Babban Masallacin Djenné
Babban Masallacin Djenné (, Faransanci :Grande Mosquée de Djenné) babban bulo ne ko ginin ado a cikin salon gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian. Masallacin yana cikin birnin Djenné na kasar Mali, a bakin kogin Bani.Masallacin farko da aka gina a wurin an gina shi ne kusan karni na 13, amma tsarin da ake da shi a yanzu ya fara ne tun a shekarar 1907.

Kazalika kasancewar cibiyar al'ummar Djenné, tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren tarihi a Afirka. Tare da "Tsoffin Garuruwan Djenné" UNESCO ta sanya ta a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1988.

Tarihi

Masallacin farko 
Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka gina masallacin na farko a Djenné ba,amma an nuna cewa tun a shekara ta 1200 da kuma 1330 ne aka bayyana. Takardun farko da ke ambaton masallacin shi ne littafin Abd al-Sadi na Tarihi al-Sudan wanda ya ba da tarihin farko, mai yiwuwa daga al'adar baka kamar yadda ta wanzu a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai.

Tarihi ya bayyana cewa, wani Sarkin Musulmi Kunburu ya musulunta, aka ruguje fadarsa, aka mayar da wurin masallaci.

Ya gina wa kansa wani gida kusa da masallacin da ke bangaren gabas. Magajinsa na nan take ya gina hasumiyai na masallacin yayin da Sultan na biye ya gina katangar da ken kewaye.

Babu wani rubutaccen bayani game da Babban Masallacin har sai da mai binciken Faransa René Caillié ya ziyarci Djenné a shekara ta 1828, shekaru bayan an bar shi ya ruguje, ya kuma rubuta cewa "A Jenné wani masallaci ne da aka gina da kasa, wanda manya-manyan guda biyu suka mamaye amma ba manyan hasumiyai; an gina shi da rashin kunya, ko da yake manya ne.

An watsar da shi ga dubban hadiye, waɗanda ke gina gidajensu a cikinsa. Wannan lokatai yana da warin da ba za a yarda da shi ba, don guje wa wanda, al'adar yin addu'a a cikin karamar kotu ta zama ruwan dare."

Masallacin Seku Amadu 

Shekaru goma kafin ziyarar René Caillié, shugaban Fulani Seku Amadu ya kaddamar da jihadinsa ya mamaye garin. Da alama Seku Amadu bai yarda da masallacin da ake da shi ba ya bar shi ya lalace. Wannan zai zama ginin da Caillié ya gani. Seku Amadu shima ya rufe duk kananan masallatan unguwar. Tsakanin 1834 zuwa 1836, Seku Amadu ya gina sabon masallaci a gabashin masallacin da ake da shi a wurin tsohon fadar.

Sabon masallacin wani katon gini ne maras hasumiya ko kayan ado. Sojojin Faransa karkashin jagorancin Louis Archinard sun kama Djenné a cikin Afrilu 1893. Ba da daɗewa ba ɗan jaridar Faransa Félix Dubois ya ziyarci garin inda ya bayyana rugujewar masallacin na asali. A lokacin da ya kai ziyarar, an yi amfani da cikin masallacin da ya lalace a matsayin makabarta. A cikin littafinsa na 1897, Tombouctou la Mystérieuse(Timbuktu the mysterious), Dubois ya ba da tsari da zane game da yadda ya yi tunanin masallacin ya dubi kafin a watsar da shi.

Masallaci na yau 
A shekarar 1906,

Gwamnatin Faransa a garin ta shirya sake gina ainihin masallacin,  a lokaci guda kuma za a gina makaranta a wurin masallacin Seku Amadu.An kammala sake ginawa a cikin 1907 ta hanyar amfani da aikin tilastawa karkashin jagorancin Ismaila Traoré, shugaban gungun mason na Djenné.

Daga hotunan da aka dauka a lokacin, ya bayyana matsayin akalla wasu bangon waje yana bin na ainihin masallacin amma babu tabbas kan ko ginshikan da ke goyon bayan rufin sun kiyaye tsarin da ya gabata. Abin da kusan babu labari a cikin masallacin da aka sake ginawa shi ne tsarin siminti na manyan hasumiyai guda uku a bangon alqibla. An dai tafka mahawara dangane da yadda zayyana masallacin da aka sake ginawa ya shafi tasirin Faransa.

Dubois ya sake ziyartar Djenné a cikin 1910 kuma ya gigice da sabon ginin. Ya yi imanin cewa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ce ke da alhakin zanen kuma ya rubuta cewa yana kama da giciye tsakanin bushiya da sashin coci. Ya yi tunanin cewa cones sun sa ginin ya yi kama da haikalin baroque da aka keɓe ga allahn suppositories.Ya bambanta, Jean-Louis Bourgeois ya yi iƙirarin cewa Faransanci ba ta da tasiri sosai sai dai watakila na ciki da kuma cewa zane shine"na asali na Afirka."

Masanin ilimin kabilanci dan kasar Faransa Michel Leiris,a bayaninsa na tafiya kasar Mali a shekarar 1931, ya bayyana cewa lallai sabon masallacin aikin Turawa ne. Ya kuma ce mutanen yankin ba su ji dadin sabon ginin ba, har suka ki tsaftace shi, sai da aka yi musu barazana da gidan yari.

Amma Jean-Louis Bourgeois, ya rubuta cewa,gungun masanan gargajiya na Djenné ne suka gina masallacin da aka sake ginawa, wanda a al'adance ke da alhakin ginawa da kuma kula da ainihin masallacin garin da na sauran gine-ginen Djenné, ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya kuma tare da ƙarancin shigar Faransanci.

Filin da ke gaban bangon gabas ya ƙunshi kaburbura biyu. Babban kabarin da ke kudu yana dauke da gawar Almany Ismaïla,wani muhimmin limamin karni na 18.A farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, wani tafki da ke gefen gabashin masallacin ya cika da kasa don samar da fili da ake amfani da shi a kasuwar mako-mako.

An kara wayar da kan wutar lantarki da famfo na cikin gida a masallatai da dama a Mali.A wasu lokutan ma a kan yi rufin rufin ginin masallacin na asali, wanda hakan ke lalata tarihinsa, a wasu lokutan kuma yana lalata tsarin ginin. 

Yayin da Babban Masallacin ya ke da na'urar lasifikar lasifikar,  jama'ar Djenné sun yi tir da zamanantar da gine-ginen domin tabbatar da ingancin ginin. Yawancin masu adana tarihi sun yaba da ƙoƙarin kiyaye al'umma,  kuma sha'awar wannan ɓangaren ginin ya karu a cikin 1990s.

A shekarar 1996, Mujallar Vogue ta gudanar da wani bikin daukar hoto a cikin masallacin. Hotunan da mujallar Vogue ta dauka na wasu mata da ba su da kaya sun harzuka ra'ayoyin jama'ar yankin, wanda hakan ya sa aka haramta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba shiga masallacin tun daga lokacin. Ana ganin Masallacin a fim din Sahara na 2005.

Zane 

An yi bangon babban Masallacin ne da tubalin ƙasa da aka toya daga rana (wanda ake kira ferey ), da turmi mai yashi da ƙasa, kuma an lulluɓe shi da filasta wanda ke ba wa ginin kamannun siffa mai sassaka. An yi wa bangon ginin ƙawanya da dunƙule na itacen dabino(Borassus aethiopum), wanda ake kira toron,aikin kusan .  daga saman.

Har ila yau, toron yana aiki azaman gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na shekara-shekara. Rabin bututun yumbu kuma suna fitowa daga layin rufin da ruwan sama kai tsaye daga rufin daga bangon.

An gina masallacin ne akan wani dandali mai girman kimanin  wanda aka ɗaga da  sama da matakin kasuwa. Dandalin yana hana lalacewar masallacin idan kogin Bani ya yi ambaliya. Ana isa gare ta da matakan hawa shida, kowanne an yi masa ado da filogi.Babban kofar shiga yana gefen arewa na ginin.Bangon Babban Masallacin Babba ba daidai ba ne ga juna ta yadda tsarin ginin ya kasance yana da fa'ida mai kyan gani.

The prayer wall or qibla of the Great Mosque faces east towards Mecca and overlooks the city marketplace. The qibla is dominated by three large, box-like towers or minarets jutting out from the main wall. The central tower is around 16 meters in height. The cone shaped spires or pinnacles at the top of each minaret are topped with ostrich eggs. The eastern wall is about a meter (3 ft) in thickness and is strengthened on the exterior by eighteen pilaster like buttresses, each of which is topped by a pinnacle. The corners are formed by rectangular shaped buttresses decorated with toron and topped by pinnacles.

Zauren addu'ar, wanda ya kai kimanin , ya mamaye rabin gabas na masallacin bayan bangon alqibla. Rufin da aka lulluɓe da laka, rufin dabino yana goyan bayan bangon ciki guda tara da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu waɗanda aka huda su da manyan baka waɗanda suka kai kusan rufin. Wannan zane ya haifar da gandun daji mai manyan ginshiƙai guda casa'in waɗanda suka mamaye ɗakin addu'o'in ciki kuma suna rage fage sosai. Ƙananan tagogin da ba a saba ba a kan bangon arewa da kudu suna ba da damar ɗan haske na halitta ya isa cikin zauren. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai yashi.

A cikin dakin sallah, kowanne daga cikin hasumiyai guda uku da ke bangon alkibla yana da alkibla ko mihrabi. Limamin yana gudanar da addu'o'i daga mihrab a cikin babbar hasumiya ta tsakiya. Ƙaƙƙarfan buɗewa a cikin silin na mihrab na tsakiya yana haɗawa da ƙaramin ɗaki da ke sama da matakin rufin a cikin hasumiya. A zamanin da, mai kuka yakan maimaita maganar liman ga mutanen garin. A gefen dama na mihrab dake cikin hasumiya ta tsakiya akwai alkuki na biyu, mimbari ko minbar, daga inda liman yake wa'azin juma'a.

Hasumayoyin da ke bangon alqibla ba su ƙunshi matakalai da ke haɗa ɗakin sallah da rufin ba. Madadin haka akwai hasumiya mai murabba'i biyu na gidaje masu hawa zuwa rufin. Saitin hawa daya yana a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na dakin sallah yayin da sauran saitin da ke kusa da babbar kofar shiga ta bangaren arewa, ba a iya zuwa daga wajen masallacin. Kananan hulunan da ke cikin rufin suna sama da kwanonin da ake cirewa da ake juyawa, waɗanda idan an cire su ke ba da damar iska mai zafi ta tashi daga cikin ginin kuma don haka ya ba da iska a ciki.

Harabar cikin gida da ke yammacin dakin sallah, wanda ya kai , an kewaye shi ta gefe uku ta hanyar galleries. Ganuwar guraren da ke fuskantar tsakar gida suna da hulumi ta hanyar buɗe ido. An kebe gallery na yamma don amfani da mata. 

Ko da yake yana amfana daga kulawa na yau da kullum, tun lokacin da aka gina facade a 1907 ƙananan canje-canje ne kawai aka yi ga zane. Maimakon alkuki guda ɗaya na tsakiya, hasumiya ta mihrab asalinta tana da manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu waɗanda ke bayyana sifar mabuɗin shiga a bangon arewa. Har ila yau, masallacin yana da tarkacen toron da yawa ba tare da ko ɗaya a gindin gindi ba. Ya tabbata daga hotunan da aka buga cewa an ƙara ƙarin layuka biyu na toron zuwa bango a farkon shekarun 1990.

Muhimmancin al'adu 

Daukacin al'ummar Djenné suna ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin kula da masallacin ta hanyar biki na musamman na shekara-shekara. Wannan ya hada da kade-kade da abinci, amma yana da manufa ta farko ta gyara barnar da aka yi wa masallacin a shekarar da ta gabata (yawancin zaizayar kasa da ruwan sama da ake samu a duk shekara da tsagewar da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da zafi). A kwanakin da za a yi bikin, ana shirya filastar a cikin ramuka. Yana buƙatar kwanaki da yawa don warkewa amma yana buƙatar motsawa lokaci-lokaci, aikin yawanci yana faɗowa ga samari maza waɗanda ke wasa a cikin cakuda, don haka tada abubuwan da ke ciki. Maza suna hawa kan ginin masallacin da aka gina da kuma tsani da aka yi da itacen dabino suna shafa filastar a fuskar masallacin.

Wasu gungun maza kuma suna ɗaukar filastar daga ramuka zuwa ma'aikatan da ke cikin masallaci. Ana gudanar da gasar tseren ne a farkon biki domin ganin wanda zai fara kai filastar masallacin. Mata da 'yan mata suna kai ruwa zuwa ramuka kafin bikin da kuma ma'aikatan da ke cikin masallaci a lokacinsa. Mambobin gungun ma'aikatan Djenné ne ke jagorantar aikin, yayin da tsofaffin 'yan al'umma, waɗanda suka riga sun halarci bikin sau da yawa, suna zama a wani wuri mai daraja a dandalin kasuwa suna kallon abubuwan da ke faruwa.

A cikin 1930, an gina wani kwafin Masallacin Djenné a garin Fréjus a kudancin Faransa. Yin kwaikwayon, masallacin Missiri, an gina shi a cikin siminti kuma an zana shi a cikin jajayen ocher don kama da launi na asali. An yi niyya ne don zama masallaci ga Tirailleurs sénégalais, sojojin mulkin mallaka na yammacin Afirka a cikin Sojojin Faransa waɗanda aka tura zuwa yankin a lokacin hunturu.

Asalin masallacin ya jagoranci daya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin koyar da ilimin addinin Islama a Afirka a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, inda dubban dalibai suka zo karatun kur'ani a madarsa ta Djenné. Wuraren tarihi na Djenné, gami da Babban Masallaci, UNESCO ta sanya su a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1988. Duk da yake akwai masallatai da yawa da suka girmi jiki a halin yanzu, babban masallacin ya kasance mafi shaharar alamar birnin Djenné da kuma al'ummar Mali.

On 20 January 2006 the sight of a team of men hacking at the roof of the mosque sparked a riot in the town. The team were inspecting the roof as part of a restoration project financed by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. The men quickly disappeared to avoid being lynched. In the mosque the mob ripped out the ventilation fans that had been presented by the US Embassy at the time of the Iraq War and then went on a rampage through the town. The crowd ransacked the Cultural Mission, the mayor's home, destroyed the car belonging to the imam's younger brother and damaged three cars belonging to the Imam himself. The local police were overwhelmed and had to call in reinforcements from Mopti. One man died during the disturbances.

A ranar Alhamis 5 ga Nuwamba, 2009, ɓangaren sama na babban hasumiya na katangar qibla ya rushe bayan 75. mm (3inci) na ruwan sama ya faɗi a cikin sa'o'i 24 Aga Khan Trust for Culture ne ya dauki nauyin sake gina hasumiya.

Masallacin yana dauke da rigar makamai na kasar Mali.

Takaddun 3D tare da Laser-scanning 
An gudanar da takaddun 3D na Masallacin Djenné a cikin 2005 ta amfani da Laser-scanning. Wannan ya kafa wani yanki na Zamani Project wanda ke da nufin rubuta wuraren tarihi na al'adu a cikin 3D don ƙirƙirar rikodin ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

A cikin shahararrun al'adu 
A cikin taswirar Savannah Citadel a cikin wasan 2008 Sonic Unleashed, gine-ginen ya yi kama da babban masallaci.

Wasan bidiyo na 4X <i id="mwARQ">Sid Meier's Civilization V</i> yana nuna masallacin a matsayin abin al'ajabi da za a iya ginawa.

Masallacin shine Ginin Al'ajabi na Mali a zamanin dauloli na biyu da zamanin dauloli na hudu.

An gabatar da Masallacin a cikin Season 2, Episode 21 of Go Jetters

Duba kuma 

 Jerin masallatai
 Jerin Masallatai a Afirka
 Jerin masallatai a Masar
 Architecture na Afirka
 Gine-ginen Musulunci
 Musulunci a Mali

Bayanan kula

Manazarta 

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  . Google Books: Volume 1, Volume 2.
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  . Reproduces postcards and photographs dating from the early years of the 20th century.
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Kara karantawa

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

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