Jane Bolin
Jane Matilda Bolin, LL.B (Afrilu 11, 1908 - Janairu 8, 2007) ita ce bakar fata ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga makarantar Yale Law, ta farko da ta shiga kungiyar lauyoyi ta birnin New York kuma ta farko da ta shiga Sashen Shari'a na birnin New York. Ta zama bakar fata ta farko da ta zama alkali a Amurka lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a benci na Kotun Huldar Cikin Gida ta birnin New York a shekara ta 1939.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Jane Matilda Bolin a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1908 a Poughkeepsie, New York. Ita ce auta a cikin yara hudu. Mahaifinta, Gaius C. Bolin, lauya ne kuma bakar fata na farko da ya kammala karatun digiri daga Kwalejin Williams, da mahaifiyarta, Matilda Ingram Emery, wata 'yar gudun hijira ce daga tsibirin Birtaniya wanda ta mutu lokacin da Bolin tana da shekaru 8. Mahaifin Bolin ya yi aiki da doka a gundumar Dutchess tsawon shekaru hamsin kuma shine bakar fata na farko shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Dutchess County.

A matsayinsa na ɗan ma'aurata, Bolin tana fuskantar wariya a Poughkeepsie; wani lokaci ana hana ta hidima a kasuwanni. Bolin ta rinjayi tun tana yarinya ta hanyar labarai da hotuna na rataye baƙar fata na kudancin kudu a cikin The Crisis, mujallar hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaban Mutane masu launi.Bolin ta girma a matsayin memba mai aiki na Smith Metropolitan AME Zion Church. 

Bayan ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Poughkeepsie, an hana Bolin shiga Kwalejin Vassar saboda ba ya karbar dalibai baƙi a lokacin. Tana da shekara 16, ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Wellesley da ke Massachusetts inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sabbin baƙar fata biyu. Kasancewar daliban farar fata sun ki amincewa da ita a cikin jama'a, ita da sauran bakar fata guda daya tilo sun yanke shawarar zama a waje tare. Wani mashawarcin aiki a Kwalejin Wellesley ya yi ƙoƙarin hana ta neman shiga Makarantar Yale Law saboda launin fata da jinsinta. Ta sauke karatu a cikin shekarar 1928 a cikin manyan 20 a cikin aji, kuma ta shiga makarantar Yale Law inda ita ce bakar fata tilo, kuma daya daga cikin mata uku kacal. Ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta sami digiri na doka daga Yale a cikin shekarar 1931 kuma ta ci jarrabawar mashaya ta jihar New York a shekarar 1932.

Aiki 

Ta yi aiki tare da mahaifinta a Poughkeepsie na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta karɓi aiki tare da ofishin Counsel na New York City Corporation. Ta auri lauya Ralph E. Mizelle a 1933, wanda ta yi aiki da doka a birnin New York. Mizelle zai ci gaba da zama memba na Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's Black Cabinet kafin ya mutu a shekarar 1943. Daga baya Bolin ta sake yin aure Walter P. Offutt, Jr., minista wanda zai mutu a 1974. Bolin ta yi takara a Majalisar Jihar New York bata yi nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar Republican a 1936. Duk da rashin nasarar da ta samu, samun nasarar tsayawa takarar Republican ya kara mata suna a siyasar New York.

A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1939, a Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Magajin Garin New York Fiorello La Guardia ya nada Bolin mai shekaru 31 a matsayin alkali na Kotun Hulɗar Cikin Gida. Shekaru ashirin, ita ce kawai bakar fata mace mai shari'a a kasar. Ta ci gaba da zama alkali a kotun, ta sauya suna zuwa Kotun Iyali a 1962, tsawon shekaru 40, tare da sabunta nadin nata sau uku, har sai an bukaci ta yi ritaya tana da shekaru 70. Ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa ayyukan yara masu haɗaka da launin fata, ta tabbatar da cewa an sanya jami'an jarrabawa ba tare da la'akari da kabila ko addini ba, kuma hukumomin kula da yara na jama'a suna karɓar yara ba tare da la'akari da kabila ba.

Bolin ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara da ilimi. Ta kasance mashawarcin doka ga Majalisar Matan Negro ta kasa. Ta yi aiki a kan allon NAACP, Ƙungiyar Birane ta Ƙasa, Kwamitin Jama'a na Jama'a akan Harlem, da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara. Ko da yake ta yi murabus daga NAACP saboda amsa ga McCarthyism, ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama. Bolin ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar wariyar launin fata daga ƙungiyoyin addini ta hanyar taimakawa wajen buɗe makaranta ta musamman ga yara maza baƙar fata a birnin New York. Ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Tuskeegee Institute, Kwalejin Williams, Jami'ar Hampton, Kwalejin Western na Mata da Jami'ar Morgan State.

Gado 

Bayan ta yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1979, Bolin ta ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai koyar da karatu a makarantun gwamnati na birnin New York na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ta yi aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Jihar New York, tana bitar shari'o'in ladabtarwa. Bayan rayuwa na nasarori masu ban mamaki, Jane Bolin ta mutu ranar Litinin, Janairu 8, 2007 tana da shekaru 98 a Long Island City, Queens, New York.

Bolin da mahaifinta sun yi fice sosai a cikin bangon bango a Gidan Kotun Dutchess County a Poughkeepsie kuma an sanya mata sunan ginin gudanarwa na gundumar Poughkeepsie City. A lokacin rayuwarta, alkalai da suka hada da Judith Kaye da Constance Baker Motley sun ambaci Bolin a matsayin tushen kwarin gwiwa ga ayyukansu.

Bayan mutuwarta, Charles Rangel ya yi magana a cikin girmamawa ga Bolin a bene na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. A cikin shekarar 2017, Jeffrion L. Aubry ya gabatar da wani doka a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York don sake suna Tunnel na Queens–Midtown Tunnel Jane Bolin. An kama Bolin a makabartar Rural Poughkeepsie.

Manazarta