Nollywood
Nollywood tana nufin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya .  Asalin kalmar ta samo asali ne a farkon shekarun 2000, wanda aka samo asalin ta a wata kasida a cikin jaridar New York Times. Saboda tarihin hadaka ma'anoni da abubuwan da ke faruwa, babu wata ma'ana mai ma'ana ko yarjejeniya don kalmar, wanda ya sa ta zama batun jayayya da yawa.

Etymology 

Asalin kalmar "Nollywood" har yanzu ba a sani ba; Jonathan Haynes ya bi diddigin farkon amfani da kalmar zuwa labarin shekarar 2002 da Matt Steinglass ya buga a jaridar New York Times, inda aka yi amfani da ita wajen bayyana sinima ta Najeriya .   Charles Igwe ya lura cewa Norimitsu Onishi kuma ya yi amfani da sunan a cikin labarin Satumba na shekarar 2002 da ya rubuta wa New York Times. A lokaci ya ci gaba da za a yi amfani da a kafofin watsa labarai don koma zuwa Nijeriya fim, tare da definition daga baya zaci su zama wani portmanteau daga cikin kalmomi "Nigeria" da kuma " Hollywood ", babbar cibiyar finafinai ta Amurka.    

Ma'anar abin da ake kallon fina -finan Nollywood ya kasance batun muhawara. Alex Eyengho ya ayyana Nollywood a matsayin "jimlar ayyukan da ke faruwa a masana'antar fina - finan Najeriya, da Turanci, Yarbanci, Hausa, Igbo, Itsekiri, Edo, Efik, Ijaw, Urhobo ko kuma wani daga cikin yarukan Najeriya sama da 300 ". Ya ci gaba da cewa "yanayin tarihin Nollywood ya fara ne tun kafin Najeriya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta , da kokarin wasan kwaikwayo (mataki) da na fim ( celluloid ) irin su Cif Hubert Ogunde, Cif Amata, Baba Sala, Ade Love, Eddie Ugbomah. da wasu da yawa ". 

Tsawon shekaru kuma ana amfani da kalmar Nollywood don nufin wasu masana'antun fina-finai masu alaqa, kamar gidan sinimar Turanci ta  gidan sinima na Ingilishi na Ghana, wadanda galibi ana shirya fina-finansu tare da Najeriya da/ko kamfanonin Najeriya ke rarraba su. Haka kuma an yi amfani da kalmar don fina -finan diasporaan Najeriya/Afirka na kasashen waje wadanda ake dauka suna da alagqa da Najeriya ko aka yi su musamman don kama masu sauraron Najeriya.   Babu wani takamaiman ma'anar yadda fim din '' dan Najeriya '' zai kasance kafin a kira shi Nollywood .

Wasu masu ruwa da tsaki a koda yaushe suna bayyana rashin jituwarsu kan wa'adin; bayar da dalilai kamar gaskiyar cewa bako ne ya kirkiro kalmar, kamar irin wannan nau'in na mulkin mallaka . An kuma yi jayayya cewa kalmar tana kwaikwayon abin da ya riga ya kasance ( Hollywood ) maimakon asali a cikin kansa, wannan asali ne kuma na musamman na Afirka.

Kananan masana'antu

Fim din Najeriya 

Shirya fina-finai a Najeriya ya kasu kashi-kashi, da na kabilanci da na addini . Don haka, akwai masana'antun fina - finai daban-daban - kowannensu yana neman nuna damuwar sashin musamman da kabilun da yake wakilta. Duk da haka, akwai masana'antar fina-finan turanci wacce ke narkar da shirin fim daga mafi yawan masana'antun yankin.

Fim din Yarbanci ya kasance karamar masana'antar Nollywood, tare da yawancin masu yin ta a yankin Yammacin Najeriya. Fim din yaren Yarbanci ya fara ne yayin da 'yan wasan gungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na yawo daban-daban na Yarbawa suka fara daukar ayyukansu sama da mataki don shiga harkar fim ta amfani da tsarin Celluloid, har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Waɗannan kwararrun ana ɗaukar su a wasu wurare a matsayin na farko 'yan fim na Najeriya na gaskiya.  Fina -finan kamar Kongi's Harvest (1972), Bull Frog in The Sun (1971), Bisi, 'Yar Kogin (1977), Jaiyesimi (1980), da Cry Freedom (1981) sun fada cikin wannan zamani na masana'antar fina -finan Yarbawa. Likitoci kamar Ola Balogun, Duro Ladipo da Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love) sun taka rawar gani lokacin da suka fito da “Ajani Ogun” a shekarar 1976. Wannan fim din yana daaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da suka taimaka wajen sanya fim din yaren Yoruba akan taswira, sannan sauran abubuwan da Hubert Ogunde da sauran su suka biyo baya.  Ofaya daga cikin masu hana shinge na farko daga Najeriya, ya fito ne daga masana'antar yaren Yoruba; sanannen misali shine Mosebolatan (1985) na Moses Olaiya wanda ya tara ₦107,000 (kimanin 2015 ₦44.2 miliyan) a cikin kwanaki biyar da fitowar ta. 

Masana'antar Fim ɗin Hausa, wanda aka fi sani da Kannywood, shima ƙaramin masana'antar Nollywood ne, galibi masana'antar na Kano . Fim din, wanda shi ne mafi girma a Arewacin Najeriya, sannu a hankali ya samo asali daga shirye -shiryen RTV Kaduna da Rediyon Kaduna a shekarun 1960. Tsofaffin sojoji kamar Dalhatu Bawa da Kasimu Yero sun fara shirya wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Arewa. Shekaru na 1990 sun sami canji mai ban mamaki a cikin sinimomin Arewacin Najeriya, suna dokin jawo hankalin karin masu sauraron Hausa waɗanda ke ganin fina -finan Bollywood sun fi jan hankali, Kannywood; Hadin sinima na al'adun Indiya da Hausa ya samo asali kuma ya shahara sosai. Turmin Danya ("The Draw"), 1990, galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin fim din Kannywood da ya fara cin nasara. Cikin sauri aka bi wasu kamar Gimbiya Fatima da Kiyarda Da Ni .  Sunusi Shehu na Mujallar Tauraruwa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar "Kannywood" a 1999 kuma nan da nan ya zama sanannen sunan masana'antar. Zuwa shekarar 2012, sama da kamfanonin fina -finai 2000 aka yi wa rijista da kungiyar masu shirya fina - finan jihar Kano.

Fim din Ingilishi na Ghana 
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an kuma yi amfani da kalmar Nollywood don nufin wasu masana'antun fina-finai masu alaƙa, kamar gidan sinima na Ingilishi na Ghana . Kusan shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na kasar Ghana, Venus Films, wanda ya hada da taimakawa shigar da 'yan wasan Ghana cikin manyan masana'antar Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a karshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, saboda tsadar shirya fim a Najeriya, an tilasta wa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga Los Angeles zuwa birane kamar Toronto da Albuquerque, wani abin da aka sani da samar da gudu. A sakamakon haka, wasu furodusoshi da yawa, sun fara harbi a birane kamar Accra, Ghana, suna sanya tanadi don saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna kokarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da wani hadin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da ta Ghana, kuma yawancin fina -finan Ingilishi daga Ghana suma sun fara amsa alamar "Nollywood". Wannan ya faru ne saboda karuwar abubuwan hadin gwiwa da waɗannan fina-finan ke samu, da kuma saukin yadda suke amintar da ma'amaloli na rarrabawa tare da gidajen shirya fina-finan Najeriya. Wannan kuma galibi saboda yawancin mutanen da ba na Yammacin Afirka ba za su iya bambance tsakanin wadannan fina-finai da fina-finan Najeriya, tunda ya zama al'ada ga manyan fina-finai daga Najeriya zuwa taurarin taurari daga Najeriya da Ghana.

Nollywood Amurka 

Nollywood Amurka tana da fadi, ana amfani da ita don nufin fina-finan Najeriya da aka yi a kasashen waje. Kodayake ana kiran su da suna Nollywood USA, ana iya harba wadannan fina-finan a kowace kasa da ba ta Afirka ba. Waɗannan fina -finan galibi 'yan fim din Najeriya ne da ke zaune a kasashen waje ke yin su kuma galibi ana yin su ne don masu sauraron Najeriya.   Kamar kalmar "Nollywood", ma'anar "Nollywood USA" ba ta da ma'ana.

Fina-finan Nollywood na Amurka yawanci suna ba da labaran Najeriya, kuma galibi suna yin taurarin kafa jaruman Nollywood, tare da 'yan wasan Najeriya/Afirka masu zuwa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje.   Fina - finan galibi suna da fitattun finafinai a Najeriya kuma a wasu lokutan ma suna ba da tabbacin sakin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa kamar na fina - finan Nollywood na yau da kullun..

Nollywood a ciki rigima 20 

A cikin shekarar 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Nollywood za ta yi bikin cika shekara 20. Wannan shekara ta cika shekaru 20 bayan fitowar fim din kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo Rayuwa a Daure (1992), wanda a iya cewa alama ce ta bunkasa a zamanin fim din bidiyo . Daga karshe an yi bikin tunawa da ranar a watan Yunin 2013.   

Daga baya an bayyana taron a matsayin yanke hukunci na wani bangare na masana'antar ba taron da aka amince da shi ba; kungiyar masu shirya fina -finai (AMP) ce ta shirya taron, kungiyar da ta kunshi masu shirya fina -finan bidiyo. Tun bayan sanar da bikin "Nollywood @ 20" a cikin 2012 har zuwa bikinta a shekara ta 2013, taron ya jawo cece -kuce daga masu ruwa da tsaki; mafi yawansu sun yi imanin cewa masana'antar ta girmi shekaru fiye da 20. Tun da Nollywood ya kasance kalma ce ga masana'antar fina - finan Najeriya gaba ɗaya, an yi ta jayayya cewa ba za a iya amfani da Rayuwa a cikin Bondage don murnar masana'antar fim ta Najeriya ba, yana mai bayyana cewa fim din ba, a zahiri, fim din bidiyo na farko ne na Najeriya, haka ma ba fim din bidiyo na farko "mai nasara",  kasa da fim din Najeriya na farko. 

Wannan biki mai cike da rudani ya kuma haifar da rahotanni cewa wani bangare na masana'antar, "Association of Nigeria Theatre Arts Practitioners (ANTP)" na shirin sake sunan masana'antar zuwa wani lokaci wanda zai mamaye tarihin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya, tun daga lokacin. An zargi Nollywood da rarrabuwar kawuna. Yayin da magoya bayan taron suka yi gardama cewa ita ce "alamar Nollywood" da ake yi ba masana'anta ba, an yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce cewa kalmar "Nollywood" ta wanzu ne kawai a cikin shwk2000s, don haka ana buƙatar bayani akan yadda za a iya ƙara "Nollywood Brand" zuwa shekarar 1992 wanda ba shi da mahimmanci ta kowace hanya, kuma me yasa ba kawai ga fim din farko na Najeriya da aka yi ba.   

Alex Eyengho ya lura a cikin labarin 2012 cewa kalmar "Nollywood" ba ta nan a cikin shekarun samar da fina -finan bidiyo da na Zamanin Zinare .  Seun Apara, a cikin labarinsa a 360Nobs.com ya bayyana cewa: "Ko dai masu gabatar da taron ba su yi binciken su da kyau ba ko da gangan ba sa son yin lissafin tarihi". Adegboyega Oyeniya yayi sharhi: "Ban san abin da suke magana ba ta hanyar bikin 'Nollywood @ 20'; shin suna yin Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah ko Genevieve Nnaji ? Watakila, suna bikin arziki. Wadannan mutane su daina yaudarar ‘yan Najeriya”.  Wasu kafafen yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa taron ya faru ne sakamakon kwadayi da son rai, yayin da masu shirya gasar suka ziyarci mutane na siyasa don neman kudade da sunan Masana'antu, amma ana zargin sun raba kudaden da aka tara a tsakaninsu.  Wani batun da ya haifar da laifin taron shine cewa ba a girmama ainihin "masu cimma nasara" a Nollywood ba, a'a an girmama masu aikin kusan iri daya tare da masu shirya taron da ake zargi. 

Masu shirya fina -finai da masu ruwa da tsaki da dama sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu da bikin karyar da ake cewa; Kunle Afolayan ya yi tsokaci: “Duk tunanin Nollywood a shekara 20 ba shi da ma'ana a gare ni saboda Nollywood da na sani ya wuce shekaru 20. Na tuna mahaifina ya harbe fim kimanin shekaru 37 da suka gabata kuma ni ma na girma a harkar. Dangane da abin da ya shafe ni, wannan abin banza ne. "  A wata hira, ya bayyana cewa: "Idan Nollywood shine sunan da mutane suka yanke shawarar kira masana'antar fim a Najeriya, to ni ina cikin sa. Idan Nollywood shine abin da suke cewa shekaru 20 ne, to ni bana cikin wannan Nollywood saboda na yi fiye da shekaru 30 ina harkar fim ”.  Jide Kosoko ya kuma yi tsokaci: “Masana’antar fina -finan Najeriya a nawa tunani ba shekaru 20 ba ne. Idan da gaske dukkanmu muna cikin masana'antu ɗaya, to masana'antar da nake ciki ba shekara 20 ba ce. Akwai bukatar gaya wa duniya labarin gaskiya na masana'antar mu kuma kada ku goge masu majagaba. A nawa fahimtar, abin da suke biki shine Rayuwa a Daure ba Nollywood ba ".  Tunde Kelani ya ce: "ta yaya Nollywood za ta yi bikin shekara 20 kuma na wuce shekaru 40 a masana'antar?" . 

Shugaban dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya a lokacin, Ibinabo Fiberesima, ya yarda cewa Nollywood ta fi 20, amma ya ba da abin da ake ganin magana ce mai gamsarwa kan dalilin shirya bikin, yana mai cewa: "Labarin yin bikin namu ne duk da Nollywood ya fi Shekaru 20. Ya daɗe da mutane suna yi mana biki amma a yanzu, muna yin bikin kanmu kuma muna mayar wa da al'umma ƙuri'a. Mataki ne mai kyau da muka ɗauka musamman yanzu da ingancin fina - finan mu ya inganta ".

Labarin Kafar sadarwa 

Baya ga yaɗa labaran Nollywood ta manyan kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya, watau TV, Rediyo, da Buga, wasu littattafan kan layi suna buga abubuwan musamman akan masana'antar. Wadannan sun haɗa da

 Nollywood ta sake dawowa

Takardun bayanai da aka yi niyyar gabatar da Nollywood ga masu sauraron yamma sune Jamie Meltzer 's Welcome to Nollywood (2007) (USA), This is Nollywood ( Franco Sacchi, Robert Caputo, 2007) (Nigeria) da Nollywood Babila ( Ben Addelman, Samir Mallal, 2008 (Kanada).

Manazarta

Hanyoyin waje 

 Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka
Pages with unreviewed translations