Haush
IRHaush

Haush ko Manek'enk ƴan asalin ƙasar ne waɗanda suka rayu a Miter Peninsula na Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Suna da alaƙa ta al'ada da harshen mutanen Ona ko Selk'nam waɗanda su ma suka rayu a kan Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, da kuma mutanen Tehuelche na kudancin ƙasar Patagonia.

Suna 

Haush shine sunan da Selknam ko Ona suka ba su, yayin da Yamana ko Yaghan ke kiran su Italum Ona, ma'ana Ona ta Gabas. Yawancin marubuta sun bayyana cewa sunansu don kansu Manek'enk ko Manek'enkn. Martin Gusinde ya ruwaito, duk da haka, cewa a cikin yaren Haush Manek'enkn yana nufin mutane gaba ɗaya kawai. Furlong ya lura cewa Haush ba shi da ma'ana a cikin yaren Selknam/Ona, yayin da haush ke nufin kelp a yaren Yamana/Yaghan. Tunda Selknam/Ona mai yiwuwa sun hadu da mutanen Yamana/Yaghan a yankin Haush, Furlong yayi hasashen cewa Selknam/Ona sun aro haush a matsayin sunan mutanen Yamana/Yaghan.

Asali 
Yawancin marubuta sunyi imanin cewa Haush sune mutanen farko da suka mamaye Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Haush suna da alaƙa da Selknam da Tehuelche, kuma ana tsammanin ƙungiyoyin uku sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar da ta gabace ta a ƙasar Patagonia. Ƙungiyoyin ukun sun kasance mafarauta, musamman na guanacos, kuma ba su da tarihin amfani da jiragen ruwa.

Kamar yadda Haush da Selknam ba su yi amfani da jirgin ruwa ba, Mashigin Magellan zai kasance babban shinge ga isa ga Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.  Selknam yana da al'adar cewa wata gada ta ƙasa ta taɓa haɗa tsibirin da babban ƙasa, amma daga baya ta rushe. Lothrop yayi watsi da hakan a matsayin wanda ba zai yuwu ba. Furlong ya ba da shawarar cewa kwale-kwalen Indiyawan (Yahgan ko mutanen Alacalufe ) sun ɗauki Haush da Selknam a kan mashigar ruwa. [8] [5]

Yanki 
Wataƙila Haush sun mamaye duk tsibirin Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, kafin Selknam ya isa tsibirin. Sunaye da yawa a yankin Selknam a zamanin tarihi ana kiran su Haush. Bayan hayewa daga babban yankin, ana zaton Selknam sun kashe ko kuma sun mamaye yawancin Haush, kuma suka tura ragowar zuwa cikin Miter Peninsula. [3] [5] [6] [9]

An raba yankin Haush zuwa yankuna biyu. Yankin arewa, kusa da yankin Selknam, ya miƙe a gefen gabas na tsibirin daga Cape San Pablo zuwa Caleta Falsa akan Polycarpo Bay. Yankin kudu ya fadada daga Caleta Falsa kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen Miter Peninsula zuwa Sloggett Bay. Yankin arewa yana da mafi kyawun yanayi don zama. Yankin kudancin, wanda a yanzu kusan babu kowa a ciki, yana da yanayi mai tsauri, ya fi sanyi da ruwan sama da hazo da iska fiye da yankin arewa. [10] Furlong ya bayyana cewa yankin Haush ya fito ne daga Cape San Pablo zuwa Good Success Bay, tare da tafiya lokaci-lokaci zuwa yamma har zuwa Sloggett Bay, kuma manyan matsugunan su sun kasance a Cape San Pablo, Polycarpo Cove, False Cove, Thetis Bay, Cape San Diego da Good Success Bay. [11]

Haush sun kasance kakanninsu da na uba. An raba su zuwa gidaje akalla goma, kowannensu yana da filaye da ke gudana daga wuraren farautar cikin ƙasa zuwa gaɓar teku. Iyalan makaman nukiliya (mutane biyar ko shida) za su yi ƙaura daban-daban ta cikin yankin danginsu, wani lokaci suna shiga tare da sauran dangin makaman nukiliya. Ƙungiyoyi daga yankuna da yawa za su taru don bukukuwa, musayar kyaututtuka, da kuma amfani da kifayen kifaye. [6] [11]

Al'adu 
Haush sun kasance mafarauta. Haush sun sami wani kaso mai yawa na abincinsu daga majiyoyin ruwa. Binciken da aka yi na kasusuwa daga wuraren binne a Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego ya nuna cewa tun kafin zuwan Turai Selknam ya samu mafi yawan naman da suka ci daga guanacos da sauran dabbobin ƙasa, yayin da abokan hulɗar Haush kafin zuwan Turawa, kamar Yamana, suka sami rinjaye. daga cikin naman da suka ci daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ciki har da hatimi da zakin teku.  Da yake guanacos ba su da yawa a yankin Haush, mai yiwuwa sun yi ciniki tare da Selknam don fatun guanaco. [13]

Sun raba al'adu da yawa tare da maƙwabtansu Selk'nam, kamar yin amfani da ƙananan bakuna da kiban dutse, ta yin amfani da fatun dabbobi (daga guanacos, kamar yadda Selknam, amma kuma daga hatimi) don 'yan kayan da suke amfani da su (capes)., suturar ƙafa da, ga mata, ƙananan "figleafs"), da kuma al'ada na farawa ga samari maza. [14] Harsunansu, wani ɓangare na dangin Chonan, sun kasance iri ɗaya, kodayake suna fahimtar juna "sai da wahala". [15]

Tuntuɓar Turai 
Tuntuɓar farko tsakanin Haush da Turawa ta faru ne a cikin 1619, lokacin balaguron Garcia de Nodal ya kai ƙarshen ƙarshen Miter Peninsula, a cikin bay da suka kira Bahia Buen Suceso (Good Success Bay). A can suka ci karo da mazajen Haush goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka taimaka wa Sipaniya su tanadi ruwa da itace don jiragen ruwa. Mutanen Espanya sun ba da rahoton ganin bukkoki hamsin a sansanin Haush, wanda ya zuwa yanzu taro mafi girma na Haush da aka ruwaito. [16]

Wani malamin Jesuit a kan jirgin ruwa da ya ziyarci Good Success Bay a 1711 ya kwatanta Haush a matsayin "rashin hankali". Balaguron farko da James Cook ya jagoranta ya ci karo da Haush a cikin 1769. Kyaftin Cook ya rubuta cewa Haush "watakila mutane ne masu wahala kamar yadda suke a wannan rana a duniya." [17] HMS <i id="mwbQ">Beagle</i>, tare da Charles Darwin a cikin jirgin, sun ziyarci Tierra del Fuego a 1832. Darwin ya lura da kamannin Haush da "Patagonians" da ya gani a baya a cikin wannan tafiya, ya kuma bayyana cewa sun sha bamban da "masu tsautsayi, masu bakin ciki da ke kara zuwa yamma", da alama yana nufin Yamana.  [17]

Yawan Haush ya ƙi bayan hulɗar Turai. A cikin 1915, Furlong ya kiyasta cewa kimanin iyalai ashirin, ko 100 Haush, an bar su a farkon karni na 19, [13] amma daga baya an kiyasta cewa 200 zuwa 300 Haush ya kasance a cikin 1836. A shekara ta 1891, an kiyasta 100 ne kawai aka bari, kuma zuwa 1912, ƙasa da goma. [19]

A lokacin gamuwa da zama na Turai, Haush sun zauna a can iyakar gabashin tsibirin a Miter Peninsula. Ƙasa zuwa yammacinsu, har yanzu a arewa maso gabas na Tierra del Fuego, Ona ko Selk'nam, ƙungiyar harshe da al'adu masu alaƙa, sun mamaye su. [20]

Masu mishan Salesian sun yi hidima ga Manek'enk, kuma sun yi aiki don kiyaye al'adunsu da harshensu. Uba José María Beauvoir ya shirya ƙamus. Lucas Bridges, Anglo-Argentine da aka haife shi a yankin, wanda mahaifinsa ya kasance mai wa'azin Anglican a Tierra del Fuego, ya haɗa ƙamus na harshen Haush [21]

Bayanan kula

Manazarta

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