Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019
Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi na 2019, wanda kuma aka sani da COP25, shi ne taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya karo na 25. An gudanar da shi a Madrid, Spain, daga 2 zuwa 13 ga Disamba 2019 a ƙarƙashin shugabancin gwamnatin Chile. Taron ya kunshi taron kasashe karo na 25 ga yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC), da taro karo na 15 na bangarorin yarjejeniyar Kyoto (CMP15), da taro na biyu na bangarorin yarjejeniyar Paris (CMA2). .

Gabatarwa 
An shirya gudanar da taron ne a Brazil a watan Nuwambar 2019, amma shekara guda kafin fara shirin, sabon zababben shugaban kasar Jair Bolsonaro ya janye tayin karbar bakuncin taron, saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki. Sannan Chile ta tashi ta zama sabuwar mai masaukin baki, amma babbar zanga-zangar adawa da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa a gaban taron ya tilasta mata a karshen Oktoba 2019 ta janye daga karbar bakuncin. Sannan ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Chile, da Spain, na karshen ya zama sabon mai masaukin baki.

Masu fafutukar yanayi daban-daban sun tashi daga Turai zuwa Kudancin Amurka ta cikin kwale-kwale, kafin a yanke shawarar mayar da COP25 zuwa Madrid. A tsakiyar Nuwamba, wasu daga cikin waɗannan masu fafutuka sun shiga wani taron madadin, "Forest COP", kusa da tsakiyar dajin Amazon, a Terra do Meio. Taron ya samu halartar shuwagabanni, masana kimiya da malamai irin su Eduardo Goes Neves, da masu fafutuka irinsu Nadezhda Tolokonnikova. Bayan COP Forest, wani taron na gaba, "Amazônia Centro do Mundo" (Amazon: Cibiyar Duniya) ya faru a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba a Altamira kusa.

Shirye-shiryen taron 
A watan Nuwamba, Teresa Ribera, ministar canjin muhalli ta Spain, ta sanar da cewa za a gudanar da taron a wuraren IFEMA a Madrid. Gwamnatin Spain ta raba COP25 zuwa yankuna biyu, daya shudi da daya kore. Yankin shudi ya shirya zama don tattaunawa tsakanin bangarorin COP. Wannan ya hada da zama na 15 na taron bangarorin yarjejeniyar Kyoto da kuma zama na 2 na taron bangarorin da suka cimma yarjejeniyar Paris. Yankin blue din ya kuma karbi bakuncin tarurrukan da ayyukan da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa da kuma abubuwan da wasu jihohi suka shirya banda Spain. An sadaukar da yankin koren don yunƙurin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ke da nufin haɓaka haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa. An raba wannan yanki zuwa ƙananan yankuna guda uku: ɗaya ya haɗa da al'amuran matasa, na biyu da aka keɓe ga 'yan asali, na uku kuma ya mayar da hankali kan kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire. An yi niyya ne ga yankin kore don zama wurin tattaunawa ga kowane nau'in ƴan wasan farar hula, tun daga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai har zuwa kasuwanci, makarantu da masu tallafawa.

An goyi bayan taron tare da wasu ta hanyar Iberdrola, Endesa, Santander, Suez, Telefonica, Fundación Abertis, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Acciona da Indra.

Mahalarta 
Harjeet Singh, na kungiyar kare muhalli ta ActionAid International, ya ce mayar da taron kolin daga Chile zuwa Spain tare da sanarwar makonni hudu kawai ya gabatar da "matsalolin gaske ga shiga" ga wakilai daga yankin kudancin kasar.

A watan Agustan 2019, matashin mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi Greta Thunberg da mahaifinta Svante sun tashi daga Plymouth, Ingila ƙetare Tekun Atlantika zuwa Amurka a cikin kwale-kwale na Malizia II don halartar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi a birnin New York a watan Satumba. A lokacin ba a san yadda za ta koma Turai ba, amma tana shirin tafiya Chile don halartar taron. Tare da ƙaura taron zuwa Madrid, buƙatar komawa Turai ta zama cikin gaggawa. Teresa Ribera, a matsayin ministar muhalli ta Spain, ta ba ta taimako wajen nemo hanyar zuwa taron. Riley Whitelum da matarsa, Elayna Carausu, 'yan Australiya biyu da suka yi balaguro a duniya a cikin jirgin ruwansu mai tsawon ƙafa 48 (15 m), La Vagabonde, sun ɗauki Thunberg su koma haye Tekun Atlantika. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2019, Thunberg ya tashi daga Hampton, Virginia zuwa Lisbon, Portugal. Sakon nata na tafiya iri daya ne kamar yadda ya kasance tun lokacin da ta fara fafutuka: "Sakona ga Amurkawa iri daya ne da na kowa - wato a hada kai a bayan kimiyya da aiki da kimiyya."

Shugabar Majalisar Wakilan Amurka Nancy Pelosi ta jagoranci wata tawaga mai wakilai 15 na Majalisar a tattaunawar domin nuna goyon bayan Amurka ga tattaunawar, duk kuwa da matakin da gwamnatin Trump ta dauka na janye Amurkan daga yarjejeniyar Paris.

'Yar gwagwarmayar kare muhalli Helena Gualinga 'yar Ecuador ta halarci. Ta yi magana game da damuwarta kan gwamnatin Ecuador ta ba da izinin hako mai a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ta ce: "Gwamnatin kasarmu har yanzu tana ba da yankunanmu ga kamfanonin da ke da alhakin sauyin yanayi. Wannan laifi ne." Ta soki gwamnatin Ecuador saboda ikirarin tana son kare Amazon a yayin taron maimakon halartar bukatun matan Amazon na 'yan asalin kasar da aka kawo wa gwamnati yayin zanga-zangar Ecuador ta 2019. Ta kuma nuna rashin jin dadin ta game da rashin sha'awar shugabannin duniya na tattauna batutuwan da 'yan asalin kasar suka kawo a taron.

Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta gabatar da bincike da ke nuna cewa adadin yankunan da ke da karancin iskar oxygen a cikin teku na karuwa.

Tattaunawa 

Sashe na ƙarshe na tsarin mulkin Paris da ya rage a warware shi shine Mataki na 6, wanda ya bayyana ƙa'idodin kasuwancin carbon da sauran nau'ikan haɗin gwiwar duniya. A cikin taron na COP24 ba za a iya cimma yarjejeniya kan wannan batu ba. Dole ne a yanke shawara da yawa masu wuyar siyasa don wannan labarin. Ana iya yin cinikin hayaki mara kyau a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Kyoto don daidaita hayakin da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suka yi, amma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan munanan ayyukan da za su faru ba tare da ƙarin ƙwarin gwiwa daga yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba, ta yadda an kwatanta wannan tsarin a matsayin 'iska mai zafi'. Ciniki na kasa da kasa na carbon na iya yin rahusa gabaɗayan hayaƙi. Idan tattaunawar game da wannan ta gaza, za ta sake fitowa a cikin COP26 na 2020 (an jinkirta zuwa 2021).

A cewar masana kimiyya, tattaunawar ta mayar da hankali ne kan wasu ka'idojin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015, amma batun da ya fi daukar hankali kan yadda duniya ke bukatar rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli bai samu kulawar hukuma ba. Tattaunawar gaggawa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da magance matsalar yanayin yanayi har yanzu ba ta magance ainihin girman rikicin ba, daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar yanayi a duniya ya yi gargadin.

An kammala tattaunawar ne a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2019, kwanaki biyu bayan wa'adin da aka bayyana.

Sakamako 
Sakamakon taron ya kasance abin takaici a daidai lokacin da ake daukar matakan da suka dace da matakan gaggawa. Alden Meyer, darektan tsare-tsare da manufofi na kungiyar masana kimiyyar da ke damun da ke halartar tattaunawar sauyin yanayi tun 1991, ya bayyana cewa bai taba gani ba a baya kusan gamayya tsakanin abin da kimiyya ke bukata da abin da tattaunawar yanayi ke bayarwa ta fuskar aiki mai ma'ana. Darektan zartarwa na Greenpeace Jennifer Morgan ya taƙaita ra'ayi mai yawa: "Masu hana yanayi kamar Brazil da Saudi Arabia, wanda raunin jagoranci na Chile ya ba da izini, yin cinikin carbon da masana kimiyya da ƙungiyoyin jama'a". An jinkirta yanke shawara game da kasuwar carbon da rage fitar da hayaki zuwa taron yanayi na gaba a Glasgow. Kasashen Amurka da Rasha da Indiya da China da Brazil da kuma Saudiyya su ne manyan masu adawa da wadannan matakan.

A gefe guda kuma, Tarayyar Turai ta cimma yarjejeniya game da Yarjejeniyar Green Deal ta Turai wacce yakamata ta rage fitar da hayakinta zuwa sifili nan da shekara ta 2050. Haka kuma, kasashe, birane, kasuwanci da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa sun yi alkawurra da yawa. Alal misali, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun yanayi ta ƙunshi yanzu "ƙasashe 73 sun himmatu don fitar da hayaki mai guba nan da 2050, da kuma wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 1214 (yankuna, birane, kasuwanci, masu zuba jari) waɗanda suka yi alkawarin wannan manufa". Dukkan bayanai game da alkawuran (na gwamnati da na gwamnati) ana watsa su zuwa tashar Ayyukan Aiki ta Duniya.

Manazarta