Kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma
Kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ko (Social science) a turance kenan, ita ce reshen ilimin kimiyya wanda aka keɓe da shi don nazarin al'ummomi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin daidaikun al'ummomin. Kalmar an da anyi amfani da ita a baya don koma zuwa fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, asalin "kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma", wanda aka kafa a karni na 19. Baya ga ilimin halayyar dan adam, a yanzu ya kunshi fannoni daban-daban na ilimin boko, wadanda suka hada da ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, tattalin arziki, labarin kasa, ilimin harshe, ilimin gudanarwa, karatun kafofin watsa labarai, kimiyyar siyasa, halayyar dan adam, da kuma tarihi. (Don ƙarin cikakken jerin ƙananan fannoni a cikin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma duba: Shafin kimiyyar zamantakewar jama'a.)

Masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka yi kama da na kimiyyar halitta a matsayin kayan aiki don fahimtar al'umma, don haka su bayyana kimiyya a cikin mahimmancin ma'anarta ta zamani. Masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma masu fahimtar fassara, akasin haka, na iya amfani da sukar zamantakewar jama'a ko fassara ta alama maimakon gina ra'ayoyin da za a iya kirkirar su da karya, don haka ake bi da kimiyya ta hanyar da ta dace. A cikin aikin ilimin zamani, masu bincike galibi suna amfani da hanyoyi, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi da yawa (misali, ta hanyar haɗa duka bincike da ƙididdiga). Kalmar "binciken zamantakewar al'umma" ta kuma sami digiri na ikon mallaka kamar yadda masu aikatawa daga fannoni daban-daban suke da manufa iri daya.

Tarihi 
Tarihin kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ya fara ne a Zamanin wayewa bayan 1650, wanda ya ga juyin juya hali a cikin falsafar halitta, yana canza tsarin asali wanda mutane ke fahimtar abin da ke "kimiyya". Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma ya fito ne daga falsafar ɗabi'a ta lokacin kuma zamanin juyin juya hali ya rinjayi shi, kamar Juyin Masana'antu da Juyin Juya Halin Faransa. Kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ta samo asali ne daga ilimin kimiyya (gwaji da amfani), ko tsarin ilimin yau da kullun-ko ayyukan tsinkaye, da suka shafi ci gaban zamantakewar ƙungiya mai ma'amala.

Farkon ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma a karni na 18 ya bayyana a cikin babban kundin sani na Diderot, tare da labarai daga Jean-Jacques Rousseau da wasu majagaba. Hakanan haɓakar ilimin zamantakewar al'umma ana nuna shi a cikin wasu ƙididdiga na musamman. Zamanin zamani ya ga "kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma" da farko anyi amfani da shi azaman fagen fahimta mai banbanci. Ilimin kimiyar zamantakewar al'umma ya sami tasirin tasiri, mai da hankali kan ilmi dangane da ainihin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa mai kyau da guje wa mummunan abu; an kauce wa hasashen metaphysical. Auguste Comte yayi amfani da kalmar "science sociale" don bayyana fagen, wanda aka ɗauko daga ra'ayoyin Charles Fourier; Comte kuma ana kiran filin kamar ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa.

Bayan wannan lokacin, hanyoyi biyar na ci gaba sun bullo a cikin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, wanda Comte ya yi tasiri a wasu fannoni. Wata hanyar da aka ɗauka ita ce haɓakar binciken zamantakewar jama'a. An gudanar da manyan binciken ilimin lissafi a sassa daban-daban na Amurka da Turai. Émile Durkheim ne ya kirkiro da wata hanyar kuma, yana nazarin "bayanan zamantakewar jama'a", da Vilfredo Pareto, suna buɗe ra'ayoyi da dabarun mutum. Kashi na uku yana nufin ci gaba, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsarin fasahar zamani da ake gabatarwa, wanda aka gano kuma aka fahimci al'amuran zamantakewar al'umma; wannan ya sami nasara daga adadi irin su Max Weber. Hanya ta huɗu da aka ɗauka, wacce take da tushe a fannin tattalin arziki, ta haɓaka kuma ta haɓaka ilimin tattalin arziki azaman kimiyya mai wahala. Hanya ta ƙarshe ita ce alaƙar ilimi da ƙimar jama'a; antipositivism da verstehen sociology na Max Weber da tabbaci sun nemi wannan bambancin. A cikin wannan hanyar, ka'idar (bayanin) da takardar sayan magani ba ta tattaunawa game da batun.

Tushen ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a Yamma yana haifar da kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin ci gaba da al'adun gargajiya na ilimin. A wasu mahallin, kamar na Italiyanci, ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a hankali ya tabbatar da kansa kuma ya sami wahalar tabbatar da dabarun ilimi sama da falsafa da tiyoloji (Cfr. Guglielmo Rinzivillo, La scienza e l'oggetto. Autocritica del sapere strategico, Milan, Franco Angeli edita , 2010, shafi na 51 e sg. ISBN 978-88-568-2487-2).

Kusan farkon karni na 20, falsafar wayewar kai ta kasance tana fuskantar kalubale a wurare daban-daban. Bayan amfani da ka'idoji na gargajiya tun daga karshen juyin juya halin kimiyya, fannoni da dama sun maye gurbin karatun lissafi don karatun gwaji da nazarin daidaito don gina tsarin ka'idoji. Ci gaban ƙaramin ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar jama'a ya zama yana da yawa sosai a cikin hanyoyin. Halin da ake ciki na tsaka-tsaka da ladabtarwa na binciken kimiyya game da halayyar dan Adam, abubuwan zamantakewa da abubuwan da suka shafe shi, ya sanya yawancin ilmummukan kimiyyar da ke sha’awar wasu bangarorin na kimiyyar zamantakewa. Misalan ɓarnawar iyaka sun haɗa da fannoni masu tasowa kamar bincike na zamantakewar likita, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, neuropsychology, bioeconomics da tarihi da zamantakewar kimiyyar. Ara, ana haɗa bincike na gwada yawa da hanyoyin ƙwarewa a cikin nazarin aikin ɗan adam da tasirinsa da sakamakonsa. A farkon rabin karni na 20, kididdiga ta zama horo na kyauta na lissafi. An yi amfani da hanyoyin ilimin lissafi da tabbaci.

A wannan zamani, Karl Popper da Talcott Parsons sun yi tasiri a ci gaban ilimin zamantakewar al'umma. Masu bincike suna ci gaba da neman dunkulalliyar yarjejeniya kan abin da hanya za ta iya samun iko da tsaftacewa don hada wata "babbar ka'ida" tare da dabaru daban-daban na matsakaitan ra'ayi wanda, tare da gagarumar nasara, ke ci gaba da samar da wasu tsare-tsare masu amfani don dimbin, bunkasa bankunan bayanai; don ƙarin, duba juriya. Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na gaba mai zuwa ya kasance yana kunshe da yankuna daban-daban a cikin bincike na, kuma wani lokaci ya sha bamban wajen kusanci, filin.

Kalmar "kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma" na iya nufin ko dai takamaiman ilimin kimiyya na al'umma wanda masu tunani suka kafa kamar Comte, Durkheim, Marx, da Weber, ko kuma gabaɗaya ga dukkan fannoni da ke wajen "ingantaccen kimiyya" da zane-zane. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ya kasance a fannoni biyar: fikihu da gyaran doka, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki da kasuwanci, da fasaha.

A kusan farkon karni na 21, an bayyana fadada fannin tattalin arziki a cikin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a matsayin mulkin mallaka.

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