Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky  (17 Yuni 6 Afrilu 1971) mawakin Rasha ne, ɗan wasan pianist kuma madugu, daga baya Faransanci (daga 1934) da ɗan ƙasar Amurka (daga 1945). An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci kuma masu tasiri na mawaƙa na karni na 20 kuma jigo a cikin kiɗan zamani.

Ayyukan tsararrun Stravinsky sun shahara saboda bambancin salo. Ya fara samun shahara a duniya tare da ballets uku wanda impresario Sergei Diaghilev ya ba da izini kuma ya fara yi a Paris ta Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), da Rite of Spring (1913). Na ƙarshe ya canza hanyar da mawaƙa na gaba suka yi tunani game da tsarin rhythmic kuma shine babban alhakin dawwamawar suna Stravinsky a matsayin ɗan juyin juya hali wanda ya tura iyakokin ƙirar kiɗan. Ya "lokacin Rasha", wanda ya ci gaba da ayyuka irin su Renard, L'Histoire du soldat , da Les noces, an bi shi a cikin 1920s ta lokacin da ya juya zuwa neoclassicism. Ayyukan daga wannan lokacin sun kasance suna yin amfani da nau'o'in kiɗa na gargajiya (concerto grosso, fugue, da symphony) kuma an zana su daga salon farko, musamman na karni na 18. A cikin 1950s, Stravinsky ya ɗauki jerin hanyoyin. Abubuwan da ya tsara na wannan lokacin sun raba halaye tare da misalan fitowar sa na farko: makamashin rhythmic, gina ƙarin ra'ayoyin melodic daga ƴan ƙwayoyin bayanin kula guda biyu ko uku, da bayyananniyar tsari da kayan aiki.

Tarihin Rayuwa

Rayuwar Farko, 1882-1901 
An haifi Stravinsky a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1882 a garin Oranienbaum a kudancin gabar tekun Gulf of Finland, 25. yammacin Saint-Petersburg .   Mahaifinsa, Fyodor Ignatievich Stravinsky (1843-1902), ya kasance mawaƙin bass opera a cikin Kiev Opera da Mariinsky Theatre a Saint Petersburg da mahaifiyarsa, Anna Kirillovna Stravinskaya ( née Kholodovskaya; 1854-1939), ɗan ƙasar Kiev, ɗaya ne daga cikin ’ya’ya mata huɗu na wani babban jami’i a Ma’aikatar Gidajen Kiev. Igor shi ne na uku a cikin 'ya'yansu hudu; 'yan'uwansa su ne Roman, Yury, da Gury.  Iyalin Stravinsky na Yaren mutanen Poland ne da al'adun Rasha,  sun fito ne "daga dogon layin manyan manya, 'yan majalisar dattijai da masu mallakar ƙasa". Ana iya gano shi zuwa ƙarni na 17 da 18 ga masu ɗaukar rigar Sulima da Strawiński. Sunan mahaifi na asali shine Sulima-Strawiński; Sunan "Stravinsky" ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "Strava", daya daga cikin bambance-bambancen kogin Streva a Lithuania.  
A ranar 10 ga Agusta 1882 Stravinsky ya yi baftisma a Nikolsky Cathedral a Saint Petersburg.  Har zuwa 1914, ya shafe yawancin lokacin bazara a garin Ustilug, yanzu a cikin Ukraine, inda surukinsa ya mallaki ƙasa.   Makarantar farko ta Stravinsky ita ce Gymnasium ta Saint Petersburg ta biyu, inda ya zauna har zuwa tsakiyar shekarunsa. Daga nan ya koma Gourevitch Gymnasium, makaranta mai zaman kanta, inda ya karanta tarihi, lissafi, da harsuna (Latin, Greek, da Slavonic; da Faransanci, Jamusanci, da kuma ɗan ƙasarsa na Rasha).  Stravinsky ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na makaranta gaba ɗaya kuma ya tuna kasancewarsa ɗalibi kaɗai: "Ban taɓa saduwa da wanda ke da sha'awa ta gaske a gare ni ba." 

Stravinsky ya fara yin kiɗa tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fara darussan piano na yau da kullun yana ɗan shekara tara, sannan kuma koyarwa a ka'idar kiɗa da abun ciki.  A kusan shekaru takwas, ya halarci wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky 's ballet The Sleeping Beauty a Mariinsky Theater, wanda ya fara rayuwa tsawon rai sha'awar ballets da kuma mawaki da kansa. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar, Stravinsky ya ƙware Mendelssohn 's Piano Concerto No.1 kuma ya gama rage piano na kirtani quartet ta Alexander Glazunov, wanda aka ruwaito ya ɗauki Stravinsky rashin kida kuma yayi tunanin kaɗan daga ƙwarewarsa.

Ilimi da abubuwan farko, 1901-1909 

Duk da sha'awar Stravinsky da iyawa a cikin kiɗa, iyayensa sun sa ran zai yi nazarin shari'a, kuma ya fara shiga cikin batun. A cikin 1901, ya shiga Jami'ar Saint Petersburg, yana karatun shari'ar laifuka da falsafar shari'a, amma halartar laccoci na zaɓi ne kuma ya kiyasta cewa ya kai ƙasa da azuzuwan hamsin a cikin shekaru huɗu na karatunsa.  A cikin 1902, Stravinsky ya sadu da Vladimir, abokin karatunsa a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg da ƙaramin ɗan Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Rimsky-Korsakov a wancan lokacin shi ne babban mawaƙin Rasha, kuma shi malami ne a Conservatory of Music na Saint-Petersburg. Stravinsky ya yi fatan saduwa da mahaifin Vladimir don tattauna burinsa na kiɗa. Ya shafe lokacin rani na 1902 tare da Rimsky-Korsakov da iyalinsa a Heidelberg, Jamus. Rimsky-Korsakov ya ba da shawarar Stravinsky cewa kada ya shiga cikin Conservatory na Saint Petersburg amma ya ci gaba da darussa masu zaman kansu a cikin ka'idar.

A lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa daga ciwon daji a 1902, Stravinsky yana ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don nazarin kiɗa fiye da doka.  An taimaka shawararsa na neman kiɗa na cikakken lokaci lokacin da aka rufe jami'a na tsawon watanni biyu a cikin 1905 bayan Jini Lahadi, wanda ya hana shi yin jarrabawar shari'a ta ƙarshe. A Afrilu 1906 Stravinsky samu rabin-course diploma da kuma mayar da hankali a kan music bayan haka.   A cikin 1905, ya fara karatu tare da Rimsky-Korsakov sau biyu a mako kuma ya zo ya dauke shi a matsayin uba na biyu.  Waɗannan darussa sun ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar Rimsky-Korsakov a 1908.  Stravinsky ya kammala rubutunsa na farko a wannan lokacin, Symphony in E-flat, wanda aka buga a matsayin Opus 1. Bayan mutuwar Rimsky-Korsakov, Stravinsky ya hada waƙar jana'izar, Op. 5 wanda aka yi sau ɗaya sannan kuma an yi la'akari da ɓacewa har sai an sake gano shi a cikin 2015. 

A watan Agusta 1905, Stravinsky ya shiga tare da dan uwansa na farko, Katherina Gavrylovna Nosenko.  Duk da adawar Cocin Orthodox ga aure tsakanin 'yan uwan farko, ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 23 ga Janairu 1906. Sun zauna a gidan iyali a 6 Kryukov Canal a Saint Petersburg kafin su koma wani sabon gida a Ustilug, wanda Stravinsky ya tsara kuma ya gina, wanda daga baya ya kira shi "wurin sama". Ya rubuta da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙinsa na farko a wurin.   Yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya ne tare da takardu, haruffa, da hotuna akan nuni, kuma ana gudanar da bikin Stravinsky na shekara-shekara a garin Lutsk da ke kusa.   'Ya'yan Stravinsky da Nosenko na farko, Fyodor (Theodore) da Ludmila, an haife su a 1907 da 1908, bi da bi.

Ballet don Diaghilev da shaharar duniya, 1909-1920 

A shekara ta 1909, Stravinsky ya ƙunshi ƙarin guda biyu, Scherzo fantastique, Op. 3, da Feu d'artifice ("Fireworks"), Op. 4. A watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, an yi su duka a Saint Petersburg a wani kade-kade da ya kawo sauyi a rayuwar Stravinsky. A cikin masu sauraron akwai Sergei Diaghilev, ɗan ƙasar Rasha kuma mai mallakar Ballets Russes wanda aka buga da abubuwan da Stravinsky ya yi. Ya so ya gabatar da wani nau'i na wasan opera na Rasha da ballet don kakar 1910 a birnin Paris, daga cikinsu akwai sabon ballet daga gwaninta wanda ya dogara ne akan tatsuniyar Rasha na Firebird .  Bayan da aka ba Anatoly Lyadov aikin tsara maki, ya sanar da Diaghilev cewa yana bukatar kimanin shekara guda don kammala shi.  Diaghilev ya tambayi Stravinsky mai shekaru 28, wanda ya ba shi kayan kaɗe-kaɗe masu gamsarwa don kakar da ta gabata a ɗan gajeren sanarwa kuma ya yarda ya tsara cikakken tsari. A kusan mintuna 50 a tsayi, Stravinsky ya sake duba Firebird don wasan kwaikwayo a 1911, 1919, da 1945.

Manazarta

Sources 
 
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Haihuwa 1882
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