Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Leibniz, (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June – 14 Nuwamban 1716) wani shahararren dan kasar Jamus ne, masanin lissafi, masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Ya shahara a fannin Tarihin Falsafa da kuma Tarihin lissafi. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama a kan Falsafa, theology, kyawawan dabi'u, siyasa, shari'a, tarihi da kuma nazarin tarin harsuna (philology). Har wayau, Leibniz ya bada gudummarsa a physics da kuma takanolaji, kuma ya kalubalanci ayyuka da dama da suka hada da  probability theory, kimiyyar halittu (biology), kimiyyar magunguna (medicine), kimiyyar duniya, duwatsu da sammai (geology), kimiyyar mu'amala da kwakwalwa  (psychology), kimiyyar harsuna (linguistic), da kuma kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa (computer science). Bugu da kari, ya bada gudummawarsa a fannin kimiyyar laburare (library science). Gudummawowin da Leibniz ya ba da a dumbin darussa da dama na nan watse acikin kundi iri-iri, acikin dumbin dubunnan haruffa da kuma rubuce rubuce wanda ba'a wallafa su ba. Yayi rubuce-rubucen a harsuna da dama musaman a harsuna Latin, Faransanci da kuma Jamusanci.

A fannin falsafa kuwa, shi wakili ne na gaba a ra'ayoyin rationalism da idealism na karni na 17. A matsayinsa na masanin lissafi, muhimman nasarorinsa sun kasance a wajen bunkasa ra'ayin differential da integral calculus, daban da abunda Isaac Newton ya gano a can baya. Masana lissafi da dama sunyi amanna da ra'ayoyin Leibniz a matsayin ra'ayin da yafi dacewa da lissafin calculus.

A fannin falsafa da theology, Leibniz yayi fice ta fuskar fata mai kyau, shine; a mukaddimarsa cewa, duniyarmu ta cika iya hankali, duniyar da watakila tafi kowacce duniya da ubangiji ya halitta - Best of all possible worlds, ra'ayin da wasu masana suke suka, irinsu Voltaire, acikin littafansa kamar Candide. Leibniz, tare da  René Descartes da Baruch Spinoza sune mutane uku da sukafi kowa tasiri a ra'ayin falsafar rationalism. Ayyukan Leibniz, sun kalubalance ra'ayoyi na zamani, sannan sunyi tasiri sosai akan ra'ayoyin zamunan baya na falsafar  analytic philosophy, misali yadda akayi amfani da ma'anar "possible world" a wajen bayanin ra'ayoyin Modality.

Tarihin Rayuwarsa

Kuruciya 
An haifi Gottfried Leibniz a ranar 1 ga watan Julin 1 1646, a karshe karshen Thrity Years War, a garin Leipzig, ga iyaye Friedrich Leibniz da Catharina Schmuck. Iyayensa sun kasance 'yan asalin kudancin Serbia ne wato Lusatian Serbs.

Mahaifinsa Friedrich ya rubuta acikin kundin iyalisa cewa

A ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan June [NS: 1 July] 1646 ne, aka haifi dana Gottfried Wilhelm, da misalin karfe bakwai saura kwata na yamma, a garin Aquarius.

Anyi wa Leibniz baptiza a ranar  3 ga watan Yulin wannan shekarar, a  Cocin St. Nicholas, Leipzig; uban gidansa shine Martin Geier. Mahaifinsa ya rasu a lokacin yana da shekaru shida a duniya, tun daga nan, mahaifiyarsa ce ta cigaba da kula da shi.

Mahaifin Leibniz ya kasance Farfesa a fannin Falfasar Kyawawan dabi'u, a Jami'ar Leipzig, sannan daga bisani ya gaji laburarin mahaifinsa. An bashi damar ziyartar wurin karatun daga lokacin da ya kai shekaru bakwai, hakan ya bashi damar samun dumbin ilimin falsafa na musamman wanda ba don haka ba, da ba zai iya samun wannan ilimi ba, har sai ya kai lokacin shiga kwaleji. Haka zalika, wannan laburare na mahaifinsa, wanda akasarin littattafan da Latin suke, sun bai wa Leibniz damar lakantar harshen Latin tun yana dan shekaru 12, a lokacain da ya kai shekaru sha uku, ya hardashe baituka 300 na harshen Latin da safe don wani taro na musamman a makarantarsu.

Acikin watan Aprelun 1661, ya shiga jami'ar da mahaifinsa yayi a lokacin yana da shekaru 14, kuma ya kammala digirinsa a fannin Falsafa a cikin watan  Dicemban 1662.

A cikin shekarar 1666, Leibniz ya rubuta littafinsa na farko mai suna  De Arte Combinatoria (akan fasahar  Combinatorial Art) a lokacin yana da shekaru 19, wanda sashin littafin na farko ya kasance akan bincike da yayi yayin kammala digiri na biyu, kuma ya kare hujjojin binciken acikin watan March shekarar 1666.

Burin Leibniz na gaba shine ya karbi lasisin  sa da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin Shari'a, wanda hakan yana daukar shekaru uku kafin a gama. Acikin shekarar 1966, Jami'ar Leipzig ta ki amincewa da bukatarsa na fara karatun daktanci a fannin shari'a, ga dukkan alamu saboda kananun shekarun sa, daga karshe Leibniz ya bar Leipzig.

Daga nan Leibniz ya shiga Jami'ar Altdorf, sannan yayi gaggawar bada bincikensa na thesis, wanda watakila, ya fara aiki a kansa tun yana Leipzig. Taken wannan bincike nasa shine: Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure(Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases). Leibniz ya samu lasisin gidanar da shari'a kuma ya sama digirin digirgir a cikin watan Nuwamban 1666. Sannan ya ki amsar aiki a Jami'ar Altdorf, cewa; "zuciya ta ta karkata zuwa wani wajen ne".

A yayin da ya zama baligi, Leibniz ya kasance yana kiran kansa da "Gottfried von Leibniz". Mutane da dama sun wallafa littattafansu tare da sunan shi kamar haka;  "Freiherr G. W. von Leibniz."

1666-1676 

Mukamin Leibniz na farko wani aiki ne wanda ake biyanshi albashi a wata kungiyar falsafar Alchemy da ke Nuremberg. Ya san kadan ne game da wannan fanni amma ya fara a matsayin mai koyo haikan. Nan da nan ya hadu da Johann Christian von Boyneburg (1622–1672), tsohon babban ministan na Elector na  Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn. Von Boyneburg  ya dauki Leibniz a matsayin mataimakinsa, sannan daga bisani ya gabatar dashi ga Elector. A cikin shekarar 1669, an nada Leibniz a matsayin mai duba shari'u a kotun daukaka kara. Duk da cewa  von Boyneburg ya mutu a shekarar 1672, Leibniz ya cigaba da aiki a karkashin tsohuwar matar sa har lokacin da ta sallame shi a shekarar 1674.

Mutuwarsa 

Leibniz ya mutu a garin Hanover a shekarar 1716. A wannan lokacin ya rasa kiransa wanda har ta kai ga cewa George I (wanda ke kusa da garin Hanover a wancan lokacin) ko kuma wani ma'aikacin kotu sai dai sakatarensa ne suka halarci jana'izarsa. Duk da cewa Leibniz ya kasance member na Royal Society da kuma Berlin Academy of Sciences, babu daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka ga ya dace su girmama mutuwarsa. Kabarinsa ya dade ba'ai masa alama ba na tsawon shekaru 50. Amma Fontenelle ya kambama (girmama) shi, a gaban French Academy of Sciences, wanda hakan yasa ya zamo mamba na kasar waje shekarar 1700. Wannan girmamawa ya zo ne ta umurnin Duchess of Orleans, wacce ta kasance 'ya ga Electress Sophia.

Rayuwasa 
Leibniz bai taba aure ba. Ya kasance yana yawa kukan rashin kudi, amma ya bar wasu gadon abinda ya bari ga agolan kanwarsa. A lokacinda yake rike da mukamin diflomasiyya, Leibniz ya kasance mara mutunci a harkokinsa, wanda hakan ba sabon abu bane ga kwararrun ma'aikatan diflomasiyya na lokacin. A lokuta da dama, Leibniz ya sauya shekaru kuma ya canza ayyuka na kusa da dama, wannan yanayi ya janyo masa bakin jini a lokacin rikicin calclus  -  calculus controversy.

Mutum ne mai farin jini, kuma ba mutum ne mai hangen nesa da sanin ya kamata. Yana da abokai da masu son shi a duk fadin Turai. Ana ganinsa a matsayin mabiyin tafarkin kiristanci na Protestant  kuma  philosophical theist - (wato wanda ya yarda cewa akwai Allah). Leibniz ya wanzu yana rike da addinin Kiristanci na Ubangiji uku.

Zababbun ayyukansa 
Shekarun da aka lissafo, shekaru ne da aka kammala ayyukan, ba wai daidai lokacin fara ayyukan ba. 
 1666 (publ. 1690). De Arte Combinatoria (On the Art of Combination); partially translated in Loemker §1 and Parkinson (1966)
 1667. Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae (A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence)
 1667. "Dialogus de connexione inter res et verba"
 1671. Hypothesis Physica Nova (New Physical Hypothesis); Loemker §8.I (part)
 1673 Confessio philosophi (A Philosopher's Creed); an English translation is available online.
 Oct. 1684. "Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis" ("Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas")
 Nov. 1684. "Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis" ("New method for maximums and minimums"); translated in Struik, D. J., 1969. A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200–1800. Harvard University Press: 271–81.
 1686. Discours de métaphysique; Martin and Brown (1988), Ariew and Garber 35, Loemker §35, Wiener III.3, Woolhouse and Francks 1
 1686. Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum (General Inquiries About the Analysis of Concepts and of Truths)
 1694. "De primae philosophiae Emendatione, et de Notione Substantiae" ("On the Correction of First Philosophy and the Notion of Substance")
 1695. Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances (New System of Nature)
 1700. Accessiones historicae
 1703. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" ("Explanation of Binary Arithmetic"); Carl Immanuel Gerhardt, Mathematical Writings VII.223. An English translation by Lloyd Strickland is available online.
 1704 (publ. 1765). Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain. Translated in: Remnant, Peter, and Bennett, Jonathan, trans., 1996. New Essays on Human Understanding Langley translation 1896. Cambridge University Press. Wiener III.6 (part)
 1707–1710. Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium (3 Vols.)
 1710. Théodicée; Farrer, A. M., and Huggard, E. M., trans., 1985 (1952). Wiener III.11 (part). An English translation is available online at Project Gutenberg.
 1714. "Principes de la nature et de la Grâce fondés en raison"
 1714. Monadologie; translated by Nicholas Rescher, 1991. The Monadology: An Edition for Students. University of Pittsburgh Press. Ariew and Garber 213, Loemker §67, Wiener III.13, Woolhouse and Francks 19. An English translation by Robert Latta is available online.

Ayyukan bayan mutuwarsa 

 1717. Collectanea Etymologica, edited by the secretary of Leibniz Johann Georg von Eckhart
 1749. Protogaea
 1750. Origines Guelficae

Tarin ayyukansa 
Muhimman ayyukansa guda shida a harshen Turanci sune: Wiener (1951), Parkinson (1966), Loemker (1969), Ariew & Garber (1989), Woolhouse & Francks (1998), & Strickland (2006). Rubutun Leibniz da ake kan gyarawa a yanzu shine Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe.

Cigaba da Duba 

 General Leibniz rule
 Leibniz Association
 Leibniz operator
 List of German inventors and discoverers
 List of pioneers in computer science
 List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz
 Mathesis universalis
 Scientific revolution
 Leibniz University Hannover
 Bartholomew Des Bosses
 Joachim Bouvet
 Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography

Littattafai 
 Leibniz himself never attached von to his name and was never actually ennobled.
 Sometimes spelled Leibnitz. Pronunciation: /ˈlaɪbnɪts/ LYBE-nits,[12] German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈlaɪbnɪts] (listen)[13][14] or German: [ˈlaɪpnɪts] (listen);[15] French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz[16] [ɡɔdfʁwa ɡijom lɛbnits].
 There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz translated into English.[19]

Manazarta 

'Yan lissafin Jamus
'Yan falsafan Jamus