Arewacin Afirka
Arewacin Afirka, ko Arewacin Afirka، yanki ne wanda ya ƙunshi yankin arewacin nahiyar Afirka. Babu wani yanki da aka yarda da shi ga yankin, kuma wani lokacin ana bayyana shi kamar yadda ya shimfiɗa daga gabar tekun Atlantika na Mauritania a yamma, zuwa Suez Canal na Masar a gabas.

Ma'anar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da iyakokin yankin sun haɗa da Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Masar, Sudan, da Yammacin Sahara, yankin da ake jayayya tsakanin Morocco da Jamhuriyar Sahrawi mai ikirarin kanta. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta bayyana yankin kamar haka, kawai ya bambanta da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta hanyar cire Sudan. Sahel, kudancin hamadar Sahara, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin iyakar kudancin Arewacin Afirka. Arewacin Afirka ya haɗa da biranen Spain na Ceuta da Melilla, da kuma plazas de soberanía . Hakanan ana iya la'akari da shi don haɗawa da Malta, da sauran yankunan Burtaniya, Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese da Italiyanci kamar Gibraltar, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Lampedusa, da Lampione waɗanda duk suna kusa ko kusa da nahiyar Afirka fiye da Turai.

Berbers sun zauna a Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka tun farkon tarihin da aka rubuta, yayin da gabashin Arewacin Afirka ya kasance gida ga Masarawa. A cikin ƙarni na bakwai da na takwas, Larabawa daga yankin Larabawa sun mamaye yankin a lokacin nasarar musulmai na farko. Wadannan mutane sun kafa jama'a guda ɗaya a yankuna da yawa, kamar yadda yawancin amma ba duk Berbers da Masarawa suka haɗu da sannu a hankali cikin al'adun Larabci da Musulmi. Wadannan matakai na Arabization da Islama sun bayyana yanayin al'adu na Arewacin Afirka tun daga lokacin. 

Kasashen Arewacin Afirka suna da yawa daga cikin asalin su, kabilanci, al'adu da harshe da tasiri tare da Yammacin Asiya, tsari wanda ya fara da juyin juya halin Neolithic a kusa da 10,000 BC da kuma kafin Daular Masar Tasirin Musulunci a Arewacin Afirka yana da mahimmanci, tare da yankin ya zama babban ɓangare na duniyar musulmi. Arewacin Afirka tana da alaƙa da Yammacin Asiya a cikin mulkin siyasa don samar da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya-North Africa.

Yanayin ƙasa 
Arewacin Afirka yana da manyan siffofi guda uku: hamadar Sahara a kudu, Dutsen Atlas a yamma, da Kogin Nilu da delta a gabas. Duwatsun Atlas sun shimfiɗa a yawancin arewacin Aljeriya, Morocco, da Tunisia. Wadannan duwatsu suna daga cikin tsarin dutsen da ke gudana ta yawancin Kudancin Turai. Sun koma kudu da gabas, sun zama wuri mai faɗi kafin su haɗu da hamadar Sahara, wanda ya rufe fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na yankin. Tsawon tsaunuka mafi tsawo suna cikin tsaunukan High Atlas a kudu maso tsakiyar Morocco, wanda ke da tsaunuka masu yawa da ke rufe dusar ƙanƙara.

Kudancin Dutsen Atlas shine busasshiyar hamadar Sahara, mafi girman hamadar yashi a duniya. A wasu wurare hamada ta yanke ta hanyar ruwa mara kyau da ake kira wadisʹstreams wanda ke gudana ne kawai bayan ruwan sama amma yawanci ya bushe. Manyan siffofin ƙasar Sahara sun haɗa da ergs, manyan tekuna na yashi waɗanda wani lokacin sukan zama manyan dunes; hammada, dutsen dutse ba tare da ƙasa ko yashi ba; da reg, hanyar hamada. Sahara ta mamaye kudancin Aljeriya, Morocco da Tunisia, da kuma mafi yawan Libya. Yankuna biyu ne kawai na Libya a waje da hamada: Tripolitania a arewa maso yamma da Cyrenaica a arewa maso gabas. Yawancin Masar ma hamada ce, ban da Kogin Nilu da ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a bakin kogin. Kwarin Nilu ya samar da wani kunkuntar zaren mai amfani wanda ke gudana tare da tsawon ƙasar.￼

Kwarin da aka kare a cikin Dutsen Atlas, kwarin Nilu da Delta, da bakin tekun Bahar Rum sune manyan tushen gonar noma mai kyau. Ana shuka amfanin gona iri-iri masu mahimmanci ciki har da hatsi, shinkafa da auduga, da kuma katako kamar al'ul da cork. Al'adun amfanin gona na Bahar Rum, kamar su zaitun, ɓaure, kwanakin da 'ya'yan itace, suma suna bunƙasa a waɗannan yankuna. Kwarin Nilu yana da kyau sosai kuma yawancin Masar suna zaune kusa da kogi. A wani wuri, ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci don inganta amfanin gona a gefen hamada￼

Mutane 

Mazaunan Arewacin Afirka sun kasu kashi ɗaya cikin hanyar da ta dace da manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka: Maghreb, kwarin Nilu, da Sahel. Maghreb ko yammacin Arewacin Afirka gabaɗaya an yi imanin cewa Berbers ne suka zauna tun aƙalla 10,000 KZ, yayin da gabashin Arewacin Afirka ko kwarin Nilu galibi sun kasance gida ga Masarawa da Nubians. Tsohon Masarawa sun yi rikodin hulɗa mai yawa a cikin hamadar Yammacin su tare da mutanen da suka bayyana sun kasance Berber ko proto-Berber. Kamar yadda Tassili n'Ajjer da sauran binciken fasahar dutse a cikin Sahara suka nuna, Sahara kuma ta dauki bakuncin mutane daban-daban kafin saurin hamada a cikin 3500 BC har ma a yau ta ci gaba da karbar bakuncin kananan mutane masu zaman kansu na Sahara. Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na yarinyar Uan Muhuggiag da yarinyar Tin Hanakaten, sun nuna cewa mutanen Sahara ta Tsakiya daga Epipaleolithic, Mesolithic, da kuma lokutan Pastoral suna da fata mai duhu.

Shaidar archaeological daga zamanin Holocene ya nuna cewa kungiyoyin Nilo-Saharan sun mamaye tsakiyar da kudancin Sahara kafin zuwan masu magana da Berber da Larabci, kimanin shekaru 1500 da suka gabata, waɗanda yanzu galibi suna mamaye Sahara a zamanin zamani. Shige da fice na Banu Hilal da Banu Sulaym zuwa yamma zuwa Maghreb a karni na goma sha ɗaya sun gabatar da al'adun Larabci da harshe zuwa ƙauyuka. Masana tarihi sun nuna motsi a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci a cikin Arabization na Arewacin Afirka.

Harsunan hukuma a cikin ƙasashen da suka hada da Maghreb sune Larabci, Tamazight a matsayin harshen hukuma na biyu a Aljeriya da Maroko, da Mutanen Espanya a Ceuta da Melilla. Ana amfani da Faransanci a matsayin harshen gudanarwa a Aljeriya, Morocco da Tunisia. Harshen da aka fi magana shi ne Maghrebi Larabci, wanda shine nau'in tsohuwar Larabci wanda ya samo asali ne daga karni na 8 AD wanda ke bin tsarin ilimin lissafi da tsarin haɗin Berber. Ga sauran ƙasashen Arewacin Afirka, harshen hukuma shine Larabci. Mafi yawan kabilun da ke Arewacin Afirka Larabawa ne, ana ɗaukar Berbers a matsayin kabilanci na biyu mafi girma a arewacin Afirka a yamma kuma Larabawa sun fi yawa a gabas da ke kusa da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yankin galibi Musulmi ne tare da 'yan tsirarun Yahudawa a Maroko, Aljeriya, da Tunisia, da kuma' yan tsirarun Krista masu mahimmanci da Coptsāin Masar, Aljariya, Maroko da Tunisia.

Mazaunan tsibirin Canary na Mutanen Espanya sun fito ne daga asalin Mutanen Espanya da Arewacin Afirka Berber, kuma mutanen Malta sun fito ne da Kudancin Italiyanci / Sicilian, da kuma, zuwa ƙarami, asalin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma suna magana da asalin Larabci. Koyaya, waɗannan yankuna ba a la'akari da su a matsayin ɓangare na Arewacin Afirka ba, amma Kudancin Turai, saboda kusanci da ƙasar Turai da al'adunsu da addinin Turai.

Al'adu 

Mutanen Maghreb da yankunan Sahara suna magana da yarukan Berber da nau'ikan Larabci da yawa kuma kusan suna bin Islama kawai. Harshen Larabci da Berber suna da alaƙa da nisa, dukansu mambobi ne na dangin yaren Afroasiatic. Harsunan Tuareg Berber sun fi tsattsauran ra'ayi fiye da na biranen bakin teku.

A cikin shekaru, Berbers sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar hulɗa da wasu al'adu: Masarawa, Helenawa, mutanen Punic, Romawa, Vandals, Larabawa, Turai, da 'yan Afirka. Saboda haka al'adun Maghreb da Sahara sun haɗu da 'yan asalin Berber, Larabawa da abubuwa daga yankunan makwabta na Afirka da bayan. A cikin Sahara, bambancin tsakanin mazauna oasis da makiyaya Bedouins da Tuaregs yana da alama sosai. 

Mutanen da suka bambanta na Arewacin Afirka galibi ana rarraba su ne tare da layin kabilanci da harshe. A cikin Maghreb, inda ake haɗa asalin Larabawa da Berber, waɗannan layin za a iya ɓoye su. Wasu 'yan Arewacin Afirka masu magana da Berber na iya ganewa a matsayin "Larabci" dangane da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa, kodayake adadi mai yawa na Berbers (ko Imazighen) sun riƙe ainihin al'adun al'adu wanda a cikin karni na 20 an bayyana shi a matsayin bayyanar kabilanci tare da tarihin Berber da harshe. Mutanen Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka masu magana da Larabci, ba tare da la'akari da asalin kabilanci ba, galibi suna nuna tarihin Larabawa da al'adun Larabawa kuma suna iya raba hangen nesa tare da sauran Larabawa. Wannan, duk da haka, na iya ko ba zai cire girman kai da kuma ganewa tare da Berber da / ko wasu sassan al'adun su ba. Masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da al'adu na Berber a bangaren su, galibi ana kiransu Berberists, na iya kallon dukkan 'yan Afirka na Arewa maso Yamma a matsayin Berber, ko sun kasance da farko Berber- ko Larabci.

Masarawa a cikin ƙarni sun canza yarensu daga Masarawa (a cikin ƙarshensa, nau'ikan Coptic) zuwa Larabci na Masarawa na zamani yayin da suke riƙe da ma'anar asalin ƙasa wanda a tarihi ya raba su da wasu mutane a yankin. Yawancin Masarawa Musulmai ne na Sunni, kodayake akwai ƙananan Kiristoci na Coptic.

Maghreb a baya tana da yawan Yahudawa, kusan dukansu sun yi hijira zuwa Faransa ko Isra'ila lokacin da kasashen Arewacin Afirka suka sami 'yancin kai. Kafin kafa Isra'ila ta zamani, akwai kimanin Yahudawa 500,000 a Arewacin Afirka, gami da Yahudawa Sephardi ( 'yan gudun hijira daga Spain, Faransa da Portugal daga zamanin Renaissance) da kuma Yahudawa na Mizrahi. A yau, kasa da dubu goma sha biyar sun kasance a yankin, kusan duk a Maroko da Tunisia, kuma galibi suna cikin ɓangaren ƙwararrun birane masu magana da Faransanci. (Dubi fitowar Yahudawa daga ƙasashen Larabawa da Musulmi.)

Tarihi

Tarihi na farko 
Saboda asalin Afirka na zamani na 'yan adam na zamani, tarihin Prehistoric Arewacin Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar pre-hominid da farkon tarihin ɗan adam na zamani a Afirka.
Wasu masu bincike sun yi ikirarin cewa Arewacin Afirka maimakon Gabashin Afirka ya zama wurin fita ga mutane na zamani waɗanda suka fara tafiya daga nahiyar a cikin ƙaura daga Afirka. Mazauna farko na tsakiyar Arewacin Afirka sun bar ragowar abubuwa masu mahimmanci: an samo ragowar aikin hominid a Arewacin Afirka, alal misali, a Ain el Hanech, kusa da Saïda (c. 200,000 KZ); a zahiri, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya sami alamun fasahar Oldowan a can, kuma ya nuna kwanan wata har zuwa miliyan 1.8 KZ.
Abubuwan da aka gano kwanan nan a Jebel Irhoud a Maroko an gano sun ƙunshi wasu daga cikin tsofaffin Homo sapiens; Wannan yana nuna cewa, maimakon ya tashi ne kawai a Gabashin Afirka kusan shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, farkon Homo sapiens na iya kasancewa a duk tsawon Afirka shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. A cewar marubucin binciken Jean-Jacques Hublin, "Tunanin shine cewa farkon Homo sapiens ya warwatse a nahiyar kuma abubuwa na zamani na ɗan adam sun bayyana a wurare daban-daban, don haka sassa daban-daban na Afirka sun ba da gudummawa ga fitowar abin da muke kira mutane na zamani a yau". Mutanen farko na iya kunshe da babban, yawan jama'a da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Afirka wanda yaduwar ta sauƙaƙe ta hanyar yanayin da ya fi dacewa wanda ya haifar da "Sahara mai kore", kusan shekaru 330,000 zuwa 300,000 da suka gabata. Tashin mutane na zamani na iya faruwa a kan sikelin nahiyar maimakon a tsare su a wani kusurwar Afirka. 
A watan Satumbar 2019, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton ƙudurin kwamfuta, bisa ga binciken CT 260, na siffar kwanyar kama-da-wane na kakannin ɗan adam na ƙarshe ga mutane na zamani / H. sapiens, wakilin mutane na zamani na farko, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa mutane na zamani sun tashi tsakanin shekaru 260,000 da 350,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan jama'a a Gabas da Kudancin Afirka.

Hotunan kogon da aka samo a Tassili n'Ajjer, arewacin Tamanrasset, Aljeriya, da kuma wasu wurare suna nuna al'amuran rayuwa ta yau da kullun a tsakiyar Arewacin Afirka a lokacin Neolithic Subpluvial (kimanin 8000 zuwa 4000 KZ). Wasu sassan Arewacin Afirka sun fara shiga cikin juyin juya halin Neolithic a cikin ƙarni na 6 KZ, kafin saurin hamada na Sahara a kusa da 3500 KZ galibi saboda karkata a cikin yanayin duniya. A wannan lokacin ne aka gabatar da tsire-tsire da dabbobi a yankin, suna yadawa daga arewa da gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma. An yi la'akari da alaƙa tsakanin yankunan da ke bushewa da sauri da kuma gabatar da dabbobi wanda aka kara yawan aridification na halitta (orbital) ta hanyar yaɗuwar shrubs da bude ƙasa saboda kiwo. Duk da haka, canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli na arewacin Afirka bayan 3500 KZ sun ba da bango don kafa wayewar daular da kuma gina gine-gine masu ban mamaki kamar Pyramids na Giza .

Shaidar archaeological ta tabbatar da cewa yawan jama'a sun faru a Nubia tun farkon zamanin Late Pleistocene kuma daga karni na 5 BC zuwa gaba, yayin da akwai "babu ko kaɗan" na kasancewar mutum a cikin kwarin Nilu na Masar a waɗannan lokutan, wanda zai iya zama saboda matsalolin kiyaye shafin.Masana da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa asalin Afirka na wayewar Masar ya samo asali ne daga al'ummomin makiyaya waɗanda suka fito a yankunan Masar da Sudan na kwarin Nilu a cikin karni na biyar KZ.

Lokacin da Masar ta shiga zamanin Tagulla, Yankin Maghreb ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan karamin abinci a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu motsi sosai. An kafa wasu yankunan Phoenician da Girka a bakin tekun Bahar Rum a cikin karni na 7 KZ.

Dā da Roma ta dā 

Manyan al'ummomin zamanin d ̄ a a yammacin Arewacin Afirka sune Carthage, Numidia da Mauretania . Finikiyawa sun mallaki yawancin Arewacin Afirka ciki har da Carthage da wasu sassan Morocco na yanzu (ciki har da Chellah, Essaouira da Volubilis). Carthaginians sun fito ne daga asalin Phoenician, tare da tarihin Romawa game da asalin su shine cewa Dido, yarima Phoenician ne, wani mai mulki na gida ya ba shi ƙasa bisa ga yawan ƙasar da za ta iya rufewa da wani ɓangaren naman alade. Ta ƙirƙiro wata hanya don fadada naman sa zuwa babban rabo, don haka samun babban yanki. Yarima Aeneas na Trojan ya ƙi ta a cewar Virgil, don haka ya haifar da ƙiyayya ta tarihi tsakanin Carthage da Roma, kamar yadda Aeneas zai kafa harsashin Roma. Tsohon Carthage iko ne na kasuwanci kuma yana da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi, amma ya dogara da ma'aikata ga sojoji na ƙasa. Carthaginians sun haɓaka daular a yankin Iberian, Malta, Sardinia, Corsica da arewa maso yammacin Sicily, ƙarshen shine dalilin Yaƙin Punic na farko tare da Romawa.

Fiye da shekaru ɗari da ƙari, duk yankin Carthaginian daga ƙarshe Romawa sun ci nasara, wanda ya haifar da yankunan Carthaginian na Arewacin Afirka sun zama lardin Roma na Afirka a cikin 146 BC. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali kuma a ƙarshe rikici tsakanin Numidia da Roma. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Numidian sanannu ne don ƙaddamar da ayyukan Gaius Marius, da Sulla, da kuma shimfiɗa nauyin tsarin mulki na jamhuriyar Roma kamar yadda Marius ya buƙaci sojoji masu sana'a, wani abu da ya saba wa dabi'un Romawa, don shawo kan jagoran soja mai basira Jugurtha. Masarautar Mauretania ta kasance mai zaman kanta har sai da Emperor Claudius ya haɗa shi da Daular Roma a cikin 42 AD.

Arewacin Afirka ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Roma, wanda ya samar da sanannun 'yan ƙasa da yawa kamar Augustine na Hippo, har sai jagorancin da bai cancanta ba daga kwamandojin Romawa a farkon karni na biyar ya ba da damar mutanen Jamus, Vandals, su haye Strait of Gibraltar, inda suka shawo kan tsaron Romawa. Rashin Arewacin Afirka an dauke shi a matsayin babban matsayi a faduwar Daular Roma ta Yamma kamar yadda Afirka a baya ta kasance muhimmiyar lardin hatsi wanda ya ci gaba da wadatar Romawa duk da hare-haren barbarians, da kuma dukiyar da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar sabbin sojoji. Batun sake dawo da Arewacin Afirka ya zama mahimmanci ga Daular Yamma, amma nasarar Vandal ta yi takaici. Dole ne mayar da hankali ga makamashi na Romawa ya kasance a kan barazanar da ke fitowa na Huns. A cikin 468 AD, Romawa sun yi ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na mamaye Arewacin Afirka amma an kori su. Wannan watakila alama ce ta raguwar ƙarshe ga Daular Roman ta Yamma. Sarkin sarakuna na karshe na Romawa ya sauka a cikin 476 ta hanyar janar Odoacer na Heruli. Hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Arewacin Afirka sun kasance ba su da kyau har zuwa zuwan Islama. Wasu Berbers sun kasance mambobi ne na Ikilisiyar Afirka ta Farko (amma sun samo asali da nasu koyarwar Donatist), wasu Yahudawa ne na Berber, wasu kuma sun bi addinin gargajiya na Berber. Paparoma na Afirka Victor I ya yi aiki a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Roma Septimius Severus . Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin mulkin Romawa, Byzantines, Vandals, Ottomans da Carthaginians mutanen Kabyle ne kawai ko ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan a Arewacin Afirka waɗanda suka kasance masu zaman kansu. Mutanen Kabyle sun kasance masu tsayayya sosai har ma a lokacin da Larabawa suka ci Arewacin Afirka har yanzu suna da iko da mallaka a kan duwatsunsu.￼

Nasarar Larabawa zuwa zamanin yau 

Nasarar musulmai ta farko ta haɗa da Arewacin Afirka ta hanyar 640. A shekara ta 700, yawancin Arewacin Afirka sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin musulmi. 'Yan asalin Berbers daga baya sun fara kafa nasu manufofi don mayar da martani a wurare kamar Fez da Sijilmasa . A cikin karni na goma sha ɗaya, ƙungiyar masu gyarawa ta ƙunshi membobin da ke kiran kansu daular Almoravid sun faɗaɗa kudu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.

Jama'ar Arewacin Afirka da ke ci gaba da wayewa sun rushe bayan sun gaji da albarkatunsu a cikin fadace-fadace na ciki da kuma shan wahala daga lalacewa daga mamayar Banu Sulaym da Banu Hilal. Ibn Khaldun ya lura cewa ƙasashen da masu mamaye Banu Hilal suka lalata sun zama hamada gaba ɗaya.

Bayan Tsakiyar Tsakiya yawancin yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Ottoman. Daular Mutanen Espanya ta ci biranen bakin teku da yawa tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18. Bayan karni na 19, kasancewar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Ingila, Spain da Italiya sun bar dukan yankin a ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na mulkin mallaka.

A yakin duniya na biyu daga 1940 zuwa 1943 yankin ya kasance wurin da aka shirya yakin Arewacin Afirka. A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 duk jihohin Arewacin Afirka sun sami 'yancin kai. Har yanzu akwai jayayya game da Yammacin Sahara tsakanin Maroko da Polisario Front da ke goyon bayan Aljeriya.

Yunkurin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Arab Spring ya fara ne da juyin juya hali a Tunisia da Masar wanda ya haifar da hambarar da gwamnatocinsu, da kuma yakin basasa a Libya. Babban zanga-zangar ta faru a Aljeriya da Maroko zuwa ƙarami. Daruruwan mutane da yawa sun mutu a cikin tashin hankali.

Kididdigar ƙasashe 

 Yawan jama'a na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
 Al'adun Masar
 Tarihin dijital na Turai akan Taswirar Duniya
 Jerin rikice-rikice na zamani a Arewacin Afirka

Bayani 

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