Yanayin muhalli a Karachi
Karachi na da batutuwan muhalli da yawa, suna yin illa ga muhallinta da lafiyar ɗan adam . Rashin Haɓaka masana'antu da kuma rashin kula da muhalli sun taimaka wajen magance matsalolin. Daban-daban nau'ikan gurbatawa sun karu kamar yadda Karachi ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli da lafiya. Gurbacewar iska, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin sarrafa sharar gida da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa sune manyan matsalolin muhalli a Karachi.

Biota

Yanayi

Geography

Ruwa

Canjin yanayi

Gurbacewa 
Lalacewa ita ce shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayi wanda ke haifar da canji mara kyau.  Gurɓatawa na iya ɗaukar nau'in sinadarai ko makamashi, kamar su amo, zafi ko haske. Masu gurɓatawa, da Kuma abubuwan ƙazanta, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen gurɓataccen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe . Bisa ga binciken da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta yi, chromium da matakan gubar suna da yawa a kusan dukkanin tushen ruwa na ƙasa, sannan duk da haka an sami babban taro a yankunan masana'antu. Kasancewar kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi yana buƙatar buƙatar kimanta sauran ƙananan ƙarfe kamar yadda aka sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin chromium da tattarawar gubar, yana nuna yuwuwar samun irin wannan tushen gurɓataccen abu a cikin Karachi .

Gurbacewar gabar teku 
Kogin Karachi, wanda ya kai sama da 135 km, yana fuskantar ƙazamin ƙazanta saboda haɗakar masana'antu, tashar jiragen ruwa, gundumomi, da harkokin sufuri a yankin. Yankin tekun yana cike da gurɓataccen ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa yanayin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin halittun ruwa sun gurbace da gubar dalma, wadanda idan mutane suka sha ta hanyar abincin teku ana danganta su da cutar karancin jini da gazawar koda da kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa . Kuma A hakikanin gaskiya, binciken ya kuma gano cewa hatta dazuzzukan mangrove da ke kare rafukan ciyar da abinci daga zaizayar ruwa da kuma hanyar samar da abinci ga masunta na fuskantar barazana da wannan gurbatar yanayi.  A yankin masana'antu na Korangi, rukunin masana'antu 2,500 da suka hada da masana'antar fatu 170 suna zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba cikin tekun Arabiya .

Gurbacewar iska 
Gurbacewar iska shine sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Kuma Abubuwan gurɓataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun haɗa da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides waɗanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko ƙura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5 . Iskar da ke Karachi tana gurbace da hayakin mota, musamman raksha da motocin bas, hayakin masana'antu, bude kone-kone na sharar gida, gobarar gidaje, da sauran barbashi amma gwamnati da kungiyoyin kare muhalli ba sa daukar lamarin da muhimmanci ko kuma a kan lokaci.

Rickshaws 
Injin bugun bugun jini da ke kan raksha da babura na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gurɓatar iska a Karachi da sauran Pakistan . Injin bugu biyu, da kuma motoci marasa lahani ko rashin kulawa, sune manyan gurɓata yanayi ta hanyar fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide .Kuma  Injin bugun bugun jini da kuma motocin da ba su da inganci da ke amfani da man shafawa mara inganci sune manyan fitar da sulfur dioxide da hayaki. Motocin da ke aiki akan matsewar iskar gas da kuma iskar gas mai ruwa da tsaki sune manyan gurɓatattun iska.

Hasken ƙazanta 
Lalacewar Hasken ya haɗa da ƙetare haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya . Kuma Rashin gurɓataccen haske shine kasancewar hasken ɗan adam da hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin dare. Yin amfani da hasken da ya wuce kima, ɓarna ko ɓarna, amma ko da hasken da aka yi amfani da shi a hankali yana canza yanayin yanayi.

Sharar gida 
Sharar gida shine laifin jefa abubuwan da basu dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, a kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri. Sannan Kamfanin Karachi na Karachi ya sha wahala saboda rashin gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa da kudi kuma a yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli sosai wajen gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullun kamar tattarawa da zubar da sharar gari daga muhimman wuraren zama.

Gurbacewar hayaniya 
Gurbacewar hayaniya wacce ta ƙunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da ƙarar sonar . Kuma Hayaniyar Karachi ta kai 80 dB (A), Babban Hayaniyar Hayaniyar x (GNI) zuwa 460, da matakin gurɓacewar amo (NPL) zuwa 99 dB (A). Waɗannan ƙimar sun fi girma (P ƙasa da 0.01) fiye da samammun bayanan ƙasashen duniya. An gano hanyoyin samar da hayaniya kamar, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ayyukan mutane, ayyukan masana'antu da farar hula, bitar injiniyoyi da injiniyoyi. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na gurɓatar hayaniya a Karachi, su ne motocin haya, kekuna masu tafiya da kuma ƙahonin jigilar jama'a.  Hayaniyar da ke fitowa daga tushe iri-iri kamar; Babura, Auto-Rikshaws, Motoci, Wagons, Mini-buses & Buses, Motoci, Taraktoci, Tankar ruwa, Bulldozers da Injin atisas da sauransu

Gurbacewar ƙasa 
Gurɓataccen ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Sannan Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen ƙasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE,  herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons .

Naya Nazimabad Contamination 
An gina unguwar Naya Nazimabad a Karachi akan gurbataccen ƙasa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin lafiya ga mazauna yankin. Kuma An yi wani rufa-rufa don yin watsi da gurbacewar Naya Nazimabad a kafafen yada labaran Pakistan. Shunaid Qureshi, developer of Naya Nazimabad, CEO Al Abbas Sugar Mills da kuma tsohon shugaban Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PASMA) an kama a Janairu 2014.  Kamfanin Javedan Cement Limited (JCL) ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma an sayar da shi a kan farashi mai rahusa na Rs. 4.3 biliyan ( $ 43 miliyan) ga Haji Ghani da Shunaid Qureshi. Sabbin masu mallakar kusan nan da nan suka daina kera, kuma sun wargaza masana'antar siminti kuma suka mai da filin JCL mai girman eka 1,300 zuwa aikin gidaje na Naya Nazimabad wanda darajarsa ta haura Rs. biliyan 100 ( $ 1 biliyan).

Gurɓatar rediyoaktif 
Gurɓataccen rediyo wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan ƙarni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, ƙira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli ). Rukunin wutar lantarki na Karachi yana 50 km daga Karachi cikin gari. KANUPP -1 mai karfin megawatt CANDU reactor ne. Akwai biyu 1100 MW kowane CAP1400 Nuclear reactors da ake yi. A watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013, Pakistan da China sun tabbatar da cewa CAP1400 Nuclear reactor, bisa AP1000 Westinghouse Electric Company Pressurized water reactor, za a gina a Karachi.  Ana kuma tada tambayoyi game da ƙirar ƙirar masana'antar wutar lantarki ta Karachi. Kuma An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙirar shuke-shuken Karachi, ACP-I000, har yanzu yana kan ci gaba kuma ba a gwada shi ba.

Gurbacewar yanayi 
Gurɓataccen yanayi shine canjin yanayin zafi a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin injin wuta.

Gurbacewar gani 
Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen ƙasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri ), buɗaɗɗen ajiyar shara, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya . Hukumar Kula da Birni ta Karachi (KMC) ta sanya dokar hana sanya sabbin allunan talla, allunan tallace-tallace da sauran kudaden ajiya a cikin babban birnin na tsawon watanni uku masu zuwa.  Sannan Kuma An dauki matakin ne a taron da manyan jami’an KMC suka yi bayan da kamfanin ya lura da gurbatar yanayi da ke lalata yanayin birnin.  Akwai allunan talla sama da 3,000 a Karachi suna haifar da gurbacewar gani.

InGurbacewar ruwa 
Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman ; fitar da najasa na cikin gida da ba a kula da su ba, da gurɓatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin kwararowar ƙasa da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, waɗanda za su iya ƙunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari ); zubar da sharar gida da leaching cikin ruwan karkashin kasa ; eutrophication da sharar gida.

Galan miliyan 110 a kowace rana na danyen ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba daga kogin Indus ana hadawa da ruwan da aka dasa daga cibiyoyin kula da ruwan da hukumar kula da ruwa ta Karachi (KWSB) ke yi, kuma ana kawo wannan hadakar ruwan ga birnin. KWSB ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ruwan ya dace da amfani. Hakanan an ƙara adadin chlorine don tabbatar da cewa an kawar da kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. 

Karachi yana da gurbacewar ruwan sha da rashin isa gare shi. Sannan Kuma Akwai rashin gamsuwa da zubar da shara a Karachi. Maimakon zubar da shara a masana'antar sarrafa shara, jama'a sun yi ta jefawa da kona shi a wurare daban-daban na zaman jama'a da na kasuwanci a cikin birnin, lamarin da ya haifar da kazanta mai yawa.

Tanning 
Pakistan tana fitar da samfuran fata ta amfani da hanyoyin samar da fata gami da fata. Baya ga sauran tasirin muhalli na fata, hanyoyin samarwa suna da tasirin muhalli mai girma, musamman saboda:

 yawan amfani da sinadarai masu gurbata muhalli a cikin tsarin fata
 gurɓataccen iska saboda tsarin canji ( Hydrogen sulfide a lokacin dehairing da ammonia a lokacin deliming, sauran ƙarfi vapours).

Ton ɗaya na ɓoye ko fata gabaɗaya yana haifar da samar da 20 zuwa 80 m3 na turbid da ruwan sha mai ƙamshi, gami da matakan chromium na 100-400. MG/L, matakan sulfide na 200-800 mg/L da manyan matakan mai da sauran ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, da kuma sanannen kamuwa da cuta. Kuma Har ila yau, ana yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kiyaye ɓoye yayin jigilar kaya. Tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da ke wakiltar har zuwa 70% na nauyin rigar na asali na asali,sannan  tsarin tanning yana zuwa da matsala mai yawa akan kayan aikin gyaran ruwa.

Masana'antu 
Masana'antu na Karachi suna haifar da hadaddiyar giyar sinadarai da abubuwa masu guba, kuma ana fitar da datti mai yawa na masana'antu cikin rafuka, koguna, ko teku.

Yadi 
Pakistan na fitar da kayayyakin masaku zuwa kasashen waje sannan kuma dattin masana'antar ke haifar da gurbatar ruwanta. Tushen niƙa (TMEs) sune fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'anta waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin aikin rigar kamar su zazzagewa, neutralizing, desizing, mercerizing, carbonizing, cikawa, bleaching, rini, Kuma bugu da sauran ayyukan kammala rigar. Ba a samar da su a wuraren da ke gudanar da sarrafa bushewa kawai (kati, kadi, saƙa da saƙa), wanki ko kera zaruruwan roba ta hanyar sinadarai.

Gudanar da Muhalli 
Gudanar da muhalli ya ƙunshi kalmomi biyu: muhalli da gudanarwa. Don haka da farko, dole ne mu san, menene gudanarwa. Kuma  Sa'an nan za mu iya sauƙi fahimta game da muhalli management.

Gudanarwa shine tsari na tsarawa, tsarawa, sarrafawa, daidaitawa, daukar ma'aikata ko jagoranci don samun abin da ake so.

Da farko, ra'ayi ɗaya game da gudanarwa yana aiki, kamar aunawa yawa, daidaita tsare-tsare, DA Kuma cimma burin. Wannan ya shafi ko da yanayin da ba a yi shiri ba. Daga wannan hangen nesa, Henri Fayol ya ɗauki gudanarwa ya ƙunshi ayyuka shida: Komai, kullun muna sarrafa komai, kowane ra'ayi. Yana jagorantar masu dacewa don cimma burin da ake so.

Tsarin kula da muhalli tsari ne na tsare-tsare na tsarawa, ƙira, daidaitawa, jagoranci da sarrafa duk ayyuka da kuma waɗanne maƙasudai/ayyukan kowace mahalli don samun kyakkyawan sakamako dangane da haɓaka ingancin muhalli. Manufofin Gudanar da Muhalli

Daga mahangar aiki,

 Muna son yanayin rayuwa mai lafiya. Don tabbatar da hakan dole ne mu kawar da kowane irin gurbataccen yanayi ko kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli. A cikin kulawar yanayi: inda muka sami matsala, muna sarrafa a nan.
 Ware tushen da mai karɓa kuma kiyaye yankin buffer a tsakanin su yayin da yake aiki kamar nutsewa. Wannan yanki na iya zama na zahiri ko ta nisa. Manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar yankin buffer.
 Hasashen
 Tsare-tsare
 Tsara
 Yin umarni
 Gudanarwa
 Sarrafa

Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

Duba wasu abubuwan 

 Matsalolin muhalli a Pakistan
 Matsalolin muhalli a Siachen
 Geography na Pakistan
 Kiwon lafiya a Pakistan
 Jerin batutuwan muhalli
 Yankunan Pakistan masu kariya
 Namun daji na Pakistan

Manazarta

Hanyoyin haɗin na waje 

Barazanar Tsaro Na Gargajiya A Pakistan Daga Ali Tauqeer Sheikh (Oktoba 2011)
 Kalubalen Tsaro na Muhalli da Na Gargajiya a Kudancin Asiya ta Dennis Pirages, Farooq Sobhan, Stacy D. VanDeveer da Li Li (Yuni 2011)
 Gurbacewa a Pakistan da mafita
 GURBATAWAR SAMA A KARACHI DALILAI DA ILLAR LAFIYA DAN ADAM. 
 Haɓaka gurɓataccen iska yana cutar da Karachi
 Karachi na cikin birane 8 da suka fi gurbata muhalli a Asiya
 Tasirin gurbatacciyar iska a kan cututtuka na yau da kullun a Karachi, Pakistan
 Ingantacciyar iska a cikin yanayin birnin Karachi - Bayani
 Karachi Coastline Case
 Ajiye Karachi - Ajiye Duniya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba