Laifukan Muhalli
Laifukan muhalli yana mai da hankali kan tsarin aikata laifuka a cikin takamaiman mahalli da aka gina kuma tana nazarin tasirin waɗannan masu canjin waje akan halaye na mutane. Ya zama wani ɓangare na Makarantar Positivist ta laifuka ta yadda ake amfani da hanyar kimiyya don bincika al'ummar da ke haifar da laifi.

Ka'idar 
Laifukan muhalli sune nazarin laifuka, aikata laifuka, da cin zarafi kamar yadda suke da alaƙa, na farko, zuwa wurare na musamman, na biyu kuma, kan yadda daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi suke tsara ayyukansu ta sararin samaniya, kuma a yin haka yakan rinjayi tushen wuri ko tushensu. abubuwan sarari.

A cikin shekara ta 1971, C. Ray Jeffery ya buga "Rigakafin Laifukan Ta hanyar Tsarin Muhalli", wanda a ciki ya yi nazari kan rawar da mahalli ke takawa wajen aikata laifuka tare da ba da shawarar dabaru iri-iri na rage laifuka ta hanyar gyaggyara muhallin gaggawa. Ya kuma kirkiro kalmar "criminology na muhalli".

A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar na buga littafin Jeffery, yawancin hanyoyin ilimin kimiyyar muhalli sun bayyana, tare da ci gaba da yawa akan waɗannan tushe.

Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsarin laifuffukan muhalli an haɓaka shi a cikin shekara ta 1980s, ta hanyar Paul da Patricia Brantingham, suna mai da hankali kan binciken laifuka akan muhalli ko abubuwan mahallin da zasu iya tasiri ayyukan aikata laifuka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sarari (geography), lokaci, doka, mai laifi, da wanda aka yi niyya ko wanda aka azabtar. Wadannan sassa guda biyar sun zama wajibi kuma isassun sharadi, domin idan ba tare da daya ba, sauran hudun, ko da a hade, ba za su zama wani laifi ba. (   Duk da bayyanannen nau'ikan laifuffuka iri-iri, malamai da masu aiki sukan yi ƙoƙarin yin nazarin su daban. Misali, lauyoyi da masana kimiyyar siyasa suna mai da hankali kan yanayin shari'a; Masana ilimin zamantakewa, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam da kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a gaba ɗaya suna duban masu laifi da waɗanda abin ya shafa, yayin da masu ilimin ƙasa ke mai da hankali kan wurin taron. Masu binciken muhalli suna bincikar wurin da lokacin da laifin ya faru. Suna sha'awar amfani da ƙasa, tsarin zirga-zirga da ƙirar titi, da ayyukan yau da kullun da motsin waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu laifi. Masu aikata laifukan muhalli sukan yi amfani da taswirori don nemo tsarin aikata laifuka, misali, ta amfani da metric topology. (

Aikace-aikace masu amfani 
Nazarin yanayin sararin samaniya na laifuka da aikata laifuka yana da dogon tarihi. A cikin Makarantar Chicago, Robert Ezra Park, Ernest Burgess, da sauran masana ilimin zamantakewa na birane sun tsara yanki mai mahimmanci, kuma sun yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke cikin yanki a cikin nazarin laifin yara .

Hakanan an yi la'akari da yanayin ƙasa a cikin tilasta bin doka, ta hanyar amfani da manyan taswirori don nuna inda aka samu aikata laifuka. Taswirori da nazarin laifuffuka yanzu sun shiga wani sabon yanayi tare da yin amfani da tsarin taswirar laifuka ta kwamfuta ta 'yan sanda da masu bincike, tare da ka'idodin laifukan muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yadda ake fahimtar tsarin laifuka. Fasaha taswirar laifuka ta ba wa jami'an tsaro damar tattara bayanan da za su nuna tarihin abubuwan da suka faru na laifuka a cikin yanki. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da cewa tana da amfani sosai idan ana maganar sanar da jami’an inda aka yi laifi, da yanke shawarar ba da kayan aiki, da tantance sahihancin, sanar da al’umma game da aikata laifuka, da kuma gano inda kira ke fitowa daga wani yanki. (   Sauran aikace-aikace masu amfani na ka'idar laifukan muhalli sun haɗa da bayanan yanki, wanda aka tsara akan ra'ayin cewa masu aikata laifuka sunyi la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi yanki wajen yanke shawarar inda za su aikata laifuka.

Rigakafin laifuka ta hanyar ƙirar muhalli (CPTED) wani aikace-aikace ne mai amfani, dangane da taken littafin da Jeffery ya wallafa a baya, yana haɓaka ra'ayin cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa kamar yanayi (rashin haske ko ƙira na wurare dabam dabam  ) na iya sa aikata laifi ya fi yiwuwa. faruwa a wani lokaci da wuri. Matakan CPTED don rage yuwuwar na iya haɗawa da ƙarin haske, sanya wurin ya zama mara amfani ga aikata laifuka.

Abubuwan da aka tattara na manyan laifuka, waɗanda aka sani da wuraren zafi, na iya samun abubuwan yanayi waɗanda ke taimakawa bayyana dalilin da yasa takamaiman wurin ke da matsala. Wataƙila wurin ba shi da kulawa sosai, yana da “gurnar wurin” mara kyau, yana da ƙarancin haske ko wasu halaye. Canza wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan laifuka a wurin.

Ka'idar tagogi mai karye ita ce ra'ayin cewa akwai mahimmanci ga rashin lafiya idan ana maganar taimako da haifar da laifi. Babban rikici yana haifar da tsoro daga al'umma, wanda ke ba da damar aikata laifuka da yawa saboda raguwar kulawar zamantakewa. A taƙaice dai, taɓarar da ba a gyara ba a ƙarshe zai haifar da ƙarin karyewar tagogi. Ƙananan matsaloli irin su miyagun ƙwayoyi ko ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma waɗanda ba sa kulawa da 'yan sanda na sa mutane su bar waɗannan yankunan saboda tsoro.

Duba kuma 

 Ka'idar tsarin laifuka
 Adalci na muhalli
 Dokar muhalli
 Koren laifuffuka
 Jerin kararrakin muhalli
 Matsakaicin motsi

Manazarta 

Muhalli
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba