Mutanen Senufo
Mutanen Senufo, waɗanda kuma aka sani da Siena, Senefo, Sene, Senoufo, da Syénambélé, ƙungiyar ƙabilanci ce ta yammacin Afirka. Sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin da ya shafi arewacin Ivory Coast, kudu maso gabashin Mali da kuma yammacin Burkina Faso. Ƙungiya ɗaya, Nafana, ana samunsa a arewa maso yammacin Ghana.

Mutanen Senufo galibinsu masu son rai ne, wasu kuma musulmi ne. Sun shahara a yanki saboda sana'o'in hannu, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi jigogin al'adu da imani na addini.

Alkaluma da harsuna 

A cikin shekarun 1980, alkaluma sun nuna jimillar al'ummar kabilar Senufo a tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 2.7. Wani kiyasi na shekarar 2013 ya nuna jimlar sama da miliyan 3, inda akasarinsu ke zaune a Ivory Coast a wurare irin su Katiola, da kuma wasu miliyan 0.8 a kudu maso gabashin Mali. Mafi yawan yawan jama'a ana samun su a cikin ƙasa tsakanin kogin Black Volta, kogin Bagoe da kogin Bani.

Ƙungiyarsu ta matrilineal ce. Yawanci, ana nazarin mutanen Senufo a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi uku waɗanda aka keɓe. Ana kiran Senufo na arewacin "Supide ko Kenedugou", wanda aka samo a kusa da Odienne, kuma wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa wata muhimmiyar masarauta ta yammacin Afirka kuma ya kalubalanci Musulmai mishan da 'yan kasuwa. Kudancin Senufo sune rukuni mafi girma, wanda ya kai sama da miliyan 2, waɗanda suka ba da izinin ƴan kasuwa musulmi su zauna a cikin al'ummominsu a ƙarni na 18 waɗanda suka yi ƙwazo, kuma kusan kashi 20% na kudancin Senufo Musulmai ne. Ƙungiya ta uku ƙanana ce kuma ta keɓe daga arewaci da kudancin Senufo. Wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa irin su Masanin Faransa Holas ya ambaci wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Senufo guda goma sha biyar, masu yaruka talatin da sifofi huɗu sun warwatse a tsakaninsu.

Kalmar Senufo tana nufin ƙungiyar harshe da ta ƙunshi yaruka kusan talatin masu alaƙa a cikin babban dangin harshen Gur. Nasa ne na reshen Gur-gur na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo, kuma ya ƙunshi yaruka daban-daban guda huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da Palaka (wanda aka fi sani da Kpalaga), Djimini (wanda kuma ake rubuta Dyimini), da Senari a Côte d'Ivoire da Suppire (wanda aka rubuta Supyire) a Mali, da kuma Karaboro a Burkina Faso. A cikin kowace ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa suna amfani da sunayensu don mutane da harshe; sunan Senufo ya fito daga waje. Palaka ya rabu da babban hannun jari na Senufo tun kafin ad karni na 14; a daidai lokacin da aka kafa garin Kong a matsayin tashar kasuwanci ta Bambara, sauran jama'a sun fara ƙaura zuwa kudanci, yamma, da arewa, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu. Mutanen da ke magana da Senufo sun kai 800,000. zuwa miliyan daya kuma suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da aikin noma galibi suna cikin Cote d'Ivoire, Afirka ta Yamma, Afirka.

Korhogo, wani tsohon gari ne a arewacin Ivory Coast tun daga karni na 13, yana da alaƙa da mutanen Senufo. Ana iya danganta wannan rarrabuwar harsuna da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da ƙaura na ƙarni na 14 tare da kafuwarta tare da hanyar kasuwanci ta Bambara.

Tarihi 

Mutanen Senufo sun fito a matsayin rukuni wani lokaci a cikin karni na 15 ko na 16. Sun kasance wani muhimmin yanki na Masarautar Kénédougou na ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19 (a zahiri "ƙasar fili") tare da babban birnin Sikasso. Wannan yanki ya ga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da suka haɗa da mulkin Daoula Ba Traoré, wani mugun zalunci wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1877. Musuluntar mutanen Senufo ya fara ne a cikin wannan lokaci na tarihi na Masarautar Kénédougou, amma sarakuna & sarakuna ne suka musulunta, yayin da suka musulunta jama'ar Senufo gabaɗaya sun ƙi. Daoula Ba Traoré ya yi ƙoƙari ya Musuluntar da mulkinsa, inda ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin masarautar kamar Guiembe da Nielle a 1875 saboda sun ki amincewa da ra'ayinsa. Su ma sarakunan daular Kénédougou sun kai hari ga maƙwabtansu, irin su mutanen Zarma kuma su ma sun kai farmaki sau da yawa tsakanin 1883 zuwa 1898.

Yaƙe-yaƙe da tashe-tashen hankula kafin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙaura zuwa Burkina Faso a yankunan da suka zama garuruwa irin su Tiembara a Sashen Kiembara. Masarautar Kénédougou da daular Traoré sun wargaje ne a shekara ta 1898 bayan zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.

Bauta 
Al’ummar Senufo duk sun kasance wadanda aka azabtar da su kuma sun yi ta bautar da su yayin da suke cin zarafin wasu kabilu ta hanyar bauta. An bautar da su daga kabilu daban-daban na Afirka kamar yadda aka kai wa jihohin Denkyira da Akan hari ko kuma aka fada a karni na 17 da 18. Su da kansu sun saya da sayar da bayi ga ’yan kasuwa musulmi, mutanen Asante da mutanen Baoulé. Yayin da 'yan gudun hijira daga wasu ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma suka tsere daga yaƙe-yaƙe, in ji Paul Lovejoy, wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen Senufo, suka kwace filayensu kuma suka bautar da su.

Bukatar bayi mafi girma da farko ta fito ne daga kasuwannin Sudan, kuma da dadewa, cinikin bayi wani muhimmin aiki ne na tattalin arziki a yankin Sahel da yammacin Afirka, in ji Martin Klein. Sikasso da Bobo-Dioulasso sun kasance mahimman tushen bayi da aka kama waɗanda aka ƙaura zuwa Timbuktu da Banamba akan hanyarsu ta zuwa kasuwannin bayi na Sudan da Mauritaniya.

Waɗanda aka bautar a ƙasashen Senufo sun yi aikin ƙasar, da kiwo da kuma hidima a cikin gida. Shi ma mai gidansu da wanda yake dogara da shi suna da hakkin yin jima'i da kuyangin gida mata. 'Ya'yan baiwa mace sun gaji matsayin bawa.

Daular Kong

Al'umma da al'adu 

Senufo galibin manoma ne masu noman masara, gero, dawa, da gyada. Kauyukan Senufo sun kunshi kananan gidajen bulo na laka. A yankunan kudancin Senufo da ake ruwan sama, rufin ciyayi ya zama ruwan dare, yayin da rufin rufin ya zama ruwan dare a busasshiyar hamada kamar arewa. Senufo wata al'umma ce ta dangin dangi, inda aka shirya auren dangi da mata fiye da ɗaya ya zama gama gari, duk da haka, gado da gadon kadara ya kasance na matrilineal.

A matsayinsu na masu noma, suna noma iri-iri iri-iri da suka hada da auduga da kayan amfanin gona don kasuwannin duniya. A matsayinsu na mawaƙa, sun shahara a duniya, suna wasa da kayan kida da yawa daga: na'urorin iska (Aerophones), kidan zare (Chordaphones) da kayan kida (Membranophones). Al'ummomin Senufo suna amfani da tsarin yanki, kowane yanki da aka sani da katioula. A cikin wannan tsarin manoma, wanda aka fi sani da Fo no, da masu sana'a a kishiyar ƙarshen bakan. Kalmar artisan ta ƙunshi ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin al'ummar Senufo da suka haɗa da maƙera (Kule), masu sassaƙa (Kpeene), maƙeran ƙarfe (Tyeli), masu tukwane, da ma'aikatan fata, waɗanda rayuwarsu ta ta'allaka ne akan ayyuka, nauyi, da tsarin da aji ɗaya ke zama. Horon zama mai sana'a yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru bakwai ko takwas; farawa tare da horarwa inda masu horarwa ke ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa da addinin Senufo, sannan su ƙare tare da tsarin farawa inda suke samun damar ƙirƙirar abu na al'ada.

A yanki, Senufo sun shahara a matsayin mawaƙa da ƙwararrun masu sassaƙa sassa na itace, abin rufe fuska, da figurines. Mutanen Senufo sun ƙware aikin fasaha da aikin hannu ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ake koyan fasahar a cikin wannan rukunin, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Kulubele sun ƙware a matsayin masu sassaƙa katako, Fonombele sun kware a aikin maƙera da ƙwallon kwando, Kpeembele sun ƙware wajen yin simintin ƙarfe, Djelebele sun shahara wajen sana’ar fata, Tchedumbele ƙwararrun maƙeran bindigogi ne, yayin da Numu ya kware a sana’a da saƙa. A waje da ƙungiyoyin masu sana'a, mutanen Senufo suna da mafarauta, mawaƙa, masu tona kabari, masu duba, da masu warkarwa waɗanda ake kira Fejembele. A cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ma'aikatan fata ko Djelebele su ne waɗanda suka fi karɓar Musulunci, kodayake waɗanda suka musulunta suna riƙe da yawa daga cikin ayyukansu na tashin hankali.

A al'adance, al'ummar Senufo sun kasance al'umma mai ratsa jiki, kama da yawancin kabilun Yammacin Afirka da ke da ƙabilu. Waɗannan ɓangarorin da ke da iyaka ana kiran su Katioula a cikin gida, kuma ɗayan sassan wannan rukunin ya haɗa da bayi da zuriyar bayi. A cewar Dolores Richter, tsarin kabilanci da aka samu a tsakanin mutanen Senufo yana da fasalin "matsayin matsayi wanda ya hada da ƙananan simintin gyare-gyare, ƙayyadaddun sana'a, haɗin kai na al'ada, zamantakewar aure, zama memba na gado, warewar zama, da fifikon siyasa na manoma a kan masana'antar fasaha".

Mutanen Senufo yawanci suna fada cikin al'ummomi huɗu a cikin al'adun su: Poro, Sandogo, Wambele, ko Tyekpa. Yayin da dukkanin al'ummomi ke cika matsayi na musamman a cikin harkokin mulki da ilimi na mutanen Senufo, Poro da Sandogo. Ruhaniya da duba sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin wadannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu wajabta jinsi tare da mata sun fada karkashin al'ummar Sando ko Sandogo, da maza suna fada karkashin al'ummar Poro ban da mazan da suke cikin matan saboda mahaifiyarsu. Waɗannan al'ummomin su ne biyu waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar mafi yawan fasahar Seunfo.

Yawanci, ƙauyukan Senufo suna da 'yancin kai daga juna, kuma kowannensu yana da ƙungiyar asiri na maza da ake kira Poro tare da ƙayyadaddun al'ada na farawa a cikin gandun daji da suke ɗauka a matsayin mai tsarki. Ayyukan ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da abin rufe fuska, siffofi, da kayan aikin al'ada waɗanda mutanen Senufo suka sassaƙa kuma suka inganta. Sirrin da aka yi ya taimaka wa mutanen Senufo don kiyaye al'adunsu a lokutan yaƙe-yaƙe da matsin lamba na siyasa. Senufo yana sa kayan ado na tagulla na musamman, kamar waɗanda ke kwaikwayon namun daji.

"Babban aikin Poro shine tabbatar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin duniya mai rai da kakanni. Nerejao kakanin kakanni ne wanda aka gane shi a matsayin ainihin shugaban al'ummar Poro, duba, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin al'ummar Sandogo, kuma yana da mahimmanci. wani bangare na addinin Senufo, duk da cewa ana daukar Sandogo a matsayin al'ummar mata, amma mazan da aka kira zuwa wannan sana'a kuma suka gaji ta hanyar matrilineal an yarda su zama masu duba."

'Yan Sandogo mata ne masu duba a cikin mutanen Senufo. Suna da nasu ibada da tsarin sirri. Bugu da kari, mutanen Senufo suna da Wambele da Typka, masu yin sihiri da tsafi.

A cikin al'adun Senufo, nau'in mace yana da fifiko fiye da kowa dangane da kyau da kayan ado kuma ana ganin siffofin caryatid tare da al'adu daban-daban. Wannan yana da alaƙa cikin bautar ruhu, "Uwar Tsohuwar", ko ruhu, "uwa", Maleeo, wanda ake girmamawa a matsayin jagorar jagora ta duk ƙungiyar Poro da mambobi. Goddess Maleeo yana da abokin tarayya, allahn Kolocolo, wanda ake gani a matsayin allahntakar Sandogo, wanda ya ba wa mutane aure da irin wannan nau'i na jinsi don ba da damar sadarwa daga bil'adama da kuma duniyar ruhu. Ana ganin kididdigar Caryatid a matsayin wakilcin matsayin mata a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na ruhaniya kuma Sandogo suna amfani da su a cikin bukukuwa a matsayin alamomin wannan magana ta sama. Hakazalika, a game da Poro, akwai rubuce-rubucen da ake amfani da su na caryatid a cikin bukukuwan da ake amfani da su don tunawa da ci gaba a cikin zagayowar shekaru, da kuma amfani da su don tara kudade ta hanyar farawa na al'umma. An yi amfani da ƙididdiga masu ƙididdiga a wani bikin jana'izar tyekpa a matsayin sassaka na rawa, wanda aka yi a kan masu rawa yayin bikin.

Addinin Senufo na gargajiya nau'in tashin hankali ne. Wannan imani na Senufo ya haɗa da kakanni da ruhohin yanayi, waɗanda za a iya tuntuɓar su. Sun yi imani da Mafifici, wanda ake kallonsa a cikin mace biyu-namiji: Uwar Tsohuwar, Maleeo ko Katieleo, da Allah Mahalicci na namiji, Kolotyolo ko Koulotiolo.

Tasiri 
Fasahar mutanen Senufo ta zaburar da masu fasahar Turai na ƙarni na ashirin kamar Pablo Picasso da Fernand Léger. Cubism da abin rufe fuska da aka samu a cikin sassan Senufo sun kasance babban tasiri ga lokacin Pablo Picasso na Afirka.

Kalmar Senufo ta zama nau'i ga masu tattara kayan fasaha da masana, alamar al'adun fasaha na yammacin Afirka, tun daga farkon karni na ashirin. Ana samun tsoffin sassan fasahar Senufo a manyan manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya.

Cornélius Yao Azaglo August, mai daukar hoto, ya kirkiro mujallar daukar hoto na mutanen Senufo daga 1955 zuwa gaba.

Manazarta

Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 Holas, Bohumil (1957) Les Sénoufo (y compris les Minianka), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
 Spindel, Carol (1989). In the Shadow of the Sacred Grove. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-72214-9. ISBN 978-0-679-72214-4.
 Glaze, Anita J. (1981) Art and Death in a Senufo Village. Bloomington:  Indiana University Press.