Cedi na Ghana
Cedi ( / ˈsiːd iː / SEE SEE-dee, ana magana da ita daidai da CD ) ( alamar kuɗi : GH₵ ; lambar kuɗi : GHS ) ita ce ƙungiyar kuɗin Ghana. Ita ce ta hudu na tarihi kuma kawai takardar neman doka ta yanzu a Jamhuriyar Ghana. An raba cedi ɗaya zuwa pesewas ɗari (Gp).

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Ghana ta ware kanta da kudin Fam na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda shi ne kudin kasashen da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a yankin. Kuɗin kuɗi na farko na sabuwar jamhuriyar shine fam na Ghana (1958-1965). A shekara ta 1965, Ghana ta yanke shawarar ficewa daga tsarin hada-hadar kudi na Turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma bin tsarin decimal da aka yarda da shi. An gabatar da sunan Afirka Cedi (1965–1967) a maimakon tsohon tsarin fam na Burtaniya . Shugaban Ghana na farko Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ya gabatar da kudin Cedi da tsabar kudi na Pesewa a watan Yulin 1965 don maye gurbin Fam, Shilling da pence na Ghana. Cedi na dauke da hoton shugaban kasa kuma ya yi daidai da shilling takwas da dinari hudu (8s 4d), watau dinari dari, ta yadda pesewa 1 daidai da dinari daya.

Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1966, sabbin shugabannin sun so cire fuskar Nkrumah daga takardun kudi. "Sabon cedi" (1967-2007) yana da darajar cedi 1.2, wanda ya sa ya zama daidai da rabin fam sittin (ko shillings goma) a gabatarwar sa. Shekaru da yawa na hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya rage darajar sabon cedi, ta yadda a shekara ta 2007 mafi girma na "sabon cedi" takardun banki, takardar kudi 20,000, tana da darajar kusan dalar Amurka 2. An kawar da sabuwar cedi a hankali a shekara ta 2007 don goyon bayan "Ghana cedi" a kan canjin kudi na 1:10,000. Ta hanyar cire lambobi huɗu, Ghana cedi ta zama mafi girman adadin kuɗin da aka bayar a Afirka . Tun daga nan ya yi asarar sama da kashi 90% na ƙimar sa.

Bayani 

Kalmar  shine kalmar Akan don harsashi . Cowries (jam'in shanu) a da ana amfani da su azaman kuɗi a ƙasar Ghana a yanzu. Monetaria moneta ko shanun kuɗi ba 'yan asalin ruwa ba ne a yammacin Afirka amma nau'i ne na kowa a cikin Tekun Indiya . Harsashi mai kama da anta ya zo yammacin Afirka, tun daga karni na 14, ta hanyar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa. Na farko tsabar kudi na zamani da aka yi amfani da su musamman a Gold Coast an samar da su ne a cikin shekarar 1796, amma an yi amfani da sanduna tare da tsabar kudi da ƙurar zinariya a matsayin kuɗi har zuwa shekarar 1901.

Tarihi

Cedi na farko, 1965-1967 
An ƙaddamar da cedi na farko a cikin 1965, wanda ya maye gurbin fam a ƙimar 2.4 cedi = 1 fam, ko 1 pesewa = 1 dinari. Cedi na farko an lika shi zuwa Sterling a adadin 2.4 cedis = £1, ko 8s 4d kowace cedi.

Cedi na biyu (GHC), 1967–2007 
An maye gurbin cedi na farko a cikin shekarar 1967 da "sabon cedi" wanda ya kai 1.2 cedi na farko. Wannan ya ba da damar jujjuya ƙima tare da fam, wato 2 cedis na biyu = 1 laban. Canjin ya kuma ba da damar cire hoton Kwame Nkrumah daga tsabar kudi da takardun kudi.

Cedi na biyu an fara lika shi da sitiyari a farashin ₵2 = £1. Koyaya, a cikin watanni, an rage darajar cedi ta biyu zuwa ƙimar ₵2.45 = £1, ƙasa da ƙimar farko na cedi ta farko. Wannan ƙimar yayi daidai da ₵1 = 0.98 An kiyaye dalar Amurka da farashin dala lokacin da aka rage darajar Sterling a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1967. An saita ƙarin pegs na $0.55 a cikin shekarar 1971, $0.78 a 1972, da $0.8696 a 1973 kafin kuɗin ya tashi a shekarar 1978. An sami hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya, don haka aka sake yin pedi a ₵2.80 = $1.00.

An ci gaba da cinye darajar cedi a kasuwar baƙar fata . A farkon shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara yin katsalandan a kan siyar da kayayyaki akan farashi banda farashin siyarwar da aka kayyade (wanda kuma aka sani da sarrafa farashin ). Wannan yana da tasirin tuƙi kusan duk kasuwancin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda farashin kasuwannin baƙar fata ya kasance na yau da kullun, kuma babu abin da ya wanzu a kan ɗakunan ajiya. A shekara ta 1983, cedi ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 120 zuwa 1 a kasuwar baƙar fata, fakitin sigari ya kai kusan ₵150 (idan za a iya samun su), amma kuɗin banki ya ci gaba a ₵2.80 = $1.00. A karshe, bayan da kudaden kasashen waje suka bushe gaba daya ga duk wani ciniki da ake shigo da su daga waje, gwamnati ta tilastawa gwamnati fara wani tsari na rage kimar darajarta a hankali, tare da sassauta tsauraran matakan da ta ke dauka. Wannan tsari ya ƙare a cikin shekarar 1990, tare da yawo na cedi kyauta akan kudaden waje. Haɓakawa ya ci gaba (duba jadawalin kuɗin musaya ) har zuwa watan Yuli shekarar 2007, dalar Amurka ɗaya ta kai kusan ₵ 9500, kuma an fara canjawa zuwa cedi na uku.

A shekara ta 1979, an kwace kudaden. An fitar da sabbin takardun kudi wadanda aka yi musanya da tsofaffi akan kudi tsofaffin takardun kudi 10 zuwa sabbin guda 7. Tsabar kudi da asusun banki ba a shafa ba.

An yi wani kwace na biyu a cikin shekarar 1982, lokacin da aka lalata bayanin ₵50 (mafi girman mazhaba). 'Yan Ghana, a ka'idar, za su iya musanya kowane adadin ₵50 don tsabar kudi ko wasu takardun banki ba tare da asara ba, amma baƙi ba za su iya yin musaya ba. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana da suke tara tarin cedi sun ji tsoron ramuwar gayya idan suka yi ƙoƙari su canza duka, don haka kawai sun kona kuɗinsu da yawa. Wasu 'yan Ghana da dama sun sami "kudirin biyan kudi" daga bankuna, amma ba su sami diyya ba. Wannan kwace ya tabbata a bainar jama'a a matsayin wata hanya ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga bunƙasa kasuwar baƙar fata. Duk da haka, ta fuskar kuɗi, kwace kuɗin yana da tasiri na rage yawan kuɗin da ake samu a cikin tattalin arziki, kuma ta haka ne rage yawan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Bayan kwace bayanan ₵50, bayanin kula ₵20 shine mafi girman mazhabar cedi, amma yana da darajar titi kusan $0.35 (US). )￼ hudu kashe kudin ta hanyar canzawa zuwa cedi na uku. Ba a gabatar da sabon kudin a matsayin cedi na uku ba amma a maimakon haka ana kiransa da sunan "Ghanaian cedi" (GH₵), sabanin cedi na biyu wanda a hukumance aka sani da "sabon cedi". A cikin rabin na biyu na shekarar 2007 duka cedi na biyu da na uku sun kasance na doka yayin da ake cire tsohuwar kudin a hankali. A ƙarshen watan Disamban shekarar 2007, an cire fiye da 90% na duk tsoffin tsabar kudi da bayanin kula.  Daga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, tsofaffin takardun banki za a iya musanya su a bankuna kawai kuma ba su da izinin doka. 

A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010, an ba da takardar kuɗi ta GH₵2 don biyan buƙatun jama'a na ƙungiyar tsaka-tsaki da rage mitar, da farashi mai alaƙa, na buga babban kundi na GH₵1 banknote. Gabatar da sabuwar darikar ya zo daidai da kammala bikin cika shekaru dari na haifuwar Kwame Nkrumah, shugaban Ghana na farko, kuma yana da rubutun tunawa " karni na Haihuwar Dr. Kwame Nkrumah." 

Sakamakon lokaci na "tsabar hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki" da "raguwar faduwar darajar kudin kowace shekara", Bankin Ghana a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2019, ya sanar da fitar da sabon tsabar kudin cedi 2 da kuma sabbin takardun kudi na cedi 100 da 200. Cibiyoyin cedi na banki na 1 da 2 da suka wanzu sun kasance masu taushin doka, kodayake waɗannan ƙungiyoyin za a sauya su a hankali da tsabar kuɗi don rage farashi.

Cedi na uku yana ci gaba da rasa ƙima tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi. A cikin shekarar 2014, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya tashi da sauri yayin da darajar cedi ta uku ta faɗi zuwa kashi huɗu na ainihin ƙimarsa.  An dakatar da rage darajar na wani dan lokaci a cikin kwata na karshe na shekarar 2014, yayin da kudin ya daidaita saboda shirin ceton IMF na Ghana. 

Saboda rashin ƙarancin ikon sayen sa, tsabar pesewa ɗaya ba kasafai ake ganin sa ba. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Bankin Ghana ya fara aiwatar da cire GH₵1 da GH₵2 bayanin kula daga yaɗuwa don ƙarfafa amfani da tsabar kimar fuskar su.  

A cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022, haɓaka hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ci gaba da rashin sarrafa tattalin arziki ya sa darajar cedi ta ragu zuwa cents 10 na Amurka (GH₵10 = US$1).    , adadin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na shekara-shekara na 37.2% kamar yadda Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ghana ta ruwaito shi ne mafi girma tun shekarar 2001. 

Ya zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2022, cedi ya zama mafi munin kuɗi a duniya, inda ya yi asarar kashi 60% na ƙimar sa dangane da dalar Amurka tun ƙarshen shekarar 2021. Farashin musanya   ya kasance kusan 15 GH ₵ ga dalar Amurka.

Tsabar kudi 
Bankin Ghana yana fitar da duk tsabar kudin Ghana tun shekarar 1958.  Bayan tsabar kuɗi a gabaɗaya bankin ya kuma ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa  An fitar da waɗannan tsabar kuɗi na musamman a shillings (1958), rawanin (1965), fam (1958–1977), sikas (1997–2003) da cedis (2013) -).  Babu tabbas idan Bankin Ghana ya ɗauki rawanin tunawa da sikas tare da fam ɗin tunawa da aka yi bayan shekarar 1965, a matsayin ɗan takara na doka ko kuma kawai a matsayin lambobin yabo. 

Tsabar kudi da suka kasance ko suke gabaɗaya sun haɗa cikin wannan jeri. Shekarun fitowar ba ya nuna cewa an tsara jerin abubuwan a kowace shekara a cikin lokacin amma an fitar da tsabar kudin fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokacin da aka bayyana. Wasu tsabar kudi ana riƙe su kuma a sake su shekaru bayan an fitar da su. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin yawan wurare dabam dabam akwai tsabar tsabar kudi da tsabar kudi a cikin yanayin mint daga wannan shekara ta fito. Bankin Ghana bai taba bayyana ko suna rike da tsabar kudi da aka riga aka buga ba har sai an bukace su ko kuma idan sun yi tambarin tsabar kudi a jere tare da tsofaffin shekaru.

Cedi na farko (1965-67)

Cedi na biyu

Cedi na uku 
Sabbin tsabar kudi 1 pesewa (tsohuwar cedi 100), 5 pesewas (500), 10 pesewa (1,000), 20 pesewas (2,000), 50 pesewa (5,000), 1. cedi (10,000) da 2 cedi (20,000).

Bayanan banki 
Bankin Ghana yana fitar da duk takardun kudin Ghana tun shekarar 1958.   Yawancin takardun kudi na Ghana an canza su kadan daga fitowar shekara guda zuwa na shekara mai zuwa a ci gaba da yaki da fasahohin kudi na fasaha. Har ila yau, sa hannun kan takardun ya canza lokacin da sabon gwamna ya karbi ragamar tafiyar da bankin na Ghana.  Irin waɗannan canje-canje suna akai-akai kuma ba a rufe su a cikin wannan jeri. Shekarun fitowar ba su nuna cewa an buga jerin abubuwan a kowace shekara a cikin wannan lokacin ba, amma an fitar da takardar banki fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokacin da aka bayar.￼

Cedi na farko (1965-67)

Cedi na biyu (1967-2007)

1967 zuwa 1979

1979 zuwa 2007

Cedi na uku (2007-yanzu)

Tarihin musayar kuɗi

Nassoshi

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 New Ghanaian currency introduced at Wikinews
 Original source of the above pre-2007 Ghanaian banknotes: https://www.banknotes.com/gh.htm
Kudi
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