Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli
Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a ko Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) wato "Environmental Health Officers" suna da alhakin aiwatar da matakai don kare lafiyar jama'a, gami da gudanarwa da zartar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar muhalli da ba da tallafi don rage haɗarin lafiya da haɗari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna kiyaye ruwan mu, abinci, iska, ƙasarmu, kayan aiki da sauran abubuwan muhalli (abubuwan da suka shafi mutum) da lafiyar haɗarin lafiya, walau na halitta, na sinadarai ko na zahiri. Hakanan suna magance abubuwan da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke tasiri halaye. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna tantancewa da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ka iya shafar lafiyar, don hana cuta da ƙirƙirar yanayin tallafawa na kiwon lafiya. Masu ƙayyade mahalli na kiwon lafiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ga lafiyar al'umma da ƙoshin lafiya, don haka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a da rage nauyin cuta.

Masu Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ƙwarewa a fannoni da yawa tare da mutanen da ake horarwa sosai, yawanci zuwa matakin digiri, kuma galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa, ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don ci gaba da aiwatarwa a fagen. Suna cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: gudanar da binciken lafiyar jama'a ba (misali, wuraren abinci, wuraren wanka, wuraren ba da sabis na sirri, isar da sako, tsarin tsabtace ruwa, rijiyoyi, tsarin kula da ruwa, da sauransu), bincike illolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, manufofi masu tasowa da jagororin, amsawa game da larurar lafiyar jama'a, bincika barkewar cututtuka, aiwatar da matakan shawo kan cututtuka, aiwatar da ci gaban kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ilimantarwa na kiwon lafiya, gudanar da kimanta lafiyar wurin aiki da binciken hadari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna mai da hankali kan rigakafi, shawara, bincike, da ilimantar da al'umma game da haɗarin lafiya da kiyaye yanayi mai aminci.

Masu Kiwon Lafiya sun kawo matsayin fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar halittu, cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi, ilimin likitanci, ilmin sunadarai, toxicology, kimanta haɗari, doka, kimiyyar muhalli da fasaha, maganin kwari, kimiyyar abinci, yanayin da aka gina, da sauran fannoni masu dacewa. Hakanan suna da ilimi da dabaru don bin diddigi da sarrafa cututtukan da ake yadawa, binciken abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar muhalli da kuma binciken aikata laifi. Don haka dole ne su sami ƙwarewar bincike da cikakkiyar fahimta game da aiwatar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar jama'a, yanayin da aka gina, kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da amincin wurin aiki. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati (kamar Lafiya, Aikin Noma da Muhalli), ƙananan hukumomi, 'yan kasuwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, sauran hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun membobin al'umma, Masu Kiwon Lafiya tana taka rawa wajen kare lafiyar jama'a.

Sauran taken da ke wanzu a halin yanzu sun haɗa da ƙwararren masanin kiwon lafiya / likita / ƙwararre, jami'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a, jami'in kiwon lafiya, mai duba lafiyar jama'a, mai kula da lafiya, da jami'in kiwon lafiya. Lakabin doka da aka yi amfani da shi zai dogara ne da ma'anar da aka samo a cikin dokokin gida / iko. Wasu lakabin da suka gabata / na tarihi sun haɗa da mai kula da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, mai kula da lafiya, da kuma mai kula da tsafta

Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya sukan yiaiki da na gida, ko jiha ko tarayya lafiya sassan zuwa shawara a kan da kuma tilasta jama'a kiwon lafiya nagartacce. Koyaya, da yawa suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojada sauran hukumomin ɓangarori na uku kamar su agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Ayyuka 
Daga cikin wadannan suna wakiltar ayyukan da za'a iya samu a cikin jama'a ko kuma masu zaman kansu:

 Ayyukan dubawa da aiwatar da su
 Neman shawara kan harkar muhalli da ilimi
 Binciken cututtukan da ake yaduwa da yaduwar cutar
 Tuntuɓi binciko da harka & tuntuɓar gudanarwa
 Koyarwar lafiyar abinci
 Tsarin al'umma
 Tsarin tsabtace ruwa (septic) tsarin tsarawa
 Binciken ƙasa da yarda
 Matsayin gidaje / ingancin dubawa da sarrafawa
 Rigakafin Kamuwa da Cututtuka (IPAC)
 Sabunta birane
 Kula da kwaro
 Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da aiwatarwa
 Sautin amo
 Kulawa da ingancin iska
 Lafiya da aminci a aikin dubawa da sarrafawa
 Kariyar ruwa da gwaji (ruwan sha da ruwa na shakatawa)
 Riskimar haɗarin Radon a cikin gine-gine
 Samfurin muhalli, bincike da fassarar sakamako
 Taba sigari da tururin kayayyakin sarrafawa & raguwa
 Lasisin kula da cibiyoyin kulawa da jama'a
 Inganta inganci

Babban abin da ake gani game ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar muhalli shi ne cewa su ke da alhakin bincik, kimantawa da kuma kula da haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam daga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli, walau a madadin hukumomin gwamnati ko na kasuwanci da na masana'antu.

Matsayi 
Wani Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da Lafiyar Jama'a) yana bincika haɗarin lafiya a wurare daban-daban, kuma zai ɗauki mataki don rage ko kawar da haɗarin. Yawancin lokaci fahimtar jama'a game da mai duba lafiyar mutum ne wanda ke bincika gidajen abinci kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna kiyaye ƙa'idodin tsafta don amincin abinci da hukumar ta tsara. Koyaya, Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ayyukansu masu fa'ida da yawa, gami da duba wuraren waha, wuraren da ba su da kyau, mahalli, makarantun gwamnati, kulawa da rana, gidajen kulawa, isar da sako (misali jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, jiragen ƙasa) da kuma samar da sabis na sirri (misali zane-zane ɗakuna, dakunan tanning, ɗakunan gyaran kyau, wuraren cire gashin laser, masu aski). Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna ba da izini da bincika rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai zaman kansa, da tsarin zubar da shara na mutum ɗaya. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da: binciken sansanin, binciken abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, binciken kula da sharar gida, binciken gidan zoo, binciken makaman gyara, binciken gidan shakatawar gidan tafi da gidanka da binciken sansanin marasa gida. Wanda aka horas dasu game da yaduwar cututtuka da rigakafin yaduwa, yayin barkewar cuta suna yin bincike tare da bayar da shawarar / amfani da hanyoyin kawo karshen yaduwar cutar. Har ila yau, an horar da su a cikin rigakafin cutar da ba ta yaduwa ba (NCD), suna aiki don hana NCDs da kuma kula da abubuwan haɗari. Mai Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a (Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) yana kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan al'umma kamar waɗanda suka shafi inganta kiwon lafiya, daidaiton kiwon lafiya, rage sigari, gina ingantattun muhalli / al'ummomin lafiya, wadatar abinci, da lamari na gaggawa.

Hakanan suna iya amsawa ga korafe-korafe irin su cizon dabba (kulawar ƙuruciya), gunaguni na shara, gunaguni na amo, gunaguni na wari, ko ambaliyar ruwa. Dangane da iliminsu na ilimi da horo zasu iya ba da bayanai da turawa game da: gubar, radon, mold, da cututtukan da ke kunno kai (misali. Yammacin Kogin Virus, Mura na Avian, COVID-19). Filin kuma ya haɗu da abubuwa masu haɗari (Hazmat) kuma yawancin masu ba da amsa Hazmat masu lasisi ne na Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ko kuma  warare na musamman Likitocin Muhalli masu Rijista.

A lokacin gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a kamar annoba, suna ɗaukar mahimmancin matakan gaggawa, bayar da ilimin jama'a & shawara, aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar jama'a. Hakanan, suna ba da amsa ga wasu abubuwan larura irin su bala'o'i, tare da matsayin da aka zayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen martani na gaggaw

Yanayin aiki 
Jami'an kiwon lafiyar Muhalli suna aiki tare da mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ayyukansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da manyan ayyukan filin, kuma wasu suna yawan tafiye-tafiye. Yawancin jami'an kula da lafiyar muhalli suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma galibi ba sa aiki. Suna bincika wuraren waha, cibiyoyin kula da yara, gidajen cin abinci, tsarin kwalliya, da sauran nau'ikan kamfanoni da suka shafi lafiya da aminci.

Ana iya fuskantar jami'an kiwon lafiyar muhalli da yawa daga cikin mawuyacin yanayi da haɗari kamar na ma'aikatan masana'antu, kuma ana iya yin aikin cikin yanayi mara kyau, da damuwa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Suna iya samun kansu cikin rawar adawa idan shugabannin ƙungiyar basu yarda da shawarwarin don tabbatar da yanayin aiki mai aminci ba.

Tarihi 
Ana iya gani fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli zuwa shekarun 1840 a Ingila. Edwin Chadwick, wani Kwamishinan Shari'a mara kyau, ya gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin talauci wanda ya kammala da cewa mutane galibi sun zama talaka saboda rashin lafiya saboda mummunan yanayi. Ya yi imanin cewa inganta tsabtar muhalli ita ce babbar hanyar warware wannan mummunan halin.

Chadwick ya jagoranci kamfen mai karfi don kawo canji wanda daga karshe yayi nasara a kan kafa, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta 1848 . Dokar ta tanadi nadin Sufetocin Nuisances - magabatan masu kula da lafiyar mahalli na yau a wuraren da ake buƙata.

Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tsafta ta Jama'a - ƙungiyar da za ta zama Chaungiyar theungiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Unitedasa ta Unitedasar Burtaniya - an kafa ta a cikin 1883. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin masu aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli ya canza kuma ya girma, tare da matsayin cancantar haɓaka har zuwa, a cikin 1960s, ya zama sana'ar kammala karatun digiri. Tallafin Yarjejeniyar Sarauta a cikin 1984 ya sanya hatimin kan wannan ingantaccen matsayi da matsayi. Sakamakon sauya matsayi, taken sun canza a cikin shekaru da yawa daga mai duba nuisances -> mai kula da tsafta -> mai kula da lafiyar jama'a / jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli (duba Sufeto na Nuisances da ke ƙasa). Wannan ma gaskiya ne a duk duniya, kamar yadda taken suka canza don nuna ci gaban ilimi da matsayin jami'an lafiyar muhalli a yau.

Sifeto na Hayaniya 
Sufeto na Nuisances shine taken ofishi a cikin yawancin ikon mallakar Ingilishi. A cikin yankuna da yawa wannan lokacin yanzu yana da kyau, matsayi da / ko ajalin an maye gurbinsu da wasu. A cikin Burtaniya daga tsakiyar karni na 19 wannan ofishin gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsabtace muhalli.

Sufeto na Nuisances na farko wanda Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta nada shi ne Thomas Fresh a Liverpool a cikin 1844. Dukansu Dokar Cire Nuisances da Rigakafin Cututtuka 1855 da Dokar Gudanar da Metropolis 1855 sun bayyana irin wannan ofis amma tare da taken 'Inspekta Sanitary'. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda suka kafa Hukumar Lafiya, taken 'Inspector of Nuisances'. Daga ƙarshe an daidaita taken a duk cikin ƙananan hukumomin Burtaniya azaman 'Sanitary Inspector'. Dokar Majalisar a cikin 1956 daga baya ta canza taken zuwa 'Inspekta na Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a'. An kafa irin wannan ofisoshin a duk fadin Masarautar Burtaniya da Commonwealth. Mafi kusancin zamani na wannan matsayi a cikin Burtaniya shine 'Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli'. Wannan taken da hukumomin yankin ke karba bisa shawarar gwamnatin tsakiya bayan dokar karamar hukumar ta 1972.

A Amurka, misalin zamani na jami'i mai taken 'Inspector of Nuisances' amma ba matsayin lafiyar jama'a ba ana samunsa a cikin Sashe na 3767 [7] na Dokar da aka Bita ta Ohio wacce ke bayyana irin wannan matsayin don bincika damuwa, inda wannan kalmar take yana baje kolin kamfanoni inda ake samun lalata da giya. Ganin cewa matsayin jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Amurka jami'ai ne ke ɗaukar taken 'Takaddun Kwararren Kiwon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli' ko 'Rijista Mai Kula da Lafiya' dangane da ikon. Rawar da ke cikin Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka '' Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli '' masu sanya uniform '.

Cancanta 
Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli aiki ne na kammala karatu a mafi yawan ƙasashe. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu a yawancin ƙasashe sun haɗa da shirin digiri na jami'a wanda aka yarda dashi, horon filin da takaddun sana'a da rijista.

Janar na 
Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya ta amince da Digirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Australiya da shirye-shiryen difloma na difloma bisa tsarin Manufar Yarjejeniyar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia don tabbatar da abin da ke cikin kwasa ya cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa don aiwatarwa azaman EHO a ko'ina cikin Austiraliya. Kamar yadda yake a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009 akwai Cibiyoyin da aka yarda da EHA a cikin kowace Jiha da Yankin Arewa.

Victoria, Australiya 
Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ya ayyana abin da ake buƙata na yanzu don zama jami'in izini a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci ta 1984 a Victoria. Ana samun karɓaɓɓun karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu daga Victoria, babbar ƙasa da ƙasashen ƙetare.

Yammacin Australiya 
Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1911 (wacce aka yiwa kwaskwarima) ta bayyana matsayin 'jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli', kuma tana ba Babban Darakta, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a damar nada EHOs ga hukumomin lafiya na kananan hukumomin kuma a matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a da Gwamnatin Jiha ke aiki. Babban Daraktan, Lafiyar Jama'a ya shawarci Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Yammacin Ostiraliya game da Kwalejin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da na Digiri na biyu wanda ake ganin ya dace don ba da izinin yin aiki a Yammacin Australia, kuma ana buga cancantar daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin Gazette ta Gwamnati.

A halin yanzu Jami'ar Fasaha ta Curtin da Jami'ar Edith Cowan suna ba da digiri na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a Yammacin Ostiraliya wanda kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia ta amince da su.

New Zealand 
Masu shiga cikin sana'a dole ne su sami ko dai Kariyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BAppSc ko BHSc Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli. A madadin haka, masu ƙwarewar cancantar ilimin kimiyya na iya samun difloma na difloma a cikin lafiyar muhalli.

Jamhuriyar Ireland 
Don zama Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ya zama dole a riƙe digiri na kiwon lafiyar muhalli wanda Sashin Lafiya da Yara ya amince da shi. Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin Ireland ma yana buƙatar ɗalibai su gudanar da aikin ƙwarewa tare da Babban Jami'in Kula da Kiwan Lafiya. Bayan lokacin aikin ƙwarewa, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubuce-rubuce na ilmantarwa da gwajin baka.

Kingdomasar Ingila ta Biritaniya da Arewacin Ireland 
EHOs galibi suna riƙe da cancantar karatun digiri na farko (ko na gaba da digiri) wanda (a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa) da Hukumar Rajistar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli .  Irin waɗannan tanadi sun wanzu a Scotland, inda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Muhalli ta Scotland ke tsara aikin

Biye da buƙatun ilimi da lokacin horo na aikace-aikace, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubutu na ilmantarwa da jarrabawar baka kafin a ba da rajist

Canada 
Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli / Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a suna da digiri na farko a cikin lafiyar muhalli da kuma takardar shaidar ƙwararrun ƙasa - Takaddun shaida a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada), CPHI (C).

Takaddun shaida da rajista an tsara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (CIPHI). Don zama ƙwararriyar ƙasa, masu kula da lafiyar jama'a dole ne su kammala shirin digiri na yarda, kammala aikin horo na filin, kuma su ƙetare Hukumar Kula da Takaddun Shaida (wanda ya ƙunshi rubutattun rahotanni da gwajin baka). Don kula da takardun shaidarka na CPHI (C), dole a yi wa masu yin rajista tare da CIPHI kuma su gabatar da sa'o'in haɓaka ƙwararru a kowace shekara.

Makarantu shida ne kawai a cikin Kanada ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri wanda CIPHI ta amince da su don biyan abin da ake buƙata na ilimi don takaddama: Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia, Jami'ar Cape Breton, Jami'ar Concordia na Edmonton, Kwalejin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Ci gaba ta Conestoga, Jami'ar Farko ta Kanada, da Jami'ar Ryerson. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna da tsayin shekaru huɗu,duk da haka ana samun shirye-shiryen saurin gudu a wasu makarantu don waɗanda ke da digiri na farko na kimiyya.

Sri Lanka 
Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a dole ne su fara cin jarrabawar masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a wanda Sashin Kiwon Lafiya ke gudanarwa. Wadanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta nada sun  shiga aikin ne a matsayin Sufeto mai kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a na III, daga nan kuma suka samu horo zuwa matakin difloma.

Duba kuma 

 Babban Jami'in Green (CGE)
 Bokan inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada) - CPHI (C)
 Kiwan lafiyar jama'a
 Kiwan muhalli
 Tsaro na Aiki da Lafiya

Manazarta

Hanyoyin haɗin waje 

 Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta New Zealand
 Chartered Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (Ingila da Wales)
 Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Scotland
 Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada
 Associationungiyar Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Yankin Irish (Jamhuriyar Ireland)
 Federationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli
 Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya
 Yammacin Ostiraliya Jami'in Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Masana
Kula da muhalli
Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya
Pages with unreviewed translations