Symphony of the New World
Symphony of the New World 

(Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya) ƙungiyar makaɗa ce ta kade-kade a birnin New York. Ita ce kungiyar kade-kade ta farko mai hade da launin fata a Amurka. Symphony ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1965 a Carnegie Hall, wanda Benjamin Steinberg ya jagoranta, wanda ya ce game da ƙungiyar makaɗa: "Muna da basira da yawa a wannan birni, kuma dole ne mu samar da damar da za mu gabatar da shi ga jama'a."
Mawakan wasan kwaikwayo sun kammala karatun makarantun kiɗa kamar Juilliard, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Eastman, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Manhattan, da New England Conservatory. An watsa shirye-shiryensa a gidan rediyon Muryar Amurka da na Sojoji ga masu sauraro a duk duniya.Mujallar Ebony ta furta ta, "saboda fasaha da dalilai na zamantakewa, babban ci gaba a tarihin kiɗa na Amurka."

Steinberg ya ci gaba da zama darektan kiɗa da jagora har zuwa 12 Disamba 1971, lokacin da rikici tsakaninsa da wasu daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar ya haifar da murabus ɗinsa a baya jim kaɗan kafin a fara don wasan ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sandarsa. Matsalolin kuɗi, sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziƙi na gabaɗaya da kuma jinkirin karɓar $100,000 na tallafin da aka tsara ya haifar da soke sauran wasannin kide kide na 1971–72. Symphony ta ba da kide-kide na karshe a ranar Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 1978.

Ƙirƙira

In 1940, Steinberg had begun to work with conductors Dean Dixon and Everett Lee to establish the first fully integrated professional symphony orchestra in the U.S. The dream never materialized because of insufficient funds.

When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed on July 2, flutist Harold Jones remembered: "There was a nucleus of people: Elayne Jones, Harry Smyles, Joe Wilder, Wilmer Wise, Kermit Moore, Lucille Dixon. We all got together and had these meetings. 'Are we interested?' Everyone jumped to the idea. 'Yes. Let's do this. We're going to do it -- have an integrated orchestra.' The standards of the musicians were very high. We had to deal with personnel. Designating the spots to play was a big-time meeting. Benny organized who was going to be first chair, who was going to be second. Then he asked, 'How many concerts would you like to do?' We discussed it, and he took it to heart. Benny went out and got the money. He asked Zero Mostel, who was doing A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum on Broadway at the time."

Jerin tarurrukan sun samar da sanarwar manufa don Symphony of the New World, wani nau'i na ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam. An zaɓi sunan don nuna tabbacin cewa ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe ba "ba na duniyar yau ba ne". Benjamin Steinberg ya rubuta sanarwar manufa a matsayin Daraktan Kiɗa da masu kafa 11: Alfred Brown, Selwart R. Clarke, Richard Davis, Elayne Jones, Harold M. Jones, Frederick L. King, Kermit D. Moore, Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson, Ross. C. Shub, Harry M. Smyles, da Joseph B. Wilder.Manufar The Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya sune:

1 Don ƙirƙirar damar aiki don yawancin malamai masu ban sha'awa masu ban mamaki masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba su da yawa a cikin wannan duniyar ta sadarwar Orchertras.

2 Don gabatar da ƙwararrun masu gudanarwa kuma, a matsayin babban nauyi, ƙwararrun masu jagoranci waɗanda ba fararen fata ba ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru.

3 Don ba da kide-kide na mafi girman ma'auni na fasaha da ƙwararru a cikin al'ummomin iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kamar yankunan Bedford-Stuyvesant da Harlem na birnin New York. Koyaya, ƙungiyar makaɗa za ta fito lokaci-lokaci a cikin Carnegie Hall da Cibiyar Lincoln, da kuma a yawancin makarantu da kwalejoji na birni. 

4 Don haka a kafa Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya don mai da ita fitilar al'adun al'ummarmu a idanun mutanen Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka.

Mawaƙin ya yi muhawara tare da mawaƙa baƙi 36 da farare 52.Bayan bayanin manufa, Symphony ya so ya haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo tare da mawaƙa mata, da; a cikin 1975 darakta na lokacin ya ce kashi 40% baƙar fata ne, yawancin waɗanda suka kasance mata baƙar fata ne. Daga cikin masu tallafawa na asali na ƙungiyar mawaƙa akwai Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Paul Creston, Ruby Dee, Langston Hughes, Hershy Kay, Gian Carlo Menotti, Zero Mostel, Ruggiero Ricci, da William Warfield.

Kyautar $ 1000 daga Ƙungiyar Assurance Life Equitable Life, kyauta daga asusun Martha Baird Rockefeller,  da kuma yawancin ƙananan gudummawa daga magoya bayan Baƙar fata sun ba da goyon baya na farko ga Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya.Zero Mostel shi ma ya ba da gudummawa.

Ayyuka
A ranar 6 ga Mayu 1965, watanni biyu bayan "Lahadi na Jini" tafiya hakkin jama'a daga Selma zuwa Montgomery kuma daidai watanni uku kafin Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965 ta fara aiki, Symphony of the New World ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Hall Carnegie. Soprano Evelyn Mandac ya rera waƙar Francesco Cilea's aria "Iu son l'umile ancella" daga opera ɗinsa, Adriana Lecouvreur da "Depuis le jour" daga Louise na Gustave Charpentier. Allan Booth shi ne mawaƙin soloist na piano, kuma Joe Wilder ya buga ƙaho don Stravinsky's Petrouchka. Trumpeter Wilmer Wise ya tuno da cewa: "Wasu mutane suna kuka saboda wani abu ne da muka yi mafarki akai kuma a karshe ya cika. A rayuwata ban taba jin yadda na yi ba lokacin da na zauna a kan dandalin tare da Benjamin Steinberg a cikin cikakkiyar hadaddiyar kungiyar makada. - saboda yawanci, ni ne wanda ke haɗa shi."

Shiri
yayi bayanin cewa: A wannan lokaci na tarihin mu, lokacin da matsalar haɗakar kabilanci ta zama mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummarmu ta cikin gida da kuma matsayinta a duniya, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a daren yau na Symphony of the New World wani lamari ne mai tarihi a cikin tarihin duniya. rayuwar kiɗa na zamaninmu. A karkashin jagorancin sanannen madugu da kuma daraktan kiɗa Benjamin Steinberg, Symphony ya ƙunshi 36 Negro da 52 fararen mawaƙa.

Shirin yayi bayanin cewa: A wannan lokaci na tarihin mu, lokacin da matsalar haɗakar kabilanci ta zama mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummarmu ta cikin gida da kuma matsayinta a duniya, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a daren yau na Symphony of the New World wani lamari ne mai tarihi a cikin tarihin duniya. rayuwar kiɗa na zamaninmu. A karkashin jagorancin sanannen madugu da kuma daraktan kiɗa Benjamin Steinberg, Symphony ya ƙunshi 36 Negro da 52 fararen mawaƙa. A tarihin kade-kade na al'ummar kasar ba a taba yin irin wannan hadaddiyar hadaddiyar guntun wakoki ba. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Carnegie Hall, Symphony of the New World zai maimaita shirinsa a Harlem a ranar Lahadi da yamma, Mayu 9, a Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha, 135th Street da Convent Avenue.Wannan wasan kwaikwayo zai kasance na farko a cikin dogon zango na shirin Symphony na yin a cikin al'ummomin iyalai masu karamin karfi da kuma isar da jama'a a wajen duniyar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya.

Tunanin wasan kwaikwayo ya dade yana fatan mai gudanarwa Steinberg, wanda a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata ya yi aiki kafada da kafada tare da masu kula da Negro na Amurka, Dean Dixon da Everett Lee, da kuma masu kida maras farar fata marasa adadi. A cikin Mayu 1964, Mista Steinberg da gungun mashahuran mawaƙa 13 sun shirya wani kwamiti na kafawa don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo wanda ƙa'idar haɗakar launin fata za ta sami cikakkiyar magana. An kwashe kusan shekara guda ana gudanar da wannan aikin na fasaha. Tun daga farkonsa, wasan kwaikwayo ya kiyaye tsauraran manufofin karɓar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru kawai.

A cikin samar da guraben aikin yi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa waɗanda har yanzu ba su sami karbuwa sosai a cikin kade-kade na kade-kade na wannan ƙasa ba, Symphony of the New World yana da nufin zama misali na ƙa'idar daidaiton launin fata-in-aiki ga ƙungiyoyin kiɗan a duk faɗin. kasar. A cikin imanin cewa yawancin mawakan mu na kade-kade ba na duniyar yau ba ne, ta kira kanta Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya. Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta ba da lambar yabo ta Symphony don a iya ba da gudummawar da za a cire haraji don tallafawa abin da zai iya zama mafi mahimmancin al'adun zamaninmu.

Ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1965, Leonard Bernstein ya rubuta wa Donald L. Engle, Daraktan Asusun Martha Baird Rockefeller don Kiɗa.

Masoyi Engle: Abin farin ciki ne a gare ni in iya ba da shawarar Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya don kyauta mai yawa. A gaskiya ban ji ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yi ba. Amma na ji kuma na san Mista Steinberg, wanda ya gudanar da ɗayan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru 15 da suka wuce (1950 Broadway Production na Peter Pan). Yana da matuƙar iyawa da baiwa; kuma na tabbata a karkashin jagorancinsa kungiyar makada za ta bunkasa. Mafi mahimmancin duka, ba shakka, shine haɓakar zamantakewar al'umma a bayan aikin - haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gaske. Nasarar wannan aikin tabbas zai kara kuzari iri ɗaya, kuma yana iya samar mana da babban matakinmu na farko daga cikin rashin adalci da rashin tunani wanda yanzu muka sami kanmu tare da mawaƙin Negro.

Ina girmama naku, Leonard BernsteinSymphony ta sami kyautar $ 5,000 "don daidaitawa biyu don ɗaya", kuma ya sami damar haɓaka dala 10,000 da ake buƙata tare da taimako daga Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Amurka (wanda ya ba da $ 1,000) da Kyautar Fasaha ta Ƙasa (wanda ya ba da $ 25,000 a 1967); Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York akan Fasaha ta dauki nauyin ba da tallafin shagali a unguwannin New York City masu karamin karfi.A lokacin rayuwarta, ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma tana samun tallafi daga Gidauniyar Ford, Exxon Foundation da Kyautar Fasaha ta ƙasa.

Yawancin kide-kide masu nasara da haɗin gwiwa sun biyo baya. James DePreist shine babban jagoran bako na Symphony. John Hammond shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, wanda ya haɗa da Marian Anderson, Leontyne Price, da Zero Mostel. Anderson da Mostel suma ƴan wasan fasaha ne, tare da Modern Jazz Quartet, George Shirley da William Warfield.Haka kuma an sami ci gaba. Marilyn Dubow, 'yar soloist tare da wasan kwaikwayo, ta sami kujera a cikin New York Philharmonic a matsayin mace ta farko ta violin. Elayne Jones, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa, ta shiga San Francisco Symphony a matsayin mace bakar fata ta farko. Tunanin baya a kwanakinta tare da Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya, Jones ya tuna, "Haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙungiyarmu ba a yarda da shi ba har sai mun sami mutanen da ke tallafa mana. Dole ne mu sami gudummawa don fara kafa ƙungiya mai mahimmanci kuma don samun nasara. goyon bayan kungiyar! Dole ne mu fara samun 'yan wasa don wannan makada, abin da nake tunawa shi ne yadda ta kasance mai sarkakiya da kuma abin da muka shiga, kuma mun yi maganin wadanda suka ce ba za a iya yi ba." 

A cikin 1968, Symphony of the New World ya yi farkon Address don Orchestra, wanda ɗan wasan pianist da farfesa na Kwalejin Smith George Walker suka shirya, a Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha a Harlem. Sun sake yin ta washegari a Cibiyar Lincoln . A cikin wani kide-kide na musamman don watan Tarihin Baƙar fata a cikin 1974, Symphony ya fara Wade Marcus 'A Moorish Sonata da kuma, tare da Ruggiero Ricci, 1864 Concerto for Violin and Orchestra ta Cuban mawaki Joseph White wanda Paul Glass ya sake gano shi, farfesa. a Kwalejin Brooklyn.A cikin wani wasan kide-kide na 1969, Mostel ya nuna farin ciki, ciki har da rahotannin da aka bayar a cikin 'yan wasan kade-kade, a cikin wasansa na farko da Rossini ya wuce Semiramide.

Ƙarshen ƙungiyar makaɗa
A shekara ta 1971, ƙungiyar makaɗa da magoya bayanta suna da kyakkyawan fata ga kakar wasa, amma kakar 1971 ba ta ƙare ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Steinberg ya saba yi shi ne ya nemi manyan ƴan wasa su zauna kujera ta biyu, don haka mawaƙin da ke zuwa zai iya samun damar samun gogewa. Kowa yayi murna da yin hakan, har sai da mutum daya ya canza ra'ayinsa. Bangarorin biyu suka bullo. Daga ƙarshe Steinberg ya yi murabus daga fage a zauren Philharmonic kafin wani wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1971, don haka wasan zai iya ci gaba. Duk da haka shi ne ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo. Rikicin ya tafi ga sasantawa, kuma an kwace ikon Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya daga Steinberg a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1972."Egos", in ji Joe Wilder. "Abin da ya shafi girman kai ne. Na yi matukar alfahari da kasancewa memba na kungiyar makada, amma na ji haushin wasu kalaman kabilanci ga Ben Steinberg ya yi murabus." memba kuma violist Alfred Brown: "Akwai wasu mutane - ba mafi rinjaye ba - wadanda ke da matsala tare da shi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna jin ya kamata madugu ya zama baƙar fata. Ba ni ɗaya daga cikinsu. Ina son shi sosai. Ya kasance mai tunani sosai. "

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1972, Benjamin Steinberg ya rubuta wasiƙarsa ta tara kuɗi ta ƙarshe. Ya ce: "Yana da matukar nadama cewa dole ne mu ba da shawarar cewa, saboda takaddama na cikin gida da kuma matsalolin kudi na rashin tabbas da ke tasowa daga halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki na yanzu, Symphony of the New World yana soke sauran wasanni na 1971-1972. Ba wai kawai mun ci gaba da fuskantar matsin tattalin arziki da ke fuskantar dukkanin cibiyoyin al'adu marasa riba ba a wannan kakar, amma saboda matsalolin, wasu dala 100,000 na tallafin da aka tsara ba za a iya samun su cikin lokaci don ba da izinin kammala wannan lokacin wasan kwaikwayo ba."Daga baya a waccan shekarar, bayan tsarin sasantawa, taron ya sake haduwa a karkashin sabon kwamitin gudanarwa da sabon daraktan waka Everett Lee, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin bako Ba’amurke da Steinberg ya kawo. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, bayan tsarin sasantawa, taron ya sake haduwa a karkashin sabon kwamitin gudanarwa da sabon daraktan waka Everett Lee, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin bako Ba’amurke da Steinberg ya kawo. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta dage da ɗimbin kide-kide masu ban sha'awa, inda ta fara halarta a Washington, D.C., a watan Oktoba 1975kuma ta koma Hall Hall Carnegie a matsayin tushen gidanta a wannan watan. A cikin Maris 1977, wani mai bita na New York Times ya yaba da "tsaron fasaha" na masu wasan kwaikwayon, yana yin hukunci a kakar wasa ta goma sha biyu mafi kyawun ƙungiyar makaɗa . Koyaya, kuɗi ya kasance matsala ta shekara-shekara. A cikin Fabrairu 1975, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta tilasta soke wani shiri na kide kide don dalilai na kuɗi. Jagora George Byrd, wanda ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Oktoba 29, 1972, ya ce, "Da alama a gare ni macabre cewa Black Panthers sun sami sauƙin samun kuɗi fiye da Symphony na New World." Lokacin 1977-78 da alama ya kasance waƙar swan na symphony. The New York Times Arts and Leisure sashe ya jera Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya concert na Lahadi, Afrilu 9, 1978, kuma babu kwanan wata fiye da haka. Da alama ƙungiyar mawaƙan da ta rikiɗe ta narke ba tare da jin daɗi ko ma sanarwa ba. Duk da kyakkyawan ƙarshensa, mawakan da ke cikin taron Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya sun ji daɗin kasancewa cikin aikin. "Ya gina bege a inda akwai kadan," in ji Harold Jones mai fafutuka. "Wannan ya nuna cewa a matsayinmu na bakaken fata mun biya hakkinmu, kuma za mu iya yin hakan kamar yadda kowa zai iya yi, a irin wannan lokaci ne a rayuwata ta cika ni da shi, ina dai fatan hakan ya dawwama. Ilham. domin a iya yin haka a cikinmu baki daya. An gudanar da wani nune-nune na tunawa da cika shekaru 50 na kafuwar Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya a dakin karatu na jama'a na New York a shekara ta 2014. Takardun kungiyar makada suna zaune ne a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baki na Schomburg.

"Concert Black" na Terrance McKnight
Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya zai kasance mai da hankali kan littafin mai zuwa na Terrance McKnight mai masaukin baki WQXR, Concert Black. A cikin wata kasida ga mujallar National Sawdust, ya rubuta cewa: "A yawancin biranen Amurka za ku sami al'ummomi biyu na mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi na gargajiya: ɗaya Baƙar fata da fari ɗaya. Babban abin da ke cikin Concert Black shine lokacin da waɗannan al'ummomin biyu suka taru a ciki. New York a cikin 1960s don kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa ta farko da ta haɗa ƙwararru a cikin ƙasar. Symphony of the New World ta buga kide-kide daga 1965-1978, kuma a lokaci guda fiye da 80% na masu biyan kuɗi sun kasance mutane masu launi. "Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya ya yi nasara wajen gina sababbin masu sauraro don da kuma cim ma al'adu daban-daban a cikin zauren wasan kwaikwayo. Duke Ellington da Modern Jazz Quartet sun yi tare da wannan ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Marian Anderson da Martina Arroyo sun bayyana tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Akwai masu jagoranci na Black kuma sun kasance masu jagoranci na Black. mawaƙa a kai a kai suna wakilta kuma fiye da ƴan mawakan Asiya sun kasance a cikin sahu, wanda ba kasafai ake samu ba a lokacin. Symphony of the New World shi ne inda cibiyoyin al'adunmu suka ce suna son kasancewa."

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