Joseph Butler
Joseph Butler; (18 Mayu 1692- 16 Yuni 1752) bishop na Anglican ne, masanin tauhidi, mai neman gafara, kuma masanin falsafa, an haife shi a Wantage acikin lardin Berkshire na Ingilishi (yanzu a Oxfordshire). An san shi da sukar Deism, son kai na Thomas Hobbes, da ƙa'idar John Locke na ainihin mutum. Yawancin masana falsafa da masu tunani na addini, Butler ya rinjaye su, sun haɗada David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, Henry Sidgwick, John Henry Newman, da CD Broad, kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ilimin halin Ingilishi na farko." Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, idan ba'ayi la'akari da rawar da ya taka ba wajen bunƙasa maganganun tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 18, yana tasiri Dean of Gloucester da masanin tattalin arziki Josiah Tucker.

Tarihin Rayuwa

Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Butler a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1692. Ɗan wani ɗan littafiPresbyterian lilin draper, Butler an ƙaddara don hidimar wannan cocin, kuma tareda babban Bishop Thomas Secker na gaba, ya shiga makarantar rashin amincewa da Samuel Jones a Gloucester (daga baya Tewkesbury) don manufar. A nan ya fara rubuta wasiƙun asiri tare da masanin tauhidin Anglican kuma masanin falsafa Samuel Clarke. Acikin 1714, ya yanke shawarar shiga Cocin Ingila kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, yana samun digiri na farko na Arts a 1718 kuma ya sanya masa suna Doctor of Civil Law a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1733.

Aikin coci 
William Talbot, Bishop na Salisbury, ya naɗa Butler a matsayin diacon a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1718 ta William Talbot, Bishop na Salisbury, acikin fadarsa na Bishop, Salisbury, dakin ibadarsa da firist a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1718 ta Talbot a Cocin St James, Piccadilly. Bayan ya rike wasu manyan mukamai daban-daban, ya zama shugaban masu arziki na Stanhope, County Durham.

A 1736 Butler ya zama shugaban limamin matar George II Caroline, bisa shawarar Lancelot Blackburne. An naɗa shi Bishop na Bristol a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1738 kuma ya keɓe bishop a ranar 3 Disamba 1738 a ɗakin sujada na Lambeth Palace. Ragowar Bishop na Bristol, Butler an naɗa shi Dean na St Paul a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1740, yana rike ofis har zuwa fassararsa zuwa Durham.  An ce yaƙi yarda da tayin zama Archbishop na Canterbury a 1747, amma yayi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Kusa da Sarki a 1746-1752. An fassara shi zuwa Durham ta hanyar tabbatar da zaɓensa a watan Oktoba 1750; Daga nan sai aka naɗa shi ta hanyar wakili a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1750.  An binne shi acikin Cathedral na Bristol.

Mutuwa da gado 
Butler ya mutu a 1752 a Rosewell House, Kingsmead Square a Bath, Somerset. Masu sha'awar sa sun yaba masa a matsayin mutumin kirki kuma mai himma da sanin yakamata. Koda yake baya sha'awar wallafe-wallafe, yana da ɗanɗano a cikin fasahar fasaha, musamman gine-gine.

Ana tunawa da Yusufu acikin Cocin Ingila, tareda tunawa da ranar 16 ga Yuni. Yana da tarin nasa na rubuce-rubucen (misali Lectionary 189).

Falsafa

Kai hari kan deism 
A lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Butler ya fi saninsa da Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736), wanda a cewar masanin tarihi Will Durant "ya kasance har tsawon karni daya babban jigon hujjar Kirista game da rashin bangaskiya." Turawan Ingilishi irin su John Toland da Matthew Tindal sunyi jayayya cewa yanayi yana ba da tabbataccen shaida na haziƙi mai zane da fasaha, amma sunƙi kiristanci na al'ada saboda girman abin al'ajabi da zalunci da sabani da aka rubuta acikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Butler's Analogy yana ɗaya daga cikin yawancin amsoshin tsawon littafin ga masu lalata, kuma an daɗe ana jin shine mafi inganci. Butler yayi gardama cewa yanayin kanta cike take da asirai da zalunci don haka suna da lahani iri ɗaya da ake zargin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Da yake gardama akan dalilan empiriricism cewa duk ilimin yanayi da halayen ɗan adam abu ne mai yuwuwa kawai, Butler ya yi kira ga jerin alamu ("analogies") waɗanda ake iya lura da su acikin yanayi da al'amuran ɗan adam, waɗanda a ra'ayinsa yasa babban koyarwar Kiristanci mai yiwuwa.

Butler ya ce "saboda yanayi rikici ne na ka-cici-ka-cici, baza mu iya tsammanin wahayi ya zama mafi bayyane ba" A yau, Butler's Analogy shine "yanzu mafi yawan abubuwan tarihi," tare da kawai sashin da ake karantawa shine sashin wanda ke karantawa. yayi magana da sukar sa na ka'idar John Locke na ainihin mutum.

Da'a da ilimin halin kirki 
Wani masanin Butler, Stephen Darwall, ya rubuta: "Wataƙila babu wani adadi da ya fi Butler tasiri a falsafar ɗabi'a ta Biritaniya ta ƙarni na sha tara." Babban makasudin Butler a cikin Wa'azin shine Thomas Hobbes da ra'ayin girman kai game da yanayin ɗan adam da ya kare acikin Leviathan (1651). Hobbes ɗan jari-hujja ne wanda yayi imani cewa kimiyya tana bayyana duniyar da a cikinta aka ƙaddara dukan abubuwan da suka faru kuma acikinta ne duk zaɓin ɗan adam ke gudana ba tare da kauracewa daga duk abin da sha'awar ke da ƙarfi acikin mutum a wani lokaci. Hobbes ya ga ’yan Adam a matsayin masu tashin hankali, masu son kai, da masu son mulki. Irin wannan ra'ayi ba shi da wani wuri don sadaukarwa na gaske, alheri ko ra'ayi na ɗabi'a kamar yadda aka yi tunani a al'ada.

Acikin Wa'azin, Butler yayi jayayya cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam ba shi da son kai kuma ya fi rikitarwa fiye da da'awar Hobbes. Ya ci gaba da cewa tunanin ɗan adam tsari ne mai tsari na ɗimbin sha'awa da ƙa'idodi daban-daban, waɗanda yawancinsu ba su da son kai. Ƙasar ƙasa, don yin magana, tana ɗaukar nau'ikan ƙayyadaddun motsin rai, ci da sha'awa, kamar yunwa, fushi, tsoro da tausayi. Su, acikin tsararrun tunani, ana sarrafa su da ƙa'idodi guda biyu mafi girma: son kai (sha'awar haɓaka farin ciki na dogon lokaci) da kyautatawa (sha'awar haɓaka farin ciki gabaɗaya). Yawancin sha'awa na gaba ɗaya suna ƙarƙashin iko mafi girma acikin tunanin ɗan adam: lamiri na ɗabi'a. Lamiri, Butler ya yi iƙirari, ji ne na gaskiya da kuskure, haske na ciki da saka idanu, wanda aka karɓa daga wurin Allah. Lamiri yana gaya wa mutum don haɓɓaka farin ciki na gaba ɗaya da farin ciki na mutum. Kwarewa ta sanar da cewa burin biyun sun yi daidai da rayuwa ta yanzu. Don dalilai da yawa, Butler ya yi jayayya, mutane marasa da'a da son kai waɗanda ba su damu da komai don amfanin jama'a ba yawanci ba sa farin ciki sosai.

Akwai, duk da haka, lokuta da ba kasafai ba inda miyagu ke neman lokaci don ci gaba. Cikakken jituwa na nagarta da son kai, Butler ya yi iƙirari, Allah mai adalci ne kaɗai ya tabbatar da shi, wanda a lahira yake ba da lada kuma yana azabtar da mutane kamar yadda suka cancanta.

Sukar Locke 
A cikin Shafi na 1 na Analogy, Butler yana ba da sanannen sukar ka'idar John Locke mai tasiri na "zamanin sirri", bayanin abinda ya sa wani ya zama "mutum ɗaya" daga lokaci guda zuwa gaba, duk da canje-canje na jiki da na tunani. gogayya a tsawon wancan lokacin. Locke yayi iƙirarin cewa ainihin mutum ba daga samun jiki ɗaya ko rai ɗaya ba ne amma daga samun sani da ƙwaƙwalwa iri ɗaya. A cewar Locke, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce "manne" wanda ke haɗa matakai daban-daban na rayuwarmu tare kuma ya zama kamancen mutum. Wannan sashe na Analogy shine kawai ɓangaren karantawa a yau.

Daidai daidai, Locke yayi iƙirarin, Mutum A mutum ɗaya ne da Mutum B kawai a yanayin da A da B ke raba aƙalla wasu abubuwan tunawa iri ɗaya. Butler yace hanyar da za'a iya bambanta tunanin "hakikanin" da na ƙarya shine mutanen da suka sami abubuwan da ake tunawa da gaske. Don haka, Butler yayi iƙirari, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana ƙaddamar da ainihin mutum don hakaba zai iya zama ta ba.

Girmamawa 
An girmama Butler akan kalandar liturgical na Cocin Episcopal (Amurka) a ranar 16 ga Yuni.

Salo da lakabi 

 1692-1718: Joseph Butler Esq.
 1718-1733: Reverend Joseph Butler
 1733-1738: Dokta Joseph Butler
 1738-1752: Dokta Joseph Butler na Dama

Labarai 

 Haruffa da yawa zuwa ga Reverend Dr. Clarke, 1716, 1719, 1725 - an sake buga su a Juzu'i na 1 na bugun Gladstone na ayyukan Butler
 An yi wa'azi goma sha biyar a Rolls Chapel, 1726, 1729, 1736, 1749, 1759, 1765, 1769, 1774, 1792
 Misalin Addini, Halitta da Bayyanawa, ga Tsarin Mulki da Tsarin Halitta, 1736,  1740, 1750, 1754, 1764, 1765, 1771, 1775, 1785, 1788, 17931, 1793, 1793
 Wa'azin da aka yi wa'azi a gaban Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai don Yaɗa Bishara a Sassan Waje, 1739
 Wa'azin da aka yi a gaban Mai Girma Mai Girma Ubangiji-Majojin, 1740
 Wa'azin da aka yi a gaban House of Lords, 1741, 1747
 Wa’azin da aka yi a coci-coci na Christ-Church, London, 1745
 Wa'azi, yayi wa'azi a gaban Grace Charles Duke na Richmond, Lenox, da Aubigny, shugaba, 1748, 1751
 Wa'azi shida da aka yi wa'azi a lokutan jama'a, 1749
 Kataloji na ɗakunan karatu [...], 1753
 Wani cajin da aka bayar ga limaman coci a ziyarar farko ta diocese na Durham, 1751, 1786 - an sake buga shi a Juzu'i na 2 na bugun Gladstone na ayyukan Butler

Duba kuma 

 Altruism
 Falsafar Kirista
 Deism

Bayanan kula

Manazarta 

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: <span class="mw-reference-text" id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ODNB-1">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</span>Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.  
 William Lucas Collins, Butler, Philosophical Classics for English Readers, Blackwood, 1881
 
 David E. White, "Joseph Butler," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser & B. Dowden (eds.), 2006
 Aaron Garrett Joseph Butler's Moral Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2012

Kara karantawa 

 Austin Duncan-Jones Butler's Moral Falsafa, Penguin 1952
 Bernard Ramm, "Joseph Butler," Iri-iri na Neman gafarar Kirista: Gabatarwa ga Falsafar Addinin Kirista, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1962, shafi. 107-124
 James Rurak, " Analogy na Butler: Har yanzu Mahimman Bayani na Dalili da Wahayi," Anglican Theological Review 62 (Oktoba), 1980, shafi. 365-381
 Colin Brown, Mu'ujiza da Hankali Mai Mahimmanci, Paternoster, Exeter UK/William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1984
 William Lane Craig Hujjar Tarihi don Tashin Yesu Matattu A Lokacin Rigimar Deist, Nassi da Nazari a cikin Addini, Vol. 23. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York & Queenston, Ontario, 1985
 Penelhum, Terence, Butler, New York: Routledge, 1985

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Works by or about Joseph Butler at Wikisource
 
 Contains Correspondence with Clarke, three episodes from Analogy of Religion, and five of the Fifteen Sermons, all lightly edited for easier reading
  
 Works by Joseph Butler at Project Gutenberg
 Works by Joseph Butler at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
 Works by or about Joseph Butler at Internet Archive

Haihuwa 1692
Mutuwa 1752
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba