Grace Paley
Grace Paley (Disamba 11,1922-Agusta 22,2007) marubuciyar gajeriyar labari ce Ba'amurke,mawaƙiya,malami,kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa.

Paley ya rubuta tarin gajerun labarai guda uku waɗanda aka yaba da su,waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin lambar yabo ta Pulitzer da lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ƙarshe The Tattara Labarun a 1994.  Labarunta suna daɗaɗawa game da rikice-rikice na yau da kullun da raunin zuciya na rayuwar birni,wanda ya sanar da ita sosai ta ƙuruciyarta a cikin Bronx.

Bayan aikinta a matsayin marubuciya kuma farfesa a jami'a,Paley ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar mata kuma mai adawa da yaki, tana kwatanta kanta a matsayin "mai son zaman lafiya da haɗin kai."

Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
haifi Grace Paley Grace Goodside a ranar 11 ga Disamba,1922, a cikin Bronx,ga iyayen Yahudawa,Isaac Goodside da tsohon Manya Ridnyik,waɗanda suka fito daga Ukraine,kuma sun kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu-musamman mahaifiyarta. Sun yi hijira shekaru 16-17 da suka shige (a cikin 1906,ta lissafin daya bayan wani lokaci,a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ukraine ta Czar Nicholas II da aka yi hijira,mahaifiyarta zuwa Jamus da mahaifinta zuwa Siberiy  tare da canza suna daga Gutseit yayin da suka fara sabuwar rayuwarsu a New York. 

Iyalin suna magana da Rashanci da Yiddish a cikin gida,kuma a ƙarshe Ingilishi (wanda mahaifinta ya koyi "ta karatun Dickens").  Isaac ya horar kuma ya zama likita a New York,kuma ma’auratan sun haifi ’ya’ya biyu da wuri,na uku kuma,Grace,sa’ad da suka kusa shiga tsaka-tsaki. Shekaru goma sha huɗu da ƙanwarta,Jeanne,da ɗan'uwanta,Victor,shekaru goma sha shida,an kwatanta Grace a matsayin yarinya tun tana yarinya.Tun tana yarinya tana sauraron muhawarar hankali na manya da ke kewaye da ita,kuma ta kasance memba na Falcons,ƙungiyar matasa masu ra'ayin gurguzu. 

Bayan ta bar makarantar sakandare a sha shida, Grace Goodside ta halarci Kwalejin Hunter na tsawon shekara guda (wanda ya kai 1938-1939  ),sannan ta auri mai daukar hoto Jess Paley,lokacin tana 19, a watan Yuni 20.,1942.  Paleys suna da 'ya'ya biyu,Nora (an haife shi 1949)da Danny (an haife shi a 1951),amma daga baya suka sake su.  Rubutun don gabatar da hira a cikin Binciken Paris,Jonathan Dee,Barbara Jones,da Larissa MacFarquhar lura cewaRubutun lokaci-lokaci shine babban aikin Paley.Ta shafe lokaci mai yawa a filin wasa lokacin da 'ya'yanta suna kanana.Ta kasance koyaushe tana aiki sosai a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da zaman lafiya.. . Paley ta yi karatu a taƙaice tare da WH Auden,a Sabuwar Makaranta,lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha bakwai, tana neman bege na zama mawaƙiya. Ba ta sami digiri daga kowace cibiya ba.

Rubutu 
A farkon aikinta na rubuce-rubuce,Paley ta sami ƙin yarda da ayyukanta da aka ƙaddamar. Ta buga tarin ta na farko,Thearamin Damuwa na Mutum(1959) tare da Doubleday.  Tarin ya ƙunshi labaru goma sha ɗaya na rayuwar New York,da dama daga cikinsu tun daga lokacin an yi la'akari da su sosai, musamman "Barka da Sa'a" da "The Used-Boy Raisers,"da kuma gabatar da wani ɗan gajeren hali "Faith Darwin" (a cikin "The The Used-Boy Raisers".Used-Boy Raisers" da "Batun Yaro")-wanda daga baya ya bayyana a cikin labarai shida na Babban Canje-canje a Minti na Ƙarshe da tara na Daga baya Rana ɗaya.     Ko da yake a matsayin tarin labari na marubucin da ba a san shi ba,ba a sake nazarin littafin ba, waɗanda suka yi bitarsa,ciki har da Philip Roth da shafin littafin The New Yorker,sun kasance suna kimanta labarun sosai. Duk da rashin bayyanar da farko,Ƙananan Disturbances sun haɓaka isassun abubuwan da za a sake fitar da su ta Viking Press a 1968.

Bayan nasarar da aka samu na Ƙananan Ƙwararrun,Mawallafin Paley ya ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta wani labari,amma ta daina ƙoƙari bayan da ta yi amfani da zane-zane na shekaru biyu.A maimakon haka ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan gajerun labarai.

Tare da ƙarfafawar abokinta da maƙwabcinta Donald Barthelme,  Barthelmtattatarin almara na biyu a cikin 1974,Babban Canje-canje a Minti na Ƙarshe,wanda Farrar,Straus & Giroux ya buga. Wannan tarin labarai goma sha bakwai ya ƙunshi haruffa masu maimaitawa da yawa daga Ƙananan Damuwa (mafi mahimmanci mai ba da labari "Imani,"amma har da John Raftery da mahaifiyarsa),yayin da yake ci gaba da binciken Paley game da launin fata,jinsi,da al'amurran aji. Dogon labarin "Imani a cikin Bishiya," wanda aka ajiye a tsakiyar tarin,ya kawo haruffa da jigogi da dama daga labarun tare a ranar Asabar da yamma a wurin shakatawa;A cikinta,bangaskiya, mai ba da labari,ta hau bishiya don samun hangen nesa mai zurfi game da maƙwabtanta da kuma "duniya mai faɗi" kuma,bayan ta ci karo da masu zanga-zangar yaƙi da dama,ta bayyana wani sabon alkawari na zamantakewa da siyasa. Muryar ba da labari mai jujjuya tarin tarin,halaye masu ma'ana da rarrabuwar kawuna,makircin da ba su cika ba sun sa wasu masu suka suka rarraba ta a matsayin aikin zamani..    

A cikin Daga baya The Same Day (1985)wanda kuma Farrar,Straus & Giroux suka buga.  Paley ta ci gaba da labarun Bangaskiya da maƙwabta-amma da ɗan faɗaɗa,tare da ƙarin baƙar fata da muryoyin madigo.  

An sake tattara labarun Paley a cikin juzu'i daga Farrar,Straus a cikin 1994,<i id="mwoQ">Labarun Tattara</i>,wanda ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize da lambar yabo ta kasa. 

An kwatanta aikinta a matsayin ma'amala da nasarorin yau da kullun da bala'o'in "mata - galibi Yahudawa, galibin New Yorkers."  Kamar yadda wani editan da ya yi aiki tare da Paley ya rubuta, "Halayenta mutane ne masu kamshin albasa, yi wa juna ihu, makoki a cikin dafa abinci masu duhu."  Ta rubuta abin da ta sani:“Ba zan iya taimaka da cewa ban je yaki ba, kuma ban yi aikin maza ba. Na yi rayuwar mace kuma abin da na rubuta ke nan.” Tattaunawarta mai kaifi tana da alamar kaɗe-kaɗe na Yiddish,kuma labaran nata sun kasance suna nuna "ihu da gunaguni na Yiddishkeit ."

Duk da cewa an fi saninta da ɗan gajeren almara,Paley ta kuma buga wakoki da yawa ciki har da Leaning Forward (1985)  da Sabbin Waƙoƙin Tattara (1992).  A cikin 1991 ta buga Dogayen Tafiya da Tattaunawa Mai Kywanda ya haɗu da wakoki da rubuce-rubucen batsa  kuma a cikin 2001 ta fitar da tarin Fara Again:Waƙoƙin Tattara,wanda ya haɗu da aiki daga duk rayuwarta.  

Pa..ley ya buga tarin muqal,Kamar yadda na yi tunani,a cikin 1999.  Ta kuma ba da gudummawar yanki "Me ya sa Aminci Ya kasance (Fiye da Har abada) Batun Mata"zuwa 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever:The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan. 

Littafinta na tarin waƙoƙin Fidelity,an buga shi bayan mutuwa a cikin 2008.

Aikin ilimi 
Paley ya fara koyar da rubutu a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence a cikin 1966 (har zuwa 1989)  kuma ya taimaka wajen samun Haɗin gwiwar Malamai &amp; Marubuta a New York a ƙarshe.  Daga baya ta yi aiki a faculty a City College kuma ta koyar da kwasa-kwasan a Jami'ar Columbia.  Ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Syracuse  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Cibiyar Amurka ta PEN,  ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki don haɓakawa a cikin 1980s. Paley ta taƙaita ra'ayinta game da koyarwa a yayin taron tattaunawa kan "Iliman Ilimin Hasashen,"wanda Ƙungiyar Malamai da Marubuta suka dauki nauyin a 1996:"Ra'ayinmu shi ne cewa yara -ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce,ta hanyar rubuta kalmomi, ta hanyar karantawa, ta hanyar fara son wallafe-wallafe,ta hanyar kirkiro sauraron juna-za su iya fara fahimtar duniya da kyau kuma su fara samar da duniya mafi kyau ga kansu.Wannan ko da yaushe yana kama da ni irin wannan ra'ayi na dabi'a wanda ban taɓa fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ya ɗauki tsangwama ba da lokaci mai yawa don farawa."

Harkar siyasa 
Paley an san ta da son zaman lafiya da gwagwarmayar siyasa.  Abokan gwagwarmayar mata Robin Morgan ya bayyana gwagwarmayar Paley a matsayin mai da hankali sosai kan adalci na zamantakewa: "'yancin farar hula,yaki,yaki da nukiliya,mata,duk abin da ake bukata na juyin juya hali." FBI ta ayyana ta a matsayin 'yar gurguzu kuma ta ajiye mata fayil tsawon shekaru talatin.

Manazarta  
Matattun 2007
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