Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/ FROYD,  German: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; Haihuwar Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 Mayu 1856-23 Satumba 1939) ya kasance likitan likitancin Austrian ne kuma wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, hanyar asibiti don kimantawa da kuma magance cututtuka da aka bayyana kamar yadda ya samo asali a cikin rikice-rikice a cikin psyche, ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin patient da masanin ilimin psychoanalyst. 

An haifi Freud  iyayensa Yahudawan Galician a garin Freiberg na Moravia, a cikin Daular Austriya. Ya cancanci zama doctor of medicine a 1881 a Jami'ar Vienna.   Bayan ya kammala aikin jinya a 1885, an nada shi a matsayin docent a neuropathology kuma ya zama farfesa mai alaƙa a 1902.  Freud ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Vienna, bayan ya kafa aikinsa na asibiti a 1886. A cikin shekarar 1938, Freud ya bar Ostiriya don tserewa zalunci na Nazi. Ya rasu yana gudun hijira a Burtaniya a shekara ta 1939.

A cikin kafa psychoanalysis, Freud ya haɓaka dabarun warkewa irin su yin amfani da haɗin kai na kyauta da kuma gano canja wuri, yana kafa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin nazari. Sake ma'anar jima'i da Freud ya yi don haɗa nau'ikansa na jarirai ya sa shi ya tsara tsarin Oedipus a matsayin babban ka'idar psychoanalytical.  Binciken da ya yi game da mafarkai a matsayin abin da ake so ya ba shi samfurori don nazarin asibiti game da samuwar bayyanar cututtuka da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace na danniya. A kan wannan, Freud ya yi karin bayani game da ka'idarsa na rashin sani kuma ya ci gaba da samar da samfurin tsarin tunani wanda ya ƙunshi id, ego da super-ego.  Freud ya gabatar da kasancewar libido, kuzarin jima'i wanda aka sanya hanyoyin tafiyar da hankali da tsarin kuma wanda ke haifar da haɗe-haɗe na batsa, da bugun mutuwa, tushen maimaita maimaitawa, ƙiyayya, zalunci, da laifin neurotic.  A cikin ayyukansa na baya, Freud ya haɓaka fassarorin fassara da sukar addini da al'adu.

Ko da yake a gaba ɗaya ƙi a matsayin bincike da kuma aikin asibiti, psychoanalysis ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin halin dan Adam, da kuma ilimin halin mutum, da kuma fadin bil'adama. Don haka tana ci gaba da haifar da muhawara mai yawa da jayayya game da ingancin maganinta, matsayinta na kimiyya, da ko yana ci gaba ko yana hana dalilin mata.  Duk da haka, aikin Freud ya rushe tunanin yammacin zamani da al'adun gargajiya. W. H. Auden ta 1940 na poetic tribute ga Freud ya kwatanta shi da cewa ya halicci "dukkan yanayin ra'ayi/wanda a ƙarƙashinsa muke gudanar da rayuwarmu daban-daban".

Tarihin Rayuwa

Ƙuruciya da ilimi 

Sigmund Freud an haife shi  a freberg iyayensa Yahudawan Ashkenazi a garin Moravia na Freiberg,   a cikin Daular Austriya (Now Příbor, Jamhuriyar Czech), na farko cikin yara takwas.  Dukan iyayensa sun fito ne daga Galicia, lardi mai cike da tarihi da ke ratsa yammacin Ukraine da kudu maso gabashin Poland. Mahaifinsa, Jakob Freud (1815-1896), mai sayar da ulu, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Emanuel (1833-1914) da Philipp (1836-1911), ta aurensa na farko. Iyalin Yakubu Yahudawa ne Hasidic kuma, ko da yake jakob da kansa ya rabu da al'adar, an san shi da karatun Attaura. Shi da mahaifiyar Freud, Amalia Nathansohn, wanda ya kasance ɗan shekara 20 ƙarami kuma matarsa ta uku, Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer ya aura a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 1855.  Suna fama da matsalar kuɗi kuma suna zaune a ɗakin haya, a cikin gidan locksmith a Schlossergasse 117 lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu Sigmund.  An haife shi da ƙugiya, wanda mahaifiyarsa ta gani a matsayin alama mai kyau ga yaron nan gaba. 

A shekarar 1859, Freud iyalinsa sun bar Freiberg.  Freud half-brothers sun yi hijira zuwa Manchester, Ingila, suna raba shi daga abokin wasan "marasa rabuwa" na farkon ƙuruciyarsa, ɗan Emanuel, John.  Jakob Freud ya ɗauki matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu ('yar'uwar Freud, Anna, an haife shi a 1858; ɗan'uwa, Julius wanda aka haife shi a 1857, ya mutu a jariri) da farko zuwa Leipzig sannan a 1860 zuwa Vienna inda aka haifi 'yan'uwa hudu da ɗan'uwa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). A 1865, Freud mai shekaru tara ya shiga , fitacciyar makarantar sakandare. Ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa fitaccen almajiri kuma ya gama karatu daga Matura a 1873 tare da karramawa. Ya ƙaunaci adabi kuma ya ƙware a cikin Jamusanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Sifen, Ingilishi, Ibrananci, Latin da Girkanci. 

Freud ya shiga Jami'ar Vienna yana da shekaru 17. Ya yi niyyar karatun shari'a, amma ya shiga sashin ilimin likitanci a jami'a, inda karatunsa ya hada da falsafa a karkashin Franz Brentano, ilimin halittar jiki karkashin Ernst Brücke, da ilimin dabbobi a karkashin farfesa na Darwiniyanci Carl Claus.  A cikin shekarar 1876, Freud ya shafe makonni hudu a tashar binciken dabbobi na Claus a Trieste, yana rarraba ɗaruruwan ƙudan zuma a cikin binciken da bai dace ba na gabobin haihuwa na maza.  A shekara ta 1877, Freud ya koma dakin gwaje-gwajen ilimin halittar jiki na Ernst Brücke inda ya shafe shekaru shida yana kwatanta kwakwalwar mutane da sauran kashin baya da na kwadi da invertebrates kamar crayfish da fitilu. Ayyukan bincikensa akan ilmin halitta na nama mai juyayi ya tabbatar da ilimin jima'i don ganowar neuron a cikin shekarar 1890s.  An katse aikin binciken Freud a cikin shekarar 1879 ta hanyar wajibcin gudanar da aikin soja na tilas na shekara. Tsawon lokacin hutun ya ba shi damar kammala aikin fassara kasidu huɗu daga ayyukan da John Stuart Mill ya tattara.  Ya sauke karatu tare da MD a watan Maris 1881.

Manazarta 
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