Hurricane Nadine (2012)
Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine ita ce guguwar Atlantika mafi dadewa a duniya da aka taba yi. A matsayin guguwa mai zafi na goma sha huɗu kuma mai suna guguwa na lokacin guguwa na Atlantika na shekara ta dubu ashirin da shabiyu 2012, Nadine ta haɓaka daga raƙuman ruwan zafi da ke tafiya yammacin Cape Verde a watan Satumba  goma 10. A rana mai zuwa, ta ƙarfafa zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine. Bayan fara bin diddigin arewa maso yamma, Nadine ta juya zuwa arewa, nesa ba kusa da kowane yanki. Farkon Satumba 15, Nadine ta kai matsayin guguwa yayin da take karkata zuwa gabas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙaruwar tsagewar iska a tsaye ta raunana Nadine kuma a ranar 16 ga Satumba ta koma cikin guguwa mai zafi. A washegari, guguwar ta fara tafiya arewa maso gabas kuma tana barazanar Azores amma a ƙarshen Satumba 19, Nadine ta nufi gabas-kudu maso gabas kafin ta isa tsibiran. Duk da haka, guguwar ta haifar da iskar guguwa mai zafi a wasu tsibirai. A watan Satumba 21, guguwar ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso gabas yayin da kudancin Azores. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Nadine ta koma cikin matsanancin matsin lamba.

Saboda yanayi mai kyau, ragowar Nadine sun sake komawa cikin guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 24. Bayan sake bunƙasa, guguwar ta aiwatar da madaidaicin guguwar kuma ta nufi sannu a hankali a tsallaken gabashin Atlantic. Daga ƙarshe, Nadine ta juya kudu maso kudu maso yamma, wanda a lokacin ya zama kusan tsayayye. A watan Satumba 28, guguwar ta karkata arewa maso yamma kuma ta sake karfafawa zuwa guguwa. Mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kara tsananta kuma ta mamaye sama da iska 90 mph   a watan Satumba 30. Kashegari, duk da haka, Nadine ta raunana zuwa  hadari na wurare masu zafi, yayin da yanayi ya zama mara daɗi. Ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi da raguwar yanayin yanayin teku ya raunana guguwar. Nadine ta koma cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Oktoba 3, kuma ya haɗu tare da gabatowar sanyi mai gabatowa arewa maso gabas na Azores jim kaɗan bayan haka. Ragowar Nadine sun ratsa Azores a watan Oktoba 4 kuma ya sake kawo iska mai ƙarfi zuwa tsibirin.

Asali da tarihin yanayi 
Babban guguwar yanayi ta fito cikin Tekun Atlantika daga gabar yammacin Afirka, a watan Satumba 7.  Tsarin ya wuce kudancin Cape Verde a watan Satumba 8, yana kawo ruwa mara tsauri da tsawa.  A kusa da wancan lokacin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da tsarin matsakaiciyar dama na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a cikin 48 awanni. An sami ƙaramin yankin matsin lamba tare da guguwar yanayin zafi a watan Satumba 9, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka aikin motsi.  An tantance tsarin tare da babbar dama ga samuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba 10.  Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙarfin tauraron dan adam, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa ta ayyana tashin hankali a matsayin Tashin Harshen Tropical na goma sha huɗu a dubu daya da dari biyu 1200 UTC a watan Satumba 10, yayin da guguwar ta kasance kusan dari tatwas da tamanin da biyar  yamma da Cape Verde.  

Kodayake aikin tsawa ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan a kusa da tsakiyar zagayawa, ƙungiya mai haɗawa da ɓacin rai tana ƙara kasancewa cikin tsari.  Marigayi a watan Satumba 10, convection fara kara da dan kadan a kusa da cibiyar, amma saboda Dvorak tsanani T-lambobin sun tsakanin 2.0 da kuma 2.5, da ciki da aka ba kyautata zuwa wurare masu zafi da hadari.  Duk da haka, busasshiyar iska ta haifar da ruwan sama da tsawa a ranar. Da farko, ta doshi arewacin arewa saboda yamma kusa da gefen kudancin babban gandun daji . Koyaya, zuwa Satumba 11, bacin rai ya sake karkace arewa maso yamma. Daga baya a wannan ranar, bacin rai ya fara dawo da zurfin tunani. Hoton tauraron dan adam na geostationary da bayanan watsawa sun nuna cewa bacin rai ya ƙaru zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine a 0000 UTC a watan Satumba 12.

Ƙarfafawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin farko 

A watan Satumba Ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai yawa ta ɓullo kuma saboda yanayi mai kyau, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura da yuwuwar zurfafa cikin sauri.  Ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ya ci gaba da sauri kodayake ƙasa da saurin sauri a watan Satumba 12. Daga baya a wannan ranar, iskar da ta ci gaba ta kai 65 mph da (105 km/h) .   A farkon Satumba 13, banding convective wanda aka nannade kusan gaba ɗaya a kusa da tsakiyar kuma saman girgije ya kai yanayin zafi har zuwa    . Koyaya, saboda bayanan tauraron dan adam na microwave ba zai iya tantance ko ido ya ci gaba ba, ƙarfin Nadine ya kasance a 70 mph (110 km/h) —– ƙasa da ƙofar halin guguwa.  Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa "taga Nadine don karfafawa na iya rufewa", yana mai nuni da daidaiton tsarin kwamfuta game da karuwar sautin iska da kadan canjin tsari.  Guguwar ta fara fuskantar guguwar iska a kudu maso yamma a watan Satumba 13, wanda aka samar ta tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala da axis mai nisan mil ɗari zuwa yamma da Nadine. A sakamakon haka, guguwar ta yi ta fama don samar da ido kuma cibiyar ta yi wahalar ganowa. 

Kodayake ba a daidaita guguwar ba, wucewar watsawa ta nuna iskar guguwar iska mai zafi ta miƙa zuwa  . Bayyanar tauraron dan adam na Nadine ya kara raguwa a watan Satumba 14. Duk da wannan, guguwar ta kasance a ƙasa da yanayin guguwa kuma Cibiyar Hurricane ta ƙasa ta lura da yiwuwar ƙaruwa idan girgizar iska ta ragu a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Nadine ta juya arewa a watan Satumba 14 kamar yadda ta bi ta gefen gefen wani tsauni mai zurfi.  Ba da daɗewa ba, wucewa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Rainfall (TMM) ya nuna cewa babban jigon ya fara sake shiri. Duk da haka, saboda kukar iska ta raba matsuguni tsakanin matakin zuwa arewa na ƙaramin matakin, Nadine ba ta haɓaka zuwa guguwa ba.  Saboda Nadine zai kusanci yanayin yanayin yanayin sanyi na teku, ana ganin ƙarfafawa mai mahimmanci ba zai yiwu ba.  Saboda karuwar kimantawar tauraron dan adam da sake tsarawa, Nadine ya inganta zuwa guguwa a 1800 UTC a watan Satumba 14. Bayan awanni shida, Nadine ta kai ƙarfin farko na farko tare da iskar  .  Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa raunin ido yana ƙoƙarin haɓakawa a ƙarshen Satumba 15.

Rashin ƙarfi da farkon canjin yanayin zafi 

Marigayi a watan Satumba A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, mai hasashen Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa Robbie Berg ya lura cewa Nadine ta fara "duba kadan -kadan", kamar yadda lura da bayanai na microwave ya yi nuni da sausayar da zurfin motsi zuwa arewa maso gabashin cibiyar.  Marigayi a watan Satumba 16, idon ya karkata ya ɓace, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafewa sun fara ɓarna, kuma gabaɗaya shawa da ayyukan tsawa sun ragu tun farkon wannan ranar.  Nadine ta raunana baya ga guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 17 kuma tulu ya rage bayyanar tauraron dan adam.  

Busasshen iska ya fara shafar Nadine a watan Satumba 17, kodayake fitowar daga guguwa ta hana rauni sosai.  Duk da babban walƙiya mai zurfin juzu'i a saman da'irar arewa, Nadine ta raunana kaɗan daga baya a wannan ranar.  Ƙarin rauni ya faru a washegari, bayan fashewar zurfin zurfafa a watan Satumba 17 ya lalace.  Daga baya a watan Satumba 18, mafi yawan zurfin convection ya watse. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa da suka rage sun kasance cikin ƙungiya zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma na cibiyar Nadine. 

Nadine ta yi barazana ga Azores yayin da take tafiya arewa maso gabas sannan kuma zuwa arewa tsakanin Satumba 18 da Satumba 19, kodayake wani shinge mai hana ruwa ya hana guguwar ta kusanci tsibirin. Mafi kusancinta da Azores kusan  kudu maso kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Flores a watan Satumba 19.  Daga nan guguwar ta sake karkata zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas a watan Satumba 20, bayan guguwar ta raunana kuma tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala ya zurfafa.  A ƙarshen Satumba 21, yawancin ragowar zurfin iskar da aka haɗa da ƙungiya mai ɗaukar nauyi kawai tare da saman girgije.  A aikace, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasa ta sake ware Nadine a matsayin guguwa mai ƙarfi a 2100 UTC a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga Satumba, saboda matsakaicin matsakaici, filin iska mai asymmetrical da wani babban matakin matsin lamba kusa da cibiyar.  Koyaya, binciken bayan kakar wasa ya ƙare cewa Nadine ya lalace zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba na sa'o'i uku da suka gabata. 

Farkon Satumba 22, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa sake farfadowa a cikin guguwa mai tsananin zafi wata dama ce ta daban.  Yankin ƙaramin matsin lamba ba da daɗewa ba ya motsa kan tekuna masu zafi da yanayin ƙaramin haushi, yana haifar da zurfafa taro don sake haɓakawa. Don haka, Nadine ta zama guguwa mai zafi a sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000 UTC a watan Satumba 23. Wani shinge mai toshe kan Azores ya tilasta Nadine ta koma yamma-arewa maso yamma a watan Satumba 24, yana haifar da aiwatar da ƙaramin madauki na cyclonic. Ko da yake iskar ta karu zuwa 60 mph da (95 km/h), guguwar ta sake raunana kuma ta ragu zuwa  guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 25.  Duk da wannan koma-baya, hoton tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa Nadine ta haɓaka fasalin ido.  Sai dai daga bisani Cibiyar Guguwar ta Kasa ta lura cewa yanki ne da babu girgije a kusa da tsakiyar guguwar.  A watan Satumba 26, Nadine ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma a kusa da yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaka-tsaki zuwa babban matakin kan tekun Atlantika ta yamma. 

Bayan ƙaramin canji na ƙarfi na kwanaki da yawa, a ƙarshe Nadine ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Satumba 27, saboda yanayin saman teku ya yi zafi fiye da  . Na 1200 UTC a watan Satumba 28, Nadine ta sake ƙarfafawa zuwa Rukunin Guguwa 1 akan ma'aunin guguwar Saffir -Simpson .  A kusa da wancan lokacin, hotunan tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa guguwar ta sake bunkasa fasalin ido.  Bayan rashin tsari, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta yi kuskuren rage Nadine zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 29  kafin haɓaka shi zuwa guguwa kuma sa'o'i shida bayan haka.  A zahiri Nadine ta ci gaba da zama guguwa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.  Iska ta karu zuwa 85 mph (140 km/h) a watan Satumba 30, bayan ido ya zama mafi bambanta.  Na dubu dari daya da dari biyu 1200 UTC, guguwar ta kai ƙwanƙolin ƙarfin ta tare da matsakaicin iskar 90 mph (150 km/h) da ƙaramin matsin lamba barometric na  . 

Bayan tsananin ƙarfi, Nadine ya sake raunana kuma ya lalace zuwa hadari mai zafi a 1200 UTC, a watan Oktoba 1.  Iskar arewa maso yamma ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Oktoba 3, bayan wani babban matattarar ruwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin girgizar iska ya koma gabas.  Bayan hoursan awanni daga baya, ƙaramin matakin ya zama ɗan fallasa,  kafin a rarrabe shi gaba ɗaya daga isar da dubu dari daya da dari biyar 1500 UTC.  Saboda tsananin kukar iska da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku mai sanyi, ruwan sama da tsawa sun ragu da sauri, kuma zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba 3, Nadine ta zama ba ta da wani motsi mai zurfi.  Na 0000 UTC a watan Oktoba 4, Nadine ta canza zuwa wani matsanancin matsin lamba, yayin da kusan  kudu maso yamma na tsakiyar Azores. Ƙananan hanzari ya ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya lalace zuwa cikin matattarar matsin lamba, kuma gabanin sanyi ya mamaye shi a wannan ranar. 

An ba da gargadin guguwar iska da agogo a lokuta biyu daban -daban yayin da Nadine ta kusanci Azores . Na 1000 UTC a watan Satumba 18, an ba da agogon guguwa na wurare masu zafi ga tsibiran Flores da Corvo . Kodayake an dakatar da agogon guguwar a 2100 UTC, an aiwatar da gargadin guguwar yanayi a lokacin don tsibiran Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, da Terceira . Na 1500 UTC a watan Satumba 19, an kuma yi gargadin guguwar iska mai zafi ga São Miguel da Santa Maria . An katse duk agogo da gargadi zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 21. Bayan sake sabuntawa, Nadine ta sake yin barazana ga Azores, wanda ya haifar da agogon guguwa mai zafi ga dukan tsibirin a 1500 UTC a watan Oktoba 1. Awa tara bayan haka, sifili sifili sifili sifili  0000 UTC a rana mai zuwa, an haɓaka agogon zuwa gargaɗin guguwa mai zafi. Bayan Nadine ta zama mai wuce gona da iri, an daina gargadin.  A hanya ta biyu ta guguwar zuwa Azores, an rufe makarantu kuma an soke tashi. 

Marigayi a watan Satumba 20, Flores ya ba da rahoton iskar  .  Gudun iska mai ɗorewa  da gust har zuwa  an ba da rahoto a Horta a tsibirin Faial, yayin da Nadine ta wuce kudu a watan Satumba 21. A lokacin tasirin Azores na biyu a watan Oktoba 4, mafi girman saurin iskar da aka ruwaito shine  akan São Miguel, yayin da gust mafi ƙarfi shine  a Plant Power Plant a Santa Maria.  A tsibirin Pico, an lalata laminin zauren wasanni na makarantar firamare da sakandare a Lajes do Pico.  Ragowar Nadine sun samar da ɗimbin danshi wanda ya saukar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi akan Burtaniya, musamman a Ingila da Wales, ya kai 5.12. a cikin (130 mm) a Ravensworth a cikin tsohon. Ruwan sama ya mamaye gidaje tare da tarwatsa hanyoyi da hanyoyin mota.  

Nadine ta kasance jimlar Kwanaki 24 a matsayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, na wurare masu zafi, da na bayan-zafi, gami da 22.25 kwanaki a matsayin tsarin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya sa ta zama guguwa mai zafi ta huɗu ta Atlantika mafi tsayi a kan rikodin, kawai a bayan guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899 a 28 kwanaki, Hurricane Ginger a dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya 1971 a kwanaki 27.25, da Hurricane Inga a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 a kwanaki 24.75. Lokacin ƙididdige lokacin da aka kashe kawai azaman guguwa mai zafi ko guguwa - 20.75 kwanaki-Nadine ita ce ta uku mafi dadewa, bayan Hurricane Ginger a 1971 da guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899.  Lokacin da aka inganta Nadine zuwa guguwa a 1800 UTC a watan Satumba 14, ya yi alama ta uku ta farko ta haifar da guguwa ta takwas, a bayan tsarin da ba a bayyana ba a 1893 da Ophelia a 2005 .

Duba kuma 

 Jerin guguwar Azores
 Hurricane Alberto (2000)
 Hurricane Gordon (2006)
 Guguwa Leslie (2018)
 Sauran guguwa masu wannan sunan

Nassoshi 

Pages with unreviewed translations