara wannan haruffan kuma a halin yanzu ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin sunaye masu dacewa waɗanda aka rubuta da archaically, kamar Ybarra ko CYII, alamar Canal de Isabel II . Bayyana shi kadai a matsayin kalma, da wasika ⟩ ne nahawu tare da tare da ma'anar " da kuma " a Spain da kuma aka furta  A matsayin baƙi, ⟩ wakiltar [ ʝ ] in Spanish. Ana kiran harafin i/y griega, a zahiri ma'anar "Girkanci I", bayan harafin Girkanci ypsilon, ko ku .

A Portuguese, ⟩ (kira ípsilon a Brazil, da kuma ko dai ípsilon ko i grego a Portugal ) ya, tare da ⟩ da ⟩ kwanan nan reintroduced matsayin 25th wasika, da kuma 19th baƙi, da Portuguese haruffa, a Sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Harshen Harshen Fotigal na 1990 . An fi amfani da shi cikin kalmomin aro daga Ingilishi, Jafananci da Spanish. Kalmomin aro gabaɗaya, musamman gallicisms a cikin iri biyu, sun fi yawa a cikin Fotigal na Brazil fiye da na Fotigal na Turai . Koyaushe ya zama ruwan dare ga 'yan Brazil su yi wa sunayen' ya'yansu tasirin Tupi tasiri tare da harafin (wanda ke cikin yawancin Rumunar Tsohon Tupi ) misali Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara - ko placenames da loanwords samu daga 'yan asalin asalin yana da harafin sauya for ⟨   kan lokaci misali Nictheroy ya zama Niterói . Karin lafazi na yau da kullun shine /i /, [ j ], [ ɪ ] da /ɨ / (na biyun ba su da daɗi a cikin nau'ikan Fotigal na Turai da na Brazil bi da bi, ana maye gurbinsu da /i / a wasu yaruka). A haruffa ⟨   da ⟩ ana daukarsa a matsayin phonemically ba jũna, ko da farko dace don wani wasali da kuma karshen zuwa baƙi, da kuma duka Can dace a semivowel dangane da wuri a cikin wata kalma.

Italian, ma, yana da ⟩ (ipsilon) a cikin wani karamin yawan loanwords. Har ila yau, wasiƙar ta zama ruwan dare a wasu sunaye na asali ga lardin Bolzano mai magana da Jamusanci, kamar Mayer ko Mayr.

A cikin Guaraní, yana wakiltar wasalin [ ɨ ] .

A cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, yana wakiltar wasali [ ɘ ] (ko, bisa ga wasu kwatancen, [ ɨ̞ ] )wanda a sarari ya bambanta da [ i ], misali na (mu) da mi (ni). Babu 'yan qasar Polish kalma ta fara da ⟩ sosai 'yan kasashen waje kalmomi ci gaba ⟩ a farkon, misali yeti (furta 

A Czech da kuma Basulake, bambanci tsakanin vowels bayyana ta ⟩ da ⟩ an rasa, amma baƙaƙe D, t, n (ma l a Basulake) kafin orthographic (da tarihi) ⟩ ba palatalized, alhãli kuwa sun kasance kafin ⟩

A cikin Welsh, galibi ana furta shi [ ə ] a cikin baƙaƙe na ƙarshe da [ ɨ ] ko [ i ] (gwargwadon lafazi) a cikin haruffan ƙarshe.

A cikin Siffar Rubutun Ingilishi na Harshen Cornish, yana wakiltar [ ɪ ] da [ ɪː ] na Farfaɗɗen Masarautar Tsakiya da [ ɪ ] da [ iː ] na Farfaɗɗen Ƙarshen Cornish . Yana kuma iya wakiltar Tudor da kuma farfado Late Cornish [ ɛ ] da [ E ] da kuma saboda haka za a maye gurbin a cikin rubutu da ⟩ Hakanan ana amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar adadin diphthongs . A matsayin baƙaƙe yana wakiltar [ j ] 

A Finnish da Albanian, ⟩ ne ko da yaushe ya furta [ y ]

A Istoniyanci, ⟩ da ake amfani a waje dace sunayen da aka furta kamar yadda a cikin tushen harshe. Haka kuma an unofficially amfani da matsayin maimakon ⟩ da aka furta guda kamar yadda a Finnish .

A Lithuanian, ⟩ ne 15th harafin (wadannan ⟩ da kuma gabanin ⟩ a cikin haruffa) da kuma shi ne mai wasali. Ana kiranta doguwar i kuma ana furta ta kamar a Turanci duba .

Lokacin amfani da wani wasali a {asar Vietnam, da wasika ⟩ wakiltar sauti  a lokacin da shi ne a monophthong, shi ne aikin daidai da K'abilan Biyetnam harafi ⟩ Akwai sun kasance kokarin maye gurbin duk irin amfani da ⟩ gaba ɗaya, amma sun kasance sun fi mayar da m. A matsayin baƙaƙe, yana wakiltar kusancin palatal . A babban birnin kasar wasika ⟩ aka kuma yi amfani da Vietnam a matsayin ba sunan .

A cikin Aymara, Indonesiyan / Malaysian, Baturke, Quechua da romanization na Jafananci, Y koyaushe baƙaƙe ne na sarauta, yana nuna [ j ], kamar a cikin Ingilishi.

A Malagasy, da wasika ⟩ wakiltar karshe bambancin 

A Harshen Turkmen, ⟩ wakiltar [ ɯ ]

A Washo, runtse-hali ⟩ wakiltar wani hali wye sauti, yayin da sama-hali ⟩ wakiltar wani voiceless wye sauti, a bit kamar baƙi a Turanci ya dafa.

Sauran tsarin 
A International karin lafazi Alphabet, ⟩ dace da kusa gaban taso wasali, da kuma related hali ⟩ dace da kusa-kusa kusa-gaban taso wasali .

Gabatarwar SI na 10 <sup id="mwA70">24</sup> shine yotta, taƙaice ta harafin Y.

Haruffa masu alaƙa

Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin 

 Y tare da diacritics : Ý ý Ỳ ỳ ỳ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ẏ ẏ Ỵ Ỵ ỵ ẙ ẙ Ỷ ỷ Ȳ Ȳ ȳ Ɏ Ɏ ɏ Ƴ ƴ ƴy daʎ.
 ʎ da ʏ ake amfani a cikin International karin lafazi Alphabet

Kakanni da 'yan uwan juna a wasu haruffa 

 𐤅: Harafin Semitic Waw, wanda daga baya alamomin ke samo asali
 Υ : Harafin Girkanci Upsilon, wanda Y ya samo asali
   : Harafin 'yan Koftik epsilon/shi (kada a ruɗe shi da wasiƙar Girkanci mara alaƙa ε ε da ake kira epsilon )
 Ƙari : Tsohon Italic U/V, wanda shine kakan Latin V na zamani
   : Harafin Gothic uuinne/vinja, wanda aka fassara shi kamar w
 У : Harafin Cyrillic U, wanda ya samo asali daga Greek upsilon ta digraph omicron-upsilon da aka yi amfani da shi don wakiltar sautin /u /
 Ѵ : Harafin Cyrillic izhitsa, wanda ya samo asali daga upsilon na Girka kuma yana wakiltar sautukan /i /ko /v /. Wannan wasiƙar tana da arha a cikin tsarin rubuce -rubucen zamani na yarukan Slavic masu rai, amma har yanzu ana amfani da ita a cikin tsarin rubutu na Slavic liturgical language Slavonic .
 Ү : Harafin Cyrillic Ue (ko madaidaiciya U )
 Ұ : Kazakh Short U

Alamu da aka samo, alamomi da gajarta 

 Ƙari : Yen alamar
 Ƙari : A Japan, ⓨ alama ce da aka yi amfani da ita don kiyaye farashin farashi .

Lambobin kwamfuta 

A kan injin buga rubutu na Jamus da madannai na kwamfuta (idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ake amfani da su a Burtaniya da Amurka) an canza matsayin haruffan Y da Z, duba QWERTZ . A cikin Jamusanci, ana amfani da Y galibi cikin kalmomin aro da sunaye.

Bayanan kula

Manazarta

Hanyoyin waje 

 
 
 
Pages with unreviewed translations