Mutanen Soninke
Mutanen Soninke ƙabila ce ta yammacin Afirka da ke magana da harshen Mande a Mali, Fouta Djallon, kudancin Mauritania, gabashin Senegal, Guinea da Gambia. Suna magana da yaren Soninke, wanda kuma ake kira Serakhulle ko harshen Azer, wanda shine ɗayan yarukan Mande. Mutanen Soninke sune suka kafa tsohuwar daular Ghana ko Wagadou c. 300–1240 CE, Ƙungiyoyin Soninke sun haɗa da Maraka da Wangara. Lokacin da aka lalata daular Ghana, ƴan kasashen waje sun kawo Soninkes zuwa Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinée-Conakry, Jamhuriyar Ghana ta zamani, da kuma Guinea-Bissau inda wasu 'yan kasuwa suka yi kasuwanci. aka kira Wangara.

Galibin Musulmai, Soninke na daya daga cikin kabilun farko daga yammacin Afirka da suka musulunta a kusan ƙarni na 10. An kiyasta yawan mutanen Soninke na wannan zamani sun haura miliyan biyu. Ayyukan al'adun mutanen Soninke suna kama da mutanen Mandé, da na Imraguen na Mauritania. Sun hada da al'adun Musulunci na auratayya, kaciya, da kuma daidaita zamantakewa.

Kabilanci 
Ana kuma kiran mutanen Soninke da Aswanik, Dafing, Dafi, Dyakanke, Gadyaga, Maraka, Maraxa, Marka, Marka Soninké, Saracole, Sarakolé, Sarakollé, Sarakule, Sarawule, Saraxole, Seraculah, Serahuli, Serakhulle, Silabe, Soniake, Soninkés. , Sonninké, Toubakai, Wakore.

Suna nufin kansu da kalmar "Soninké", wanda shine ainihin kalmar "Soninko", to amma kuma ana kiran su "Sarakholés" ta Wolofs, "Marakas" ta Bambaras, "Wangara" ta Mandinka, "Wakoré". " ta Songhais, ko ma "Toubakai". "Marka" shine sunan da aka san su a Mali a yankin Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso, Ségou, Mopti da Burkina Faso a cikin na Dafina.

Kalmar "Serakhulle," ko da yake sau da yawa ana da'awar cewa kalmar Wolof ce, an yi amfani da ita ga Soninke aƙalla a ƙarni na 16 kuma al'ummomi suna amfani da kalmar har zuwa Gambiya da ƙasar Hausa. Jahankas, rukuni na rukuni, suna magana da kansu kamar yadda ake cire Serakhulle. A tarihi, kalmar "Soninke" tana ɗauke da ma'anoni mara kyau a cikin Futa Djallon da Senegambia, don haka mafi yawan amfani da kalmar "Serakhulle."

Tarihi 

Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa yankunan da ake samun mutanen Soninke suna zama a zamanin da. An gina waɗannan ƙauyuka na dutse a kan tudun dutsen Tichit-Walata da tsaunin Tagant na Kudancin Mauritania. Ko da yake babu wasu bayanai da suka tsira da suka nuna ko wace ƙabila ce waɗannan mutanen, mazauna wannan yanki a tsakanin 2500 KZ da 600 KZ suna da alaƙa da Soninke da Mande mafi girma. Wata muhimmiyar al'ummar noma da makiyaya ta samu ci gaba a wannan zamanin kafin tarihi.

Bisa ga al'adar baka ta Soninke, kakan Soninke shine Dinga, wani lokaci ana cewa ya fito daga Gabas ta Tsakiya (ko da yake irin wannan labarin ba zai yuwu ba, kamar yadda alamar "Tsakiya ta Tsakiya" ta zo bayan Mande ya Musulunta), 'ya'yan sun hada da Dyabe Sisse, wanda ya kafa masarautar Wagadu mai babban birnin Kumbi. Wata al’adar Soninke ta nuna cewa sun yi hijira daga Aswan, Masar. Duk da haka ka'idodin asalin ƙasashen waje kusan gaba ɗaya suna shakka / watsi da masana kuma an yi imani da su sakamakon tasirin al'adun Eurasiatic daga baya (Wato Larabawa da Faransanci). Shaidar archaeological tana goyan bayan juyin halitta na Daular Ghana da sauran jihohin Mande daga tushe a gabanin al'adun Soninke na gida kamar na Dhar Tichitt, maimakon daga Arewacin Afirka ko Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Rubuce-rubucen farko game da Soninke sun fito ne daga malaman tarihin Musulunci na farko. Soninke, bisa ga waɗannan bayanan, su ne waɗanda suka kafa tsohuwar daular Ghana (kada a ruɗe su da Ghana ta zamani), wanda ake kira daular Wagadu. Wannan daular dai ta samo asali ne tun a karni na 5 AD kuma ta ruguje da ita kusan karni na 12, bayan da musulmi suka fara mamaye wannan yanki a karni na 10.

Ƙididdiga da rarrabawa 

A wannan zamani, jimillar mutanen Soninke ya haura miliyan biyu. Ana samun mutanen Soninke a ko'ina cikin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma a Faransa, saboda gudun hijirar da suka yi a lokacin da Senegal da Mali ke cikin daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka.

Yawancin mutanen Soninke ana samun su ne a kwarin kogin Senegal na sama da kuma kan iyakar Mali-Senegal-Mauritania tsakanin Nara da Nioro du Sahel. Hijira a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya sa Soninke da yawa suka gina al'ummomi a Dakar, wasu biranen Afirka da Faransa. Al'ummar Soninke sune farkon mazauna Faransa, al'ummarsu tana cikin Paris da kuma a kudancin Faransanci, kuma harshensu shine yare na farko da ake magana da shi tsakanin yawancin al'ummomin musulmi na Faransa. Har ila yau, akwai Soninke da yawa da ke zaune a birane a fadin Afirka ta Tsakiya, yawan mutanen da suka hada da sababbin bakin haure da kuma zuriyar hijira tun daga shekarun 1800, kamar kwamfutocin da ke wakiltar 'yan kasuwa na Faransa da na mulkin mallaka a yankin.

Cibiyoyin kasuwanci karkashin jagorancin kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa na Wangara, sun yada al'adun Soninke a cikin mafi yawan Mali da Senegal, kudancin Mauritania, arewacin Burkina Faso, da kuma wasu sassan Gambia, da Guinea-Bissau. Al'ummomin 'yan kasuwa na Maraka-Soninke da gonaki (wanda ke tsakiyar arewacin birnin Segou, Mali) sun kasance tushen tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin daular Bambara, kuma sun gina hanyoyin kasuwanci a yankin yammacin Afirka.

Addini 
Mutanen Soninke sun kasance hanyar kasuwanci ta bakin teku tsakanin mutanen Berber na yankin Maghreb da sauran dauloli a yammacin Afirka. A cikin tarihinsu na farko, sun taimaka musanya gishiri daga arewaci da gabar tekun yamma don zinare da aka samu a cikin ƙasa. Wannan sana’ar ta kawo musu ’yan kasuwa Musulmi, musamman Larabawa masu sana’ar sayar da zinari, bayan da Musulunci ya isa Arewacin Afirka. An samo farkon ambaton Daular Ghana ta mutanen Soninke a cikin ayyukan Balarabe na karni na 8 Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī kuma an sami ƙarin cikakkun bayanai a cikin ayyukan wani masanin ƙasa na Larabawa na ƙarni na 11 Al-Bakri.

Sarakuna da 'yan kabilar Soninke na Daular Ghana sun musulunta a karni na 11, kuma tun daga lokacin suke musulmi. Wasu majiyoyin addinin Islama sun nuna cewa musuluntar ya samo asali ne bayan mamaye daular Ghana a shekara ta 1076 da Almoravid ya yi. Mutanen Soninke, kamar sauran al'ummar Mande, suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta Sunna.

Al'umma da al'adu 

Al'ummar Soninke da al'adunta a tarihi suna da al'adu da yawa tare da kabilun makwabta, musamman mutanen Mande. Wannan ya hada da addinin Musulunci, sana'o'i, abinci, ayyukan ibada, tsarin iyali, bukukuwan aure da daidaita zamantakewa.

Tsarin zamantakewa 
Al'ummar Soninke, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi a cikin Mande, an tsara su ta hanyoyi daban-daban na tsarin zamantakewa.

Ƙungiyoyin Soninke sun haɗa da nau'i na kyauta mai suna Horro ko Horon, nau'in tsarin kati mai suna Namaxala ko Nyaxamalo, da kuma bayi da ake kira Komo. A cikin rukunin Jaara na mutanen Soninke, mai martaba da ake kira Tunkanlenmu ya kasance wani nau'i. Al'ummar Soninke ta zama mai ma'ana sosai bayan karni na 13.

Bayin sun kasance mafi girma, ɗaya a ƙasa a cikin Soninke kamar sauran kabilun Afirka ta Yamma, kuma sun kasance kusan rabin yawan jama'a. Bayin da ke cikin mutanen Soninke an jera su cikin matsayi uku. Bayin ƙauyen gungun masu hidima ne masu gata waɗanda ke zaune ba tare da ƙauyen ba kuma suna karɓar umarni daga sarkin ƙauyen. Bayin gida sun zauna tare da iyali kuma ba a iya siyar da su. Mafi ƙasƙanci a tsakanin bayi shine bayin fatauci waɗanda za'a iya saya da siyarwa. Bayan lokaci, kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan ya zama na ƙarshe, in ji Daniel Littlefield, farfesa a tarihi.

Sama da bayin akwai jikokin Soninke, waxanda su ma na gado ne, na gado, kuma suna da matsayi na matsayi. Sun haɗa da, alal misali, garanke (masu aikin fata) a ƙasan fune (bard), fune a ƙasan gesere ko jeli (mawaƙa, mawaƙa), da jeli a ƙarƙashin tage ko numu (masu sana'a, ma'aikatan tukwane).

Za a iya haɗa tsarin simintin gyare-gyare da tsarin serf zuwa Mandé 'Nyamakalaw' (a zahiri 'caste'). Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa Larabawa da Berbers za su shiga cikin tsarin kasuwanci da sufuri da aka riga aka kafa tare da Afirka ta Yamma (ciniki a cikin zinariya, gishiri, da wasu bayi zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin abu), ginawa a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci da aka rigaya a baya. zuwa Ghana da yammacin gabar tekun Atlantika ta hanyar tsarin kasuwanci na karni na 11 ya zama mai inganci a cikin karni na 13 da na 14 daular Mali da daular Songhai na karni na 16.

Yayin da aikin bautar ya ƙaru, haka nan tsarin ƙabila ya ƙaru. Tamari ya ba da shawarar cewa wani abin da ke tattare da haɓakar tsarin bautar shine ci gaba da bunƙasa tsarin kabilanci a tsakanin yawancin kabilun Afirka a kusan ƙarni na 13. McIntosh ya yarda da Tamari, amma ya bayyana cewa akwai yuwuwar bayyanar tsarin kabilanci ya faru tun da farko a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka kamar Soninke, Mande, Malinke, Wolof, Serer, da sauransu. Ta ba da ci gaba da yaduwar ɗimbin jama'a a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi zuwa kusan karni na 10, saboda kama bayi, cinikin bayi da kuma riƙe bayi da manyan iyalai suka yi, wata cibiya ce da aka kafa a Yammacin Afirka a wancan lokacin, kuma bautar ta haifar da samfuri don dangantaka mara kyau da zamantakewa. stratification na mutane.

Shaidar harshe ta nuna cewa tsarin rarrabuwar kawuna da ke da alaƙa da tsarin ƙabilanci da bautar da ƙila an raba su tsakanin mutanen Manding da Soninke, da yuwuwar wasu kamar mutanen Dogon na Yammacin Afirka. Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen harshe tsakanin kabilanci da tsarin bayi na Soninke da Manding a daya hannun da kuma kabilun arewacin Afirka kamar kabilar Abzinawa da Moors a daya bangaren, ya nuna cewa wadannan sun samo asali ne daban.

Aure 

Aure a cikin al'ummar Soninke yana bin tsarin Musulunci. Auren ’yan uwa ya zama ruwan dare kuma an fi so a al’adar Soninke, kamar yadda ake yi da mutanen Fula. Iyaye sun yarda da aure. Wani karin magana na gargajiya yana cewa, "An yi 'yan uwan ​​juna." Al'adar da ke tsakanin 'yan kasuwa Soninke, in ji Saskia Brand, farfesa a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam da ilimin kimiyya, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da imanin al'adun cewa auren 'yan uwan ​​​​yana "taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗi a cikin iyali".

Idan iyalan biyu sun yarda, an daura auren (i na tamma laga) a masallaci. Duk wata bayan daurin aure, namiji yakan biyawa dangin matar sadakin sadakin amarya (nakhafa) na abinci da sauran abubuwan da suka kashe. Auren wanda ake kira futtu, an kammala shi ne tare da yarjejeniyar aure da ta ambaci sadaki, kuma ana tare da bikin aure mai suna karikompe.

Sabbin ma'auratan suna da masu ba da shawara. Ana kiran mai ba mutumin shawara khoussoumanta-yougo kuma na macen ana kiransa khoussoumanta-yakhare. Bayan an shafe mako guda ana biki, matan sun hadu domin nuna kyaututtukan da ma'auratan suka samu daga iyayensu galibi daga wajen mahaifiyar matar.

An haramta auren jinsi tsakanin al'umma da kuma layukan kabilanci, in ji Saskia Brand. Amma, a cikin iyalai masu daraja da yawa, maɗaukaki na iya ɗaukar mata daga ɓoyayyen bayi.

Kaciya 

Soninke suna yin kaciya kuma suna kiransa birou. Kowace rana, yaran da aka yi wa kaciya a shekarar da ta shige, suna shirya tam-tams ga sababbin maza domin su shirya su ta hanyar tunani. A duk lokacin bikin kaciya, yaran da za a yi wa kaciya suna zaune a kusa da "tambour" da ake kira "daïné". Sauran matasan ƙauyen, ƴan mata, mata, maza, da bayi suna zagaya da samarin. A wannan lokacin an kewaye samarin da kyawawan gyale masu suna disa sing. Marubucin Mamadou Soumare ya rubuta "Sama da aikin tiyata na gargajiya, al'adar kaciya ta sa a shaida, jimiri na jiki, zafi, ƙarfin hali, a cikin kalma ɗaya halin yaron."

Kaciyar mata 
Mutanen Soninke sun dade suna yin kaciya (FGM), wanda kuma ake kira kaciyar mata. Yawan FGM ya fi yawa a tsakanin Soninke fiye da tsakanin kabilun makwabta kamar mutanen Wolof da sauransu. Ana yin wannan al'ada ta al'ada a matsayin al'ada na yarda da jama'a, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗauka cewa ana buƙata don dalilai na addini. A kasashen Mauritania da Senegal, FGM na yaro ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin dokokin zamani amma ana ci gaba da yin hakan saboda al'adar ta sanya takunkumi ga 'yan mata masu shekaru kasa da daya. Bisa ga rahoton 2009 kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, aikin FGM tsakanin Soninke ya haɗa da gurɓata nau'in III mafi haɗari.

Abinci 
Abincin karin kumallo ya hada da fonde, porridge da gero, sukari, madara, da gishiri, da sombi, porridge na shinkafa, gero ko masara. Don abincin rana demba tere da takhaya sun zama ruwan dare, duka sun ƙunshi shinkafa da gyada, kayan abinci na Soninke akai-akai. Dere, stew, shine cakuda gero da wake.

Tattalin Arziki 
Soninke a al'adance suna yin kasuwanci da noma. A lokacin damina, maza da mata duk suna noma. Duk da haka, mata yawanci suna zama a gida don dafa abinci da kuma kula da 'ya'yansu. Suna kuma yin wasu ayyuka, kamar rini kayan auduga.

Yawancin bakin haure na farko a yammacin Afirka a Faransa sun fito ne daga wannan kabila. Soninke wata kabila ce da ke da tasiri a Gambia da Senegal da kuma Mali.

Sanannen mutanen Soninke 

 Doussou Bagayoko, mawaƙin Mali
 Mamadou Bagayoko, dan kwallon kasar Mali
 Siaka Bagayoko, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Abdoulaye Bathily, masanin tarihi kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Senegal
 Djegui Bathily, Judoka na Senegal
 Lassana Bathily, dan kasar Mali
 Germain Berthé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Ousmane Berthé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Khassa Camara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mauritaniya
 Soninke Camara, mawaƙin Mali
 Zoumana Camara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa
 Aliou Cissé, kocin kwallon kafa na Senegal
 Kaya Magan Cissé
 Papiss Cissé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Lassana Hawa Cissokho, mawaƙin Mali
 Moussa Diagana, marubuci dan kasar Mauritania
 Souleymane Diamoutené, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Fousseni Diawara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Diaby Doua, mawakiyar Mali
 Cheick Doucoure, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Boukary Dramé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Mamadou Lamine Dramé, ya kasance marabout a ƙarni na 19 wanda ya yi yaƙi da mulkin mallaka na Faransa
 Demba Ganda Fadiga, mawakin Mali
 Diadia Fadiga, mawakin kasar Mali
 Ganda Fadiga, griot na Mali
 Khalilou Fadiga, dan kwallon Senegal
 Babou Fofana, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Lamine Gassama, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Mamoudou Gassama, bakin haure da ba shi da takardar izini daga Mali
 Omar Gassama, dan siyasar Gambia
 Sadio Gassama, dan siyasar kasar Mali
 Askia Mohammad I, ya kasance sarki a karni na 15 na daular Songhai
 Bingourou Kamara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Frédéric Kanouté, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Sadio Kanouté, dan kwallon kasar Mali
 N'Golo Kanté, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa
 Ibrahima Kébé, ɗan wasan gani na Senegal
 Babacar Khoma, dan kwallon Senegal
 Sékou Koïta, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Mademba Konté, mawaƙin Mali
 Yimbi Kuma, rapper na Mali
 Linky LK, mawakin Mali
 Mamadou Demba Magassa, mawakin kasar Mali
 Moussa Marega, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Mali
 Falaye Sacko, dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Mali
 Lamine Sakho, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Mamadou Sakho, dan kwallon Faransa
 Harouna Samaké, dan wasan Malin Kamale N’goni
 Issaka Samaké, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Soumaila Samaké, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙasar Mali
 Yéah Samaké, ɗan kasuwan Mali kuma ɗan siyasa
 Mamadou Samassa, dan kwallon kasar Mali
 Diadie Samassékou, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Oumou Sangaré, mawaƙin Mali
 Younousse Sankharé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Landing Savané, ɗan siyasan Senegal
 Sitapha Savané, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ɗan ƙasar Senegal
 Djibril Sidibé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Gabourey Sidibe, 'yar wasan Amurka
 Mahamadou Sidibé, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Kaidama Sidibé, tsohon Firaministan Mali
 Tiranké Sidimé, mawaƙin Guinea
 Muhammed B. Sissoho, Gambiya Soninke Tv & Mai gabatar da jawabi na rediyo
 Sidney Sokhona, ɗan fim ɗin Mauritaniya
 Bintou Soumbounou, mawakiyar Mali
 Maimouna Soumbounou, mawakiyar kasar Mali
 Fanta Souroukou, mawaƙiyar Mali
 Youssouf Sabaly, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal
 Myriam Soumaré, 'yar wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Faransa
 Yacouba Sylla, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Abubacarr Tambadou, tsohon ministan shari'a na Gambia
 Adama Tamboura, dan kwallon kasar Mali
 Aïce Tamoura, mawaƙin Mali
 Demba Tandia, mawaƙin Mali
 Mamadou Tandja, tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar daga 1999 zuwa 2010
 Sidy Bonco Tangoudia, mawaƙin Mali
 Djelimady Tounkara, mawaƙin Mali
 Maakan Tounkara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Faransa
 Mamadou Tounkara, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya
 Bassala Touré, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Halima Kissima Touré, mawakiyar kasar Mali
 Balemé Kandji Traoré, mawaƙin Mali
 Molla Wagué, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Mali
 Moussa Wagué, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal
 Demba Seck

Duba kuma 

 Harshen Soninke

Manazarta

Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 (a Turanci) François Manchuelle, Origins of Black African Emigration to France : the Labor Migrations of the Soninke, 1948-1987, Santa Barbara, University of California, 1987 (Thèse)
 (a Faransanci) M. T. Abéla de la Rivière, Les Sarakolé et leur émigration vers la France, Paris, Université de Paris V, 1977 (Thèse de 3 cycle)
 (a Faransanci) Amadou Diallo, L’éducation en milieu sooninké dans le cercle de Bakel : 1850-1914, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 1994, 36 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
 (a Faransanci) Alain Gallay, « La poterie en pays Sarakolé (Mali, Afrique Occidentale) », Journal de la Société des Africanistes, Paris, CNRS, 1970, tome XL, n° 1, p. 7-84
 (a Faransanci) Joseph Kerharo, « La pharmacopée sénégalaise : note sur quelques traitements médicaux pratiqués par les Sarakolé du Cercle de Bakel », Bulletin et mémoires de la Faculté mixte de médecine et de pharmacie de Dakar, t. XII, 1964, p. 226-229
 (a Faransanci) Nianguiry Kanté, Contribution à la connaissance de la migration "soninké" en France, Paris, Université de Paris VIII, 1986, 726 p. (Thèse de 3 cycle)
 (a Faransanci) Michael Samuel, Les Migrations Soninke vers la France, Paris, Université de Paris. (Thèse de 3 cycle)
 (a Faransanci) Badoua Siguine, La tradition épique des forgerons soninké, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 198?, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
 (a Faransanci) Badoua Siguine, Le surnaturel dans les contes soninké, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1983, 215 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
 (a Faransanci) Mahamet Timera, Les Soninké en France : d'un histoire à l'autre, Karthala, 1996, 244 p. ISBN
 (a Faransanci) Louis Léon César Faidherbe, Vocabulaire d'environ 1,500 mots français avec leurs correspondents en ouolof de Saint-Louis, en poular (toucouleur) du Fouta, en soninké (sarakhollé) de Bakel, 1864, Saint-Louis, Imprimerie du Gouvernement, 1864, 70 p.
 (a Faransanci) Louis Léon César Faidherbe, Langues sénégalaises : wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérère, notions grammaticales, vocabulaires et phrases, E. Leroux, 1887, 267 p.
 (a Faransanci) Christian Girier, Parlons soninké, l'Harmattan, Paris, 1996, ISBN
 (a Faransanci) Rhonda L. Hartell, Alphabets de langues africaines, Unesco et Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dakar, 1993;
 (a Faransanci) Direction de la promotion des langues nationales du Sénégal, Livret d'auto-formation en Soninké, éditions Kalaama-Edicef, 2001.