Nupedia
Nupedia yaren Ingilishi ne, encyclopedia na yanar gizo wanda masu ba da gudummawa suka rubuta labaransu tare da ƙwarewar batun da ya dace, ƙwararrun editoci suka duba su kafin a wallafa su, kuma a basu lasisi azaman abun ciki kyauta . Jimmy Wales ne ya kafa ta kuma Bomis ya kirkira ta, tare da Larry Sanger a matsayin babban edita. Nupedia yayi aiki daga watan Oktobar 1999har zuwa Satan Satumbar 2003. Mafi shahararren sananne a yau shine magabacin Wikipedia, amma Nupedia yana da tsari na yarda da matakai guda bakwai don sarrafa abubuwan cikin labarai kafin a sanya shi, maimakon rayayyar sabunta wiki. Nupedia ya tsara wata kwamiti, tare da masana don tsara dokokin, kuma ta amince da abubuwa 21 ne kawai a cikin shekarar farko, idan aka kwatanta da Wikipedia da take sanya labarai 200 a watan farko, da 18,000 a shekarar farko. Ba kamar Wikipedia ba, Nupedia ba wiki bane; a maimakon haka ya kasance yana da kyakkyawan tsarin sake duba takwarorinmu, wanda aka tsara shi don sanya kayan aikinta masu inganci kwatankwacin na ƙwararrun masana ƙwararru. Nupedia ya bukaci malamai (daidai da PhD) don ba da gudummawar abubuwan ciki.  Kafin ta daina aiki, Nupedia ta samar da kasidu guda 25 da aka yarda dasu  wadanda suka kammala aikin binciken su (labaran guda uku sun wanzu a siga iri biyu daban daban)  kuma akwai wasu labarai guda 150 da suke kan aiki.  Wales ta fi son sauƙin Wikipedia ta sauƙaƙan labarai, yayin da Sanger ya gwammace tsarin duban da Nupedia ya yi amfani da shi  kuma daga baya ya kafa Citizendium a 2006 a matsayin ƙwararren masanin da aka sake dubawa zuwa Wikipedia.  

A watan Yunin shekarar 2008, CNET UK sun jera Nupedia a matsayin ɗayan manyan rukunin yanar gizon da ba su da kyau a cikin karamin history of the Internet, , tare da lura da yadda tsananin iko ya iyakance aika bayanan.

Tarihi 
A watan Oktoba shekarar 1999, Jimmy Wales ya fara tunani game da kundin encyclopedia na intanet wanda masu sa kai suka gina kuma, a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2000, ya ɗauki Larry Sanger don kula da ci gabanta.  Aikin ya tafi kan layi bisa hukuma a ranar 9 ga watan Maris, 2000.  A watan Nuwamba na 2000, duk da haka, an buga takardu masu tsayi guda biyu.

Tun daga farkonta, Nupedia kyauta ne na kayan kyauta, tare da Bomis da nufin samar da kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallacen kan layi akan Nupedia.com. Da farko aikin ya yi amfani da lasisin gida, Nupedia Open Content License. A watan Janairun 2001, ta sauya zuwa lasisin samun takardu na kyauta na GNU bisa roƙon Richard Stallman da Free Software Foundation.

Hakanan a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2001, Nupedia ya fara Wikipedia a matsayin aiki na gefe don ba da damar haɗin kai a kan labarai kafin shiga cikin tsarin duba abokan.  Wannan ya jawo hankulan bangarorin biyu, saboda hakan ya samar da tsarin tsarin mulki wanda yafi dacewa da masu ra'ayin GNE encyclopedia. Sakamakon haka ne, GNE bai taɓa haɓaka ba da gaske, kuma an kawar da barazanar gasa tsakanin ayyukan. Yayinda Wikipedia ke bunkasa da kuma jan hankalin masu bayar da gudummawa, nan take ta bunkasa rayuwa ta kashin kanta kuma ta fara gudanar da ayyukanta ba tare da Nupedia ba, kodayake Sanger da farko ya jagoranci aiki a Wikipedia ta hanyar amatsayinsa na babban editan Nupedia.

Baya ga haifar da dakatar da aikin GNE, Wikipedia ya haifar da mutuwar Nupedia a hankali. Sakamakon durkushewar tattalin arzikin intanet a wancan lokacin, Jimmy Wales ya yanke shawarar daina bayar da tallafi ga babban edita mai karbar albashi a watan Disambar 2001, kuma Sanger ya yi murabus daga ayyukan biyu jim kadan bayan haka. Bayan tafiyar Sanger, Nupedia ya zama abin da Wikipedia za ta yi tunani akai; na labaran Nupedia da suka kammala aikin bita, biyu ne kawai suka yi hakan bayan 2001. Yayin da Nupedia ya ragu cikin rashin aiki, to tunanin sauya shi zuwa ingantaccen sigar abubuwan Wikipedia da aka amince da su lokaci-lokaci ana warware su, amma ba a aiwatar da su ba. An rufe gidan yanar gizon Nupedia.com ne a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba, 2003. Nupedia ta encyclopedic abun ciki, wanda galibi aka bayyana shi da iyakantacce, tun daga lokacin aka shiga cikin Wikipedia.

Tsarin edita 

Nupedia yana da tsarin edita mai matakai bakwai, wanda ya kunshi:

 Sanyawa
 Neman mai bibiyar jagora
 Gudanar da bita
 Bude bita
 Gubar kwafa
 Bude kwafe
 Approvalarshe yarda da alama

Authors aka sa ran samun gwani ilmi (ko da yake da definition gwani a yarda a gare wani mataki na sassauci, kuma an yarda cewa wasu articles za a iya rubuta da mai kyau marubuci, maimakon wani gwani da se) , kuma masu gyara approving articles don ana tsammanin bugawa "ya zama gwanaye na gaske a fannoninsu kuma (tare da 'yan kaɗan) [su] mallaki PhD". 

Ruth Ifcher wani mutum ne Sanger ya dogara kuma yayi aiki tare tare da manufofin Nupedia da hanyoyin farko. Ifcher, yana riƙe da digiri mafi girma, ya kasance mai shirye-shiryen kwamfuta kuma tsohon editan kwafi kuma ya yarda ya zama babban editan kwafin sa kai.

Ci gaban software 
Nupedia ya sami karbuwa daga software na haɗin gwiwar NupeCode. NupeCode kyauta ce / buɗaɗɗen software (wanda aka saki a ƙarƙashin GNU General Public License) an tsara shi don manyan ayyukan nazarin ƙwararru . An samo lambar ta hanyar wurin ajiyar CVS na Nupedia. Daya daga cikin matsalolin da Nupedia ya fuskanta a tsawon rayuwarsa shine cewa software bata aiki. Yawancin ayyukan da aka ɓata an yi izgili da su ta amfani da tubalin rubutu da aka ja layi a ƙarƙashinsu wanda ya zama alamun haɗi, amma a zahiri ba haka bane. 

A zaman wani ɓangare na aikin, sabon sigar asalin software (wanda ake kira "NuNupedia") yana kan ci gaba. An aiwatar da NuNupedia don gwaji a SourceForge, amma bai taɓa isa matakin ci gaba don maye gurbin asalin software ba.

Duba kuma 

 Jerin kundin bayanan yanar gizo
 Jerin wikis
 Scholarpedia
 Wikipedia:Nupedia and Wikipedia § An kwashe labaran zuwa Wikipedia

Manazarta

Kara karantawa 

 Larry Sanger, The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir Part 1 and Part 2. Slashdot, April 2005.
 Larry Sanger, "Nupedia.com Statement of Editorial Policy, Version 2.1," Printable Version dated May 10, 2000.
 Larry Sanger, "Nupedia.com Statement of Editorial Policy, Version 3.2," Printable Version dated June 23, 2000.

Hanyoyin haɗin waje 

 Earlier versions of Nupedia (from the Internet Archive)
 Nupedia — revived Nupedia on Wikia
Pages with unreviewed translations