Sigrid Hjertén
Sigrid Hjertén (27 Oktoba 1885 - 24 Maris 1948)'yar wasan zamani ne na Sweden.Ana ɗaukar Hjertén a matsayin babban jigo a tsarin zamani na Sweden. Lokaci-lokaci ta kasance mai hazaka sosai kuma ta halarci nune-nune 106.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane na tsawon shekaru 30 kafin ta mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice daga lobotomy don schizophrenia .

Tarihin Rayuwa 

An haifi Sigrid Hjertén a Sundsvall a shekara ta 1885.Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar College of Arts,Crafts da Design a Stockholm kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin malamar zane.A wani ɗakin studio a 1909, Hjertén ta sadu da mijinta na gaba,Isaac Grünewald mai shekaru ashirin,wanda ta riga ta yi karatu tare da Henri Matisse a shekara guda a Paris. Grünewald ya gamsar da ita cewa za ta ƙara yin adalci a matsayin mai zane. Daga bisani kuma ta tafi makarantar fasaha ta Matisse.An ce "ta kasance almajiran da Matisse ya fi so saboda kyawun launi."

1910s 
Yayin da Hjertén ke karatu a ƙarƙashin Henri Matisse a Paris,yadda shi da Paul Cézanne suka yi mu'amala da launi ya burge ta.Ta ɓullo da salo na filaye masu launi masu bambanta da sauƙaƙan kwane-kwane. Babban manufarta na ado yana da alaƙa da launi, kuma a cikin ayyukanta na baya daga 1930s ta yi magana game da launuka cikin sharuddan kamar ruwan rawaya mai sanyi.Hjertén ta yi ƙoƙari don nemo siffofi da launuka waɗanda za su iya bayyana motsin zuciyarta.A cikin wannan girmamawa aikinta tana da alaƙa da masu magana da Jamusanci, irin su Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,fiye da masu zane-zane na Faransa,tare da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau na layi.

Bayan shekara daya da rabi ta koma Sweden.A 1912 Hjertén ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni a Stockholm. Shi ne baje kolin ta na farko a matsayin mai zane.A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta halarci nune-nunen da yawa a Sweden da kuma kasashen waje,da dai sauransu a Berlin a shekarar 1915,inda ta samu karbuwa sosai.Hjertén kuma an wakilta shi a baje kolin Exhibitionist a konsthall Liljevalch a Stockholm a 1918,tare da wasu masu fasaha guda biyu.Duk da haka,masu sukar zamani ba su da sha'awar fasaharta.

A cikin fasahar Hjertén,inda ta nuna kanta sosai,mutum tana lura da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Tasirin Matisse wataƙila ana iya gane shi a cikin 1910s. A cikin wannan shekaru goma,Hjertén ta ƙirƙira zane-zane da yawa tare da hotuna na cikin gida da ra'ayoyi daga gidanta,na farko a dandalin Kornhamnstorg sannan daga baya a titin Katarinavägen, a Stockholm. Mijinta Isaac Grünewald da ɗanta Ivàn,da kuma Sigrid kanta,ana nuna su sau da yawa a cikin fage da ke ɗauke da rikice-rikice iri-iri.A wannan lokacin Hjertén ta san kuma ta yi wahayi daga fasahar da Ernst Josephson ta yi a lokacin rashin lafiya.

Ateljé na ciki 

Ateljéinteriör (Studio ciki) daga 1916 ya nuna yadda Hjertén ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi don lokacinta. Zanen ya bayyana irin rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai fasaha,mace, da uwa: daban-daban a cikin duniya daban-daban. Hjertén tana zaune akan kujera tsakanin masu fasaha biyu – mijinta, Isaac Grünewald, kuma, watakila, Einar Jolin – masu magana da juna a kan ta. Manyan idanuwanta shudin na kallon nesa.A gaba wata mata sanye da bakaken kaya – wani sophisticated alter ego – jingina da wani mutum siffa wanda zai iya zama mai zane Nils Dardel .Ɗanta Ivàn yana rarrafe daga kusurwar hannun dama. A bango mun hango daya daga cikin zanen da Hjertén ta yi na lokacin, Zigenarkvinna (matar Gypsy).

Ateljéinterior da Den röda rullgardinen (The Red Blind),daga 1916, zane-zane ne masu ban tsoro da suka haifar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa sababbin fassarori dangane da nazarin jinsi na zamani da kuma bayyana bayanai game da rayuwar sirri na mai zane.

1920s 
Tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1932, Hjertén da danginta sun zauna a Paris,kuma sun yi balaguro da yawa zuwa ƙauyen Faransa da Riviera na Italiya don yin zane.Wannan lokaci ne mai jituwa a cikin fasahar Hjertén, amma abubuwan nuninta sun iyakance sosai a wannan lokacin. Mijinta sau da yawa ziyarci Stockholm inda ya yi m aiki. A ƙarshen 1920s Hjertén tana ƙara samun cututtuka na psychosomatic iri-iri,kuma ta koka game da kaɗaici.

Yayin da lokaci ya wuce,ana iya ganin tashin hankali a cikin fasaharta.A ƙarshen 1920s,yayin da ta keɓe sosai a Faransa, launuka masu sanyi da duhu sun fara bayyana a cikin zane-zanenta. Yawan bugun jini mai maimaitawa ya taimaka wajen ba da zane-zane mai ban sha'awa.

1930s 
A 1932, Hjertén ta yanke shawarar komawa Stockholm. Amma a lokacin shiryawa ta faɗi.Ta isa Sweden kuma an kai ta na ɗan lokaci zuwa asibitin masu tabin hankali na Beckomberga tare da alamun schizophrenia . Ta murmure lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa (1932-1934) fasahar Hjertén ta ƙare a cikin crescendo, inda,kamar wanda yake da ita, ta yi hotuna waɗanda ke nuna tsananin jin daɗi.Ta sadaukar da kanta ga zane-zane mai zurfi, ƙirƙirar hoto ɗaya a rana, littafin hoto na rayuwarta, bisa ga wata hira a cikin mujallar fasaha ta Sweden Paletten . Hotunan Hjertén na wannan lokacin galibi suna da alaƙa da sautuna masu ban tsoro,haɓakar gajimare,da jin watsi da su.Wasu zane-zane suna haskaka tsoro yayin da wasu ke ba da ra'ayi mai daɗi da jituwa.

A lokacin 1934,ta yi tafiya tare da danginta a kudancin Turai,inda ta yi fenti.A ƙarshe Hjertén ta sanya sunanta a matsayin mai fasaha a cikin masu sukar a 1935,lokacin da ta nuna tare da Ishaku a Gothenburg . Duk da haka, yawancin masu sukar zamani suna da mummunan hali har ma da raini game da ayyukan fasaha na Hjertén,kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rubuta sharhi mai ban tsoro. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, zane-zanenta da ake kira wawa, humbug, tsoro da samfuran nakasa.

Ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a ne kawai a cikin 1936,lokacin da ta sami babban baje kolin solo a Royal Academy of Arts a Stockholm. "Bayan kallon kusan ayyukan 500 a cikin 1936 na baya,masu sukar sun kasance gaba ɗaya:an yaba da nunin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki a kakar kuma an girmama Hjerten a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na zamani na Sweden.Don haka,ta sami karɓuwa-amma ta yi latti." 

Isaac,wanda yake da mata da yawa a cikin shekaru, ya sake Hjertén kuma ta sake yin aure.Dukansu Isaac da sabuwar matarsa daga baya sun mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a 1946.

A ƙarshen 1930s, Hjertén ta kamu da schizophrenia, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti na dindindin a Asibitin Hauka na Beckomberga da ke Stockholm, inda ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. Bayan 1938 aikinta na fasaha ya ragu.Bayan botted lobotomy,ta mutu a Stockholm a cikin 1948.

Legacy 
Jimlar samar da Hjertén ya kai fiye da zane-zane 500,tare da zane-zane, launukan ruwa da zane-zane. Hjertén ta yi yaƙi da son zuciya a lokacinta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Hotunan nata sun yi kama da na musamman ga zamanin da aka yi su, lokacin da batutuwan launi da sifofi suka fi girma a zukatan masu fasaha. Sha'awarta ga bil'adama sau da yawa ana bayyana ta cikin ban mamaki,har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tsarinta na launi yana da motsin rai da tunani.

Bayanan kula

Nassoshi 

  Sigrid Hjertén, by Annika Gunnarsson, in Moderna museet - boken, ed. Cecilia Widenheim et al., Stockholm: Moderna museet, 2004  
  Katarina Borgh Bertorp,  Sigrid Hjertén: l'hértière de Matisse du Grand Nord: heir of Matisse from the Far North, Paris: Centre Culturel Suédois, 1997
  Anita Goldman, I själen alltid ren: Om Sigrid Hjertén, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, 1995,

Kara karantawa 

 Sigrid Hjertén at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Sigrid Hjertén at DigitaltMuseum 
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba