Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley yanki ne a Arewacin California wanda ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar duniya don manyan fasaha da sabbin abubuwa. Ya kasance a kudancin yankin San Francisco Bay, ya yi daidai da yankin yanki na kwarin Santa Clara . San Jose shine birni mafi girma na Silicon Valley, birni na uku mafi girma a California, kuma 12th-mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka. Sauran manyan biranen Silicon Valley sun haɗa da Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Menlo , da Cupertino. Yankin San Jose yana da mafi girman GDP na uku a kowane mutum a duniya (bayan Zürich, Switzerland da Oslo, Norway), a cewar Cibiyar Brookings, kuma, kamar na Yuni 2021, yana da mafi girman kaso na gidaje masu daraja. a $1 miliyan ko fiye a Amurka. 

Silicon Valley gida ne ga yawancin manyan kamfanoni masu fasaha na duniya, gami da hedkwatar kasuwanci sama da 30 a cikin Fortune 1000, da dubban kamfanoni masu farawa. Har ila yau, Silicon Valley yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk jarin jarin da ake samu a Amurka, wanda ya taimaka mata ta zama jagorar cibiya da fara samar da yanayin halittu don ƙirƙirar sabbin fasahohi, kodayake yanayin fasahar zamani ya zama mafi tarwatsewa a kwanan nan. A cikin Silicon Valley ne aka haɓaka da'ira mai haɗaɗɗiyar tushen silicon, microprocessor, da microcomputer, da sauran fasahohi. Tun daga shekarar 2021, yankin ya dauki ma'aikatan fasahar sadarwa kusan rabin miliyan aiki.

Yayin da aka kafa wasu kamfanoni masu fasaha a fadin San Jose da kwarin Santa Clara, sannan a arewa zuwa sauran manyan biranen Bay Area guda biyu, San Francisco da Oakland, kalmar "Silicon Valley" ta zo da ma'anoni biyu: kunkuntar yanki daya. , Yana nufin gundumar Santa Clara da kudu maso gabashin San Mateo County, da ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar manyan kasuwancin fasaha a duk yankin Bay. Ana amfani da kalmar Silicon Valley sau da yawa azaman synecdoche don sashin tattalin arziƙin fasaha na Amurka. Sunan kuma ya zama ma'anar ma'anar duniya don jagorancin manyan bincike da masana'antu, don haka ya yi wahayi zuwa ga wurare masu suna iri ɗaya, da wuraren shakatawa na bincike da cibiyoyin fasaha waɗanda ke da kwatankwacin tsari a duk faɗin duniya. Yawancin hedkwatar kamfanonin fasaha a Silicon Valley sun zama wuraren yawon shakatawa.

Asali
"Silicon" yana nufin sinadari da ake amfani da su a cikin transistor na tushen silicon da haɗaɗɗun kwakwalwan kwamfuta, wanda shine babban adadin na'urorin kwamfuta da masu haɓaka software da masana'anta a yankin. Don Hoefler ya shahara da shaharar sunan. Fitowar farko da aka sani a bugawa ita ce labarinsa na "Silicon Valley U.S.A.", a cikin Janairu 11, 1971, fitowar jaridar ciniki ta mako-mako Electronic News. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan rahoto, yayin wani taron cin abinci tare da masu tallatawa da suka ziyarci yankin, ya ji suna amfani da wannan kalmar. Koyaya, kalmar ba ta sami yaɗuwar amfani ba har zuwa farkon 1980s,  a lokacin ƙaddamar da PC na IBM da samfuran kayan masarufi da software masu alaƙa da yawa ga kasuwar mabukaci.

An gina yankin da ke cikin birni a kan wani fili mai faɗi  a cikin kwarin tsayin daka da aka samu ta hanyar kurakuran girgizar ƙasa. Wurin da ke tsakanin kurakuran ya ragu zuwa wani yanki ko kwarin da ya faɗo .  Hoefler ya ayyana Silicon Valley a matsayin ɓangarorin da aka yi cikin birni na "Tunikin San Francisco da Kwarin Santa Clara" . Kafin haɓakar haɓakar masana'antar fasaha, yankin ya kasance yanki mafi girma da samar da 'ya'yan itace a duniya har zuwa shekarun 1960, tare da ƴaƴan gwangwani 39. Laƙabin da aka fi sani da shi a lokacin shine "Kwarin Ni'ima na Zuciya"

Tarihi
An haifi Silicon Valley ta hanyar haɗakar abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa da yawa, gami da ƙwararrun tushen binciken kimiyya da ke cikin jami'o'in yanki, ɗimbin jarin kasuwanci, da tsayayyen kashewar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. Jagorancin Jami'ar Stanford yana da mahimmanci musamman a farkon ci gaban kwarin. A tare waɗannan abubuwa sun zama tushen girma da nasara .

Asalin tarihin  sojoji na farko 
Yankin San Francisco Bay ya kasance babban wurin bincike da fasaha na sojojin ruwan amurka. A cikin 1909, Charles Herrold ya fara gidan rediyo na farko a Amurka tare da shirye-shirye akai-akai a san jose San Jose . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cyril Elwell wanda ya kammala digiri na Jami'ar Stanford ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don fasahar watsa rediyo ta Poulsen arc kuma ya kafa Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) a Palo Alto . A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, FTC ta kirkiro tsarin sadarwa na rediyo na farko a duniya, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da sojojin ruwa a 1912. 

A cikin 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale, California,  gwamnatin amurka ta ba da izini don amfani da shi azaman tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval (NAS) don sanya jirgin ruwan USS Macon a Hangar One . An sake sanya wa tashar suna NAS Moffet field, kuma tsakanin 1933 da 1947, blimps Navy na Amurka ya kasance a can. 

Kamfanonin fasaha da yawa sun kafa shago a yankin da ke kusa da filin Moffett don hidimar sojojin ruwa. Lokacin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta ba da burinta na jirgin sama kuma ta motsa yawancin ayyukanta na yammacin teku zuwa San Diego,kwamitin bada shawarwari na kasa don aeronautics  (NACA, mai gabatar da NASA ) ya karbi sassan Moffett Field don bincike na sararin samaniya. . Yawancin kamfanoni na asali sun tsaya, yayin da sababbi suka shiga. Ba da daɗewa ba yankin ya cika da kamfanonin sararin samaniya, irin su Lockheed, wanda shine babban ma'aikacin yankin daga 1950s zuwa 1980s.

Gudummuwar  Jami'ar Stanford 
Jami'ar Stanford, masu haɗin gwiwa, da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka al'adun haɗin gwiwar tsakanin manyan kamfanoni masu fasaha.  Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na haɗin kai na yanki ya tsara tunanin masu ƙirƙira da injiniyoyi a California; ya bambanta sosai daga yanayi mara kyau da gasa na kamfanonin injiniya a gabashin amurka.   Daga 1890s, shugabannin Jami'ar Stanford sun ga manufarta a matsayin hidima ga (Amurka) Yamma kuma sun tsara makarantar daidai. A sa'i daya kuma, da ake ganin cin zarafi da kasashen yamma ke yi a hannun masu son gabas, ya kara karfafa kokarin gina masana'antu na cikin gida masu dogaro da kai. Don haka kishin yanki ya taimaka wajen daidaita muradun Stanford da na manyan kamfanoni na yankin. 

Frederick Terman, a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Stanford na makarantar injiniya daga 1946,  ya ƙarfafa malamai da masu digiri don fara kamfanoni na kansu. A cikin 1951 Terman ya jagoranci kafa Stanford Industrial Park (yanzu Stanford Research Park, yankin da ke kewaye da Page Mill Road, kudu maso yammacin El Camino Real kuma ya wuce hanyar Foothil Expressway zuwa Arastradero Road), inda jami'a ta yi hayar wani yanki na ƙasarta zuwa babban- kamfanonin fasaha.  Terman ya haɓaka kamfanoni kamar Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, Eastman Kodak, General Electric, Lockheed Corporation, da sauran manyan kamfanoni masu fasaha, har sai abin da zai zama Silicon Valley ya girma a kusa da harabar Jami'ar Stanford.

A cikin 1951, don magance buƙatun kuɗi na buƙatun ci gaban Stanford, da kuma samar da ayyukan yi na gida-damar ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri, Frederick Terman ya ba da shawarar ba da hayar filayen Stanford don amfani da shi azaman wurin shakatawa na ofis mai suna Stanford Industrial Park (daga baya Stanford Research Park ). Terman ya gayyaci kamfanoni masu fasaha ne kawai. Mai haya na farko shine Varian Associates, wanda tsofaffin ɗaliban Stanford suka kafa a cikin 1930s don gina kayan aikin soja-radar. Har ila yau, Terman ya sami jarin kamfani don fara farar hula-fasaha. Hewlett-Packard ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan labarun nasara. An kafa shi a cikin 1939 a cikin gareji na Packard ta Stanford wanda ya kammala karatun Bill Hewlett da David Packard, Hewlett-Packard ya koma ofisoshinsa zuwa Filin Bincike na Stanford jim kadan bayan 1953. A cikin 1954 Stanford ya samo asali Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Daraja don ba da damar ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci na kamfanoni su ci gaba da karatun digiri daga jami'a na ɗan lokaci. Kamfanonin farko sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin shekaru biyar inda za su biya ninki biyu na karatun kowane ɗalibi don biyan kuɗin. Hewlett-Packard ya zama babban mai kera kwamfuta na sirri a duniya, kuma ya canza kasuwar bugu ta gida lokacin da ta fito da firintar tawada tawada ta farko ta thermal a cikin 1984.  Sauran masu haya na farko sun haɗa da Eastman Kodak, General Electric, da Lockheed .

Cigaban  Silicon valley 
A cikin 1956, William Shockley, wanda ya kirkiro na farko transistor  aiki (tare da John Bardeen da Walter Houser Brattain ), ya tashi daga New Jersey zuwa Mountain View, California, don fara Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory don zama kusa da mahaifiyarsa marar lafiya a palo alto  Palo Alto . . Ayyukan Shockley sun kasance tushen tushen ci gaban lantarki da yawa shekaru da yawa.   Dukansu Frederick Terman da wiiliam shokley   galibi ana kiransu "mahaifin Silicon Valley".  Ba kamar sauran masu bincike da yawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da germanium a matsayin kayan aikin semiconductor, Shockley ya yi imanin cewa silicon   shine mafi kyawun abu don yin transistor. Shockley yayi niyyar maye gurbin transistor na yanzu tare da sabon ƙirar abubuwa uku (a yau da ake kira Shockley diode ), amma ƙirar ya fi wahalar ginawa fiye da transistor "mai sauƙi". A cikin 1957, Shockley ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen bincike kan siliki transistor. A sakamakon salon mulkin Shockley na cin zarafi, injiniyoyi takwas sun bar kamfanin don samar da Fairchild Semiconductor ; Shockley ya kira su da "maciya amana takwas ". Biyu daga cikin ma'aikatan asali na Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce da Gordon Moore, za su ci gaba da samun Intel .  

Bayan abubuwan ƙirƙira na 1959 na guntu monolithic (IC) ta Robert Noyce a Fairchild, Janar Microelectronics ya gabatar da MOS IC na farko na kasuwanci a cikin 1964.  Na farko microprocessor mai guntu guda ɗaya shine Intel 4004,  wanda Federico Faggin ya tsara kuma ya gane shi tare da Ted Hoff, Masatoshi Shima da Stanley Mazor a Intel a 1971.  A cikin Afrilu 1974, Intel ya saki Intel 8080,  "kwamfuta a kan guntu", "Maroprocessor na farko da za a iya amfani da shi

Asalin yanar gizon Intanet 
A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1963, JCR Licklider, darektan farko na Ofishin Dabarun Dabaru na Bayanai (IPTO) a Pentagon 's ARPA ya ba da sanarwar ofishin da aka yiwa Membobi da Alaka na Intergalactic Computer Network . Ya sake tsara wani taro a Palo Alto game da hangen nesa na hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta, wanda ya yi tunanin a matsayin hanyar sadarwar lantarki da aka bude ga kowa, babban kuma mahimmancin hulɗar bayanai ga gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni, da daidaikun mutane.     A matsayinsa na shugaban IPTO daga 1962 zuwa 1964, "Licklider ya ƙaddamar da abubuwa uku mafi mahimmanci a cikin fasahar sadarwa: ƙirƙirar sassan kimiyyar kwamfuta a manyan jami'o'i da dama, raba lokaci, da sadarwar."  A cikin 1969, Cibiyar Nazarin Stanford (yanzu SRI International), ta sarrafa ɗaya daga cikin nodes na asali guda huɗu waɗanda suka ƙunshi ARPANET, wanda ya rigaya zuwa Intanet .

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