Ƙungiya Mai Ginawa
Ƙungiya mai ginawa wata cibiyar kuɗi ce membobinta a matsayin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa . Ƙungiyoyin gini suna ba da sabis na banki da sabis na kuɗi masu alaƙa, musamman tanadi da ba da lamunin lamuni . Ƙungiyoyin gini suna wanzu a cikin Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, kuma sun kasance a Ireland da ƙasashe da yawa na Commonwealth. Suna kama da ƙungiyoyin bashi a cikin ƙungiya, kodayake kaɗan ne ke tilasta haɗin gwiwa . Koyaya, maimakon haɓaka haɓaka da bayar da lamuni mara tsaro da kasuwanci, makasudin ƙungiya mai ginawa ita ce samar da jinginar gida ga membobi. Masu ba da bashi da masu ajiyar kuɗi membobin al'umma ne, suna tsara manufofi da naɗa daraktoci akan memba ɗaya, ƙuri'a ɗaya. Ƙungiyoyin gini galibi suna ba da wasu sabis na banki na siyarwa, kamar asusun na yanzu, katunan bashi da lamunin sirri. Kalmar "ginin al'umma" ta fara fitowa ne a ƙarni na 19 a Burtaniya daga ƙungiyoyin ajiyar kuɗi na haɗin gwiwa.

A cikin Burtaniya, ƙungiyoyin gine-gine suna yin gasa tare da bankuna don yawancin sabis na banki na masu amfani, musamman lamunin lamuni da asusun ajiya, kuma ƙa'idodi sun ba da izinin kusan rabin rancen su don biyan bashin ga waɗanda ba membobi ba, yana ba da damar al'ummomi su sami damar yin haɗin gwiwa. kasuwannin kuɗi don tallafawa jinginar gidaje. Babbar ƙungiyar gini a duniya ita ce Ƙungiyar Gine -gine ta Ƙasar Burtaniya. Bugu da ƙari, a Ostiraliya, ƙungiyoyin gini ma suna gasa tare da bankunan siyarwa kuma suna ba da cikakken sabis na banki ga masu amfani.

Tarihi a Burtaniya 
Ƙungiyoyin gine -gine a matsayin wata ƙungiya sun fara a ƙarshen karni na 18 Birmingham - garin da ke fuskantar saurin haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da ta jiki ta hanyar yawancin ƙananan kamfanonin kera ƙarfe, waɗanda yawancin ƙwararrun masu wadata da wadata suka saka hannun jari cikin kadara. Yawancin al'ummomin gini na farko sun samo asali ne a cikin gidajen shayi ko gidajen kofi, waɗanda suka zama abin dogaro ga cibiyoyin kulab da al'ummomi don haɗin gwiwa da musayar ra'ayoyi tsakanin 'yan ƙasa masu ƙarfi na Birmingham a zaman wani ɓangare na motsi da aka sani da Midlands Enlightenment. Al'umman gini na farko da aka fara kafawa shine Ketley's Building Society, wanda Richard Ketley, mai gidan Golden Cross inn, ya kafa, a 1775. Membobin al'ummar Ketley sun biya biyan kuɗi na wata -wata ga babban kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gina ginin gidaje ga membobi, wanda hakan ya zama jingina don jawo ƙarin tallafi ga al'umma, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin ginin. A shekara ta 1781 an kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi uku a Birmingham, tare da na huɗu a garin Dudley da ke kusa; da 19 da aka kafa a Birmingham tsakanin 1782 zuwa 1795. Na farko a wajen Midlands na Ingilishi an kafa shi a Leeds a 1785.

Yawancin al'ummomin asali sun ƙare, inda za a narkar da su lokacin da duk membobi ke da gida: na ƙarshe daga cikinsu, Farko Salisbury da Gundumar Cikakken Ginin Ginin Gundumar, sun sami rauni a cikin Maris 1980. A cikin shekarun 1830 zuwa 1840 wani sabon ci gaba ya faru tare da ƙungiyar ginin dindindin, inda al'umma ke ci gaba da birgima, suna ci gaba da ɗaukar sabbin membobi kamar yadda waɗanda suka gabata suka kammala siye -siye, kamar Leek United Building Society . Babban tsarin dokoki na ƙungiyar ginin shine Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Gine -gine 1874, tare da gyara dokokin da suka biyo baya a 1894, 1939 (duba Coney Hall ), da 1960.

A zamanin su, akwai ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin gini: kusan kowane gari na ƙasar yana da ƙungiyar gini mai suna bayan wannan garin. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata adadin al'ummomin ya ragu, yayin da al'ummomi daban -daban suka haɗu don ƙirƙirar manyan, sau da yawa suna suna a cikin tsari, kuma sauran al'ummomin sun zaɓi rugujewa daga baya - a cikin mafi yawan lokuta - kwatankwacin karɓar banki. Yawancin manyan ƙungiyoyin gine -ginen da ke akwai sune ƙarshen sakamakon haɗuwar ƙananan ƙananan al'ummomi.

Duk al'ummomin gini a Burtaniya membobi ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gini . A farkon 2008, akwai ƙungiyoyin gini 59 a Burtaniya, tare da jimillar kadarorin da suka haura fam biliyan 360.  Adadin al'ummomi a Burtaniya ya faɗi da huɗu a cikin 2008 saboda jerin haɗuwar da aka kawo, galibi, sakamakon rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008 . Tare da ƙarin haɗe -haɗe guda uku a cikin kowace shekara ta 2009 da 2010, da rushewa da haɗawa a cikin 2011, kamar na 2020 yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyin gini 44.

Duba kuma 

 Banki a Burtaniya
 Ƙungiyar juna
 Mutualism

Kara karantawa 

 Llewellyn, D. da Holmes, M. (1991) "A Tsaro na Mutu'a: Maimaitawa ga Hikimar Al'ada Mai Fitowa", Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics, Vol.62 (3): pp. Shafi na 319-354 327).
 Rasmusen, E. (1988) "Bankunan juna da bankunan hannun jari", Jaridar Doka da Tattalin Arziki, Oktoba, Vol.31: pp. Shafi na 395-421 412).
 Kay, J. (1991) "Tattalin Arzikin Mutuwa", Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics, Vol.62 (3): pp. Shafi na 309-317 (shafi. 317).
 Boxall, A. da Gallagher, N. (1997) "Mutuality at the Cross Roads", Review Stability Review, Issue 3: pp. Shafi na 105–117 (shafi. 112).
 Llewellyn, D. (1996) "Wasu Tunani akan Mutuality v. Muhawarar Juyawa ", Journal of Co-operative Studies, Satumba, Vol.29 (2): pp. 57-71 (shafi na. 61).
 Tayler, G. (2003) "Ƙungiyoyin Ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Burtaniya", Dabi'ar Kasuwanci: Binciken Turai, Vol.12 (4): pp. Shafi na 394-402.

Manazarta