Mutanen Afar
Afar (Afa: Qafárr), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Danakil, Adali da Odali, ƙabilar Cushitic ce da ke zaune a yankin ƙahon Afirka . Suna zaune ne a yankin Afar na Habasha da kuma arewacin Djibouti da kuma gaba ɗayan gaɓar tekun kudancin Eritrea. Afar na magana da yaren Afar, wanda ke cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin Afroasiatic . Afar su ne kawai mazauna yankin Kahon Afirka waɗanda yankunan gargajiya suka yi iyaka da Bahar Maliya da Tekun Aden .

Tarihi

Tarihin farko 

Rubuce rubuce na farko da aka ambato na Afar ya fito ne daga marubuci ɗan Andalus na ƙarni na 13 Ibn Sa'id, wanda ya ruwaito cewa suna zaune a kewayen tashar jiragen ruwa na Suakin, har zuwa kudu zuwa Mandeb, kusa da Zeila .  An ambaci su lokaci-lokaci a cikin littattafan Habasha, da farko da suka taimaka wa sarki Amda Seyon a yaƙin neman zaɓe bayan kogin Awash, sannan sama da ɗari ɗaya bayan haka lokacin da suka taimaki Baeda Maryama a yaƙin da suke yi da maƙwabtansu, Dobe'a . 

A cewar wani ɗan ƙasar Fotigal na ƙarni na goma sha shida, Francisco Álvares, Masarautar Dankali ta keɓance da Abyssinia zuwa yamma da Adal Sultanate a gabas.

Jihohin Aussa 

A al'adance an tsara al'ummar Afar zuwa masarautu masu cin gashin kansu, kowane Sultan nasa ne ke mulki. Daga cikin su akwai Sarkin Aussa, Sultan na Girrifo, Sultan na Dawe, Sultan na Tadjourah, Sultan na Rahaito, Sultan na Gobaad .  A cikin 1577, shugaban Adal Imam Muhammed Jasa ya koma babban birninsa daga Harar zuwa Aussa a yankin Afar na zamani. A shekara ta 1647 ne sarakunan Masarautar Harar suka balle suka kafa nasu mulkin. Limamai na Harari sun ci gaba da kasancewa a yankin kudancin Afar har zuwa ƙarni na sha takwas daular Mudaito ta Afar wacce daga baya ta kafa daular Aussa ta kifar da su .  Alamar farko ta Sultan ita ce sandar azurfa, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi yana da kayan sihiri.

Yaƙin Masarawa 
Daga cikin asusun da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu suka bayar a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba Werner Munzinger tare da matarsa da yaronsa sun isa Tadjoura tare da gudanar da ayyukansu na buɗe hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Ankober, da Tadjoura don yin mu'amala da Sarki Menelik na Shewa. An kuma umurce shi da ya hade daular Larabawa ta Aussa, da Maris zuwa wasu yankuna kamar Wollo.  Sojojinsa sun ƙunshi sojoji 350, bindigogi 2, da rakuma 45. A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba da isar Aussa sojojin Masar sun kai farmaki da daddare daga wani adadi mai yawa na kabilar Oromo. Dakarun Afar da na Oromo sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Masar tare da lalata sojojinsu da suka rage suka gudu zuwa Massawa. Daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a Masar akwai shahidan shugabansu Munzinger, da matarsa, da ɗansa.

Kafin karni na 19 
A cewar Elisée Reclus, Afar ya kasu kashi biyu, Asaimara, da kuma Adoimara, an kuma raba waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zuwa sama da ƙabila ɗari da hamsin bisa ga muradunsu amma duk sun hadu a kan abokan gaba. Modaitowan da suka mamaye yankin na ƙaramar hukumar Awash su ne suka fi kowa karfi kuma babu wani Bature da ya ratsa yankinsu ba tare da neman haƙƙin baƙi ko ƴan uwantaka na jini ba. Wasu ƴan ƙabilar Afar sun taimaka wa Turawa ta hanyar samar da tsaro ga ayarin Yammacin Turai da ke yawo a tsakanin gabar tekun Kudu da Bahar Maliya da tsakiyar Habasha. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, sarakunan Raheita da Tadjoura da ke gabar tekun Bahar Maliya sun yi mulkin mallaka a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai: Italiya ta kafa Iritiriya ta Italiya tare da Assab da Massawa, da Faransa Faransa Somaliland a Djibouti, amma Aussa na ciki a cikin kudu ya sami damar ci gaba da ƴancin kai na tsawon lokaci. Ko da kwatankwacinsa mai albarka kuma yana kan kogin Awash, an ware shi daga waje ta yankunan hamada da ke kewaye.

Yaƙi da Habasha

Habasha ta so ta kawar da mutanen Afar da kuma hana su taimakon Italiya a lokacin yakin Italo da Habasha na farko a 1895-1896. Nunawar sojojin Abyssiniya ya hana Sarkin Afara Mahammad Hanfare na masarautar Aussa daga girmama yarjejeniyoyin da ya yi da Italiya, a maimakon haka Hanfare ya sami damar cin gashin kansa a cikin daular Habasha ta hanyar amincewa da Sarki Menelik a kaikaice bayan yaƙin.

Afar Liberation Front 
 

Lokacin da aka ɓullo da tsarin gudanarwa na zamani a ƙasar Habasha bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, an raba yankunan Afar da Habasha ke da iko da su zuwa lardunan Eritrea, Tigray, Wollo, Shewa da Hararge. Shugabannin kabilu, dattijai, da addini da sauran jiga-jigan ƴan ƙabilar Afar sun yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tun daga shekara ta 1961, ba tare da samun nasara ba. Bayan tawayen da ba a yi nasara ba karkashin jagorancin Sultan Afar, Alimirah Hanfare, an kafa kungiyar ƴantar da ƴanci ta Afar a cikin 1975 don inganta muradun mutanen Afar. Sultan Hanfadhe ba da jimawa ba aka yi hijira zuwa Saudi Arabiya . Daga baya gwamnatin gurguzu mai mulkin Habasha a lokacin ta kafa yankin Assab mai cin gashin kansa (yanzu ana kiransa Aseb kuma tana cikin Eritriya ), duk da cewa an ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. A Djibouti, irin wannan yunkuri ya yi ta murmurewa a tsawon shekarun 1980, daga karshe ya kai ga kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula na Afar a 1991. Bayan faɗywar mulkin dergi a wannan shekarar, Sultan Hanfadhe ya dawo daga gudun hijira.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1993, aka kafa jam'iyyar Afar Revolutionary Democratic Front (ARDUF). Ta kafa gamayyar ƙungiyoyin Afar guda uku: ARDUU, wacce aka kafa a 1991 kuma Mohamooda Gaas (ko Gaaz) ke jagoranta; Afar Ummatah Demokrasiyyah Focca (AUDF); da kuma sojojin juyin juya hali na Afar (ARF). Jam'iyyar siyasa, tana da burin kare muradun Afar. Tun daga shekarar 2012, ARDUF na cikin jam'iyyar adawa ta United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF).

Alƙaluma

Rarraba yanki 

Yawan mutanen Afar suna zaune ne a cikin hamadar Danakil a yankin Afar na kasar Habasha, da kuma a ƙasashen Eritrea da Djibouti . Suna da adadin mutane 2,276,867 a Habasha (ko kashi 2.73% na yawan jama'a), wanda 105,551 mazauna birni ne, bisa ga ƙidayar baya-bayan nan (2007).  Afar sun ƙunshi sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Djibouti, kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin rarrabuwar kabilanci tara ( kililoch ) na Habasha.

Harshe 

Afar suna magana da yaren Afara a matsayin harshen uwa. Yana daga cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin harshen Afroasiatic .

Yaren Afar yana magana ne da ƴan ƙabilar Afar a yankin Afar na Habasha, da kuma kudancin Eritrea da arewacin Djibouti. Duk da haka, tun da a al'adar Afar makiyaya makiyaya ne, ana iya samun masu magana da harshen a nesa.

Tare, tare da yaren Saho, Afar ya ƙunshi gungu yaren Saho–Afar .

Al'umma

Addini 
Mutanen Afar galibi Musulmi ne. Sun daɗe suna da alaƙa da Musulunci ta hanyar siyasar musulmi daban-daban na cikin gida da kuma gudanar da ƙungiyar Sunna ta Musulunci.  Yawancin mutanen Afar sun karɓi Musulunci a ƙarni na 13 saboda faɗaɗa tasirin tsarkaka da ƴan kasuwa daga yankin Larabawa .  Afarwa dai galibi suna bin mazhabar Shafi'iyya ce ta Ahlus-Sunnah. Daruruwan Sufaye irin su Qadiriyya su ma sun yaɗu a tsakanin Afarwa. Rayuwar addinan Afar tana da ɗan daidaitawa tare da gaurayawan ra'ayoyin Musulunci da na jahiliyya kamar hadayun ruwan sama a wurare masu tsarki, duba, da waraka na jama'a.

Al'adu 
A cikin zamantakewa, an tsara su zuwa dangin dangi karkashin jagorancin dattawa da manyan aji biyu: asaimara ('ja') waɗanda suke da rinjaye a siyasa, da kuma adoimara ('fararen') wadanda suke aiki kuma ana samun su a cikin tsaunin Mabla . .  Ƙabila na iya zama ruwa kuma har ma sun haɗa da na waje kamar ( dangin Issa ). 

Bugu da kari, ana yi wa Afarawa suna da bajintar yaki. Maza a al'adance suna ɗaukar jile, sanannen wuƙa mai lanƙwasa. Har ila yau, suna da faifan waƙoƙin yaƙi. 

Afarwa galibi masu kiwo ne, musamman kiwon rakuma amma kuma suna kiwon awaki, tumaki, da shanu. Ko da yake, raguwar wuraren kiwo na dabbobinsu da gurɓacewar muhalli ya sa wasu ƴan ƙabilar Afar a maimakon haka su koma noma, aikin ƙaura, da kasuwanci. A al'adance 'yan ƙabilar Afar na Habasha sun tsunduma cikin cinikin gishiri amma a baya-bayan nan 'yan kabilar Tigray sun dauki wannan sana'a.

Bayanan kula

Nassoshi 

 Mordechai Abir, Zamanin sarakuna: ƙalubalen Musulunci da sake haɗewar daular Kirista, 1769-1855 (London: Longmans, 1968).
 J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam a Habasha (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege na Jami'ar Press, 1952).

Kara karantawa 
 Omniglot - Harshen Afar

 Ethnologue - Afar - Harshen Habasha
Harsuna
Mutanen Afirka
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