Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (UK Birtaniya:/ˈpwæ̃kɑːreɪ/  [US: street final syllable], French: [ɑ̃ʁi pwɛ̃kaʁe]   29 ga Afrilu 1854 -17 ga watan Yuli 1912) masanin lissafin Faransa ne, kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniyanci, kuma masanin kimiyya. Ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin polymath, kuma a cikin lissafi a matsayin "The Last Universalist",  tun da ya yi fice a kowane fanni na horo kamar yadda ya kasance a lokacin rayuwarsa.

A matsayinsa na masanin lissafi kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ya ba da gudummawa da yawa na asali ga ƙididdiga masu tsafta da aiki da su, kimiyyar lissafi, da celestial mechanics.  A cikin bincikensa game da matsalar jiki guda uku, Poincaré ya zama mutum na farko da ya gano tsarin kayyade rikice-rikice wanda ya kafa tushen ka'idar rikice-rikice na zamani. Ana kuma kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa fannin topology.

Poincaré ya bayyana mahimmancin mai da hankali ga sabawar dokokin kimiyyar lissafi a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye daban-daban, kuma shine farkon wanda ya gabatar da sauye-sauyen Lorentz a cikin sifar su ta zamani. Poincaré ya gano sauran sauye-sauyen saurin haɓakawa kuma ya rubuta su a cikin wasiƙa zuwa Hendrik Lorentz a cikin 1905. Don haka ya sami cikakkiyar sabani na duk ma'auni na Maxwell, muhimmin mataki a cikin tsara ka'idar dangantaka ta musamman. A cikin shekarar 1905, Poincaré ya fara ba da shawarar raƙuman nauyi (ondes gravifiques) da ke fitowa daga jiki da yaduwa a cikin saurin haske kamar yadda canje-canjen Lorentz ke buƙata.

Kungiyar Poincaré da ake amfani da ita a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi an sa masa suna.

A farkon karni na 20 ya tsara tunanin Poincaré wanda ya zama tsawon lokaci daya daga cikin shahararrun matsalolin da ba a warware su ba a cikin lissafi har sai da Grigori Perelman ya warware shi a 2002-2003.

Rayuwa 
An haifi Poincaré a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu 1854 a unguwar Cité Ducale, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, a cikin dangin Faransanci mai tasiri.  Mahaifinsa Léon Poincaré (1828-1892) farfesa ne a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Nancy.  Ƙanwarsa Aline ta auri masanin falsafa Emile Boutroux. Wani sanannen memba na dangin Henri shi ne ɗan uwansa, Raymond Poincaré, ɗan'uwan memba na Académie française, wanda shi ne Shugaban Faransa daga 1913 zuwa 1920.

Ilimi 

A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya yi rashin lafiya na ɗan lokaci tare da diphtheria kuma ya sami umarni na musamman daga mahaifiyarsa, Eugénie Launois (1830-1897).

A cikin karni na 1862, Henri ya shiga Lycée a Nancy (yanzu an sake masa suna  a cikin girmamawarsa, tare da Jami'ar Henri Poincaré, kuma a cikin Nancy). Ya yi shekara goma sha ɗaya a makarantar Lycée kuma a wannan lokacin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗalibai a kowane fanni da ya karanta. Ya yi fice a rubuce rubuce. Malamin lissafinsa ya bayyana shi a matsayin "dodon lissafi" kuma ya lashe kyaututtukan farko a gasar concours général, gasar tsakanin manyan dalibai daga dukkan Lycées a fadin Faransa. Abubuwan da ya fi talauci sun hada da kiɗa da ilimin motsa jiki, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "matsakaici mafi kyau".  Duk da haka, rashin ganin ido da halin rashin tunani na iya bayyana waɗannan matsalolin.  Ya sauke karatu daga Lycée a 1871 tare da baccalauréat a duka haruffa da kimiyya.

A lokacin Yaƙin Franco-Prussian na 1870, ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a cikin Ambulance Corps.

Poincaré ya shiga École Polytechnique a matsayin babban wanda ya cancanta a 1873 kuma ya sauke karatu a 1875. A can ya karanci ilmin lissafi a matsayin dalibin Charles Hermite, ya ci gaba da yin fice da buga takardarsa ta farko (Démonstration nouvelle des propriétés de l'indicatrice d'une surface) a shekara ta 1874. Daga Nuwamba 1875 zuwa Yuni 1878 ya yi karatu a École des Mines, yayin da ya ci gaba da nazarin ilimin lissafi ban da tsarin aikin injiniya na ma'adinai, kuma ya sami digiri na injiniyan ma'adinai na yau da kullun a cikin Maris a 1879.

Manazarta 

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