Yaduwar Kwayoyin cutar Hepadna viruses
Yaɗuwar  Hepadnaviruses daga inda suke rayuwa ya zuwa mutane,  da tsuntsaye, ciki har da watsuwar su a tsakaninsu da kuma tsakanin wasu jinsin ƙwayoyin cutar, wani mahimmin binciken ne a cikin vorology.

Hepadnaviruses iyali ne na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan hanta a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ne na Rukunin VII waɗanda ke da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halittar DNA guda biyu kuma suna yin kwafi ta amfani da kuma bayanan baya . Wannan dabarar kwafi na musamman, haɗe da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittarsu da ƙunƙun mai masaukin baki da tropism na nama, ya bambanta su da za a iya rarraba su cikin dangin Hepadnaviridae.  Akwai nau'i biyu da aka gane.

Tsarin Halitta 

Idan aka yi amfani da misalin ƙwayar cutar hanta ta B  na ɗan Adam: takamaiman fasalin tsarin HBV shi ne kasancewarta da nau,ika  guda uku.

 A Barbashi Dane (diamita ≈ 42 nm): cikakken virion, wanda ke da kamuwa da cuta kuma ya ƙunshi lullube icosahedral nucleocapsid mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi furotin mai mahimmanci da kuma kare kwayar halittar DNA mai ɗaci biyu, yana ɗaure tare da DNA polymerase. Capsid yana lullube da bilayer na lipid wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sunadaran ambulan guda uku: ƙananan (S) sunadaran, sunadaran tsaka-tsaki (M), da manyan (L) sunadaran, kuma waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna daban-daban na antigenes waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kamuwa da cutar hoto: L. furotin (Pre S1, Pre S2, S), M protein (Pre S2, S), S protein (S). A cikin adadi na 1, yana nuna sauƙaƙan tsarin ƙwayoyin HBV.
 Subviral sphere particles (diamita ≈ 22 nm), waɗannan ƙanana, marasa kamuwa da cuta kuma su ne mafi yawan barbashi a cikin jinin mai cutar. Ana tsammanin suna da ikon ɗaukar ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don sauƙaƙe yaduwar cutar da kiyayewa a cikin mai gida. 
 Filaments (diamita ≈ 22 nm, tsayi: 50 nm-70 nm), waɗanda ba a san su ba, amma a zahiri sun ƙunshi ɓangarori masu yawa na subviral.
Kamar misalin HBV, wanda ke nunawa a cikin hoto na 2, buɗaɗɗen firam ɗin karatu guda huɗu an lulluɓe su (ORFs), duk ORFs suna kan hanya ɗaya, suna bayyana ragi- da ƙari-strands. Kuma ƙwayar cutar tana da sanannun ƙwayoyin halitta guda huɗu, waɗanda ke ɓoye ainihin furotin, ƙwayoyin cuta polymerase, antigens (preS1, preS2, da S) da furotin X. DNA ɗin da aka rage-rage ya cika kuma ya zagaya gabaɗayan kwayoyin halitta, yayin da ƙari zai wuce kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na tsayin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da matsakaicin iyakar 3'. Amma ga avihepadnaviruses yawanci suna tsawaita ƙari-strands kusan har zuwa ƙarshen 5' da aka gyara.  Rage-strand ɗin yana da alaƙa da fassarar hoto ta bidiyo kuma tana iya ɓoye duk sanannun sunadaran hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, amma ƙari ba zai iya ɓoye sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta ba.

Yaduwa

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