Manufar ECOWAS akan Kimiyya da Fasaha
A cikin shekara ta 2011, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta karɓi Manufar Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST).

Wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na ƙudurin 2020 
ECOPOST wani muhimmin bangare ne na Shirin Ci gaban Vision 2020 na yankin. Vision 2020 ya tsara wani shiri don ingantaccen shugabanci, saurin tattalin arziki da haɗin kuɗi da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs). Yana tallafawa shirin daidaita ka'idojin saka hannun jari a Yammacin Afirka kuma yana ba da shawara kan tura kafa hukumar inganta saka hannun jari ta yanki "tare da ƙarfi". Ana ba da shawara ga ƙasashe su goyi bayan ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici (SMEs), da kuma fallasa aikin gona na gargajiya ga fasahar zamani, kasuwanci, da kirkire-kirkire, don haɓaka samarwa.

Tsarin manufofi na kasa 
ECOPOST tana ba da tsari ga jihohin membobin da ke son ingantawa ko bayyana manufofinsu na ƙasa da shirye-shiryen aiki don kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire. Bugu da ƙari, ECOPOST ya haɗa da hanyar saka idanu da kimanta aiwatar da manufofin, wani bangare da ake watsi da shi.

Ba ta yi watsi da kudade ba maimakon haka tana ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar asusun hadin kai wanda Darakta a cikin ECOWAS za ta gudanar don taimakawa kasashe su zuba jari a manyan cibiyoyin da inganta ilimi da horo; Hakanan za'a yi amfani da asusun don jawo hankalin zuba jari kai tsaye na kasashen waje. Ya zuwa farkon shekara ta 2015, ba a kafa asusun ba.

Manufofin yankin suna ba da shawarar ci gaban al'adun kimiyya a duk bangarorin al'umma, gami da ta hanyar yaduwar kimiyya, yada sakamakon bincike a cikin mujallu na gida da na duniya, kasuwanci na sakamakon bincike, canja wurin fasaha mafi girma, kariya ta dukiyar ilimi, karuwar alaƙar jami'a da masana'antu da haɓaka ilimin gargajiya.

ECOPOST tana ƙarfafa kasashe su hada kai da:

 kara yawan kudaden da ake kashewa a cikin gida kan bincike da ci gaba (GERD) zuwa 1% na GDP, kamar yadda Tarayyar Afirka ta ba da shawarar a 2003; a cikin 2013, tsananin bincike ya kai 0.3% a Yammacin Afirka;
 bayyana abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a binciken su, don masu bincike suyi aiki a kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasa maimakon wadanda masu ba da gudummawa suka gabatar.
 ƙirƙirar asusun S & T na ƙasa wanda zai rarraba kuɗi don ayyukan bincike a kan gasa;
 kafa kyaututtuka na kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire;
 bayyana matsayin yanki mai jituwa ga masu bincike;
 sanya asusun kasa don masu kirkiro na gida wanda zai taimaka musu kare haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi.
 daidaita tsarin karatun jami'a zuwa bukatun masana'antu na gida;
 haɓaka ƙananan bincike da horo a cikin manyan fannoni na masana'antu, kamar lasers, fiber optics, biotechnology, kayan haɗin da magunguna.
 samar da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, gami da fasahar bayanai da sadarwa;
 kafa wuraren shakatawa na kimiyya da fasaha da wuraren kasuwanci;
 taimaka wa kamfanonin da suka kware a cikin lantarki don kafa kasuwanci a cikin ƙasarsu da haɓaka amfani da tauraron dan adam da kuma nesa don sadarwa, sa ido kan muhalli, yanayin yanayi, yanayin yanayi.
 haɓaka ikon ƙasa don ƙera kayan aikin kwamfuta da ƙirar software;
 sauƙaƙe yaduwar kayan aikin fasahar bayanai na zamani don inganta koyarwa, horo da bincike;
 karfafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tallafawa bincike da fasaha ta hanyar karfafa haraji da matakan da suka danganci;
 ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwa tsakanin jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike da masana'antu don inganta haɗin gwiwa;
 inganta tsabta, tushen makamashi mai ɗorewa da ci gaban kayan gini na gida;
 kafa bayanan kasa da na yanki akan ayyukan bincike da ci gaba.

Yanayi

Zuba jari a cikin bincike da ci gaba 
Kasashen ECOWAS har yanzu suna da dogon lokaci don isa ga burin Tarayyar Afirka na ba da kashi 1% na GDP ga kudaden cikin gida akan bincike da ci gaba (GERD). Mali ta zo mafi kusa (0.66% a cikin 2010), sannan Senegal (0.54% a cikin 2010). Ghana (0.38% a cikin 2010), Najeriya da Togo (0.22% a cikin 2007 da 2012 bi da bi), Burkina Faso (0.20% a cikin 2009), Gambiya (0.13% a cikin 2011) da Cabo Verde (0.07% a cikin 2007). Babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da yankin ya samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda bunkasa kayayyaki, ba shakka, ya sa ya zama da wuya a inganta rabo na GERD / GDP, tunda GDP na ci gaba da tashi. Kasashe da yawa sun kara jajircewarsu ga bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Mali ta ba da gudummawa kawai 0.25% na GDP ga bincike da ci gaba a cikin 2009, alal misali, kuma Senegal ta kara ƙarfin bincikenta daga 0.37% a cikin 2008.

Kodayake gwamnati ita ce babbar hanyar GERD, hanyoyin kasashen waje suna ba da gudummawa mai yawa a Ghana (31%), Senegal (41%) da Burkina Faso (60%). Gambiya tana karɓar kusan rabin GERD daga masu zaman kansu marasa riba.

GERD ana amfani da shi galibi a ko dai a bangarorin gwamnati ko jami'a, dangane da kasar, kodayake Ghana da Senegal ne kawai suka ba da bayanai ga dukkan bangarori huɗu masu aiki. Wadannan bayanan sun nuna cewa rabon GERD da bangaren kasuwanci ya yi a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe biyu ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan zai buƙaci canzawa idan yankin ya kara saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaba.

Zai zama haɗari a kara da shi ga dukan yankin ba tare da bayanan kwanan nan ba ga kasashe sama da bakwai, amma bayanan da ke akwai suna nuna ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Senegal ce kawai ta fito, tare da masu bincike na cikakken lokaci 361 ga kowane mazauna miliyan a cikin 2010, a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. Na gaba ya zo Cabo Verde (51), Burkina Faso (48), Ghana da Najeriya (39), Togo (36) da Mali (32). Bayanan Najeriya sun kasance daga 2007, don Cabo Verde daga 2011 kuma, don Togo, daga 2012. Matsakaicin duniya a shekarar 2014 ya kasance 176 ga mazauna miliyan.

Duk da manufofi da ke inganta daidaiton jinsi, shiga mata a cikin bincike ya kasance ƙasa. Cabo Verde, Senegal da Najeriya suna da wasu mafi kyawun rabo: kusan ɗaya cikin uku (Cabo Verde) da ɗaya cikin masu bincike huɗu. Game da bangaren aiki, abin mamaki ya zo ne daga Mali, inda rabin (49%) na masu bincike ke aiki a bangaren kasuwanci a cikin 2010, a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Kididdiga ta UNESCO.

Tasirin kimiyya da fasaha a Yammacin Afirka 
Sashin noma yana fama da rashin saka hannun jari a Yammacin Afirka. A shekara ta 2010, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar da Senegal ne kawai suka kara kudaden da jama'a ke kashewa zuwa kashi 10% na GDP, burin da aka kafa ta hanyar Maputo Declaration (2003). Gambiya, Ghana da Togo sun kasance a kan ƙofar cimma wannan burin. Najeriya ta ba da kashi 6% na GDP ga noma kuma sauran ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka kasa da 5%.

Sauran yankunan da ba su da ci gaba sune ruwa, tsaftacewa da bangarorin wutar lantarki, waɗanda ke da damar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Yanayin ya fi gaggawa a Benin, Ghana, Guinea da Nijar, inda kasa da kashi 10% na yawan jama'a suka ji daɗin ingantaccen tsabta a cikin 2011. Kodayake mutane suna da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta fiye da tsaftacewa, wannan kayan masarufi har yanzu yana kauce wa fiye da rabin yawan jama'a a yawancin ƙasashe. Samun wutar lantarki ya bambanta sosai, daga 13% a Burkina Faso zuwa 72% a Ghana (ƙididdigar 2011).

Har ila yau, shiga Intanet ya kasance mai jinkiri a Yammacin Afirka, sabanin biyan kuɗi na wayar hannu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kashi 5% na yawan jama'a ko ƙasa da haka suna da damar yin amfani da intanet a Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nijar, Saliyo da Togo. Sai kawai Cabo Verde da Najeriya zasu iya samar da daya daga cikin 'yan ƙasa uku tare da haɗin intanet.

Me ya sa bangaren bincike ya yi tasiri kadan a kan ci gaban fasaha a Yammacin Afirka? Baya ga abubuwan da ke bayyane kamar rashin saka hannun jari, wannan halin ya haifar da ƙarancin sadaukarwar siyasa ga kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire daga kowane ƙasashe. Akwai rashin dabarun bincike na kasa da sababbin abubuwa ko manufofi tare da bayyane ma'anar manufofi masu auna da kuma rawar da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taka; rashin shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin aiwatar da bayyana bukatun bincike na kasa, fifiko da shirye-shirye; da kuma rashin cibiyoyin da aka sadaukar da su ga sababbin abubuwa wanda zai iya yin alaƙa tsakanin bincike da ci gaba.

Rashin tasirin kimiyya da fasaha a Yammacin Afirka ya kuma haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin ilimi, rashin haɗuwa tsakanin shirye-shiryen bincike da ƙananan musayar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike. Cibiyoyin ƙwarewa da aka kafa tun 2012 ta Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU) kuma a cikin aikin Bankin Duniya ya kamata su taimaka wajen inganta haɗin gwiwa da rarraba sakamakon bincike, da kuma haɗuwa mafi girma tsakanin shirye-shiryen bincike.

A cikin ilimi, tsarin digiri uku (bachelor's -master's-PhD) yanzu an haɗa shi zuwa yawancin ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka. Game da ƙasashen WAEMU, wannan galibi godiya ne ga Taimako ga Ilimi mafi girma, Kimiyya da Fasaha, wanda aka ba da tallafi daga Bankin Raya Afirka. Tsakanin 2008 da 2014, WAEMU ta saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 36 a cikin wannan sake fasalin.

Motsawa don inganta tattara bayanai 
Ana ƙarfafa ƙasashe suyi aiki tare da Hukumar ECOWAS don inganta tattara bayanai. Daga cikin kasashe 13 da suka halarci matakin farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Innovation na Afirka (ASTII), hudu ne kawai daga kasashe na ECOWAS suka ba da gudummawa ga tarin bayanai na farko na ASTII game da bincike don bugawa a cikin African Innovation Outlook (2011): Ghana, Mali, Najeriya da Senegal. ASTII an ƙaddamar da shi ne a cikin 2007 ta hanyar Sabon Hadin gwiwar Tarayyar Afirka don Ci gaban Afirka (NEPAD), don inganta tattara bayanai da bincike a fagen bincike.

ECOWAS ya kasance mafi bayyane a cikin hangen nesa na biyu na Afirka, tare da kasashe shida kawai da ke ba da gudummawa game da bincike da ci gaba daga cikin 19 a fadin nahiyar: Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Ghana, Mali, Senegal da Togo. Najeriya ba ta nan gaba ɗaya kuma Ghana da Senegal ne kawai suka ba da cikakken bayanai ga dukkan bangarori huɗu na aiki.

ECOWAS ta shirya bitar horo na yanki ga ƙasashe a cikin 2013 da 2014 kan alamun kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire da kuma yadda za a tsara shawarwarin bincike. ECOWAS ta dauki wasu matakai kwanan nan don magance rashin tasirin fasaha na bangaren bincike. Misali, a cikin 2012, ministocin da ke kula da bincike sun karɓi Manufofin Bincike na ECOWAS yayin da suke ganawa a Cotonou, a Benin.

Tushe 
 This article incorporates text from a free content work.  Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030​,  UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}

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