Tsohon Birnin Damascus
Tsohon Birnin Damascus (Larabci: دِمَشْق ٱلْقَدِيمَة, romanized: Dimašq al-Qadīmah) birni ne mai tarihi na Damascus, Siriya. Tsohon birnin wanda yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen da ake cigaba da zama a duniya, ya kunshi wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da dama da suka hada da wasu majami'u da masallatai na tarihi. Al'adu da yawa sun bar tarihi, musamman na Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine da Musulunci. A cikin 1979, cibiyar tarihi na birnin, wanda ke kewaye da ganuwar zamanin Roman, UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, UNESCO ta sanya dukkan wuraren Siriya a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari don yin gargadi game da haɗarin da ke tattare da su saboda yakin basasar Siriya.

Asalin da kafuwar 
Yana kwance a gefen kudu na kogin Barada, an kafa tsohon birnin a cikin karni na 3 BC. Diamita a kwance na oval yana da kusan kilomita 1.5 (0.9 mi) wanda aka sani da Damascus Straight Street, yayin da diamita na tsaye (Latin: Cardus Maximus) ya kai kusan 1 km (0.6 mi). Tare da kusan kadada 86.12 (kadada 212.8; 0.86 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 4.5 (2.8 mi) a kewaye wacce Romawa suka gina ta, sannan Ayyubids da Mamluk suka gina shi.

Ambaton Damascus na farko shine "Ta-ms-qu" a cikin karni na biyu BC, yana cikin yankin Amoriyawa a tsakiyar yankin rikici tsakanin Hittiyawa da Masarawa. Garin ya yi amfani da tafsiri har zuwa bullar mutanen Teku a shekara ta 1200 BC waɗanda hare-harensu ya taimaka wajen raunana manyan abokan hamayya. Saboda haka, Semitic Arameans sun sami nasarar kafa ƙasar Aram-Damascus mai cin gashin kanta (ƙarni na 11 - 733 BC), suna kiran babban birni a matsayin 'Dimashqu' ko 'Darmeseq'.

Tsarin lokaci na tarihi 
A cikin tarihinta, Damascus na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:

c. 2500-15th karni BC, Kan'aniyawa
 Karni na 15 BC-karshen karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
karni na 12 BC-732 KZ, Aram-Damascus
732 BC-609 BC, Assuriya
609 BC-539 BC, Babila
539 BC-332 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
332 BC-323 BC, Daular Makidoniya
323 BC-301 BC, Daular Antigonid
301 BC-198 BC, Masarautar Ptolemaic
198 BC-167 BC, Daular Seleucid
167 BC-110 BC, Ituraea (Semi mai cin gashin kansa daga Seleucids)
110 BC-85 BC, Decapolis (Semi mai cin gashin kansa daga Seleucids)
85 BC-64 BC, Nabataea
64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
476–608, Daular Byzantine
608-622, Sassanid Farisa
622–634, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
 529-634, Ghassanids
634–661, Khalifancin Rashidun
661–750, Khalifancin Umayyad *750-885.
Halifancin Abbasid
 885-905, Tulunids
905–935, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (an dawo dasu)
935–969, Daular Ikhshidid
970–973, Halifancin Fatimid
973–983, Qarmatians
983–1076, Halifancin Fatimid (an maidowa)
1076-1104, Daular Seljuq
1104–1154, Daular Burid
1154–1174, daular Zengid
1174-1260, [[Daular Ayyubid
1260 Maris-Satumba, Mongol Empire
1260–1521, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
1918-1920, Gudanar da Yankin Maƙiyi Mamaya
1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
 1920–1924, Jihar Damascus karkashin ikon Faransa
1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
1958-1960, United Arab Republic
1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya

Babban abubuwan gani 

Damascus tana da ɗimbin wuraren tarihi tun daga lokuta daban-daban na tarihin birnin. Tunda aka gina birnin da duk wani mamaya na wucewa, ya zama kusan ba za a iya tono duk tarkacen Damascus da ke da tsayin mita 2.4 (ft) kasa da matakin zamani. Kagara na Damascus yana arewa maso yammacin tsohon birnin. Damascus Straight Street (wanda ake magana a kai a cikin tubar St. Paul a cikin Ayyukan Manzanni 9:11), kuma aka sani da Via Recta, ita ce decumanus (babban titin gabas-yamma) na Damascus na Roman Dimashƙu, kuma ya yi sama da 1,500 m (4,900) ft). A yau, ya ƙunshi titin Bab Sharqi da Souk Medhat Pasha, kasuwar da aka rufe. Titin Bab Sharqi cike yake da kananun shaguna kuma yana kaiwa tsohuwar kwata ta Bab Tuma (Kofar St. Thomas). Medhat Pasha Souq ita ma babbar kasuwa ce a Damascus kuma an yi mata suna Midhat Pasha, gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Syria wanda ya gyara Souk. A karshen titin Bab Sharqi, mutum ya isa gidan Ananias, wani dakin ibada na karkashin kasa wanda shi ne rumbun gidan Ananiyas. Masallacin Umayyawa wanda aka fi sani da babban masallacin birnin Damascus na daya daga cikin manya-manyan masallatai a duniya, kuma daya ne daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren da ake ci gaba da yin addu'a tun bayan hawan Musulunci. An ce wani wurin ibada a cikin masallacin yana dauke da gawar St. Makabartar da aka binne Salahuddin tana cikin lambuna da ke wajen masallacin. Haka nan masallacin Sayyidah Ruqayya haramin ‘yar Husaini bn Ali, ana iya samunsa a kusa da masallacin Umayyawa. Tsohuwar gundumar Amara ita ma tana cikin tazarar tafiya daga waɗannan wuraren. Wani wurin da aka fi ziyarta shi ne masallacin Sayyidah Zainab, inda kabarin Zainab bint Ali yake.

Souqs da Khans 

 Al-Hamidiyah Souq, wanda aka gina (1780-1884) a lokacin mulkin Sultan Abdul Hamid I, mafi girma kuma mafi girma a cikin kasar Siriya, wanda ke cikin tsohon birnin Damascus mai katanga kusa da Kagara. Tsawon Souq ya kai kimanin mita 600 da fadin mita 15, kuma an lullube shi da wani katon karfe mai tsayin mita 10.
 Midhat Pasha Souq, mai suna bayan gwamnan Ottoman na Syria (kuma daga baya Grand Vizier) Midhat Pasha.
 Al-Buzuriyah Souq, 152 m (499 ft) tsayi.
 Khan al-Harir, ya kammala a 1574.
 Khan Jaqmaq, ya kammala a 1420.
 Khan As'ad Pasha, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1752, wanda ya mamaye fili mai girman murabba'in mita 2,500 (sq 27,000). Tana kusa da Al-Buzuriyah Souq, an gina ta kuma an sanya mata suna As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
 Khan Sulayman Pasha, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1736, mai suna Sulayman Pasha al-Azm.

Gine-ginen tarihi 

 Haikali na Jupiter, wanda Romawa suka gina, ya fara a lokacin mulkin Augustus kuma an kammala shi a lokacin mulkin Constantius II, a baya haikalin da aka keɓe ga Hadad-Ramman, allahn tsawa da ruwan sama.
 Damascus Straight Street (Latin: Via Recta), titin Roman (Decumanus Maximus) wanda ke tafiya daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsohon birni, tsawon mita 1,500.
 Babban birnin Damascus, wanda aka gina (1076-1078) da (1203-1216) na Turkman warloran Atsiz ibn Uvaq, da Al-Adil I.
 Nur al-Din Bimaristan, wani babban bimaristan na tsaka-tsaki ("asibiti"), wanda aka gina kuma aka sanya masa suna bayan Zengid Sultan Nur ad-Din a shekara ta 1154.
 Mausoleum na Saladin, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1196, wurin hutawa da kabari na musulmi na zamanin da Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
 Fadar Azm, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1750 a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnan Ottoman na Damascus As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
 Maktab Anbar, wani katafaren gida mai zaman kansa na ƙarni na 19 na Yahudawa, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta mayar da shi a cikin 1976 don zama ɗakin karatu, cibiyar baje koli, kayan tarihi da bita na fasaha.
 Beit al-Mamlouka, gidan Damascene na ƙarni na 17, wanda ke aiki a matsayin otal ɗin otal na alfarma a cikin tsohon birni tun 2005.

Madrasas 

 Madrasa Al-Adiliyah, Madrasah na ƙarni na 13.
 Madrasa Al-Fathiyah, wanda wani jami'in Ottoman mai suna Fethi Al-Defterdar ya gina a shekara ta 1743.
 Madrasa Al-Mujahidiyah, wanda gwamnan Burid Mujahid al-Din bin Bazan bin Yammin al-kurdu ya gina a shekara ta 1141.
 Madrasa Al-Qilijiyah, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1254.
 Madrasa Al-Salimiyah, madrasah na ƙarni na 16.
 Madrasa Al-Sibaiyah, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1515.
 Laburaren Al-Zahiriyah, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1277, yana karɓar sunansa daga wanda ya kafa shi Sultan Baibars.
 Madrasa Nur al-Din, wanda Nūr ad-Dīn Zangi ya gina a shekara ta 1167.

Wuraren ibada

Masallatai 

 Masallacin Sayyidah Ruqayya yana dauke da kabarin Sukayna bint Husayn, wacce aka fi sani da Ruqayyah, karamar ‘yar Al-Husayn bn ‘Ali.
 Masallacin Tekkiye, wani katafaren masallaci da Suleiman I ya gina a tsakanin shekara ta 1544 zuwa 1558, wanda Selim II ya fadada shi.
 Masallacin Umayyad, masallacin da aka gina a wurin Haikali na Jupiter, da kuma Basilica na Kirista wanda aka keɓe ga Yahaya Maibaftisma (Yahya).

 Masallacin Nabi Habeel
 Masallacin Sinan Pasha
 Masallacin Darwish Pasha
 Masallacin Aqsab
 Masallacin Yalbugha
 Masallacin Hanabila
 Masallacin Sayyidah Zainab

Ikklisiya 

 Gidan Saint Ananiyas, wani tsohon ginin ƙasa ne a Damascus, Siriya, wanda ake zargin ya zama gawar gidan Hananiya na Dimashƙu, inda Ananiyas ya yi wa Shawulu baftisma (wanda ya zama Bulus Manzo).
 Cathedral na Dormition of Our Lady, wanda kuma ake kira "Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral na Dormition of Our Lady", cocin Katolika na Melkite Greek Church.
 Mariamite Cathedral na Damascus, wurin zama na Cocin Orthodox na Girka na Antakiya. Bayan mamayar da musulmi suka yi a Damascus an rufe cocin har zuwa shekara ta 706 miladiyya lokacin da al-Walid ya bada umarnin mayar da ita ga Kiristoci a matsayin diyya ga Cocin Yahaya Maibaftisma da aka mayar da shi masallacin Umayyawa.
 Chapel na Saint Paul
 Cathedral na Saint George
 Syriac Katolika Cathedral na Saint Paul

Kofofi 
An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 4.5 (mile 2.8), da kofofin tarihi guda bakwai suka huda, kofa ta takwas kuma musulmi ne suka kara da shi. Waɗannan su ne, ta gefen agogo daga gefen arewa-maso-gabas:

 Bab Tuma (Ƙofar Thomas), sadaukarwa ga Venus.
 Bab Sharqi (Ƙofar Gabas), sadaukarwa ga Rana.
 Bab Kisan (Kofar Kisan), sadaukarwa ga Saturn.
 Bab al-Saghir (kuma ana kiransa "Goristan-e-Ghariban"), sadaukarwa ga Jupiter.
 Bab al-Jabiyah (Kofar Ruwan Ruwa), sadaukarwa ga Mars.
 Bab al-Faradis (Kofar Aljanna), sadaukarwa ga Mercury.
 Bab al-Salam (Ƙofar Aminci), sadaukarwa ga wata.
 Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto), Ƙofar da aka gina ta gaba ɗaya bayan cin nasarar Musulmi.

Hammam 
Kasancewar baho (Hammam) na jama'a a Damascus ya faro ne a zamanin Banu Umayyawa, yayin da wasu masana tarihi suka ce sun koma zamanin Rum. Wasu masana tarihi na Damascus sun ambace su da wankan wanka na Damascus, irin su Ibn 'Asakir (1106-1175 AD) a cikin shahararren littafinsa "The History of Damascus". A cikin littafinsa Ibn Asakir ya bayyana sunayen wanka guda 77 da suke aiki a wannan lokacin a cikin garin. Masanin tarihi Ibn Shaddad ya kirga baho 114 dake Damascus a shekara ta 1250 miladiyya.

Adadin wadannan wankan ya karu zuwa 365 a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, sannan ya ragu sosai har ya kai ga wanka 60 a karshen karni na sha tara miladiyya. Amma a yau adadin wankan da ke ci gaba da aiki bai kai 20 ba, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne wankan "Nourul-Dinul Shahid" da ke cikin Al-Buzuriyah Souq.

Gundumomi da yankuna 

 Al-Qaymariyya
 Al-Amarah Al-Jouwaniyah
 Al-Amin
 kwata Yahudawa
 Bab Tuma
 Al-Jourah
 Al-Hariqa
 Ma'azanat ash-Shahm
 Shaghour al-Juwani

Kiyaye tsohon birni

Barazana ga makomar tsohon birnin 

Saboda saurin raguwar yawan jama'ar tsohon Damascus (tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2009 kimanin mutane 30,000 sun ƙaura daga tsohon birnin don ƙarin masauki na zamani), yawan gine-ginen da ake watsi da su ko kuma suna fadawa cikin lalacewa. A cikin Maris 2007, karamar hukumar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ruguza Tsoffin gine-gine tare da shimfidar katanga mai tsayin mita 1,400 (4,600 600) a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin sake ginawa. Wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da Asusun Duniya na Monuments na Duniya ya sanya Tsohon Garin a cikin Jerin Kallon sa na 2008 na wurare 100 da ke cikin haɗari a duniya. Ana fatan shigar da shi cikin jerin zai jawo karin wayar da kan jama'a game da wadannan muhimman barazana ga makomar tsohon birnin Damascus mai dimbin tarihi.

Tsohuwar jihar Damascus na yanzu 
Duk da shawarwarin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO:

 An lalata yankin Souq al-Atiq a cikin kwanaki uku a watan Nuwamba 2006;
 Titin King Faysal, wani yanki na sana'ar hannu na gargajiya a wani yanki mai kariya kusa da bangon Old Damascus tsakanin Citadel da Bab Touma, yana fuskantar barazanar wata babbar hanya.
 A shekara ta 2007, Tsohuwar birnin Damascus da kuma gundumar Bab Tuma, Asusun Tunawa na Duniya ya amince da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin hatsari a duniya.

A cikin Oktoban 2010, Asusun Kayayyakin Kaya na Duniya ya sanyawa Damascus daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi na al'adu 12 da suka fi "daf ​​da" asarar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba.

Tsohon birnin da ke wajen bangon zamanin Romawa, ana kuma la'akari da shi a cikin tsohon Damascus, duk da haka, ba a ba shi fifikon tarihi iri ɗaya ba. A lokacin wa'adin Faransanci, Michel Écochard, masanin Faransanci, ya tsara tsarin birni don birnin, wanda ya ba da shawarar a ajiye sassan tsohon birnin kawai a cikin katangar Romawa. Daga baya gwamnatocin Syria da ke mulkin kasar suka dauki wannan hanya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa wajen ruguza wasu sassan tsohuwar unguwanninta. An maye gurbin tsoffin gidaje a Sarouja, Al Midan, da Shagour Barrani da sabbin gine-gine don kasuwanci musamman.

Manazarta

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