Homer
Homer ( / ˈ h oʊ mər / ; Ancient Greek   [hómɛːros], Hómēros ) (an haife shi ) mawaƙin Girkanci ne wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin marubucin Iliad da Odyssey, waƙoƙin almara guda biyu waɗanda tushen tushen adabin Helenanci ne. Ana ɗaukar Homer ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da ake girmamawa kuma masu tasiri a tarihi. 

Homer's Iliad yana ci gaba da yin rikici tsakanin Sarki Agamemnon da jarumi Achilles a cikin shekarar karshe na Yaƙin Trojan. Odyssey ya ba da labarin tafiyar shekaru goma na Odysseus, Sarkin Ithaca, ya koma gidansa bayan faduwar Troy. Wa}o}in suna cikin harshen Hausa na Homeric, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Epic Greek, harshen adabi wanda ke nuna cakuduwar fasalin yarukan Ionic da Aeolic daga ƙarni daban-daban; Babban tasiri shine Gabashin Ionic.  Yawancin masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa asalin waƙar an watsa ta da baki.

Waƙoƙin Homer na almara sun shafi al'amuran tsofin al'adu da ilimi na Girka, suna haɓaka manufofin jarumtaka, ɗaukaka, da daraja.  Ga Plato, Homer shine kawai wanda "ya koyar da Girka" ( τὴν Ἑλλάδα πεπαίδευκεν, tēn Helláda pepaídeuken ).   A cikin Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy, Virgil yana nufin Homer a matsayin "Mawaƙin Mawaƙi", Sarkin dukan mawaƙa;  a cikin gabatarwar fassararsa na Iliad, Alexander Paparoma ya yarda cewa Homer an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mafi girma na mawaƙa".  Tun daga zamanin da har zuwa yau, almara na Homeric sun ƙarfafa shahararrun ayyukan adabi, kiɗa, fasaha, da fina-finai. 

Tambayar ta wanene, yaushe, a ina kuma a cikin wane yanayi aka hada Iliad da Odyssey ana ci gaba da muhawara. An yarda da cewa mawallafa daban-daban ne suka rubuta ayyukan biyu. Ana tunanin cewa an yi wakokin a wani lokaci a kusa da ƙarshen takwas ko farkon karni na bakwai BC. Yawancin labaran rayuwar Homer sun yadu a zamanin da; labarin da ya fi yaduwa shi ne cewa shi makaho ne daga Ionia , wani yanki na tsakiyar gabar tekun Anatoliya a Turkiyya a yau. Masanan zamani sun ɗauki waɗannan labaran almara.

Ayyukan da aka danganta ga Homer 

A yau, kawai Iliad da Odyssey suna hade da sunan 'Homer'. A zamanin da, wasu ayyuka masu yawa wasu lokuta ana danganta shi da shi, ciki har da Waƙoƙin Homeric, Gasar Homer da Hesiod, Ƙananan Iliad, da Nostoi, Thebaid, da Cypria, da Epigoni, wasan kwaikwayo mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("Yakin Frog-Mouse"), Margites, Kama Oechalia, da Phocais. Ba a ɗaukar waɗannan da'awar a yau kuma ba a yarda da su a duniya a zamanin dā ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da ɗimbin labaran da ke kewaye da rayuwar Homer, sun nuna kadan fiye da tsakiyar Homer zuwa al'adun Girka na dā.

Al'adun tarihi na zamanin da 
Wasu tsoffin da'awar game da Homer an kafa su da wuri kuma ana maimaita su akai-akai. Sun haɗa da cewa Homer ya kasance makaho (yana ɗaukar matsayin kansa nassi da ke kwatanta makahon Bard Demodocus ),   cewa ya zauna a Chios, cewa shi ɗan kogin Meles ne da nymph Critheïs, cewa ya kasance. Bard mai yawo, cewa ya tsara jerin ayyuka daban-daban ("Homerica"), cewa ya mutu ko dai a cikin Ios ko kuma bayan ya kasa warware kacici-kacici da masunta suka kafa, da kuma bayani daban-daban na sunan "Homer" .

Shahararrun tsoffin tarihin rayuwar Homer guda biyu sune Rayuwar Homer ta Pseudo-Herodotus da Gasar Homer da Hesiod. 

A farkon karni na hudu BC Alcidamas ya tsara labarin almara na gasar waka a Chalcis tare da Homer da Hesiod. An sa ran Homer zai yi nasara, kuma ya amsa duk tambayoyin Hesiod da wasan wasa cikin sauƙi. Bayan haka, an gayyaci kowanne daga cikin mawaƙa don karanta mafi kyawun nassi daga aikinsu. Hesiod ya zaɓi farkon Ayyuka da Kwanaki: "Lokacin da Pleiades haifaffen Atlas. duk a lokacin da ya dace". Homer ya zaɓi bayanin mayaƙan Girkanci a cikin samuwar, suna fuskantar abokan gaba, waɗanda aka karɓa daga Iliad. Ko da yake taron sun yaba da nasarar Homer, alkali ya baiwa Hesiod kyautar; Mawakin da ya yabi kiwo, ya ce, ya fi wanda ya yi tatsuniyoyi na yaƙe-yaƙe da kisa.

Tarihin karatun Homeric

Tsoho 

Nazarin Homer yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin batutuwa a cikin malanta, tun daga zamanin da.   Duk da haka, makasudin karatun Homeric sun canza a tsawon shekaru millennia.  Bayanan farko da aka adana akan Homer ya shafi yadda yake bi da alloli, wanda masu sukar maƙiya irin su mawallafin Xenophanes na Colophon suka yi Allah wadai da lalata.  An ce mawallafin Theagenes na Rhegium ya kare Homer ta hanyar jayayya cewa wakokin Homeric misalai ne.  An yi amfani da Iliad da Odyssey sosai azaman rubutun makaranta a tsohuwar al'adun Girkanci da Hellenistic.    Su ne ayyukan adabi na farko da aka koya wa dukan ɗalibai.  Iliad, musamman littattafansa na farko, an yi nazari sosai fiye da Odyssey a lokacin Hellenistic da Roman. 

Sakamakon shaharar da waqoqin suka yi a fannin ilmin zamani na Girka, an samu fa’ida mai yawa a kansu don bayyana sassan da ke da wuyar al’ada ko harshe.   A lokacin zamanin Hellenistic da na Romawa, masu fassara da yawa, musamman Stoics, waɗanda suka yi imani cewa waƙar Homeric sun ba da koyarwar Stoic, sun ɗauke su a matsayin misalai, ɗauke da hikimar ɓoye.  Wataƙila wani ɓangare saboda yawan amfani da waƙoƙin Homeric a cikin ilimi, yawancin marubuta sun yi imanin cewa ainihin dalilin Homer shine ilmantarwa.  Hikimar Homer ta zama abin yabo sosai har ya fara samun siffar kusan masanin falsafa.  Malaman Rumawa irin su Eustathius na Tasalonika da John Tzetzes sun samar da sharhi, kari da scholia ga Homer, musamman a karni na goma sha biyu.   Sharhin Eustathius akan Iliad kadai yana da girma, ya bazu sama da manyan shafuka kusan 4,000 a cikin bugu na karni na ashirin da daya da sharhinsa akan Odyssey karin kusan 2,000.

Manazarta

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Homer
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