Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Muhammad Ali na Masar da Sudan (Albaniya: Mehmet Ali Pasha, Larabci: محمد علي باشا, ALA-LC: Muḥammad 'Alī Bāshā; Ottoman Baturke: محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; Baturke: Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa;an haifeshi a ranar 4 ga watan Maris din shekarata alif 1769 - zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1849), shi ne gwamnan Albaniya na Ottoman kuma mai mulkin Masar daga shekarata alif 1805 zuwa shekarar alif 1848, wanda ya kafa Masar ta zamani. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya mallaki dukkan Masar, Sudan, Hijaz da Levant.
Ya kasance kwamandan soji a rundunar daular Ottoman ta Albaniya da aka tura domin kwato Masar daga mamayar Faransa karkashin Napoleon. Bayan janyewar Napoleon, Muhammad Ali ya hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyoyi da dama na siyasa, kuma a shekara ta alif 1805 aka nada shi Wāli (viceroy) na Masar kuma ya samu mukamin Pasha.
A matsayin Wāli, Muhammad Ali ya yi ƙoƙarin sabunta ƙasar Masar ta hanyar kafa sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki a fannin soji, tattalin arziki da al'adu. Ya kuma kaddamar da wani tashin hankali na kawar da Mamluk, tare da karfafa mulkinsa tare da kawo karshen mamayar Mamluk a kasar Masar.

Rayuwarsa ta Farko

An haifi Muhammad Ali a Sanjak na Kavala (Kavala ta zamani), a cikin Rumelia Eyalet, ga dangin Albaniya daga Korça. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na taba sigari na Albaniya kuma ɗan kasuwa mai suna Ibrahim Agha, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Ottoman na ƙaramin yanki a garinsu. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Zeynep, 'yar Çorbaci Husain Agha, wani musulmin Albaniya mai shahara a Kavala.[8] Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu yana karami, sai kawunsa Husain Agha ya dauke Muhammad tare da ‘yan uwansa.[8] A matsayin lada ga kwazon Muhammad Ali, kawunsa ya ba shi matsayin "Bolukbashi" na karbar haraji a garin Kavala[5]. Daga baya Muhammad Ali ya auri yar uwansa Amina Hanim, wata hamshakin attajiri. Ita ce diyar Ali Agha da Kadriye (yar uwar Zeynep).

Tasowa da Ikon Mulki
Janyewar da Faransa ta yi ya bar wutar lantarki a Masar. An raunana ikon Mamluk, amma ba a lalata shi ba, kuma sojojin Ottoman sun yi arangama da Mamluk don neman mulki. A wannan lokaci na tashin hankali Muhammad Ali ya yi amfani da dakarunsa na Albaniya masu aminci wajen yin aiki tare da bangarorin biyu, inda ya samu iko da daukaka ga kansa. Yayin da rikicin ya ci gaba, al'ummar yankin sun gaji da gwagwarmayar neman mulki. A shekara ta 1801 ya yi kawance da shugaban Masar Umar Makram da babban limamin Azhar na Masar. A lokacin da ake gwabza fada tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Mamluk a tsakanin 1801 zuwa 1805, Muhammad Ali ya yi taka-tsantsan don samun goyon bayan jama'a.

Manazarta