Sinima a Sin
Sinima na kasar Sin ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun zaren tarihi guda uku na fina-finai na Sinanci tare da sinima na Hong Kong da kuma gidan sinima na Taiwan .

An fara gabatar da sinima a kasar Sin a shekarar 1896 kuma an fara yin fim din Sinanci na farko, dutsen Dingjun a shekarar 1905 . A farkon shekarun da suka gabata masana'antar fina-finai ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai . Fim ɗin sauti na farko, Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, ta yin amfani da fasahar sauti-kan-faifai, an yi shi a cikin 1931 .  A shekarun 1930, wanda aka yi la'akari da "Lokacin Zinare" na farko na fina-finan Sinanci, ya ga zuwan motsin fina-finai na hagu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin ' yan kishin kasa da na gurguzu ya bayyana a cikin fina-finan da aka shirya. Bayan da Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin da mamayar birnin Shanghai, masana'antar da ke birnin ta ragu sosai, inda 'yan fim suka koma Hong Kong, Chungking (Chongqing) da sauran wurare. An fara wani lokacin "Tsibirin Kadaici" a Shanghai, inda masu shirya fina-finai da suka rage suka yi aiki a cikin rangwamen na waje . Gimbiya Iron Fan (1941), fim ɗin fasalin fim na farko na Sinanci, an sake shi a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Ya rinjayi raye-rayen Jafananci na lokacin yaƙi kuma daga baya Osamu Tezuka .  Bayan mamayar da ta mamaye gaba dayanta a shekara ta 1941, kuma har zuwa karshen yakin a shekara ta 1945, masana'antar fim a birnin ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar Japan.

Bayan kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, an gudanar da bikin zinare na biyu, inda aka ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki a birnin Shanghai. Spring in a Small Town (1948) an nada shi mafi kyawun fim na harshen Sinanci a lambar yabo ta 24th na Hong Kong . Bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu a shekarar 1949, an dakatar da fina-finan cikin gida da aka riga aka fitar da kuma wasu zabukan fina-finan kasashen waje a shekarar 1951, wanda ke nuna alamar tace fina-finai a kasar Sin .  Duk da haka, yawan halartar fina-finai ya karu sosai. A lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, an takure masana'antar fim sosai, wanda ya kusan tsayawa daga 1967 zuwa 1972. Masana'antar ta bunƙasa bayan ƙarshen juyin juya halin al'adu, gami da "wasan kwaikwayo na tabo" na shekarun 1980, irin su Rain Maraice (1980), Legend of Tianyun Mountain (1980) da Hibiscus Town (1986), wanda ke nuna raunin tunani da ya bari. lokaci. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa karshen 1980, tare da fina-finai irin su Daya da Takwas (1983) da Yellow Earth (1984), tasowar karni na biyar ya kara samun karbuwa ga fina-finan kasar Sin a kasashen waje, musamman a tsakanin masu kallo a gidajen fasaha na yammacin duniya. Fina-finai kamar Red Sorghum (1987), Labarin Qiu Ju (1992) da Farewell My Concubine (1993) sun sami manyan lambobin yabo na duniya. Motsi ya ƙare a wani bangare bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square na 1989 . Bayan shekara ta 1990, an sami bunkasuwar zuriya ta shida da bayan karni na shida, kuma galibinsu suna yin fina-finai ne a wajen babban tsarin fina-finan kasar Sin, wadanda suka fi yin wasannin da'irar fina-finai na kasa da ƙasa.

Bayan nasarar kasuwancin kasa da kasa na fina-finai irin su Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) da Hero (2002), adadin hada-hadar fina-finai na Sinanci ya karu kuma an sami motsi na fina-finai na Sinanci zuwa wani yanki. babban tasiri na kasa da kasa. Bayan da Kamfanin Dream Factory (1997) ya nuna ingancin samfurin kasuwanci, kuma tare da bunkasuwar ofishin akwatin gidan kasar Sin a cikin sabon karni, fina-finan kasar Sin sun karya tarihin akwatin ofishin, kuma daga Janairu 2017, 5 daga cikin 10 mafi girma. Fina-finan da suka samu karbuwa a kasar Sin na cikin gida ne. Batattu a Tailandia (2012) shine fim ɗin Sinanci na farko da ya kai CN¥1 billion a ofishin akwatin akwatin kasar Sin. Monster Hunt (2015) shine farkon wanda ya isa CN¥2 billion . Mermaid (2016) shine farkon zuwa CN¥3 billion . Wolf Warrior 2 (2017) ya doke su ya zama fim mafi girma a China.

Kasar Sin ita ce gida mafi girma na fina-finai da hadaddun shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidajen shirya fina-finai a duniya, da Oriental Movie Metropolis   da Hengdian World Studios, kuma a cikin 2010 tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma ta uku ta yawan fina-finan da aka samar. kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2012 kasar ta zama kasuwa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar karbar akwatin ofishin. A cikin 2016, babban akwatin akwatin a China ya kasance CN¥45.71 billion (  ). Ƙasar tana da mafi girman adadin allo a duniya tun 2016,  kuma ana sa ran za ta zama babbar kasuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta 2019.  Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta fina-finan Hollywood.  

A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016, kasar Sin wuce wani fim dokar banning ciki zaton cutarwa ga "mutunci, daukaka da kuma bukatun" na kasar da kuma karfafa gabatarwa "gurguzu core dabi'u", amince da majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar zaunannen kwamitin.  Saboda dokokin masana'antu, yawanci ana barin fina-finai su zauna a gidajen kallo na tsawon wata ɗaya. Koyaya, ɗakunan studio na iya amfani da masu gudanarwa don a tsawaita iyaka.

Farko 

An gabatar da hotuna masu motsi zuwa China a cikin 1896. Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen farko da aka fara nuna fina-finai, saboda Louis Lumière ya aike da mai daukar hotonsa zuwa Shanghai shekara guda bayan ya kirkiro fina-finai .  A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1896, an gudanar da bikin nuna hoton fim na farko a kasar Sin a birnin Shanghai, a matsayin "aiki" kan kudirin doka iri-iri.  Fim na farko na kasar Sin, na opera na wasan opera na Peking, dutsen Dingjun, an yi shi ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1905 a birnin Beijing .  A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki galibi mallakar kasashen waje ne, kuma masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta cikin gida ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai, wurin samun bunkasuwar kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Gabas mai Nisa . A shekara ta 1913, Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan sun yi fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Sinanci mai zaman kansa, Ma'aurata masu wahala, a Shanghai.  Daga nan Zhang Shichuan ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na farko mallakar kasar Sin a shekarar 1916. Fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi shine Yan Ruisheng (閻瑞生) wanda aka saki a cikin 1921. wanda ya kasance docudrama game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa wata kotu ta Shanghai, ko da yake fim din ya yi yawa da ba za a taba ganin ya samu nasara a kasuwanci ba.  A cikin shekarun 1920 masu fasahar fina-finai daga Amurka sun horar da masu fasahar Sinawa a Shanghai, kuma an ci gaba da samun tasirin Amurka a can cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.  Tun da har yanzu fim ɗin yana kan matakin farko na bunƙasa, yawancin fina-finan Sinanci na shiru a wannan lokacin ba su kasance kawai wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko gajeren wando ba, kuma horarwa ba ta da yawa ta fuskar fasaha saboda wannan lokaci ne na fim ɗin gwaji. 

Daga baya, bayan gwaji da kuskure, kasar Sin ta sami damar yin wahayi daga dabi'u na al'ada kuma ta fara samar da fina- finai na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda na farko shine Burning of Red Lotus Temple (1928). Konewar Temple na Red Lotus ya yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin, shirin na Star Motion Pictures (Mingxing) ya yi fim din wasu abubuwa guda 18, wanda ke nuna farkon fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin mai daraja.  A cikin wannan lokacin ne wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki suka fara zama, musamman Mingxing da Tianyi 'yan'uwan Shaw ("Na musamman"). Mingxing, wanda Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan suka kafa a shekarar 1922, da farko ya mai da hankali kan gajeren wando na barkwanci, ciki har da cikakken fim din kasar Sin mafi dadewa da ya tsira, mai suna Labour's Love (1922).    Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ya canza, duk da haka, zuwa fina-finai masu tsayi da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali ciki har da Kakan Ceto marayu (1923).  A halin yanzu, Tianyi sun karkata samfurinsu zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada, kuma sun tura zuwa kasuwannin waje; Fim ɗinsu na White Snake (1926)  ya nuna misali na nasarar da suka samu a cikin al'ummomin Sinawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.  A shekara ta 1931, an fara yin fim ɗin sauti na farko na Sinawa Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, sakamakon haɗin gwiwar da aka yi tsakanin kamfanonin shirya hotuna na kamfanin Mingxing da fasahar sauti na Pathé Frères. Koyaya, an yi rikodin sautin diski, wanda aka buga a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo in-sync tare da aikin akan allon. Na farko sauti-on-fim talkie yi a kasar Sin ko dai Spring on Stage (歌場春色) ta Tianyi, ko Clear Sky After Storm na Great China Studio da Jinan Studio.  Fina-finan kade-kade, irin su Song at Midnight (1937) da Street Angels (1937), wanda Zhou Xuan ya fito, ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi shahara a kasar Sin.

Sources

Ci gaba da karatu 

 Carlo Celli. "Kasar Sin Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism" Asalin kasa a Cinema na Duniya: Yadda Fina-finai ke Bayyana Duniya . Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1-22.
 Rey Chow, Ƙaunar Farko: Kayayyakin gani, Jima'i, Ƙa'idar Halitta, da Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Jami'ar Columbia Press 1995.
 Cheng, Jim, Ƙididdigar Littafi Mai Tsarki don Nazarin Fina-finan Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press 2004.
 Shuqin Cui, Mata ta hanyar Lens: Jinsi da Al'umma a cikin ƙarni na Cinema na kasar Sin, Jami'ar Hawaii Press 2003.
 Dai Jinhua, Cinema and Desire: Marxism Feminist and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua, eds. Jing Wang da Tani E. Barlow. London: 2002.
  978-1476615523
  
 Harry H. Kuoshu, Celluloid China: Cinematic Haɗuwa da Al'adu da Al'umma, Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Press 2002 - Gabatarwa, ya tattauna fina-finai 15 a tsayi.
 Jay Leyda, Dianyang, MIT Press, 1972.
 Laikwan Pang, Gina Sabuwar Sin a Cinema: Ƙungiyar Cinema ta Hagu-Wing ta Sin, 1932-1937, Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc 2002.
  9782858502639
 Raya, Christopher. Classic Fina-finan Sinanci, 1922-1949. New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135
 Seio Nakajima. 2016. "Tsarin asali, tsari da sauyi na filin wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na zamani: haɗin kai na duniya da na kasa." Kafofin watsa labarai na Duniya da Sadarwa Juzu'i na 12, Lamba 1, shafi 85-108. 
 Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, Memoirs Daga Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Beijing, Jami'ar Duke Press 2002.
 Semsel, George, ed. "Fim ɗin Sinanci: Yanayin Fasaha a Jamhuriyar Jama'a", Praeger, 1987.
 Semsel, George, Xia Hong, da Hou Jianping, ed. Ka'idar Fina-Finan Sinawa: Jagora ga Sabon Zamani, Praeger, 1990.
 Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, da Xia Hong, ed. Fim a China na Zamani: Muhawara Mai Mahimmanci, 1979-1989, Praeger, 1993.
 Gary G. Xu, Sinascape: Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
 Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh da Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Sake dawo da masana'antar fina-finai ta kasar Sin: nazari kan rukunin fina-finai na kasar Sin da tallata fina-finai." Mujallar Cinema ta kasar Sin Juzu'i na 2, fitowa ta 1, shafi na 37–51. 
 Yingjin Zhang (Mawallafi), Zhiwei Xiao (Mawallafi, Edita), Encyclopedia na Fim ɗin Sinanci, Routledge, 1998.
 Yingjin Zhang, ed., Cinema da Al'adun Birane a Shanghai, 1922-1943, Stanford, CA: Jami'ar Stanford Press, 1999.
 Yingjin Zhang, Cinema ta {asa ta {asar Sin ), Routledge 2004 - Gabaɗaya Gabatarwa.
 Ying Zhu .
 Ying Zhu, "Art, Siyasa da Ciniki a Cinema na kasar Sin", tare da Stanley Rosen, Jarida na Jami'ar Hong Kong, 2010
 Ying Zhu da Seio Nakajima, "Juyin Fim ɗin Sinanci a matsayin Masana'antu," shafi. 17-33 a cikin Stanley Rosen da Ying Zhu, eds., Art, Siyasa da Kasuwanci a Cinema na Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press, 2010. 
 Wang, Lingzhen. Cinema na Matan Sinawa: Matsalolin Juyin Juya Hali . Jami'ar Columbia Press, 13 ga Agusta, 2013. ISBN 0231527446, 9780231527446.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Classic Film Classics - gidan yanar gizon da aka shirya a Jami'ar British Columbia tare da fina-finai na farko na Sinanci sama da 20 tare da fassarar Turanci, kwas ɗin kan layi akan silima na farko na Sinanci, da sauran albarkatu.
   
 Jaridar kasar Sin Cinema
 Cibiyar Albarkatun MCLC-Media
 Madubin Sinawa - Jaridar Tarihin Fina-Finan Sinawa

Manazarta 

Sinima a Afrika
Sinima a Ghana
Fina-finai
Marubutan Afirka