Harshen Tuva
Harshen Tuva (Tuvan:  , tıwa dıl) harshe ne na Turkawa da ake magana da shi a Jamhuriyar Tuva da ke Kudu-Tsakiya Siberia a Rasha. Harshen ya aro lambobi da yawa daga yaren Mongoliya, Tibet da kuma yaren Rasha. Akwai kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin al'ummomin Tuvan da ke magana da yaruka daban -daban na Tuvan a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Mongoliya.

Tarihi 
Duk da yake wannan tarihin yana mai da hankali kan galibin mutanen Tuva, masana ilimin harsuna da yawa suna jayayya cewa babu makawa harshe yana da alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa da tarihin harshe da kansa.  Rubutun farko na Tuvan shine daga farkon karni na 19 ta Wūlǐyǎsūtái zhìlüè ( Chinese ) Julius Klaproth shekarar 1823, Matthias Castrén 1857, Katanov da Vasily Radlov, da sauransu 

Sunan Tuva ya koma tun farkon buga Asirin Tarihin Mongols. Tuva (kamar yadda suke nufin kansu) a tarihi ana kiran su Soyons, Soyots ko Uriankhais.  Al'ummar Tuvan sun shafe shekaru dubbai suna mulkin China, Rasha da Mongoliya. Lokacin da suka sami 'yancin kai na kwanan nan shine daga cikin shekara ta1921 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1944, lokacin da aka dauke su Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Tuvan.  

Majiyoyi da yawa sun ce an sami matsanancin tashin hankali tsakanin gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet/Tarayyar Rasha da shugabanni a cikin ƙasar Tuvan tun a acikin shekara ta 1944, lokacin da Tuva ta rasa 'yancin kanta ga Soviets. A acikin shekara ta 1990, rikici ya barke tsakanin 'yan Tuvans da gwamnatin Rasha.  Dangane da binciken da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa Louk Hagendoorn, Edwin Poppe da Anca Minescu suka kammala acikin shekara ta 2008, mutanen Tuvan sun so su kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga Tarayyar Rasha bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.  Musamman sun jaddada burinsu na samun 'yancin kai ta fuskar yarensu da al'adunsu. Bincike ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa wannan ya danganci son zuciya. Yawancin kabilu da ƙungiyoyin harsuna marasa rinjaye a Rasha suna gasa don albarkatun tattalin arziƙi kuma suna riƙe da matsayin mutum ɗaya, ta hanyar jaddada mahimmancin harshe da al'ada. 

Tun cikin shekara ta 2000, Tarayyar Rasha ke ƙoƙarin rage ɗabi'ar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙabilu marasa rinjaye a Rasha, amma halin ya ci gaba.

Rarraba 
Tuvan (wanda kuma aka rubuta Tyvan) an rarrabe shi da harshe a matsayin yaren Arewa maso Gabas ko Siberian Turkic, yana da alaƙa da wasu yarukan Turkic Siberian da suka haɗa da Khakas da Altai . Babban dan uwansa shine Tofa mai mutuwa.

Tuvan, kamar yadda ake magana a Tuva, ya kasu kashi huɗu; Yamma, Tsakiya, Arewa maso Gabas, Kudu maso Gabas.

 Tsakiya: ya zama tushen harshe na adabi kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan ayyukan Ovyur da Bii-Khem. Tsakiyar yanki na wannan yare yana nufin ya yi kama da yaren da yawancin mutanen Tuvans ke magana, ko dai daidai ne ko a'a. 
 Yammacin: ana iya samun magana kusa da babban titin Khemchik . Yaren Altai ya rinjayi shi.
 Arewa maso gabas, wanda kuma aka sani da yaren Todzhi, ana magana da shi kusa da babban titin Babban Yenisey . Masu magana da wannan yare suna amfani da keɓancewa. Ya ƙunshi babban ƙamus da ke da alaƙa da farauta da kiwo da ba a samu a cikin wasu yarukan ba.
 Kudu maso Gabas: yana nuna mafi tasiri daga yarukan Mongolic.

Sauran yarukan sun haɗa da waɗanda Dzungar, Tsengel da Dukha Tuvans ke magana, amma a halin yanzu ba a rubuta cikakkun yarukan da ba a saba gani ba. Akwai yaruka daban -daban na yaren a duk faɗin yankin da ake magana da Tuvan. K. David Harrison, wanda ya kammala digirinsa kan yaren Tuvan a cikin shekara ta 2001, ya bayar da hujjar cewa bambancin waɗannan yaruka yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙauyen ƙasar Tuvan.  Subsaya daga cikin ɓangarorin shine harshen Jungar Tuvan, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan Altai da ke yankin Mongoliya ta yamma. Babu ingantaccen adadin masu magana da Jungar-Tuvan saboda yawancin a halin yanzu suna zaune a China, kuma Sinawa sun haɗa da masu magana da Tuvan a matsayin Mongoliya a cikin ƙidayar su.

Fasaha

Baƙaƙe 
Tuvan yana da 19 da 'yan qasar baƙi phonemes :

Wasulla 
Akwai wasula a Tuvan a cikin iri uku: gajere, doguwa da gajarta tare da ƙaramin farar ƙasa. Dogon wasali na Tuvan yana da tsawon lokacin da aƙalla (kuma galibi ya fi) sau biyu na tsawon gajerun wasali. Bambancin sautin banbanci na iya faruwa akan gajerun wasali, kuma idan hakan ta faru, yana sa su ƙara tsawon lokaci aƙalla rabi. Lokacin amfani da ƙaramin farar ƙasa, masu magana da Tuvan suna amfani da farar da take a ƙarshen ƙaramin sautin muryoyin su. Ga wasu masu magana, yana da ƙanƙanta da amfani da abin da aka fi sani da sautin murya  Lokacin da wasali a cikin kalmar monosyllabic yana da karancin sauti, masu magana suna amfani da ƙaramin farar kawai zuwa rabin farkon wannan wasalin (misali  'doki')  Wannan yana biye da alamar farar sauti, yayin da mai magana ke komawa zuwa yanayin salo a rabi na biyu na wasalin.

Tasirin sautin yana kama da na sautin da ke tashi kamar ƙarar farar sautin muryar Mandarin ta biyu, amma farar Tuvan ta fara ƙasa sosai. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar Tuvan harshe mai lafazi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙaramin sautin banbanci maimakon yaren tonal. Lokacin da ƙaramin harafin farar ya auku a cikin kalmar multisyllabic, babu tashin kwane -kwane ko tasirin tsayi:  'dokinsa/dokinsa'. Irin wannan low farar vowels aka a baya ake magana a kai a cikin adabi kamar yadda ko dai kargyraa ko pharyngealized vowels. Karatun sautin ya nuna cewa ma’anar sifar irin waɗannan wasalin ita ce ƙaramar murya. Dubi Harrison  acikin shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sautin sautin sauti da ƙaramar wasali na Tuvan.

A cikin rubutunta na PhD, "Dogon wasali a cikin kalmomin Mongolic a Tuvan", Baiarma Khabtagaeva ta bayyana cewa tarihin dogon wasulla yana da shubuha. Duk da cewa doguwar wasalin na iya samo asali daga yarukan Mongolic, su ma na iya zama asalin Tuvan. A mafi yawan harsunan Mongolic, ingancin dogon wasalin yana canzawa dangane da ingancin wasali na biyu a haɗe. Iyakar abin da aka keɓe ga wannan ƙa'idar ita ce idan haɗin haɗin ya zama labial. Tsoffin harsunan Tuvan, sabanin haka, sun dogara da wasalin farko maimakon na biyu don tantance dogayen wasali. 

Khabtagaeva ya raba canjin waɗannan kalmomin bashi zuwa lokaci biyu: farkon farkon da ƙarshen ƙarshen. Kalmomin da ke cikin farkon layin kalmomi ne waɗanda Mongolic suka adana haɗin haɗin, an kiyaye haɗin VCV amma har yanzu an ci gaba da ƙaramin wasalin lokacin da ya shiga yaren Tuvan, ko damuwar tana kan harafin ƙarshe da dogon wasali a cikin kalmar aro gajeriyar wasali a cikin kalmar asali. Late Layer ya haɗa da kalmomin aro wanda dogon wasali baya canzawa lokacin da kalmar ta shiga Tuvan. 

Hakanan ana iya samun wasulla a cikin muhallin baƙaƙe na hanci, amma nasalization ba bambanci bane. Yawancin wasali na Tuvan a cikin haruffan farko-farko suna da ƙaramin yanayi kuma ba sa bambanta sosai tare da gajeru da dogayen wasali.

Haɗin wasali 
Tuvan yana da tsarin jituwa na wasali guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa rarrabuwa na wasula a cikin kalmomi da kari. Jituwa ta baya, ko abin da ake kira 'palatal' wani lokaci, yana buƙatar duk wasulan da ke cikin kalma su kasance ko baya ko gaba. Haɗin kai, ko abin da ake kira 'labial' jituwa a wasu lokuta, yana buƙatar a zagaye wasalin idan babban wasali ne kuma ya bayyana a cikin harafi nan da nan bayan wasalin mai zagaye. Ƙuntataccen wasali  an taƙaita shi zuwa farkon harafin kalma, kuma za a iya ƙulla wasalin a cikin harafin da ba na farko ba kawai idan ya cika sharuɗɗan daidaitawa (dole ne duka su kasance babban wasali  da wasali mai zagaye gaba da shi). Dubi Harrison acikin shekara ta 2001 don cikakken bayanin tsarin jituwa na wasali na Tuvan.

Nahawu 
Tuvan yana gina kalmomi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar ƙamus. Alal misali,  shine 'raƙumi',  shine 'raƙuma',  shine 'raƙuma na',  shine 'daga rakuma na'.

Sunaye 
Tuvan yana alamta sunaye tare da kararraki guda shida: na asali, mai zargi, ɗan asalin ƙasa, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfar magana Ƙarin bayanan da ke ƙasa suna gaban wasula, duk da haka, sai dai -Je kari ya bi ƙa'idodin jituwa na wasali. Kowace ƙaramar harafi tana da fa'ida iri -iri da ma'anoni iri -iri, kawai mafi mahimmancin amfani da ma'anoni ana nuna su anan.

Ayyuka 
Fi'ilai a Tuvan dauki wani yawan endings to alama siga, yanayi, da kuma al'amari. Karin fi'ilai ma amfani da gyara da fi'ili. Don cikakken nazarin masaniyar fi’ili masu taimako a cikin Tuvan da harsunan da ke da alaƙa, duba Anderson acikin shekara ta 2004.

Syntax 
Tuvan yana amfani da odar kalma ta SOV. Alal misali,  (raƙumi raƙumi ci-BAYA) "Raƙumi ya ci ciyawa."

Ƙamus 

Kalmomin Tuvan galibi Turkic ne a asali amma alama ce ta yawan kalmomin aro na Mongoliya. Harshen ya kuma aro wasu kari na Mongoliya. Bugu da kari, akwai Ketic da Samoyedic substrata. Cibiyar Rayayyun Harsunan Rayuwa ce ta samar da ƙamus na magana na Tuvan.

Tsarin rubutu 
Haruffa na Tuvan na yanzu juzu'in haruffan Rasha ne, tare da ƙarin haruffa uku: ң (Latin "ng" ko Alphabet International Phonetic  ), Өө (Latin "ö",  ), Үү (Latin "ü ", IPA  ). Jerin haruffa yana bin Rashanci daidai, tare da ң wanda ke bayan Rasha Н, Ө bayan О, da Ү bayan У.

Ana amfani da haruffan Е da in ta hanya ta musamman. Ana amfani da Э don gajeren  sauti a farkon kalmomi yayin da ake amfani da for don sauti iri ɗaya a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalmomi. Ana amfani da Е a farkon kalmomi, galibi asalin asalin Rasha, don yin daidai da daidaitaccen lafazin Rashan na wannan harafin, . Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da ЭЭ a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalmomi don dogon  sauti.

Harafin ъ ake amfani da su nuna farar lafazi, kamar yadda a эът et 'nama'.

Rubutun tarihi

Rubutun Mongol 
A da, mutanen Tuvans suna amfani da Mongoliya a matsayin harshensu na rubutu.

Daga baya Nikolaus Poppe ya haɓaka rubutun Mongoliya don dacewa da yaren Tuvan. Wannan shine sananne rubutaccen tsari na yaren Tuvan.

Yaren Latin 

The Latin-tushen haruffa for Tuvan aka ambace su acikin shekara ta 1930 da wani Tuvan Buddhist m, Mongush Lopsang-Chinmit (aka Lubsan Zhigmed).Booksan littattafai da jaridu, gami da firamari waɗanda aka yi niyyar koya wa manya yin karatu, an buga su ta amfani da wannan tsarin rubutu. Daga baya aka kashe Lopsang-Chinmit a cikin tsaftar Stalin a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1941. 

An cire harafin ɉ from daga haruffa a cikin 1931.

A watan Satumbar a cikin shekara ta 1943, an maye gurbin wannan haruffan na Latin da Cyrillic, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi. A zamanin bayan Soviet, Tuvan da sauran masana sun ɗauki sabon sha'awar tarihin haruffan Tuvan.

Harshe 
Babu wani ma'aunin fassarar hukuma don canza haruffan Tuvan na Cyrillic zuwa Latin. Shirye-shiryen gama gari da ake amfani da su ta hanyoyin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suna dogaro da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya don fassara wasu yarukan Cyrillic kamar Rashanci yayin da ɗaliban Turkology gabaɗaya suka dogara da haruffan Turkic na yau da kullun.

Matsayi 
Tuvans a China, waɗanda ke zaune galibi a yankin Xinjiang mai cin gashin kansu, an haɗa su ƙarƙashin ƙabilar Mongol .  An ba da rahoton cewa wasu 'yan Tuvans suna zaune a Tafkin Kanas da ke arewa maso yammacin jihar Xinjiang, inda ba a san su a hukumance ba, kuma ana kidaya su a matsayin wani yanki na Oirat Mongol na gida wanda aka ƙidaya a ƙarƙashin babban jigon PRC na kabilar "Mongol" Yaran Oirat da Tuvan suna halartar makarantun da suke amfani da Chakhar Mongolian  da Standard Chinese, yaren da babu ƙungiya.

Bayanan kula

Nassoshi 

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  978-3-89586-529-9
  
  
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 Taube, Erika. (1994). Skazki da predaniia altaiskikh tuvintsev . Moskva : Vostochnaia litattafai. ISBN 5-02-017236-7
 Todoriki, Masahiko (等 々 力 政 彦Todoriki Masahiko ). 2011 "Wataƙila tsoffin ƙamus ɗin Tuvan da aka haɗa a cikin Wu-li-ya-su-tai-zhi lue, Kwafin Abun Cike na Tarihin Uliastai, 烏里蘇 台 志 略 に み え る ， 最 古 の 可能性 の あ る る ト ゥ バ バ 語 語彙 語彙つ つ て ". Tōyōbunka-Kenkyūjo Kiyō東洋 文化 研究所 紀要159 238-220. ISSN 0563-8089 Jami'ar Tokyo, http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/43632/1/ioc159007.pdf ( Rumbun )
 Oelschlägel, Anett C. (2013). Der Taigageist. Berichte und Geschichten von Menschen und Geistern aus Tuwa. Zeitgenössische Sagen und Andere Folkloretexte / Дух-хозяин тайги -Современные предания и другие фольклорные материалы из Тувы / Тайга ээзи - Болган таварылгалар болгаш Тывадан чыгдынган аас чогаалының өске-даа материалдары. [Ruhun Taiga. Rahotanni da Labarai game da Mutane da Ruhohi daga Tuva. Legends na Zamani da sauran Tatsuniya. ] Marburg: tectum-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8288-3134-6

Hanyoyin waje 

 Turanci-Tuvan, Tuvan-Turanci kamus na magana akan layi
 Тыва дыл кырында форум (Taron kan layi a ciki da game da yaren Tyvan)
 Yaren Tuvan da kayan tarihin
 Labaran Harshen TyvaWiki
 Harafin Tuvan
 Bincike tsakanin Tyvans (Tuvans) na Kudancin Siberia
 Legends na zamani da sauran Tatsuniyar Tatsuniyoyi daga Tuva
Pages with unreviewed translations
Harsuna