Physicians for Human Rights
Kungiyar Amfani Da Magani Da Kuma Kimiyya (PHR) ce a Amurka tushen ba-ga-riba yan-adam NGO ke amfani da magani da kuma kimiyya zuwa daftarin aiki da kuma nemawa da ta'annati da kuma mai tsanani keta hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Hedikwatar PHR suna cikin Birnin New York, tare da ofisoshi a cikin Boston da Washington, DC  An kafa shi ne a shekarata 1986 don amfani da ƙwarewa na musamman da amincin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya don yin shawarwari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka tsananta, hana azabtarwa, tattara bayanai game da ta'addancin da aka aikata, sannan a tuhumi wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam.

Tarihi 
A cikin shekarata 1981, an nemi Dokta Jonathan Fine, babban likita a Boston, da ya tashi zuwa Chile a takaice kuma ya jagoranci wata tawaga da ke neman a saki fitattun likitoci uku ta gwamnatin Janar Augusto Pinochet .  An saki likitocin uku na kasar Chile makonni biyar bayan ziyarar lafiya. 

A cikin shekarata 1986, saboda tasirin tasirin likitoci zasu iya yi a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam, Lafiya ta haɗu da Likitocin kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam tare da Dr. Jane Green Schaller, Dr. Robert Lawrence, Dr. Jack Geiger, da Dr. Carola Eisenberg . 

Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar, kungiyoyin PHR suka fallasa yadda ake amfani da makami mai guba kan fararen hula a Iraki, da binne kaburburan da aka binne a Bosniya da Ruwanda don kotunan kasa da kasa, da kuma bayar da hujjoji na binciken laifuka game da azabtarwa da zartar da hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasashe kamar Colombia, Honduras, Libya, Mexico, Peru, da Saliyo.  A cikin 1997, kungiyar ta raba lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya don nazarin bayanan raunin nakiya da kuma aiki a matsayin jagora a Kamfen Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi . 

PHR ta kasance a kan gaba wajen bunkasa ka'idoji na takardun cin zarafin bil'adama: mamba ma'aikacin Dr. Vincent Iacopino ya taka rawar gani wajen haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Istanbul, ƙimar da aka sani ta duniya don yin rubutun azabtarwa da rashin lafiya.  Hakanan, Daraktan na International Forensics Program yana da hannu a cikin aikin yin kwaskwarima na Yarjejeniyar Minnesota, jagorancin duniya game da binciken yiwuwar mutuwar doka.  Gwamnatoci, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kotunan duniya da na kasa, da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam duk sun nemi kwarewar PHR da kwarewar bincike. Ayyukan kungiyar sun ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara mai muhimmanci kamar hukuncin 2016 na Radovan Karadžić .

Shirye-shirye

Shirin Bincike na Kwararru 
Masanan kiwon lafiya a cikin PHR's International Forensics Program (IFP) suna amfani da bincike-bincike na ƙwararru kamar su bincike gawa da kimantawa na likita da na tunani, don sanin yanayin cin zarafin da waɗanda aka ci zarafin suka jure. Waɗannan ƙididdigar na iya ba da gudummawa ga shaida don gurfanarwa ko amfani da su don kawo hankali ga aikata laifuka. IFP ta yi binciken kwakwaf kan gawarwaki irin su Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda .

Masana a cikin IFP sun kasance daga masu binciken kwakwaf har zuwa masu ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam, da kuma masana kimiyar nazari kamar masu binciken makami. Suna yin bincike na yau da kullun, kimantawa, sa ido, ko sake nazarin aikin wasu bangarorin.

Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a 
PHR ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya (FTI) don ƙarfafa ƙarfin gida don binciken bincike da rubuce-rubuce. Cibiyar tana neman ƙarfafa ikon ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don rubuta azabtarwa, cin zarafin jama'a, cin zarafin mata, da kuma tsananta wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Hakanan yana horar da ƙwararrun masu bin doka da doka waɗanda ke neman sassauci ta hanyoyin adalci na gari, na ƙasa, da na duniya. 

Shirin FTI na PHR yana da abokan aiki a Afghanistan, Burma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Tajikistan, da Amurka . Wannan shirin ya taimaka wa likitocin musamman wajen karfafa dabarun yin hira da su, da gwajin jiki, da tattara bayanai, da wuraren da ake aikata laifi, da daukar hoto, da kuma tono gawawwaki.

Shirin kan Cin zarafin Jima'i a Yankunan Da Ake Rikici 
An ƙaddamar da shirin na PHR game da Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici a cikin shekarata 2011. Shirin ya karfafa martani daga sassa daban-daban game da cin zarafin mata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo da Kenya ta hanyar bita kan kiwon lafiya, tilasta bin doka, da kuma kwararru a fannin shari'a.  Yayinda ita kanta PHR ta tsunduma cikin bincike-bincike da yawa da kuma neman shawarwari game da fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai, Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici yana gina ƙwarewar gida don tattara shaidun da kotu za ta yarda da su don tallafawa gabatar da kara game da laifukan cin zarafin mata.

Shirin na da ofishi a sanannen likitan mata Dr. Denis Mukwege ’s Panzi Hospital, a Bukavu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo.  Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici ya haɗu da Asibitin Panzi don horarwa da ba da shawara ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, jami'an 'yan sanda, lauyoyi, da alƙalai a cikin ingantattun takardu da kuma gurfanar da cin zarafin mata.

Don taimakawa bayanan rikice-rikicen jima'i, PHR ta haɓaka MediCapt, ƙa'idar da ke ba da damar amintaccen rikodin dijital da watsa shaidun likita.

Shirin Bayar Da Mafaka 
Shirin bayar da mafaka na PHR yana ba da shawarar inganta yanayi a cibiyoyin tsare bakin haure na Amurka da kuma rubuta cin zarafin da masu neman mafakar suka sha a kasashensu da kuma kulawar Amurka. Cibiyar sadarwar ta kunshi daruruwan kwararrun likitocin sa kai wadanda ke ba da kimantawa ta likitanci ga wadanda suka tsira daga take hakkin dan adam, suna karfafa aikace-aikacen su na neman mafaka a Amurka . 

Takaddun PHR na cin zarafin ya shafi bincike kan amfani da keɓewa shi kaɗai a wuraren tsare bakin haure, tsarewa mara iyaka, da keta haƙƙin lafiya a tsare. 

A cikin shekarata 2010, PHR ta yi aiki tare da Weill Cornell Medicine don ƙirƙirar Weill Cornell Center for Human Rights (WCCHR), ɗalibin likitancin da ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan'adam wanda ke taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa suna neman mafaka a Amurka.

Shirin Yaki da Azaba na Amurka 
An fara shirin yaki da azabtar da mutane na Amurka (PHP) na Amurka (ATP) a shekarata 2003, bayan da aka fara fallasa rahoton azabtarwa da jami'an sojan Amurka suka yi. PHR ta buga jerin rahotannin bincike da ke rubuce kan yadda gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da azabtarwa don cimma burin tsaron kasa. "Break The Down", wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2005, ya sami hujjoji na azabtarwa na hankali da sojoji ke amfani da su. Reportsarin rahotanni sun yi rikodin mummunan lahani na jiki da na hankali da ayyukan tambayoyi da gwajin ɗan adam suka yi a Guantanamo Bay .

Bincike da Binciken kwakwaf 
Sashen bincike da bincike a PHR yana tattara bayanan take hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Yankunan binciken su sun hada da hare-hare kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da na kiwon lafiya, munanan ayyukan ta'addanci, azabtarwa, da cin zarafin mata a fadin duniya. Sanannun bincike sun hada da:

1988 - Masu binciken PHR suka bankado shaidar gwamnatin Iraqi tana amfani da makamai masu guba akan yan Kurdawan su . 

1996 - Kungiyoyin PHR sun tone kaburbura a cikin yankin Balkans . Sun gabatar da shaidar wanke kabilanci ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia (ICTY).  Wannan aikin ya ba da gudummawa ga ICTY ta yanke hukunci game da Radovan Karadžić na laifukan yaƙi, kisan kare dangi, da laifuka na cin zarafin bil'adama.

1996 - PHR ta aike da tawaga don zakulo manyan kaburbura a Ruwanda kuma daga karshe ta ba da hujja ta musamman ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda. 

2004 - Masu binciken PHR suka binciki kashe-kashen mutane da yawa a Darfur .  Kungiyar ita ce ta farko da ta kira abubuwan da suka faru kisan kare dangi. 

2010 - PHR ta fara kamfen din neman nasara a duniya don 'yantar da Dr. Kamiar Alaei da Dr. Arash Alaei ,' yan uwan da aka daure a Iran saboda aikin da suke yi na kula da masu dauke da cutar kanjamau . 

2011 - Masu binciken PHR suka fara rubuta bayanan cin zarafin da aka yiwa ma’aikatan kiwon lafiyar Siriya da kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kirkirar taswirar kai hare-hare tare da bayyana tsarin gwamnatin Siriya da take kaiwa asibitoci da ma’aikatan lafiya. 

2015 - PHR ta fitar da rahoto kan yanayin kula da lafiya a gabashin garin Aleppo bayan kusan shekaru biyar na rikicin Syria, inda ta bayyana cewa kusan kashi 95% na likitoci sun gudu, an tsare su, ko kuma an kashe su.  

Rahoton 2019 - wanda aka buga, Laifi na kawai shi ne cewa Ni Doctor ne game da harin da Assad ke kaiwa ga ma'aikatan lafiya da fararen hula a Siriya.

Shirin Dalibi na Kasa 
Shirin dalibi na kasa na PHR ya hada da daliban likitanci da matasa masana harkar lafiya a harkar lafiya da hakkin dan adam ta hanyar shirya ayyukan cikin gida kan lamuran kare hakkin dan adam, wayar da kan mutane a cibiyoyin karatun, shirya abubuwan ilimi, da kuma kira ga zababbun jami'ai da su dauki mataki. PHR yana da ɗaliban ɗalibai a duk faɗin Amurka, kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da su ta hanyar asibitocin neman mafaka na jami'ar PHR da kuma taron ɗaliban ƙasa. 

Shirin ya ƙirƙiri kayan aiki da albarkatu don ɗaliban ɗalibai waɗanda suka shafi batutuwa kamar ƙwarewar likita, kiwon lafiya da ilimin ɗan adam, da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul.

Kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel 
Bayan bincikensu na shekarata 1991 game da tasirin lafiyar ma'adinai a cikin Kambodiya, PHR, tare da haɗin gwiwar Human Rights Watch, sun buga rahoto na farko da ke neman a hana binne nakiya. A cikin shekarata 1992, PHR ta taimaka wajen kafa Kamfen na Kasa da Kasa don Haramta Nakiyoyi, shiga cikin tattaunawar da ta kai ga yarjejeniyar Ottawa .  Don aikinsu, PHR sun raba kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1997 "saboda aikin da suka yi na hanawa da share ma'adinai masu adawa da ma'aikata."

Hanyoyin haɗin waje 

 Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam
 Tsarin Halitta na Rikici: Taswirar Haɓakawa kan Kula da Lafiya a Siriya

YouTube, "Likitocin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam: Hoton Ayyukan Mu A Duniya"

Manazarta 
 
Pages with unreviewed translations