Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniː tʃə,-tʃi/;  German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] (listen ko [ˈniːtsʃə];   15 Oktoba 1844-25 Agusta 1900) ɗan falsafa kuma Bajamushe ne, mawaƙin prose, cultural critic, philoologist, kuma mawaki wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri mai zurfi akan falsafar zamani. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masanin ilimin falsafa kafin ya koma falsafa. Ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba rike Shugabancin Falsafa na gargajiya a Jami'ar Basel a 1869 yana da shekaru 24. Nietzsche ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1879 saboda matsalolin lafiya da suka addabi shi mafi yawan rayuwarsa; ya kammala yawancin rubutunsa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin 1889, yana da shekaru 44, ya sha wahala a rugujewa kuma daga baya ya rasa cikakkiyar ikon tunaninsa, tare da gurgunta kuma mai yiwuwa lalatawar jijiyoyin jinice. Ya rayu sauran shekarunsa a cikin kulawar mahaifiyarsa har zuwa mutuwarta a 1897 sannan tare da 'yar uwarsa Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. Nietzsche ya mutu a shekara ta 1900, bayan ya kamu da ciwon huhu da bugun jini da yawa.
Rubutun Nietzsche ya ta'allaka aakakaakan cece-kuce na falsafa, wakoki, cultural critic, da almara yayin da yake nuna sha'awar aphorism da irony. Fitattun abubuwa na falsafarsa sun haɗa da tsattsauran ra'ayinsa na sukar gaskiya don neman hangen nesa; sharhi na asali game da addini da ɗabi'a na Kirista da ka'idar da ta danganci ɗabi'a na master-slave; tabbatar da kyawawan halaye na rayuwa don mayar da martani ga "mutuwar Allah" da kuma babban rikicin nihilism; ra'ayin Apollonian da Dionysian sojojin; da kuma siffanta batun ɗan adam a matsayin furci na son rai, tare da fahimtar juna a matsayin nufin iko. Hakanan ya haɓaka ra'ayoyi masu tasiri kamar  da koyarwarsa na dawowar har abada. A cikin aikinsa na baya, ya ƙara shagaltu da ikon kirkire-kirkire na mutum don shawo kan al'adu da ɗabi'a don neman sabbin dabi'u da lafiya mai kyau. Ayyukansa sun shafi batutuwa masu yawa, ciki har da fasaha, ilimin falsafa, tarihi, kiɗa, addini, tragedy, al'adu, da kimiyya, kuma ya zana wahayi daga tragedy na Girkanci da kuma adadi irin su Zoroaster, Arthur Schopenhauer, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Wagner da Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Bayan mutuwarsa, 'yar'uwar Nietzsche Elisabeth ta zama mai kula da kuma editan rubutunsa. Ta gyara rubuce-rubucensa da ba a buga ba don dacewa da akidarta ta Jamusanci, sau da yawa suna sabawa ko ɓoye ra'ayoyin Nietzsche, waɗanda ke adawa da kyamar Yahudawa. Ta hanyar bugu nata da aka buga, aikin Nietzsche ya zama alaƙa da fascism da Nazism; Masana na ƙarni na 20 irin su Walter Kaufmann, RJ Hollingdale, da Georges Bataille sun kare Nietzsche daga wannan fassarar, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka ba da gyare-gyaren littattafansa. Tunanin Nietzsche ya ji daɗin sabunta shahararsa a cikin 1960s kuma tun daga lokacin ra'ayoyinsa sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu tunani na ƙarni na 20 da farkon 21 a cikin falsafar musamman a makarantun falsafar nahiyar kamar su wanzuwar zamani, postmodernism da post-structuralism da kuma fasaha, adabi, wakoki, siyasa, da al'adu masu shahara.

Rayuwa

Matashi (1844-1868) 
An haife shi a ranar  15 ga watan Oktoba 1844, Nietzsche ya girma a garin Röcken (yanzu wani yanki ne na Lützen), kusa da Leipzig, a lardin Prussian na Saxony. An ba shi suna bayan Sarki Friedrich Wilhelm IV na Prussia, wanda ya cika shekaru 49 a ranar haihuwar Nietzsche (daga baya Nietzsche ya bar sunansa na tsakiya Wilhelm).  Iyayen Nietzsche, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813–1849), fasto Lutheran  kuma tsohon malami; da Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler) (1826–1897), sun yi aure a shekara ta 1843, shekara kafin haihuwar ɗansu. Suna da wasu 'ya'ya biyu: diya, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, an haife ta a 1846; da ɗa na biyu, Ludwig Joseph, an haife shi a 1848. Mahaifin Nietzsche ya mutu daga ciwon kwakwalwa a shekara ta 1849; Ludwig Joseph ya mutu bayan wata shida yana da shekaru biyu.  Iyalin sai suka koma Naumburg, inda suka zauna tare da kakar mahaifiyar Nietzsche da yayyen mahaifinsa biyu da ba su yi aure ba. Bayan mutuwar kakar Nietzsche a 1856, iyalin sun koma gidansu, yanzu Nietzsche-Haus, gidan kayan gargajiya da cibiyar nazarin Nietzsche.

Nietzsche ya halarci makarantar yara maza sannan ya yi makaranta mai zaman kanta, (private school) inda ya yi abokantaka da Gustav Krug da Wilhelm Pinder, dukansu uku sun fito daga iyalai da ake girmamawa sosai. Bayanan ilimi daga ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da Nietzsche ya halarta sun lura cewa ya yi fice a tauhidin Kirista.  

A 1854, ya fara zuwa Domgymnasium a Naumburg. Domin mahaifinsa ya yi aiki ga jihar (a matsayin fasto) Nietzsche mara uba ya sami tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Schulpforta da aka sani na duniya (da'awar cewa an yarda da Nietzsche akan ƙarfin iliminsa na ilimi an yi watsi da shi: maki ya kasance. ba kusa da saman ajin ba).  Ya yi karatu a can daga 1858 zuwa 1864, sun zama abokai tare da Paul Deussen da Carl von Gersdorff. Ya kuma sami lokacin yin aiki akan wakoki da kade-kade. Nietzsche ya jagoranci "Jamus", ƙungiyar kiɗa da adabi, a lokacin bazara a Naumburg. <ref name="Wicks"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWicks2014">Wicks, Robert (2014).  A Schulpforta, Nietzsche ya sami muhimmin tushe a cikin harsuna- Girkanci, Latin, Ibrananci, da Faransanci  don samun damar karanta mahimman tushe na farko;  ya kuma dandana a karon farko ba tare da rayuwar danginsa ba a cikin ƙaramin gari mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Jarabawar karshen zangonsa a watan Maris 1864 ya nuna 1a cikin Addini da Jamusanci; a 2a a cikin Girkanci da Latin; a 2b a cikin Faransanci, Tarihi, da Physics; da kuma "lackluster" 3a cikin Ibrananci da Lissafi. 

Nietzsche ya kasance mawaki amateur.  Ya tsara ayyuka da yawa don murya, piano, da violin wanda ya fara a 1858 a Schulpforta a Naumburg lokacin da ya fara aiki akan abubuwan kiɗan. Richard Wagner ya yi watsi da kiɗan Nietzsche, ana zarginsa da yin ba'a ga kyautar ranar haihuwar wani abun piano da Nietzsche ya aika a 1871 ga matarsa Cosima. Jagoran ɗan ƙasar Jamus Hans von Bülow shi ma ya bayyana wani ɓangaren Nietzsche a matsayin "mafi kyawun daftarin kade-kade a takardan kiɗan da na daɗe da fuskanta". 

Yayin da yake Schulpforta, Nietzsche ya bi batutuwan da aka yi la'akari da su ba su dace ba. Ya zama sananne da aikin mawallafin marubuci Friedrich Hölderlin wanda ba a san shi ba, yana kiransa "mawaƙin da na fi so" kuma ya rubuta makala inda ya ce mawaƙin ya tada hankali zuwa "mafi kyawun manufa".  Malamin da ya gyara rubutun ya ba shi alama mai kyau amma ya yi sharhi cewa Nietzsche ya kamata ya damu da kansa a nan gaba tare da mafi koshin lafiya, mafi kyau, kuma mafi yawan marubuta "Jamus". Bugu da ƙari, ya saba da Ernst Ortlepp, ɗan wasa, mai saɓo, kuma sau da yawa mawaƙin buguwa wanda aka same shi ya mutu a cikin rami makonni bayan ganawa da matashi Nietzsche amma wanda zai iya gabatar da Nietzsche ga kiɗa da rubuce-rubuce na Richard Wagner.  Wataƙila a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Ortlepp, shi da wani ɗalibi mai suna Richter sun dawo makaranta a buguwa kuma suka ci karo da wani malami, wanda ya sa Nietzsche ya rage daga farkon ajinsa kuma ya ƙare matsayinsa na prefect.

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