Ireland ta Arewa
Ireland ta Arewa  wani yanki ne na Ƙasar Ingila, yana arewa maso gabas na tsibirin Ireland, wanda aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin ƙasa, lardi ko yanki.      Ireland ta Arewa tana da iyaka a buɗe zuwa kudu da yamma tare da Jamhuriyar Ireland . A shekarar 2021, yawan adadin mutanenta ya kasance kimanin mutane 1,903,100,  wanda ke da kusan kashi 27% na yawan mutanen Ireland da kusan kashi 3% na yawan mutanen Burtaniya . Majalisar Arewacin Ireland, wacce Dokar Arewacin Ireland ta kafa ta a shekarar 1998, tana da alhakin kewayon batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin keɓancewa, yayin da sauran yankuna ke keɓance ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya . Gwamnatin Ireland ta Arewa tana aiki tare da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Ireland a yankuna da dama da aka amince da su a karkashin yarjejeniyar Belfast .  Ita ma jamhuriyar Ireland tana da rawar shawara kan al'amuran gwamnati da ba na gwamnati ba ta hanyar taron gwamnatin Burtaniya da Irish (BIIG). 

An ƙirƙiri Ireland ta Arewa a watan Mayu a shekarar 1921, lokacin da Ireland ta rabu da Dokar Gwamnatin Ireland ta 1920, ta ƙirƙira gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ga gundumomin arewa maso gabas shida . Kamar yadda aka yi niyya, Ireland ta Arewa tana da rinjaye na ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya;  Gabaɗaya sun kasance zuriyar Furotesta na ’yan mulkin mallaka daga Biritaniya . A halin yanzu, mafi rinjaye a Kudancin Ireland (wanda ya zama Jihar Free Irish a cikin 1922), da kuma ƴan tsiraru a Arewacin Ireland, ƴan kishin ƙasa ne na Irish ( masu Katolika ) waɗanda ke son haɗin kai mai cin gashin kai Ireland .  A yau, na farko gabaɗaya suna ganin kansu a matsayin ɗan Biritaniya kuma na ƙarshe suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin ɗan Iriland, yayin da ƴan tsiraru daga kowane yanki ke da'awar asalin Irish ko Ulster . 

Ƙirƙirar Arewacin Ireland ya kasance tare da tashin hankali duka biyun don karewa da kuma adawa da rabuwa. A lokacin rikicin 1920-22, babban birnin Belfast ya ga manyan tashe-tashen hankula na al'umma, musamman tsakanin 'yan kungiyar Protestant da farar hula na Katolika.  Fiye da mutane 500 aka kashe kuma fiye da mutane 10,000 sun zama 'yan gudun hijira, yawancin Katolika.  A cikin shekaru hamsin masu zuwa, Ireland ta Arewa tana da jerin gwamnatocin Jam'iyyar Unionist da ba a karye ba.  Akwai rarrabuwa kai na yau da kullun ta al'ummomin guda biyu,  kuma ana zargin gwamnatocin Unionist da nuna wariya ga tsirarun 'yan kishin Irish da Katolika.  A ƙarshen shekarar 1960, wani kamfen na kawo ƙarshen wariya ga Katolika da masu kishin ƙasa ya kasance masu adawa da masu biyayya, waɗanda suka gan shi a matsayin gaban jamhuriya .  Wannan tashin hankalin ya haifar da Matsala, rikici na shekaru talatin da ya hada da 'yan jamhuriya da masu biyayya ga sojojin kasa da na jihohi, wanda ya lashe rayukan mutane sama da 3,500 tare da jikkata wasu 50,000.   Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau ta 1998 babban mataki ne a cikin tsarin zaman lafiya, gami da kwance damara da kuma daidaita tsaro, ko da yake bangaranci da wariya sun kasance manyan matsalolin zamantakewa, kuma ana ci gaba da tashin hankali.

Tarihi 

Yankin da a yanzu yake a Arewacin Ireland ya daɗe da zama Gaels ƴan ƙasar da suke fahimtar yaren Irish kuma galibin Katolika.  Ya ƙunshi masarautu da yankuna na Gaelic da yawa kuma wani yanki ne na lardin Ulster . A shekarar 1169, haɗin gwiwar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon kambin Ingilishi sun mamaye Ireland waɗanda suka mamaye yawancin tsibirin da sauri, suka fara shekaru 800 na ikon tsakiyar ƙasashen waje. An murkushe yunƙurin juriya cikin sauri a ko'ina a wajen Ulster. Ba kamar sauran ƙasar ba, inda ikon Gaelic ya ci gaba da watsewa kawai, aljihunan nesa, manyan masarautun Ulster galibi za su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ikon Ingilishi a lardin da ke ƙunshe da yankuna a gabar tekun gabas mafi kusa da Burtaniya. Ƙarfin Ingilishi ya ragu a hankali a cikin fuskantar tsayin daka na Irish a cikin ƙarni da suka biyo baya; daga ƙarshe an mayar da shi kawai birnin Dublin da kewayensa. Lokacin da Henry na VIII ya ƙaddamar da karni na 16 Tudor ya sake mamaye Ireland, Ulster ya taɓa yin tsayayya sosai. A cikin Yaƙin Shekaru Tara (1594-1603), ƙawancen sarakunan Gaelic waɗanda manyan sarakunan Ulster biyu suka jagoranta, Hugh Roe O'Donnell da Earl na Tyrone sun yi yaƙi da gwamnatin Ingila a Ireland . Ƙungiyoyin da ke mamaye Ulster suna wakiltar gaba ɗaya na Irish na farko (an riga an yi juriya a baya). Duk da samun damar kulla kawance da Spain da manyan nasarori tun da wuri, an tabbatar da shan kaye da babu makawa kusan bayan nasarar Ingila a kewayen Kinsale . A cikin 1607, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun gudu zuwa babban yankin Turai tare da yawancin Ulster's Gaelic nobility. Crown sun kwace filayensu kuma suka yi mulkin mallaka tare da turawan Furotesta da suka fito daga Biritaniya, a cikin Plantation na Ulster . Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar yawancin garuruwan Ulster kuma ya haifar da al'ummar Ulster Furotesta mai ɗorewa mai alaƙa da Biritaniya. Tawayen Irish na 1641 ya fara a Ulster. ’Yan tawayen sun so a kawo ƙarshen nuna wariya na Katolika, da mulkin kai na Irish mafi girma, da kuma sake mayar da shuka. Ya haɓaka cikin rikici na kabilanci tsakanin Katolika na Irish da kuma mazauna Furotesta na Burtaniya kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Sarautu Uku (1639-53), wanda ya ƙare tare da cin nasarar 'yan majalisar Ingila . Ƙarin nasarorin Furotesta a cikin Yaƙin Williamite-Jacobite (1688-91) ya ƙarfafa mulkin Furotesta na Anglican a cikin Mulkin Ireland . Nasarar da Williamites suka yi na kewaye Derry (1689) da Battle of the Boyne (1690) har yanzu wasu Furotesta a Ireland ta Arewa suna bikin.  Yawancin Furotesta na Scots sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ulster a lokacin yunwar Scotland na 1690s .

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