Leo Igwe
Leo Igwe (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1970) Leo ya kasan ce ɗan rajin kare hakkin ɗan adam ne na Nijeriya kuma masanin ɗan adam. Igwe tsohon wakilin Yammaci da na Kudancin Afirka ne na kungiyar International Humanist and Ethhical Union na Duniya, kuma ya ƙware a kan yaƙi da tattara bayanai game da tasirin zargin maitar yara. Ya yi karatun digirin digirgir daga makarantar Bayreuth International School of African Studies a jami’ar Bayreuth da ke Jamus, bayan da ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa daga jami’ar Calabar da ke Najeriya. Lauyan kare hakkin bil adama Igwe ya kawo shi cikin rikici tare da manyan mashahuran matsafa, kamar su Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries, saboda sukar da ya yi wa abin da ya bayyana a matsayin rawar da suke takawa a tashin hankali da barin yara da wasu lokuta ke faruwa sakamakon zargin maita.

An nada Igwe a matsayin abokin bincike na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta James Randi, inda ya ci gaba da aiki don burin mayar da martani ga abin da yake gani a matsayin mummunan tasirin camfe-camfe, ciyar da shubuhohi cikin Afirka da ma duniya baki daya. A shekarar ta  2014, Igwe aka zaba a matsayin Lambar Yabo na daya  a International Academy of Humanism da kuma a shekara ta 2017 ya karbi kyautar hidima wa Humanism Award daga International Humanist and Ethical Union.

Ganin filin kare hakkin dan Adam na Igwe ya sa an cafke shi a lokuta da dama a Najeriya. Ya rike mukamin shugabanci a kungiyar 'yan Adam ta Najeriya, Atheist Alliance International, da kuma Cibiyar Bincike a—Nigeria.

Rayuwar farko 
Igwe ya taso ne a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, kuma ya bayyana gidansa a matsayin mabiya darikar Katolika sosai a tsakanin "al'ummomin da ke da camfi sosai," kamar yadda aka yi hira da shi a cikin Gold Coast Bulletin. Tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, Igwe ya shiga makarantar seminary kuma ya fara karatun firist na Katolika. "A cikin makarantar firamaren," in ji shi a wata hira da ya yi da Turawa Skeptics Podcast, "suna inganta akidarsu ta Katolika kuma waɗannan imanin suna shakkar abubuwan da aka saba da su." Wannan "rikakken rikitarwa na kabilanci da Kiristanci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi"  ya haifar da wani lokaci na bincike da rikicin cikin gida. "[W] sai na fara tambaya, na gano cewa ko Kiristanci ne ko sihiri na al'ada, duk game da camfi ne, maganar jitajita ne, duk batun yin mutane ne. Ya shafi mutane ne kawai suna tallata imani ba tare da hujja ba. ”  Tun yana ɗan shekara 24, Igwe ya yi murabus daga makarantar seminary ya koma Ibadan.

Kaddamar da 'yancin ɗan adam 
Igwe ya sami tasirin zama dan gwagwarmaya ne ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen Paul Kurtz, wanda ya karanta a cikin mujallu da Cibiyar Bincike ta buga. 

An jera Igwe a matsayin karamin  tsohohon Dan Makarantar Digiri na Biyu ta Bayreuth ta Nazarin Afirka, inda aikinsa ya kasance batun nazarin zargin maita a arewacin Ghana. 

A cikin labarin faduwar 2000 a cikin mujallar 'Free Inquiry ' Igwe kwata-kwata ya lissafa hanyoyi daban-daban da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini a Najeriya suka hada kai da karamar hukumar tare da amfani da ita wajen aiwatar da ka'idojin dokoki na addini, wanda ke hana aiwatar da 'yancin dan adam a wadannan yankuna. 

Igwe ya rubuta a shekarar ta 2004 cewa a cikin kasarsa ta Najeriya, imanin da ake da shi a yanzu game da maita na haifar da kashe-kashe da sadaukarwa ta mutum, yana mai lura da cewa mata da kananan yara za a iya cewa suna da ko kuma aikata ba daidai ba na damar maita, alhali kuwa maza sun fi yawaita wanda aka nuna a matsayin yana da kyawawan halayen maita. 

A shekara ta 2008, wani shirin BBC, Saving Africa's  Witch children, sun nuna wani hoto da Igwe, kasancewar daya daga cikin batutuwan farko shi ne "mafarauciyar ok mayu Helen Ukpabio." Rahoton shirin ya ba da cikakken rahoto game da "munanan laifuffukan da aka aikata kan yara da ake zargi da maita," kuma aka gabatar da shi a matsayin HBO a shekara ta 2010. Fim din ya kuma biyo bayan kokarin Sam Itauma, wani mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin yara da gyara rayuwa (CRARN), wanda ke ba da masauki da kariya ga yaran da aka ci zarafinsu ko kuma aka yi watsi da su, da kuma Gary Foxcroft, wanda ya kafa Stepping Stones Nigeria, wata kungiyar agaji mai rijista a Burtaniya. 

A cikin shekara ta 2009, Igwe ya wakilci kungiyar International Humanist and Ethical Union  Afirka na 'Yancin Dan Adam da Humanan Adam a Banjul, Gambiya, inda ya yi magana a madadin IHEU game da nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka. A jawabinsa, Igwe ya ja hankali game da nuna wariya ga Osu, wasu gungun mutane da wasu ke ganin cewa masu karamin karfi ne, wadanda Igwe ya ce "ci gaba da fuskantar wariya da rashin mutunci, musamman a bangaren aure da dangi, na mallakar  dukiya. da gado, samun filaye, ‘yancin siyasa da wakilci, ilimi, ci gaba, ababen more rayuwa, da rarraba kayayyakin more rayuwa." 

A shekara ta 2010, a cewar wata sanarwa da Kungiyar Hadin Kan ‘Yan Adam ta Turai (EHF) ta fitar, sojoji da jami’an‘ yan sanda sun mamaye gidan Igwe “bayan wata tuhumar kisan kai,” wanda ake zargin wani mutum ne da Igwe ya yi yunkurin gurfanar da shi saboda zargin aikata laifin lalata da yarinya mai shekaru 10 a shekara ta 2006. A cewar rahoton, an kama Igwe har sau uku tun lokacin da ya fara aiki a kan lamarin fyade, sakamakon zarge-zargen mugunta,  sa David Pollock na EHF ya rubuta wa mataimakin shugaban kasar na lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan wasika a kan Amadadin Igwe. 

A cewar EHF, daga baya a cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, an kaiwa gidan da dangin Igwe suke hari yayin da wasu mutane biyu da ba a san ko su waye ba suka kai wa mahaifin Igwe duka kuma suka rufe shi, lamarin dai ya haifar da “munanan raunuka a fuskarsa da kansa,” kuma hakan ya sa aka cire dattijo Igwe ta hanyar tiyata.  Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta dauki lamarin ne bayan da rahotanni suka ce ‘yan sanda sun ki bude bincike. 

A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, yayin da ake kokarin ceton yara biyu da ake zargi da maita a jihar Uyo ta Akwa da ke kudancin Najeriya, '' 'yan sanda sun daure Igwe kuma sun lakada masa duka,' '  a kokarinsu, a cewar Sahara Reporters, ta jihar gwamna Godswill Akpabio, zai fara "danniya ga masu fafutuka da ke da hannu a ceton yaran da ake zargi da maita."  Daga baya an an saki Igwe ba tare da caji ba,  cewar Gary Foxcroft na Stepping Stones Nigeria, kuma "cikin farin ciki." 

A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, an zabi Igwe a matsayin wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Ilmin Dan Adam ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2017, an ba shi Kyautattun Ayyuka don Kyautar Dan Adam daga Babban Taron Humanan Adam da Ethabi'ar Generalasa ta Duniya. Lokacin da ya karbi lambar yabon, Igwe ya sadaukar da shi ne "ga dukkan masu ilimin bil'adama wadanda ke cikin hadari a duniya". 

Igwe mai goyon bayan yakin neman zabe ne na kafa Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyar da ke fafutukar kawo canji ga dimokiradiyya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Lokacin da yake tattaunawa game da batun, Igwe ya bayar da hujjar cewa "Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na bukatar a mayar da ita ga wadanda ta mallaka a zahiri - mutanen duniya." 

Igwe na ci gaba da tofa albarkacin bakin sa game da hare-haren da ake zargin mayu a Malawi. A cewarsa, shari'o'in da suka faru na baya-bayan nan na irin wadannan hare-hare a watan Disambar shekara ta 2019 da watan Janairun shekara ta 2020 "... sun kunshi tsaba na ingantaccen shawarwari kan zaluncin matsafa a Malawi. Da farko dai akwai bukatar gaggawa ga masu ba da shawara ga wadanda ake zargin matsafa ne a duk fadin kasar don su zama bayyane kuma su himmantu. " Ya ba da shawarar cewa, baya ga ilmi mai yaɗuwa game da ainihin musabbabin bala'i, "Ya kamata a zartar da hukunci mai girma ciki har da dakatarwa da sallamar ko ta kwana ga shugaban kowane ƙauye, ko gundumar da ake zargin an kashe maƙaryaci ko kuma kashe shi."

Cocin Bishara ta Liberty 
Kokarin da Igwe ke yi kan tuhumar maita ya hada da neman tilasta aiwatar da wata doka a Najeriya da ta hana tuhumar kananan yara da maita, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici da kungiyar Pentikostal ta Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries da kuma musamman Fasto Helen Ukpabio, wacce ta sha suka daga Igwe da sauransu, a cewar wani labarin na New York Times, saboda koyarwar da ta yi "sun taimaka wajen azabtarwa ko watsi da dubban yaran Najeriya - ciki har da jarirai da jarirai - wadanda ake zargin mayu ne da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe." 

A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, an shirya Igwe zai yi magana a wani taro a Calabar, Najeriya, "yana la'antar watsi da, azabtarwa da kisan yara da ake zargin mayu ne." Yayin da yake gab da gabatar da jawabinsa, mambobin cocin Liberty Gospel Church, sama da mutane 150, suka mamaye taron suka far wa Igwe, wanda “aka buge shi aka yi masa fashi, an cire masa kyamara, kudi da wayar hannu kafin ya yi nasarar tserewa zuwa ofishin yan sanda da ke kusa don neman taimako." An ɗauki ɓangaren rikicin cikin fim. 

Bayan harin, shugabar cocin Liberty Gospel Church, fasto Helen Ukpabio, ta kai karar gwamnatin jihar, da kuma wasu masu suka, ciki har da Igwe, suna neman Naira biliyan 2 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 13, 2010) da kuma "umarnin har abada," hana maganganun masu sukar ta daga sukar aikin ta. Daga baya Mai Shari’a PJ Nneke ya yi watsi da bukatar Ukpabio a babbar kotun tarayya da ke Calabar. 

Da take mayar da martani ga sukar da Igwe da sauran masu fafutuka suka yi, Ukpabio ta fada wa wakilin jaridar New York Times Mark Oppenheimer cewa "hotunan da take nunawa na yaran da suka mallake su, suna taruwa ne ta hasken wata don cin naman mutane" (kamar yadda aka gani a fim dinta na End of the mugs) ba an nufi shi ba a dauke shi a zahiri, kuma a bayyana, a cewar Oppenheimer, cewa shirin BBC na Ajiye Yaran Afirka "ya wuce gona da iri kan kirkirar matsalar watsi da yara."  A cewar Oppenheimer, "An tambaye ta yadda za ta tabbata, sai ta ce, 'saboda ni dan Afirka ne!' A Afirka, ta ce, 'dangin dangi sun fi karfin a samu haihuwa a kan titi.'

Shakka 

Matsayin Igwe a matsayin kodinetan kungiyar 'yan Adam na Najeriya ya sa aka bashi lambar yabo ta Freidenker saboda gagarumar gudummawa da ya bayar ga rashin yarda da duniya a lokacin Taurarin Freethought na shekara ta 2005, wanda Atheist Alliance International da Atheist United suka dauki nauyi. Baya ga kafa kungiyar 'yan Adam na Najeriya, Igwe ya kasance babban mai shiryawa da gabatarwa a shekara ta 2007 a taron farko na' yan Adam na duniya a Yankin Saharar Afirka. 

Igwe ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar daraktocin kungiyar Atheist Alliance International, inda ya samar da hadin kai tsakanin AAI da kungiyar Humanist Movement, wanda hakan ya sa NHM ta samu kyautar AAI ta kasa da kasa ta Freidenker da kuma AAI Community Cooperation Award. 

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009, a matsayin daraktan Cibiyar Bincike –Nigeria, an yi hira da Igwe ta BBC World Service game da kokarin da cibiyar ke yi na wayar da kan jama'a game da tashin hankali da rashin kulawa sakamakon imanin maita, duk da sunan aikinta da kuma tsoron sihiri.  

A cikin shekara ta  2012, Igwe ya rubuta Manifesto don Afirka mai shakku, wanda ya sami amincewa daga wasu masu rajin kare jama'a da yawa a Afirka, da kuma masu yarda da ra'ayi a duk duniya. 

Igwe ya gabatar da fosta a Taron Duniya na shida masu shakku (18-20 ga watan Mayu 2012) a Berlin, Jamus, tare da bayanan tarihin gwajin da shi da yawancin magoya bayansa suka fuskanta a Afirka yayin zanga-zangar nuna adawa da zalunci da kisan yara da tsiraru, da kuma gazawar da jami’an tsaro da shugabannin addinai suka yi wajen kalubalantar irin wannan ta’asar. 

A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2012, Igwe ya halarci wani taron tattaunawa a Taron Amaz! Ng (TAM), "   Jawabin na Igwe ya yi magana kan matsalar talaucin da ke haifar da wadatarwa da neman 'yan cirani, wadanda ke cin karensu da babbaka kuma ya haifar da watsi da yara.  Tare da mai gabatar da kara Eran Segev (shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Skeptics na Australiya ) da kuma mai gabatar da kara Brian Thompson (Daraktan yada labarai, JREF), Igwe sun tattauna kan kokarin da yake yi a kan kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma illolin da camfe camfe da tuhumar maita a Najeriya, Ghana, da Malawi. 

A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2012, an nada Igwe a matsayin Babban Jami'in Bincike na James Randi Educational Foundation  wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta da wata riba wacce aka kafa ta mai sihiri da shakku James Randi . Randi ya ce game da nadin, "Mu a JREF muna alfahari da yin aiki tare da Mista Leo Igwe wajen yakar mummunar labarin karya a Afirka, da ma duniya baki daya," ya kara da cewa manufar JREF "ta yi daidai da aikin Mista Igwe mai matukar muhimmanci. " 

A shekara ta 2013, Igwe ya gabatar da jawabi a taron bakaken zindikai na Landan da aka yiwa lakabi da 'Breaking The Taboo of Atheism in Black Communities', in da yake cewa "Allah bai juya ba! Ya kamata bakar fata su faɗi albarkacin bakinsu saboda mun fi wahala daga wuce gona da iri kan addini ”. 

A cikin shekara ta 2017, Igwe ya halarci Taron Turai na Skeptics Congress (ESC). Anan, yayi magana kan batutuwan kimiyya da addini. Ya halarci tattaunawan tare da Petr Jan Vinš, wani firist daga tsohuwar Cocin Katolika, wanda ya yi magana game da kawo mahimmancin tunani ga addini. Igwe "ya kasance mai ladabi da maganganun sa game da rashin magana da masu addini da kuma rungumar kimiyya." 

A cikin tattaunawar de kan mutumtaka ta shekara ta 2017, Igwe ya raba yadda misalin aikin da iyayensa suka yi ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa ya rungumi falsafar da ke karfafa hukumar dan Adam a tsarinsa na tunkarar kalubale kamar talauci, cuta, da camfi. "A wasu lokuta, addini na turawa 'yan Afirka da yawa zuwa tsayin daka na ban mamaki: su kai hari ga wasu mutane, su yi kisan kai na al'ada, su auna wadanda ke dauke da cutar zabiya, wadanda ke da kashin baya, kuma kamar yadda na samu labari kwanan nan, wadanda ke da gashin kai. A Afirka, camfi ya yadu, tare da mutane da yawa suna yin imani da maita, abin da ba shi da tushe a dalili ko a kimiyya. Amma duk da haka ana zargin matsafa, galibi mata, yara da tsofaffi ana kai musu hari ta yau da kullun, kora da kashe su. Kuma na sanya shi wani bangare na aikin rayuwata don kawo karshen tuhumar mayu da fitintinu a Afirka. ”

Gwajin maita 
A taron JREF na The Amaz! Ng Meeting (TAM) a watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Igwe yayi magana akan wani kwamitin "Taimakawa shakku a duniya."  A lokacin da yake halartar taron, Igwe ya yi hira da Christopher Brown daga gidan rediyon Meet the Skeptics podcast, yayin Igwe ya bayar da bayanin gwaje-gwaje uku da aka yi amfani da su don tantance ko mutum yana da "laifi" na yin maita. Kowane ɗayan gwaje-gwaje ukun suna da son zuciya ga wanda ake zargi kuma sun haɗa da amfani da bazuwar yanayi (kaji ko kada ka yarda) ko dokokin kimiyyar lissafi (tsintsiya). 

Gwajin kajin ya ƙunshi ɗan takarar da ke ba 'yan kaɗan ga mai sihiri. Mai sihiri yana yanke kajin da kallo yadda dabbobin da suka yanke jiki suka faɗi. Idan kaji sun faɗi sama, wanda ake zargin bashi da laifi; amma idan sun fadi suna fuskantar kasa, mai laifin yana da laifi.

Gwajin kada wani abu ne mai sauki wanda ake jefa wanda ake zargi a cikin wani kogi wanda aka san 'yan kada da rayuwa a ciki. Wanda ake zargin yana da laifi idan aka kawo masa hari kuma ya ci. Wanan gwajin ba a daina amfani dashi. Igwe yana zargin cewa hakan na iya faruwa ne saboda yawan farautar kada da aka yi a wuraren da aka yi gwajin.

Gwajin tsintsiya yana amfani da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi don sanya wanda ake tuhuma cikin wata damuwa. Wanda ake zargin ya hau kan ƙaramin kujera wanda ke ba da tallafi kaɗan ko daidaito. Bayan wasu ayyuka na al'ada, sai a tura ƙyallen ƙaran tsintsiya biyu a gaban wuyan wanda ake zargin. Idan tsintsiya ta rabu, ko kuma idan mai sihiri ya iya zama a tsaye, to wanda ake zargin bashi da laifi. Idan tsintsiya ba ta rabu ba kuma an tura wanda ake zargi daga wurin zama, wanda ake zargin ya yi laifi.

iBubutun 
Igwe ya bayyana hanyar tunani mai karfi a cikin wata kasida don kwamitin binciken mai shakku wanda ya kira "iDoubt".hanya ce ta rarrabewa da binciko bayanai kafin yarda da shi azaman gaskiya. Igwe ya sanya shakku guda biyar a matsayin "shakku na mutum, ya haifar da shakku, ya sanya shakku, ya sanar da shakku, da kuma shakkar Intanet." 

"Shakku ɗaya" yana lasafta tambayoyin mutum bisa ga kwarewar mutum game da batun da aka bayar. "Sparfafa shakku" yana nufin yaba wa waɗanda suke yin amfani da tunani mai kyau da kuma bayyana shakku maimakon karɓar bayanai a matsayin na gaskiya. "Bayyana shakku" ya nuna cewa yayin da mutane da yawa ke shakku bisa ɗabi'a, tunani mai mahimmanci yana buƙatar koyar, mafi kyau tun daga ƙuruciya. "Sanar da shakku" yana gano buƙatar bayyana mahimmancin tunaninmu don yada su da kuma ƙarfafa wasu suyi hakan. A ƙarshe, "Shakiyan Intanet" yana nuna wata hanyar da za ta haifar da ƙarin tunani mai mahimmanci ta hanyar yin tambayoyi da karɓar ƙarin tambayoyi don amsawa.

Duba kuma 

 Kwamitin Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam da na Jama'a a Afirka
 Atheist Alliance International
 Cibiyar Bincike
 'Yancin' Ya'ya da Tsarin Gyaran Gyara
 Kwalejin Ilimin Dan Adam ta Duniya
 Humanungiyar Humanan Adam ta Duniya da Ethabi'a
 James Randi Foundation Foundation
 Matakan Dutse Nijeriya

Manazarta 
 
Pages with unreviewed translations
Rayayyun mutane
Najeriya