Kalmar Mace
Mace (alama ce: ♀),  wadda ta kasance jinsin kwayar halitta, ko kuma a ce wani sashi na kwayar halitta, wacce ke samar da kwayar halittar da ba ta hannu ba (kwayayen kwai).    Haramtawa yanayin rashin lafiya, mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane mata, suna da chromosomes guda biyu. Halayen mata sun banbanta tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban tare da wasu nau'in da ke dauke da cikakkun siffofin halayyar mata, kamar kasancewar gagarar mammary . Babu wani guda kwayoyin inji bayan jima'i da bambance-bambance a cikin jinsuna daban da kuma zama na biyu mata da maza alama sun samo asali mahara sau da kansa a cikin daban-daban juyin dangoginsu . 

Kalmar mace dai ta fito ne daga Latin femella, sifar mace, ma'ana " mace ";  bashi da alaƙa da kalmar namiji .   Mace kuma za a iya amfani da su koma zuwa jinsi .

Bayyana halaye 
Mãtan nuna ova, da ya fi girma gametes a heterogamous haifuwa tsarin, yayin da karami da kuma yawanci motile gamete, da spermatozoon, an samar da namiji .   Mace ba za ta iya hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i ba tare da samun damar saduwar namiji ba, kuma akasin haka, amma a wasu jinsunan mata na iya hayayyafa da kansu ta hanyar da ba daidai ba, misali ta hanyar parthenogenesis . 

Babu wani guda kwayoyin inji bayan jima'i da bambance-bambance a cikin jinsuna daban da kuma zama na biyu mata da maza alama sun samo asali mahara sau da kansa a cikin daban-daban juyin dangoginsu .  Hanyoyin haifuwa na jima'i sun hada da:

 Jinsi iri-iri tare da nau'i biyu ko fiye da na ma'aurata tare da gametes na kamannin tsari da halaye (amma daban-daban a matakin kwayoyin),
 Anisogamous jinsuna tare da gametes na namiji da mace,
 Jinsunan Oogamous, wadanda suka hada da mutane, a inda mace gamete ta fi namiji girma kuma bata da ikon motsawa . Oogamy wani nau'i ne na lalata mata . Akwai wata hujja cewa wannan ƙirar ta haifar da ƙuntatawa na zahiri akan hanyoyin da gametes biyu ke haɗuwa kamar yadda ake buƙata don haifuwa ta jima'i .  

Baya ga tabbataccen bambanci a cikin nau'in gamete da aka samar, bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata a cikin jinsi ɗaya koyaushe ba za'a iya yin hasashen ta banbancin wani ba. Batun bai takaita ga dabbobi ba; ƙwayoyin ƙwai suna samarwa ne ta hanyar chytrids, diatoms, molds na ruwa da tsire-tsire na ƙasa, da sauransu. A ƙasar shuke-shuke, mace da namiji designate ba kawai egg- da maniyyi-samar da kwayoyin da kuma Tsarin, amma kuma Tsarin daga cikin sporophytes cewa ba Yunƙurin ga namiji da mace shuke-shuke .

Mammalian mace 

Hali mai rarrabe na ajin Mammalia shine kasancewar mammary gland . Kwayoyin mammary sune gyarar gumi da ke samar da madara, wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da matasa na wani lokaci bayan haihuwa. Dabbobi masu shayarwa ne kawai ke samar da madara . Mammary gland shine mafi bayyane a cikin mutane, saboda jikin ɗan adam yana adana kayan mai mai yawa kusa da nono, wanda ke haifar da shahararrun nono . Kwayoyin mammary suna cikin dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kodayake ba safai maza daga cikin jinsin ke amfani da su ba. 

Yawancin mata masu shayarwa suna da kwafi biyu na X chromosome sabanin maza waɗanda ke da X guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Y chromosome ; wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar su platypus, suna da hadewa daban-daban.   Don rama bambancin girma, ɗayan chromosomes na mata ba shi da aiki a cikin kowace kwayar halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa yayin da X ɗin da aka samu daga mahaifinsa yake aiki a marsupials. A cikin tsuntsaye da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, akasin haka, mace ce wacce take da karfin jiki kuma tana ɗauke da kwayar Z da W yayin da namiji yake ɗaukar chromosomes biyu na Z. Hakanan yanayin Intersex zai iya haifar da wasu haɗuwa, kamar XO ko XXX a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda har yanzu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mata matuƙar ba su ƙunshi Y chromosome ba, sai dai takamaiman yanayin maye gurbi a cikin jinsin mutanen XY yayin da a cikin mahaifar Koyaya, waɗannan yanayi yakan haifar da rashin ƙarfi.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa mãtã kai live matasa, tare da banda monotreme mãtã, wanda sa qwai.  Wasu nau'ikan halittun da ba dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kamar su guppies, suna da siffofin haihuwa kamar yadda suke; da wasu wadanda ba dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kamar su sharks, wadanda kwayayensu ke kyankyashe a cikin jikinsu, su ma suna da haihuwar samari masu rai.

Etymology da amfani 

Kalmar mace ta fito ne daga Latin femella, sifar mace, ma'ana " mace "; ba shi da alaƙa da kalmar namiji, amma a ƙarshen karni na 14 an canza rubutun a Turanci don yin daidai da na namiji .   Mace na iya koma zuwa ga ko dai jinsi ko jinsi   ko siffar masu haɗawa .

Alamar 
Alamar ♀ ( Unicode : U + 2640 Alt codes : Alt + 12), da'ira tare da ƙaramar gicciye a ƙasa, ana amfani da ita don wakiltar mata. Joseph Justus Scaliger ya taɓa yin hasashen cewa alamar tana da alaƙa da Venus, allahiya ta kyakkyawa saboda tana kama da madubin tagulla tare da abin hannu,  amma masana na zamani suna ganin cewa abin son zuciya ne, kuma mafi ingancin ra'ayi shi ne cewa alamomin mata da na miji sun samo asali ne daga ƙuntatawa a cikin rubutun Girka na sunayen Girkawa na duniyoyin Thouros (Mars) da Phosphoros (Venus).

Yin jima'i 
Jima'i na wata kwayar halitta na iya ƙayyade ta dalilai da yawa. Waɗannan na iya zama na asali ne ko na muhalli, ko kuma canzawa ta yanayi yayin rayuwar wata kwayar halitta. Kodayake yawancin jinsin suna da jinsi biyu ne (mace ko namiji),  dabbobin hermaphroditic suna da gabobin haihuwa na mata da na maza.

Jima'i na mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane, ana danganta su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙayyade jima'i na XY inda maza ke da X da Y (akasin X da X) chromosomes na jima'i. A yayin haihuwa, namiji yana bayar da gudummawar ko dai maniyyin X ko na M, yayin da mace ke bayar da gudummawar kwan kwai. Maniyyin AY da kwai na X suna haifar da namiji, yayin da kwayar X da kwayar X ke samar da mace. Tsarin ZW game da jima'i, inda maza suke da ZZ (akasin ZW) chromosomes na jima'i, ana samunsu a cikin tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da wasu kwari da sauran kwayoyin. Members na Hymenoptera, kamar tururuwa da ƙudan zuma, an ƙaddara da haplodiploidy, inda mafi maza ne haploid da mãtã, kuma wasu bakararre maza ne diploid .

Kudurin muhalli 
Kananan wasu jinsunan suna zama cikin jinsi ɗaya ko ɗayan dangane da yanayin mahalli na gida, misali zafin jikin ƙwai da yawa yana shafar jima'i na can ƙabilar. Sauran nau'ikan (kamar goby ) na iya canzawa, a matsayin manya, daga jinsi ɗaya zuwa wancan dangane da yanayin haihuwa na cikin gida (kamar taƙaitaccen karancin maza).

Duba kuma 

 Bangaren mata
 Mata
 Ciki
 Jinsi
 Yarinya
 Uwargida
 Mace
 Womyn

Manazarta 

Mata
Mata yan kwallan kafa
Pages with unreviewed translations