code: # -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
  """
  H2O data frame.
  
  :copyright: (c) 2016 H2O.ai
  :license:   Apache License Version 2.0 (see LICENSE for details)
  """
  from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
  from h2o.utils.compatibility import *  # NOQA
  
  import csv
  import datetime
  import functools
  from io import StringIO
  import os
  import sys
  import tempfile
  import traceback
  from types import FunctionType
  import warnings
  
  import h2o
  from h2o.base import Keyed
  from h2o.display import H2ODisplay
  from h2o.exceptions import H2OTypeError, H2OValueError, H2ODeprecationWarning
  from h2o.expr import ExprNode
  from h2o.group_by import GroupBy
  from h2o.job import H2OJob
  from h2o.utils.config import get_config_value
  from h2o.utils.ext_dependencies import get_matplotlib_pyplot
  from h2o.utils.shared_utils import (_handle_numpy_array, _handle_pandas_data_frame, _handle_python_dicts,
                                      _handle_python_lists, _is_list, _is_str_list, _py_tmp_key, _quoted,
                                      can_use_pandas, quote, normalize_slice, slice_is_normalized, check_frame_id)
  from h2o.utils.typechecks import (assert_is_type, assert_satisfies, Enum, I, is_type, numeric, numpy_ndarray,
                                    numpy_datetime, pandas_dataframe, pandas_timestamp, scipy_sparse, U)
  from h2o.model.model_base import _get_numpy
  
  __all__ = ("H2OFrame", )
  
  
  class H2OFrame(Keyed):
      """
      Primary data store for H2O.
  
      H2OFrame is similar to pandas' ``DataFrame``, or R's ``data.frame``. One of the critical distinction is that the
      data is generally not held in memory, instead it is located on a (possibly remote) H2O cluster, and thus
      ``H2OFrame`` represents a mere handle to that data.
  
      Create a new H2OFrame object, possibly from some other object.
  
      :param python_obj: object that will be converted to an ``H2OFrame``. This could have multiple types:
  
          - None: create an empty H2OFrame
          - A list/tuple of strings or numbers: create a single-column H2OFrame containing the contents of this list.
          - A dictionary of ``{name: list}`` pairs: create an H2OFrame with multiple columns, each column having the
            provided ``name`` and contents from ``list``. If the source dictionary is not an OrderedDict, then the
            columns in the H2OFrame may appear shuffled.
          - A list of lists of strings/numbers: construct an H2OFrame from a rectangular table of values, with inner
            lists treated as rows of the table. I.e. ``H2OFrame([[1, 'a'], [2, 'b'], [3, 'c']])`` will create a
            frame with 3 rows and 2 columns, one numeric and one string.
          - A Pandas dataframe, or a Numpy ndarray: create a matching H2OFrame.
          - A Scipy sparse matrix: create a matching sparse H2OFrame.
  
      :param int header: if ``python_obj`` is a list of lists, this parameter can be used to indicate whether the
          first row of the data represents headers. The value of -1 means the first row is data, +1 means the first
          row is the headers, 0 (default) allows H2O to guess whether the first row contains data or headers.
      :param List[str] column_names: explicit list of column names for the new H2OFrame. This will override any
          column names derived from the data. If the python_obj does not contain explicit column names, and this
          parameter is not given, then the columns will be named "C1", "C2", "C3", etc.
      :param column_types: explicit column types for the new H2OFrame. This could be either a list of types for
          each column, or a dictionary of {column name: column type} pairs. In the latter case you may override
          types for only few columns, and let H2O choose the types of the rest.
      :param na_strings: List of strings in the input data that should be interpreted as missing values. This could
          be given on a per-column basis, either as a list-of-lists, or as a dictionary {column name: list of nas}.
      :param str destination_frame: (internal) name of the target DKV key in the H2O backend.
      :param str separator: (deprecated)
  
      :example:
      >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
      >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
      >>> frame
      """
  
      # Temp flag: set this to false for now if encountering path conversion/expansion issues when import files to remote server
      __LOCAL_EXPANSION_ON_SINGLE_IMPORT__ = True
  
      #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Construction
      #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
      def __init__(self, python_obj=None, destination_frame=None, header=0, separator=",",
                   column_names=None, column_types=None, na_strings=None, skipped_columns=None):
      
          coltype = U(None, "unknown", "uuid", "string", "float", "real", "double", "int", "long", "numeric",
                      "categorical", "factor", "enum", "time")
          assert_is_type(python_obj, None, list, tuple, dict, numpy_ndarray, pandas_dataframe, scipy_sparse)
          assert_is_type(destination_frame, None, str)
          assert_is_type(header, -1, 0, 1)
          assert_is_type(separator, I(str, lambda s: len(s) == 1))
          assert_is_type(column_names, None, [str])
          assert_is_type(column_types, None, [coltype], {str: coltype})
          assert_is_type(na_strings, None, [str], [[str]], {str: [str]})
          check_frame_id(destination_frame)
  
          self._ex = ExprNode()
          self._ex._children = None
          self._is_frame = True  # Indicate that this is an actual frame, allowing typechecks to be made
          if python_obj is not None:
              self._upload_python_object(python_obj, destination_frame, header, separator,
                                         column_names, column_types, na_strings, skipped_columns)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _expr(expr, cache=None):
          # TODO: merge this method with `__init__`
          fr = H2OFrame()
          fr._ex = expr
          if cache is not None:
              fr._ex._cache.fill_from(cache)
          return fr
  
  
      def _upload_python_object(self, python_obj, destination_frame=None, header=0, separator=",",
                                column_names=None, column_types=None, na_strings=None, skipped_columns=None):
          assert_is_type(python_obj, list, tuple, dict, numpy_ndarray, pandas_dataframe, scipy_sparse)
          if is_type(python_obj, scipy_sparse):
              self._upload_sparse_matrix(python_obj, destination_frame=destination_frame)
              return
          # TODO: all these _handlers should really belong to this class, not to shared_utils.
          processor = (_handle_pandas_data_frame if is_type(python_obj, pandas_dataframe) else
                       _handle_numpy_array if is_type(python_obj, numpy_ndarray) else
                       _handle_python_dicts if is_type(python_obj, dict) else
                       _handle_python_lists)
          col_header, data_to_write = processor(python_obj, header)
          if col_header is None or data_to_write is None:
              raise H2OValueError("No data to write")
          if not column_names:
              column_names = col_header
  
          # create a temporary file that will be written to
          tmp_handle, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".csv")
          tmp_file = os.fdopen(tmp_handle, 'w')
          # create a new csv writer object thingy
          csv_writer = csv.writer(tmp_file, dialect="excel", quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC)
          csv_writer.writerow(column_names)
          if data_to_write and isinstance(data_to_write[0], dict):
              for row in data_to_write:
                  csv_writer.writerow([row.get(k, None) for k in col_header])
          else:
              csv_writer.writerows(data_to_write)
          tmp_file.close()  # close the streams
          self._upload_parse(tmp_path, destination_frame, 1, separator, column_names, column_types, na_strings, skipped_columns)
          os.remove(tmp_path)  # delete the tmp file
  
  
      def _upload_sparse_matrix(self, matrix, destination_frame=None):
          import scipy.sparse as sp
          if not sp.issparse(matrix):
              raise H2OValueError("A sparse matrix expected, got %s" % type(matrix))
  
          tmp_handle, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".svmlight")
          out = os.fdopen(tmp_handle, "wt")
          if destination_frame is None:
              destination_frame = _py_tmp_key(h2o.connection().session_id)
  
          # sp.find(matrix) returns (row indices, column indices, values) of the non-zero elements of A. Unfortunately
          # there is no guarantee that those elements are returned in the correct order, so need to sort
          data = zip(*sp.find(matrix))
          if not isinstance(data, list): data = list(data)  # possibly convert from iterator to a list
          data.sort()
          idata = 0  # index of the next element to be consumed from `data`
          for irow in range(matrix.shape[0]):
              if idata < len(data) and data[idata][0] == irow and data[idata][1] == 0:
                  y = data[idata][2]
                  idata += 1
              else:
                  y = 0
              out.write(str(y))
              while idata < len(data) and data[idata][0] == irow:
                  out.write(" ")
                  out.write(str(data[idata][1]))
                  out.write(":")
                  out.write(str(data[idata][2]))
                  idata += 1
              out.write("\n")
          out.close()
  
          ret = h2o.api("POST /3/PostFile", filename=tmp_path)
          os.remove(tmp_path)
          rawkey = ret["destination_frame"]
  
          p = {"source_frames": [rawkey], "destination_frame": destination_frame}
          H2OJob(h2o.api("POST /3/ParseSVMLight", data=p), "Parse").poll()
          self._ex._cache._id = destination_frame
          self._ex._cache.fill()
  
  
      @staticmethod
      def get_frame(frame_id, rows=10, rows_offset=0, cols=-1, full_cols=-1, cols_offset=0, light=False):
          """
          Retrieve an existing H2OFrame from the H2O cluster using the frame's id.
  
          :param str frame_id: id of the frame to retrieve
          :param int rows: number of rows to fetch for preview (10 by default)
          :param int rows_offset: offset to fetch rows from (0 by default)
          :param int cols: number of columns to fetch (all by default)
          :param full_cols: number of columns to fetch together with backed data
          :param int cols_offset: offset to fetch rows from (0 by default)
          :param bool light: whether to use light frame endpoint or not
          :returns: an existing H2OFrame with the id provided; or None if such frame doesn't exist.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> h2o.get_frame(iris.frame_id)
          """
          fr = H2OFrame()
          fr._ex._cache._id = frame_id
          try:
              fr._ex._cache.fill(rows=rows, rows_offset=rows_offset, cols=cols, full_cols=full_cols, cols_offset=cols_offset, light=light)
          except EnvironmentError:
              return None
          return fr
  
      @staticmethod
      def _validate(param, name, required=False, message=None):
          message = message or "'{}' must be a valid H2OFrame!".format(name)
          if param is None:
              if required:
                  raise ValueError(message)
              else:
                  return
          else:
              assert_is_type(param, str, H2OFrame, message=message)
              if is_type(param, str):
                  fr = h2o.get_frame(param)
                  if fr is None:
                      raise ValueError(message)
                  return fr
              return param
  
  
      def refresh(self):
          """
          Reload frame information from the backend H2O server.
  
          :returns: Frame information from the backend H2O server.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> dataframe = {'A': [1,0,3,4],
          ...              'B': [5,6,-6, -1],
          ...              'C':[-4, -6, -7, 8]}
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(dataframe)
          >>> frame_asin = frame.asin()
          >>> assert set(frame.names) ==
          ...           {"A", "B", "C"},
          ...            "Expected original colnames to remain the same after uniop operation"
          >>> assert ["asin(%s)" % (name) for name in frame.names] ==
          ...         frame_asin.names,"Expected equal col names after",
          ...         " uniop operation"
          >>> frame_asin.refresh()
          """
          self._ex._cache.flush()
          self._frame(fill_cache=True)
  
  
  
      #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Frame properties
      #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
      @property
      def key(self):
          """
          Displays the unique key representing the object on the backend.
          
          :returns: the unique key representing the object on the backend
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame.key
          """
          return None if self._ex is None else self.frame_id
  
  
      @property
      def names(self):
          """
          The list of column names (List[str]).
  
          :returns: The list of column names.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris.names
          """
          if not self._ex._cache.names_valid():
              self._ex._cache.flush()
              self._frame(fill_cache=True)
          return list(self._ex._cache.names)
  
      @names.setter
      def names(self, value):
          self.set_names(value)
  
  
      @property
      def nrows(self):
          """
          Number of rows in the dataframe (int).
  
          :returns: Number of rows in the dataframe.
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris.nrows
          """
          if not self._ex._cache.nrows_valid():
              self._ex._cache.flush()
              self._frame(fill_cache=True)
          return self._ex._cache.nrows
  
  
      @property
      def ncols(self):
          """
          Number of columns in the dataframe (int).
  
          :returns: Number of columns in the dataframe.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris.ncols
          """
          if not self._ex._cache.ncols_valid():
              self._ex._cache.flush()
              self._frame(fill_cache=True)
          return self._ex._cache.ncols
  
  
      @property
      def shape(self):
          """
          Number of rows and columns in the dataframe as a tuple ``(nrows, ncols)``.
  
          :returns: Number of rows and columns in the dataframe as a tuple
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris = iris[:, 0:4]
          >>> iris.shape
          """
          return self.nrows, self.ncols
  
  
      @property
      def types(self):
          """
          The dictionary of column name/type pairs.
  
          :returns: Dictionary of column name/type pairs.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.types
          """
          if not self._ex._cache.types_valid():
              self._ex._cache.flush()
              self._frame(fill_cache=True)
          return dict(self._ex._cache.types)
  
      @property
      def dtype(self):
          """
          Returns the numpy.dtype of the first column of this data frame.
          Works only for single-column data frames.
          Used mainly for using H2OFrames in conjunction with scikit-learn APIs.
  
          :returns: Numpy dtype of the first column
          """
          if not len(self.columns) == 1:
              raise H2OValueError("dtype is only supported for one column frames")
          np = _get_numpy("H2OFrame.dtype")
          type_map = {
              "enum": np.str, 
              "string": np.str, 
              "int": np.int, 
              "real": np.float, 
              "time": np.str,
              "uuid": np.str
          }
          types_list = list(self.types.values())
          return np.dtype(type_map[types_list[0]])
  
      @property
      def frame_id(self):
          """
          Internal id of the frame (str).
  
          :returns: Internal id of the frame (str).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> print(iris.frame_id)
          """
          return self._frame()._ex._cache._id
  
      @frame_id.setter
      def frame_id(self, newid):
          check_frame_id(newid)
          if self._ex._cache._id is None:
              h2o.assign(self, newid)
          else:
              oldname = self.frame_id
              self._ex._cache._id = newid
              h2o.rapids("(rename \"{}\" \"{}\")".format(oldname, newid))
  
  
      def type(self, col):
          """
          The type for the given column.
  
          :param col: either a name, or an index of the column to look up
          :returns: type of the column, one of: ``str``, ``int``, ``real``, ``enum``, ``time``, ``bool``.
          :raises H2OValueError: if such column does not exist in the frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.type("C5")
          """
          assert_is_type(col, int, str)
          if not self._ex._cache.types_valid() or not self._ex._cache.names_valid():
              self._ex._cache.flush()
              self._frame(fill_cache=True)
          types = self._ex._cache.types
          if is_type(col, str):
              if col in types:
                  return types[col]
          else:
              names = self._ex._cache.names
              if -len(names) <= col < len(names):
                  return types[names[col]]
          raise H2OValueError("Column '%r' does not exist in the frame" % col)
  
  
      def _import_parse(self, path, pattern, destination_frame, header, separator, column_names, column_types, na_strings,
                        skipped_columns=None, custom_non_data_line_markers=None, partition_by=None, quotechar=None, escapechar=None):
          if H2OFrame.__LOCAL_EXPANSION_ON_SINGLE_IMPORT__ and is_type(path, str) and "://" not in path:  # fixme: delete those 2 lines, cf. PUBDEV-5717
              path = os.path.abspath(path)
          rawkey = h2o.lazy_import(path, pattern)
          self._parse(rawkey, destination_frame, header, separator, column_names, column_types, na_strings,
                      skipped_columns, custom_non_data_line_markers, partition_by, quotechar, escapechar)
          return self
  
  
      def _upload_parse(self, path, destination_frame, header, sep, column_names, column_types, na_strings, skipped_columns=None,
                        quotechar=None, escapechar=None):
          ret = h2o.api("POST /3/PostFile", filename=path)
          rawkey = ret["destination_frame"]
          self._parse(rawkey, destination_frame, header, sep, column_names, column_types, na_strings, skipped_columns,
                      quotechar=quotechar, escapechar=escapechar)
          return self
  
  
      def _parse(self, rawkey, destination_frame="", header=None, separator=None, column_names=None, column_types=None,
                 na_strings=None, skipped_columns=None, custom_non_data_line_markers=None, partition_by=None, quotechar=None,
                 escapechar=None):
          setup = h2o.parse_setup(rawkey, destination_frame, header, separator, column_names, column_types, na_strings,
                                  skipped_columns, custom_non_data_line_markers, partition_by, quotechar, escapechar)
          return self._parse_raw(setup)
  
  
      def _parse_raw(self, setup):
          # Parse parameters (None values provided by setup)
          p = {"destination_frame": None,
               "parse_type": None,
               "separator": None,
               "check_header": None,
               "number_columns": None,
               "chunk_size": None,
               "delete_on_done": True,
               "blocking": False,
               "column_types": None,
               "skipped_columns":None,
               "custom_non_data_line_markers": None,
               "partition_by": None,
               "single_quotes": None,
               "escapechar": None
               }
  
          if setup["column_names"]: p["column_names"] = None
          if setup["na_strings"]: p["na_strings"] = None
  
          p.update({k: v for k, v in viewitems(setup) if k in p})
  
          # Extract only 'name' from each src in the array of srcs
          p['source_frames'] = [_quoted(src['name']) for src in setup['source_frames']]
  
          H2OJob(h2o.api("POST /3/Parse", data=p), "Parse").poll()
          # Need to return a Frame here for nearly all callers
          # ... but job stats returns only a dest_key, requiring another REST call to get nrow/ncol
          self._ex._cache._id = p["destination_frame"]
          self._ex._cache.fill()
  
  
      def filter_na_cols(self, frac=0.2):
          """
          Filter columns with proportion of NAs greater or equals than ``frac``.
  
          :param float frac: Maximum fraction of NAs in the column to keep.
  
          :returns: A list of indices of columns that have fewer NAs than ``frac``. If all columns are filtered,
              None is returned.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> prostate = h2o.import_file("http://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/prostate/prostate.csv.zip")
          >>> include_cols1 = prostate.filter_na_cols()
          >>> include_cols1
          >>> include_cols2 = prostate.filter_na_cols(0.001)
          >>> include_cols2
          """
          return ExprNode("filterNACols", self, frac)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def columns_by_type(self, coltype="numeric"):
          """
          Extract columns of the specified type from the frame.
  
          :param str coltype: A character string indicating which column type to filter by. This must be
              one of the following:
  
              - ``"numeric"``      - Numeric, but not categorical or time
              - ``"categorical"``  - Integer, with a categorical/factor String mapping
              - ``"string"``       - String column
              - ``"time"``         - Long msec since the Unix Epoch - with a variety of display/parse options
              - ``"uuid"``         - UUID
              - ``"bad"``          - No none-NA rows (triple negative! all NAs or zero rows)
  
          :returns: list of indices of columns that have the requested type
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                          integer_fraction=1,
          ...                          binary_ones_fraction=0,
          ...                          missing_fraction=0)
          >>> num = frame.columns_by_type(coltype="numeric")
          >>> str = frame.columns_by_type(coltype="string")
          >>> num
          >>> string
          """
          assert_is_type(coltype, "numeric", "categorical", "string", "time", "uuid", "bad")
          assert_is_type(self, H2OFrame)
          return ExprNode("columnsByType", self, coltype)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return (self[i] for i in range(self.ncol))
  
      def __unicode__(self):
          if sys.gettrace() is None:
              if self._ex is None: return "This H2OFrame has been removed."
              table = self._frame(fill_cache=True)._ex._cache._tabulate("simple", False)
              nrows = "%d %s" % (self.nrow, "row" if self.nrow == 1 else "rows")
              ncols = "%d %s" % (self.ncol, "column" if self.ncol == 1 else "columns")
              return "%s\n\n[%s x %s]" % (table, nrows, ncols)
          return ""
  
      def __repr__(self):
          if sys.gettrace() is None:
              # PUBDEV-2278: using <method>? from IPython caused everything to dump
              stk = traceback.extract_stack()
              if not ("IPython" in stk[-2][0] and "info" == stk[-2][2]):
                  self.show()
          return ""
  
      def _has_content(self):
          return self._ex and (self._ex._children or self._ex._cache._id)
  
      def show(self, use_pandas=False, rows=10, cols=200):
          """
          Used by the H2OFrame.__repr__ method to print or display a snippet of the data frame.
  
          If called from IPython, displays the results in HTML format. Otherwise, this prints a tabulated result.
  
          :returns: snippet of the data frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num,col_num))
          >>> h20frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.show(use_pandas=False)
          >>> h2oframe.show(use_pandas=True)
          """
          if self._ex is None:
              print("This H2OFrame has been removed.")
              return
          if not self._has_content():
              print("This H2OFrame is empty and not initialized.")
              return
          if self.nrows == 0:
              print("This H2OFrame is empty.")
              return
          if not self._ex._cache.is_valid(): self._frame()._ex._cache.fill()
          if H2ODisplay._in_zep():
              print("%html " + self._ex._cache._tabulate("html", False, rows=rows))
          elif H2ODisplay._in_ipy():
              import IPython.display
              if use_pandas and can_use_pandas():
                  IPython.display.display(self.head(rows=rows, cols=cols).as_data_frame(use_pandas=True))
              else:
                  IPython.display.display_html(self._ex._cache._tabulate("html", False, rows=rows), raw=True)
          else:
              if use_pandas and can_use_pandas():
                  print(self.head(rows=rows, cols=cols).as_data_frame(use_pandas=True))
              else:
                  s = self.__unicode__()
                  stk = traceback.extract_stack()
                  if "IPython" in stk[-3][0]:
                      s = "\n%s" % s
                  try:
                      print(s)
                  except UnicodeEncodeError:
                      print(s.encode("ascii", "replace"))
  
  
      def summary(self, return_data=False):
          """
          Display summary information about the frame.
  
          Summary includes min/mean/max/sigma and other rollup data.
  
          :param bool return_data: Return a dictionary of the summary output
          :returns: Summary of information about the frame
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame.summary()
          """
          if not self._has_content():
              print("This H2OFrame is empty and not initialized.")
              return self._ex._cache._data;
          if not self._ex._cache.is_valid(): self._frame()._ex._cache.fill()
          if not return_data:
              if self.nrows == 0:
                  print("This H2OFrame is empty.")
              elif H2ODisplay._in_zep():
                  print("%html " + self._ex._cache._tabulate("html", True))
              elif H2ODisplay._in_ipy():
                  import IPython.display
                  IPython.display.display_html(self._ex._cache._tabulate("html", True), raw=True)
              else:
                  print(self._ex._cache._tabulate("simple", True))
          else:
              return self._ex._cache._data
  
  
      def describe(self, chunk_summary=False):
          """
          Generate an in-depth description of this H2OFrame.
  
          This will print to the console the dimensions of the frame; names/types/summary statistics for each column;
          and finally first ten rows of the frame.
  
          :param bool chunk_summary: Retrieve the chunk summary along with the distribution summary
          :returns: The dimensions of the frame; names/types/summary statistics for each column; first ten rows of the frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_lists = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],["a","b","c"],[1,0,1]]
          >>> col_names=["num1","num2","str1","enum1"]
          >>> dest_frame="newFrame"
          >>> heads=-1
          >>> sep=','
          >>> col_types=['numeric','numeric','string','enum']
          >>> na_str=['NA']
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists,
          ...                         destination_frame=dest_frame,
          ...                         header=heads,
          ...                         separator=sep,
          ...                         column_names=col_names,
          ...                         column_types=col_types,
          ...                         na_strings=na_str)
          >>> h2oframe.describe(chunk_summary=True)
          """
          if self._has_content():
              res = h2o.api("GET /3/Frames/%s" % self.frame_id, data={"row_count": 10})["frames"][0]
              self._ex._cache._fill_data(res)
  
              print("Rows:{}".format(self.nrow))
              print("Cols:{}".format(self.ncol))
  
              # The chunk & distribution summaries are not cached, so must be pulled if chunk_summary=True.
              if chunk_summary:
                  res["chunk_summary"].show()
                  res["distribution_summary"].show()
              print("\n")
          self.summary()
  
      def detach(self):
          """
          Detach the Python object from the backend, usually by clearing its key
  
          :examples: 
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> row_num = randrange(2,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(2,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.detach()
          >>> h2oframe
          """
          self._ex = None
  
  
      def _frame(self, rows=10, rows_offset=0, cols=-1, cols_offset=0, fill_cache=False):
          self._ex._eager_frame()
          if fill_cache:
              self._ex._cache.fill(rows=rows, rows_offset=rows_offset, cols=cols, cols_offset=cols_offset)
          return self
  
  
      def head(self, rows=10, cols=200):
          """
          Return the first ``rows`` and ``cols`` of the frame as a new H2OFrame.
  
          :param int rows: maximum number of rows to return
          :param int cols: maximum number of columns to return
          :returns: a new H2OFrame cut from the top left corner of the current frame, and having dimensions at
              most ``rows`` x ``cols``.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from h2o.frame import H2OFrame
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> df = H2OFrame.from_python(np.random.randn(100, 4).tolist(),
          ...                           column_names=list("ABCD"),
          ...                           column_types=["enum"] * 4)
          >>> df.head()
          """
          assert_is_type(rows, int)
          assert_is_type(cols, int)
          nrows = min(self.nrows, rows)
          ncols = min(self.ncols, cols)
          newdt = self[:nrows, :ncols]
          return newdt._frame(rows=nrows, cols=cols, fill_cache=True)
  
  
      def tail(self, rows=10, cols=200):
          """
          Return the last ``rows`` and ``cols`` of the frame as a new H2OFrame.
  
          :param int rows: maximum number of rows to return
          :param int cols: maximum number of columns to return
          :returns: a new H2OFrame cut from the bottom left corner of the current frame, and having dimensions at
              most ``rows`` x ``cols``.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> row_num = randrange(2,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(2,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe
          >>> new_row = randrange(1, row_num)
          >>> new_col = randrange(1, col_num)
          >>> h2oframe.tail(rows=new_row, cols=new_col)
          """
          assert_is_type(rows, int)
          assert_is_type(cols, int)
          nrows = min(self.nrows, rows)
          ncols = min(self.ncols, cols)
          start_idx = self.nrows - nrows
          newdt = self[start_idx:start_idx + nrows, :ncols]
          return newdt._frame(rows=nrows, cols=cols, fill_cache=True)
  
  
      def logical_negation(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise Logical NOT applied to the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise Logical NOT applied to the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.logical_negation()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("not", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def _unop(self, op, rtype="real"):
          if self._is_frame:
              for cname, ctype in self.types.items():
                  if ctype not in {"int", "real", "bool"}:
                      raise H2OValueError("Function %s cannot be applied to %s column '%s'" % (op, ctype, cname))
          ret = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode(op, self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          ret._ex._cache._names = ["%s(%s)" % (op, name) for name in self._ex._cache._names]
          ret._ex._cache._types = {name: rtype for name in ret._ex._cache._names}
          return ret
  
      # Binary operations
      def __add__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "+", rhs)
  
      def __sub__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "-", rhs)
  
      def __mul__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "*", rhs)
  
      def __div__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "/", rhs)
  
      def __truediv__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "/", rhs)
  
      def __floordiv__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "intDiv", rhs)
  
      def __mod__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "%", rhs)
  
      def __or__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "|", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __and__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "&", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __ge__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, ">=", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __gt__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, ">", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __le__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "<=", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __lt__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "<", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __eq__(self, rhs):
          if rhs is None: rhs = float("nan")
          return _binop(self, "==", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __ne__(self, rhs):
          if rhs is None: rhs = float("nan")
          return _binop(self, "!=", rhs, rtype="bool")
  
      def __pow__(self, rhs):
          return _binop(self, "^", rhs)
  
      def __contains__(self, lhs):
          return all((t == self).any() for t in lhs) if _is_list(lhs) else (lhs == self).any()
  
      # rops
      def __rmod__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "%", self)
  
      def __radd__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "+", self)
  
      def __rsub__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "-", self)
  
      def __rand__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "&", self, rtype="bool")
  
      def __ror__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "|", self, rtype="bool")
  
      def __rtruediv__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "/", self)
  
      def __rdiv__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "/", self)
  
      def __rfloordiv__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "intDiv", self, rtype="int")
  
      def __rmul__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "*", self)
  
      def __rpow__(self, lhs):
          return _binop(lhs, "^", self)
  
      # unops
      def __abs__(self):
          return self._unop("abs")
  
      def __invert__(self):
          return self._unop("!!", rtype="bool")
  
      def __nonzero__(self):
          if self.nrows > 1 or self.ncols > 1:
              raise H2OValueError(
                  'This operation is not supported on an H2OFrame. Try using parentheses. '
                  'Did you mean & (logical and), | (logical or), or ~ (logical not)?')
          else:
              return self.__len__()
  
      def __int__(self):
          return int(self.flatten())
  
      def __float__(self):
          return float(self.flatten())
  
  
      def flatten(self):
          """
          Convert a 1x1 frame into a scalar.
  
          :returns: content of this 1x1 frame as a scalar (``int``, ``float``, or ``str``).
          :raises H2OValueError: if current frame has shape other than 1x1
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame1 = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame1.flatten()
          # Should receive "H2OValueError: Not a 1x1 Frame"
          >>> frame2 = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python(["redrum"])
          >>> frame2.flatten()
          """
          if self.shape != (1, 1): raise H2OValueError("Not a 1x1 Frame")
          return ExprNode("flatten", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def getrow(self):
          """
          Convert a 1xn frame into an n-element list.
  
          :returns: content of this 1xn frame as a Python list.
          :raises H2OValueError: if current frame has more than one row.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import scipy.sparse as sp
          >>> A = sp.csr_matrix([[1, 2, 0, 5.5], [0, 0, 3, 6.7], [4, 0, 5, 0]])
          >>> fr = h2o.H2OFrame(A)
          >>>  assert fr.shape == (3, 4)
          >>> assert fr.as_data_frame(False) ==
          ...     [['C1', 'C2', 'C3', 'C4'], ['1', '2', '0', '5.5'],
          ...     ['0', '0', '3', '6.7'], ['4', '0', '5', '0.0']]
          >>> A = sp.lil_matrix((1000, 1000))
          >>> A.setdiag(10)
          >>> for i in range(999):
          ...     A[i, i + 1] = -3
          ...     A[i + 1, i] = -2
          >>> fr = h2o.H2OFrame(A)
          >>> assert fr.shape == (1000, 1000)
          >>> means = fr.mean().getrow()
          >>> assert means == [0.008] + [0.005] * 998 + [0.007]
          >>> means
          """
          if self.nrows != 1:
              raise H2OValueError("This method can only be applied to single-row frames")
          return ExprNode("getrow", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def mult(self, matrix):
          """
          Multiply this frame, viewed as a matrix, by another matrix.
  
          :param matrix: another frame that you want to multiply the current frame by; must be compatible with the
              current frame (i.e. its number of rows must be the same as number of columns in the current frame).
          :returns: new H2OFrame, which is the result of multiplying the current frame by ``matrix``.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> data = [[random.uniform(-10000,10000)] for c in range(100)]
          >>> h2o_data = h2o.H2OFrame(data)
          >>> h2o_mm = h2o_data.mult(h2o_data.transpose())
          """
          if self.ncols != matrix.nrows:
              raise H2OValueError("Matrix is not compatible for multiplication with the current frame")
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("x", self, matrix))
  
  
      def cos(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise cosine of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise cosine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.cos()
          """
          return self._unop("cos")
  
  
      def sin(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise sine of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise sine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.sin()
          """
          return self._unop("sin")
  
  
      def tan(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise tangent of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise tangent of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.tan()
          """
          return self._unop("tan")
  
  
      def acos(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise arc cosine of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise arc cosine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.acos()
          """
          return self._unop("acos")
  
  
      def asin(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise arc sine of the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise arc sine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.asin()
          """
          return self._unop("asin")
  
  
      def atan(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise arc tangent of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise arc tangent of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.atan()
          """
          return self._unop("atan")
  
  
      def cosh(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame with values equal to the hyperbolic cosines of the values in the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame with values equal to the hyperbolic cosines of the values in the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.cosh()
          """
          return self._unop("cosh")
  
  
      def sinh(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise hyperbolic sine of the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise hyperbolic sine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.sinh()
          """
          return self._unop("sinh")
  
  
      def tanh(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise hyperbolic tangent of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise hyperbolic tangent of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.tanh()
          """
          return self._unop("tanh")
  
  
      def acosh(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise inverse hyperbolic cosine of the current frame
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise inverse hyperbolic cosine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.acosh()
          """
          return self._unop("acosh")
  
  
      def asinh(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise inverse hyperbolic sine of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise inverse hyperbolic sine of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.asinh()
          """
          return self._unop("asinh")
  
  
      def atanh(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise inverse hyperbolic tangent of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise inverse hyperbolic tangent of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.atanh()
          """
          return self._unop("atanh")
  
  
      def cospi(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise cosine of the current frame multiplied by Pi.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise cosine of the current frame multiplied by Pi.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.cospi()
          """
          return self._unop("cospi")
  
  
      def sinpi(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise sine of the current frame multiplied by Pi.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise sine of the current frame multiplied by Pi.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.sinpi()
          """
          return self._unop("sinpi")
  
  
      def tanpi(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise tangent of the current frame multiplied by Pi.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise tangent of the current frame multiplied by Pi.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.tanpi()
          """
          return self._unop("tanpi")
  
  
      def abs(self):
          """
          Calculate the absolute value of the current frame.
          
          :returns: new H2OFrame equal to elementwise absolute value of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> abs(frame)
          """
          return self._unop("abs")
  
  
      def sign(self):
          """
          Return new H2OFrame equal to signs of the values in the frame: -1 , +1, or 0.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to signs of the values in the frame: -1, +1, or 0.
          
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.sign()
          """
          return self._unop("sign", rtype="int")
  
  
      def sqrt(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise square root of the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise square root of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.sqrt()
          """
          return self._unop("sqrt")
  
  
      def trunc(self):
          """
          Apply the numeric truncation function.
  
          ``trunc(x)`` is the integer obtained from ``x`` by dropping its decimal tail. This is equal to ``floor(x)``
          if ``x`` is positive, and ``ceil(x)`` if ``x`` is negative. Truncation is also called "rounding towards zero".
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame of truncated values of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import math
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> length_out_r = math.ceil(0.78*row_num)
          >>> length_out_c = math.ceil(col_num*0.4)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.trunc()
          """
          return self._unop("trunc", rtype="int")
  
  
      def ceil(self):
          """
          Apply the ceiling function to the current frame.
  
          ``ceil(x)`` is the smallest integer greater or equal to ``x``.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame of ceiling values of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import math
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> length_out_r = math.ceil(0.78*row_num)
          >>> length_out_c = math.ceil(col_num*0.4)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          """
          return self._unop("ceiling", rtype="int")
  
  
      def floor(self):
          """
          Apply the floor function to the current frame. ``floor(x)`` is the largest integer smaller or equal to ``x``.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame of floor values of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame
          >>> frame.floor()
          """
          return self._unop("floor", rtype="int")
  
  
      def log(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise natural logarithm of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise natural logarithm of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.log()
          """
          return self._unop("log")
  
  
      def log10(self):
          """
          Create new H2OFrame equal to elementwise decimal logarithm of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise decimal logarithm of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.log10()
          """
          return self._unop("log10")
  
  
      def log1p(self):
          """
          Create a new H2Oframe equal to elementwise ``ln(1 + x)`` for each ``x`` in the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equals to elementwise ``ln(1 + x)`` for each ``x`` in the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.log1p()
          """
          return self._unop("log1p")
  
  
      def log2(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise binary logarithm of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise binary logarithm of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.log2()
          """
          return self._unop("log2")
  
  
      def exp(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise exponent (i.e. ``e^x``) of the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equals to elementwise exponent (i.e. ``e^x``) of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.exp()
          """
          return self._unop("exp")
  
  
      def expm1(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise exponent minus 1 (i.e. ``e^x - 1``) of the current frame.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise exponent minus 1 (i.e. ``e^x - 1``) of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.expm1()
          """
          return self._unop("expm1")
  
  
      def gamma(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise gamma function of the current frame.
          
          :returns: new H2OFrame equals to elementwise gamma function of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.gamma()
          """
          return self._unop("gamma")
  
  
      def lgamma(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise logarirth of the gamma function of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise logarithm of the gamma function of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.lgamma()
          """
          return self._unop("lgamma")
  
  
      def digamma(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to elementwise digamma function of the current frame.
          
          :returns: New H2OFrame equal to elementwise digamma function of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.digamma()
          """
          return self._unop("digamma")
  
  
      def trigamma(self):
          """
          Create a new H2OFrame equal to the elementwise trigamma function of the current frame.
          
          :returns: new H2OFrame equal to elementwise trigamma function of the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1, 2, 2.5, -100.9, 0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.trigamma()
          """
          return self._unop("trigamma")
  
  
      @staticmethod
      def moment(year=None, month=None, day=None, hour=None, minute=None, second=None, msec=None, date=None, time=None):
          """
          Create a time column from individual components.
  
          Each parameter should be either an integer, or a single-column H2OFrame
          containing the corresponding time parts for each row.
  
          The "date" part of the timestamp can be specified using either the tuple ``(year, month, day)``, or an
          explicit ``date`` parameter. The "time" part of the timestamp is optional, but can be specified either via
          the ``time`` parameter, or via the ``(hour, minute, second, msec)`` tuple.
  
          :param year: the year part of the constructed date
          :param month: the month part of the constructed date
          :param day: the day-of-the-month part of the constructed date
          :param hour: the hours part of the constructed date
          :param minute: the minutes part of the constructed date
          :param second: the seconds part of the constructed date
          :param msec: the milliseconds part of the constructed date
          :param date date: construct the timestamp from the Python's native ``datetime.date`` (or ``datetime.datetime``)
              object. If the object passed is of type ``date``, then you can specify the time part using either the
              ``time`` argument, or ``hour`` ... ``msec`` arguments (but not both). If the object passed is of type
              ``datetime``, then no other arguments can be provided.
          :param time time: construct the timestamp from this Python's native ``datetime.time`` object. This argument
              cannot be used alone, it should be supplemented with either ``date`` argument, or ``year`` ... ``day``
              tuple.
  
          :returns: H2OFrame with one column containing the date constructed from the provided arguments.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].moment(year=df["C1"].year(),
          ...                 month=df["C1"].month(),
          ...                 day=df["C1"].day(),
          ...                 hour=df["C1"].hour(),
          ...                 minute=df["C1"].minute(),
          ...                 second=df["C1"].second())
          """
          assert_is_type(date, None, datetime.date, numpy_datetime, pandas_timestamp)
          assert_is_type(time, None, datetime.time)
          assert_is_type(year, None, int, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(month, None, int, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(day, None, int, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(hour, None, int, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(minute, None, int, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(second, None, int, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(msec, None, int, H2OFrame)
          if time is not None:
              if hour is not None or minute is not None or second is not None or msec is not None:
                  raise H2OValueError("Arguments hour, minute, second, msec cannot be used together with `time`.")
              hour = time.hour
              minute = time.minute
              second = time.second
              msec = time.microsecond // 1000
          if date is not None:
              if is_type(date, pandas_timestamp):
                  date = date.to_pydatetime()
              if is_type(date, numpy_datetime):
                  date = date.astype("M8[ms]").astype("O")
              if year is not None or month is not None or day is not None:
                  raise H2OValueError("Arguments year, month and day cannot be used together with `date`.")
              year = date.year
              month = date.month
              day = date.day
              if isinstance(date, datetime.datetime):
                  if time is not None:
                      raise H2OValueError("Argument `time` cannot be used together with `date` of datetime type.")
                  if hour is not None or minute is not None or second is not None or msec is not None:
                      raise H2OValueError("Arguments hour, minute, second, msec cannot be used together with `date` "
                                          "of datetime type.")
                  hour = date.hour
                  minute = date.minute
                  second = date.second
                  msec = date.microsecond // 1000
          if year is None or month is None or day is None:
              raise H2OValueError("Either arguments (`year`, `month` and `day`) or the `date` are required.")
          if hour is None: hour = 0
          if minute is None: minute = 0
          if second is None: second = 0
          if msec is None: msec = 0
  
          local_vars = locals()
          res_nrows = None
          for n in ["year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second", "msec"]:
              x = local_vars[n]
              if isinstance(x, H2OFrame):
                  if x.ncols != 1:
                      raise H2OValueError("Argument `%s` is a frame with more than 1 column" % n)
                  if x.type(0) not in {"int", "real"}:
                      raise H2OValueError("Column `%s` is not numeric (type = %s)" % (n, x.type(0)))
                  if res_nrows is None:
                      res_nrows = x.nrows
                  if x.nrows == 0 or x.nrows != res_nrows:
                      raise H2OValueError("Incompatible column `%s` having %d rows" % (n, x.nrows))
          if res_nrows is None:
              res_nrows = 1
          res = H2OFrame._expr(ExprNode("moment", year, month, day, hour, minute, second, msec))
          res._ex._cache._names = ["name"]
          res._ex._cache._types = {"name": "time"}
          res._ex._cache._nrows = res_nrows
          res._ex._cache._ncols = 1
          return res
  
  
      def unique(self, include_nas=False):
          """
          Extract the unique values in the column.
          
          :param include_nas: If set to true, NAs are included. False (turned off) by default.
          :returns: H2OFrame of just the unique values in the column.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (100,1))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.unique()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("unique", self, include_nas))
  
  
      def levels(self):
          """
          Get the factor levels.
  
          :returns: A list of lists, one list per column, of levels.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-2,2, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists,
          ...                         column_types=['enum', 'enum'])
          >>> h2oframe.levels()
          """
          lol = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("levels", self)).as_data_frame(False)
          lol.pop(0)  # Remove column headers
          lol = list(zip(*lol))
          return [[ll for ll in l if ll != ''] for l in lol]
  
  
      def nlevels(self):
          """
          Get the number of factor levels for each categorical column.
  
          :returns: A list of the number of levels per column.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-2,2, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists,
          ...                         column_types=['enum', 'enum'])
          >>> h2oframe.nlevels()
          """
          levels = self.levels()
          return [len(l) for l in levels] if levels else 0
  
  
      def set_level(self, level):
          """
          A method to set all column values to one of the levels.
  
          :param str level: The level at which the column will be set (a string)
  
          :returns: H2OFrame with entries set to the desired level.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> import random
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (10000, 2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newFrame = h2oframe.asfactor()
          >>> allLevels = newFrame.levels()
          >>> lastLevel = allLevels[0][len(allLevels[0])-1]
          >>> newFrame[0] = newFrame[0].set_level(level=lastLevel)
          >>> firstLevel = allLevels[1][0]
          >>> newFrame[1] = newFrame[1].set_level(level=firstLevel)
          >>> newFrame
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("setLevel", self, level), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def set_levels(self, levels):
          """
          Replace the levels of a categorical column.
  
          New levels must be aligned with the old domain. This call has copy-on-write semantics.
  
          :param List[str] levels: A list of strings specifying the new levels. The number of new
              levels must match the number of old levels.
          :returns: A single-column H2OFrame with the desired levels.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> import random
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (10000, 2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newFrame = h2oframe.asfactor()
          >>> allLevels = newFrame.levels()
          >>> newLevel0 = random.sample(allLevels[0], len(allLevels[0]))
          >>> newLevel1 = random.sample(allLevels[1], len(allLevels[1]))
          >>> newFrame[0] = newFrame[0].set_levels(levels=newLevel0)
          >>> newFrame[1] = newFrame[1].set_levels(levels=newLevel1)
          >>> newFrame
          """
          assert_is_type(levels, [str])
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("setDomain", self, False, levels), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def rename(self, columns=None):
          """
          Change names of columns in the frame.
  
          Dict key is an index or name of the column whose name is to be set.
          Dict value is the new name of the column.
  
          :param columns: dict-like transformations to apply to the column names
          :returns: Renamed columns
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris
          >>> name = iris.rename(columns={'C2':'C1',
          ...                             'C1':'C2',
          ...                             'C3':'X3',
          ...                             'F0':'X0',
          ...                             'C3':'Y3'})
          >>> name
          """
          assert_is_type(columns, None, dict)
          new_names = self.names
          ncols = self.ncols
  
          for col, name in columns.items():
              col_index = None
              if is_type(col, int) and (-ncols <= col < ncols):
                  col_index = (col + ncols) % ncols  # handle negative indices
              elif is_type(col, str) and col in self.names:
                  col_index = self.names.index(col)  # lookup the name
  
              if col_index is not None:
                  new_names[col_index] = name
  
          return self.set_names(new_names)
  
  
      def set_names(self, names):
          """
          Change names of all columns in the frame.
  
          :param List[str] names: The list of new names for every column in the frame.
          :returns: Frame with all new column names.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> import random
          >>> row_num = random.randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = random.randrange(1,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newNames = random.sample(h2oframe.names, col_num)
          >>> h2oframe.set_names(names=newNames)
          """
          assert_is_type(names, [str])
          assert_satisfies(names, len(names) == self.ncol)
          self._ex = ExprNode("colnames=", self, range(self.ncol), names)  # Update-in-place, but still lazy
          return self
  
  
      def set_name(self, col=None, name=None):
          """
          Set a new name for a column.
  
          :param col: index or name of the column whose name is to be set; may be skipped for 1-column frames
          :param name: the new name of the column
          :returns: The renamed column.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> import random
          >>> row_num = random.randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = random.randrange(1,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newNames = random.sample(h2oframe.names, col_num)
          >>> h2oframe.set_names(names=newNames)
          >>> newName = "Dolphine"
          >>> h2oframe.set_name(col=0, name=newName)
          >>> h2oframe
          """
          assert_is_type(col, None, int, str)
          assert_is_type(name, str)
          ncols = self.ncols
  
          col_index = None
          if is_type(col, int):
              if not(-ncols <= col < ncols):
                  raise H2OValueError("Index %d is out of bounds for a frame with %d columns" % (col, ncols))
              col_index = (col + ncols) % ncols  # handle negative indices
          elif is_type(col, str):
              if col not in self.names:
                  raise H2OValueError("Column %s doesn't exist in the frame." % col)
              col_index = self.names.index(col)  # lookup the name
          else:
              assert col is None
              if ncols != 1:
                  raise H2OValueError("The frame has %d columns; please specify which one to rename" % ncols)
              col_index = 0
          if name != self.names[col_index] and name in self.types:
              raise H2OValueError("Column '%s' already exists in the frame" % name)
  
          oldname = self.names[col_index]
          old_cache = self._ex._cache
          self._ex = ExprNode("colnames=", self, col_index, name)  # Update-in-place, but still lazy
          self._ex._cache.fill_from(old_cache)
          if self.names is None:
              self._frame()._ex._cache.fill()
          else:
              self._ex._cache._names = self.names[:col_index] + [name] + self.names[col_index + 1:]
              self._ex._cache._types[name] = self._ex._cache._types.pop(oldname)
          return
  
  
      def as_date(self, format):
          """
          Convert the frame (containing strings / categoricals) into the ``date`` format.
  
          :param str format: the format string (e.g. "%Y-%m-%d")
          :returns: new H2OFrame with "int" column types
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> hdf = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/jira/v-11-eurodate.csv")
          >>> hdf["ds5"].as_date("%d.%m.%y %H:%M")
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("as.Date", self, format), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def cumsum(self,  axis=0):
          """
          Compute cumulative sum over rows / columns of the frame.
  
          :param int axis: 0 for column-wise, 1 for row-wise
          :returns: new H2OFrame with cumulative sums of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> foo = h2o.H2OFrame([[x,y] for x,
          ...                    y in zip(list(range(10)),
          ...                    list(range(9,-1,-1)))])
          >>> cumsum1 = foo[0].cumsum()
          >>> cumsum1
          >>> cumsum2 = foo[1].cumsum()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cumsum", self, axis), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def cumprod(self, axis=0):
          """
          Compute cumulative product over rows / columns of the frame.
  
          :param int axis: 0 for column-wise, 1 for row-wise
          :returns: new H2OFrame with cumulative products of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> foo = h2o.H2OFrame([[x,y] for x,
          ...                    y in zip(list(range(10)),
          ...                    list(range(9,-1,-1)))])
          >>> cumprod1 = foo[1:10,0].cumprod()
          >>> cumprod1
          >>> cumprod2 = foo[0:9,1].cumprod()
          >>> cumprod2
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cumprod", self, axis), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def cummin(self, axis=0):
          """
          Compute cumulative minimum over rows / columns of the frame.
  
          :param int axis: 0 for column-wise, 1 for row-wise
          :returns: new H2OFrame with running minimums of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> foo = h2o.H2OFrame([[x,y] for x,
          ...                    y in zip(list(range(10)),
          ...                    list(range(9,-1,-1)))])
          >>> cummin1 = foo[0].cummin()
          >>> cummin1
          >>> cummin2 = foo[1].cummin()
          >>> cummin2
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cummin", self, axis), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def cummax(self, axis=0):
          """
          Compute cumulative maximum over rows / columns of the frame.
  
          :param int axis: 0 for column-wise, 1 for row-wise
          :returns: new H2OFrame with running maximums of the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> foo = h2o.H2OFrame([[x,y] for x,
          ...                    y in zip(list(range(10)),
          ...                    list(range(9,-1,-1)))])
          >>> cummax1 = foo[0].cummax()
          >>> cummax1
          >>> cummax2 = foo[1].cummax()
          >>> cummax2
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cummax", self, axis), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def prod(self, na_rm=False):
          """
          Compute the product of all values across all rows in a single column H2O frame.  If you apply
          this command on a multi-column H2O frame, the answer may not be correct.
  
          :param bool na_rm: If True then NAs will be ignored during the computation.
          :returns: product of all values in the frame (a float)
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import random
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> data = [[random.uniform(1,10)] for c in range(10)]
          >>> h2o_data = h2o.H2OFrame(data)
          >>> np_data = np.array(data)
          >>> h2o_data.prod(na_rm=True)
          >>> np.prod(np_data)
          """
          return ExprNode("prod.na" if na_rm else "prod", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def any(self):
          """
          Determine whether any element in the frame is either True, non-zero, or NA.
  
          :returns: (bool) True if any element in the frame is either True, non-zero or NA.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.any()
          """
          return bool(ExprNode("any", self)._eager_scalar())
  
  
      def any_na_rm(self):
          """
          Determine whether any value in the frame is non-zero.
          
          :returns: (bool) True if any value in the frame is non-zero (disregarding all NAs).
  
          :example:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.any_na_rm()
          """
          return bool(ExprNode("any.na", self)._eager_scalar())
  
  
      def all(self):
          """
          Determine whether every element in the frame is either True, non-zero, or NA.
  
          :returns: (bool) True if every element in the frame is either True, non-zero or NA.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.all()
          """
          return bool(ExprNode("all", self)._eager_scalar())
  
  
      def isnumeric(self):
          """
          Test which columns in the frame are numeric.
  
          :returns: a list of True/False indicating for each column in the frame whether it is numeric.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.summary()
          # Look at the column headers: [0:3] are numeric; [4] is not
          >>> iris[0].isnumeric()
          # Return as True
          >>> iris[4].isnumeric()
          # Return as False
          """
          return [bool(o) for o in ExprNode("is.numeric", self)._eager_scalar()]
  
  
      def isstring(self):
          """
          Test which columns in the frame are string.
  
          :returns: a list of True/False indicating for each column in the frame whether it is string.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.isstring()
          >>> newFrame = h2oframe.asfactor().ascharacter()
          >>> newFrame.isstring()
          """
          return [bool(o) for o in ExprNode("is.character", self)._eager_scalar()]
  
  
      def isin(self, item):
          """
          Test whether elements of an H2OFrame are contained in the ``item``.
  
          :param items: An item or a list of items to compare the H2OFrame against.
  
          :returns: An H2OFrame of 0s and 1s showing whether each element in the original H2OFrame is contained in item.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> fr = h2o.create_frame(rows=100, cols=1, categorical_fraction=1, factors=3)
          >>> f2 = ~fr["C1"].isin(["c0.l0", "c0.l2"])
          >>> f2
          """
          if is_type(item, list, tuple, set):
              if self.ncols == 1 and (self.type(0) == 'str' or self.type(0) == 'enum'):
                  return self.match(item)
              else:
                  return functools.reduce(H2OFrame.__or__, (self == i for i in item))
          else:
              return self == item
  
  
      def kfold_column(self, n_folds=3, seed=-1):
          """
          Build a fold assignments column for cross-validation.
  
          This method will produce a column having the same data layout as the source frame.
  
          :param int n_folds: An integer specifying the number of validation sets to split the training data into.
          :param int seed: Seed for random numbers as fold IDs are randomly assigned.
  
          :returns: A single column H2OFrame with the fold assignments.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (1000, 2))
          >>> k = randrange(2,10)
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> clist = h2oframe.kfold_column(n_folds=k, seed=12345)
          >>> clist
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("kfold_column", self, n_folds, seed))._frame()  # want this to be eager!
  
  
      def modulo_kfold_column(self, n_folds=3):
          """
          Build a fold assignments column for cross-validation.
  
          Rows are assigned a fold according to the current row number modulo ``n_folds``.
  
          :param int n_folds: An integer specifying the number of validation sets to split the training data into.
          :returns: A single-column H2OFrame with the fold assignments.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (1000, 2))
          >>> k = randrange(2,10)
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.kfold_column(n_folds=k)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("modulo_kfold_column", self, n_folds))._frame()  # want this to be eager!
  
  
      def stratified_kfold_column(self, n_folds=3, seed=-1):
          """
          Build a fold assignment column with the constraint that each fold has the same class
          distribution as the fold column.
  
          :param int n_folds: The number of folds to build.
          :param int seed: A seed for the random number generator.
  
          :returns: A single column H2OFrame with the fold assignments.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-3,3, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists).asfactor()
          >>> h2oframe[1].stratified_kfold_column(n_folds=3, seed=-1)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(
              expr=ExprNode("stratified_kfold_column", self, n_folds, seed))._frame()  # want this to be eager!
  
  
      def structure(self):
          """
          Compactly display the internal structure of an H2OFrame.
  
          :returns: Compact display of the internal structure of an H2OFrame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame.structure()
          """
          df = self.as_data_frame(use_pandas=False)
          cn = df.pop(0)
          nr = self.nrow
          nc = self.ncol
          width = max([len(c) for c in cn])
          isfactor = self.isfactor()
          numlevels = self.nlevels()
          lvls = self.levels()
          print("H2OFrame: '{}' \nDimensions: {} obs. of {} variables".format(self.frame_id, nr, nc))
          for i in range(nc):
              print("$ {} {}: ".format(cn[i], ' ' * (width - max(0, len(cn[i])))), end=' ')
              if isfactor[i]:
                  nl = numlevels[i]
                  print("Factor w/ {} level(s) {} ".format(nl, '"' + '","'.join(lvls[i]) + '"'), end='\n')
              else:
                  print("num {}".format(" ".join(it[0] if it else "nan" for it in h2o.as_list(self[:10, i], False)[1:])))
  
      def as_data_frame(self, use_pandas=True, header=True):
          """
          Obtain the dataset as a python-local object.
  
          :param bool use_pandas: If True (default) then return the H2OFrame as a pandas DataFrame (requires that the
              ``pandas`` library was installed). If False, then return the contents of the H2OFrame as plain nested
              list, in a row-wise order.
          :param bool header: If True (default), then column names will be appended as the first row in list
  
          :returns: A python object (a list of lists of strings, each list is a row, if use_pandas=False, otherwise
              a pandas DataFrame) containing this H2OFrame instance's data.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> airlines= h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/airlines/allyears2k_headers.zip")
          >>> airlines["Year"]= airlines["Year"].asfactor()
          >>> airlines["Month"]= airlines["Month"].asfactor()
          >>> airlines["DayOfWeek"] = airlines["DayOfWeek"].asfactor()
          >>> airlines["Cancelled"] = airlines["Cancelled"].asfactor()
          >>> airlines['FlightNum'] = airlines['FlightNum'].asfactor()
          >>> df = airlines.as_data_frame()
          >>> df
          """ 
          if can_use_pandas() and use_pandas:
              import pandas
              return pandas.read_csv(StringIO(self.get_frame_data()), low_memory=False, skip_blank_lines=False)
          from h2o.utils.csv.readers import reader
          frame = [row for row in reader(StringIO(self.get_frame_data()))]
          if not header:
              frame.pop(0)
          return frame
  
      def save_to_hive(self, jdbc_url, table_name, format="csv", table_path=None, tmp_path=None):
          """
          Save contents of this data frame into a Hive table.
          
          :param jdbc_url: Hive JDBC connection URL.
          :param table_name: Table name into which to store the data. The table must not exist as it will be created
              to match the structure of the the frame. The user must be allowed to create tables.
          :param format: Storage format of created Hive table, can be either ``csv`` (default) or ``parquet``.
          :param table_path: If specified, the table will be created as an external table and this is where the data 
              will be stored.
          :param tmp_path: Path where to store temporary data.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> airlines= h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/airlines/allyears2k_headers.zip")
          >>> airlines["Year"] = airlines["Year"].asfactor()
          >>> airlines.save_to_hive("jdbc:hive2://hive-server:10000/default", "airlines")
          """
          assert_is_type(jdbc_url, str)
          assert_is_type(table_name, str)
          assert_is_type(format, Enum("csv", "parquet"))
          assert_is_type(table_path, str, None)
          assert_is_type(tmp_path, str, None)
          p = {
              "frame_id": self.frame_id,
              "jdbc_url": jdbc_url,
              "table_name": table_name,
              "format": format,
              "table_path": table_path,
              "tmp_path": tmp_path
          }
          h2o.api("POST /3/SaveToHiveTable", data=p)
  
      def get_frame_data(self):
          """
          Get frame data as a string in csv format.
  
          This will create a multiline string, where each line will contain a separate row of frame's data, with
          individual values separated by commas.
          
          :returns: Frame data as a string in csv format.
          
          :examples:
          
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.get_frame_data()
          """
          return h2o.api(
              "GET /3/DownloadDataset", 
              data={"frame_id": self.frame_id, "hex_string": False, "escape_quotes": True}
          )
  
      def save(self, path, force=True):
          """
          Store frame data in H2O's native format.
  
          This will store this frame's data to a file-system location in H2O's native binary format. Stored data can be
          loaded only with a cluster of the same size and same version the the one which wrote the data. The provided
          directory must be accessible from all nodes (HDFS, NFS). 
          
          :param path: a filesystem location where to write frame data
          :param force: overwrite already existing files (defaults to true)
          :returns: Frame data as a string in csv format.
          
          :examples:
          
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.save("hdfs://namenode/h2o_data")
          """
          H2OJob(h2o.api(
              "POST /3/Frames/%s/save" % self.frame_id, 
              data={"dir": path, "force": force}
          ), "Save frame data").poll()
  
      def __getitem__(self, item):
          """
          Frame slicing, supports row and column slicing.
  
          :param item: selector of a subframe. This can be one of the following:
  
              - an int, indicating selection of a single column at the specified index (0-based)
              - a string, selecting a column with the given name
              - a list of ints or strings, selecting several columns with the given indices / names
              - a slice, selecting columns with the indices within this slice
              - a single-column boolean frame, selecting rows for which the selector is true
              - a 2-element tuple, where the first element is a row selector, and the second element is the
                column selector. Here the row selector may be one of: an int, a list of ints, a slice, or
                a boolean frame. The column selector is similarly one of: an int, a list of ints, a string,
                a list of strings, or a slice. It is also possible to use the empty slice (``:``) to select
                all elements within one of the dimensions.
  
          :returns: A new frame comprised of some rows / columns of the source frame.
  
          :examples:
          >>> fr[2]              # All rows, 3rd column
          >>> fr[-2]             # All rows, 2nd column from end
          >>> fr[:, -1]          # All rows, last column
          >>> fr[0:5, :]         # First 5 rows, all columns
          >>> fr[fr[0] > 1, :]   # Only rows where first cell is greater than 1, all columns
          >>> fr[[1, 5, 6]]      # Columns 2, 6, and 7
          >>> fr[0:50, [1,2,3]]  # First 50 rows, columns 2, 3, and 4
          """
          # Select columns based on a string, a list of strings, an int or a slice.
          # Note that the python column selector handles the case of negative
          # selections, or out-of-range selections - without having to compute
          # self._ncols in the front-end - which would force eager evaluation just to
          # range check in the front-end.
          new_ncols = -1
          new_nrows = -1
          new_names = None
          new_types = None
          fr = None
          flatten = False
          if isinstance(item, slice):
              item = normalize_slice(item, self.ncols)
          if is_type(item, str, int, list, slice):
              new_ncols, new_names, new_types, item = self._compute_ncol_update(item)
              new_nrows = self.nrow
              fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cols_py", self, item))
          elif isinstance(item, (ExprNode, H2OFrame)):
              new_ncols = self.ncol
              new_names = self.names
              new_types = self.types
              new_nrows = -1  # have a "big" predicate column -- update cache later on...
              fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rows", self, item))
          elif isinstance(item, tuple):
              rows, cols = item
              allrows = allcols = False
              if isinstance(cols, slice):
                  cols = normalize_slice(cols, self.ncols)
                  allcols = cols == slice(0, self.ncols, 1)
              if isinstance(rows, slice):
                  rows = normalize_slice(rows, self.nrows)
                  allrows = rows == slice(0, self.nrows, 1)
  
              if allrows and allcols: return self  # fr[:,:]    -> all rows and columns.. return self
              if allrows:
                  new_ncols, new_names, new_types, cols = self._compute_ncol_update(cols)
                  new_nrows = self.nrow
                  fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cols_py", self, cols))  # fr[:,cols] -> really just a column slice
              if allcols:
                  new_ncols = self.ncols
                  new_names = self.names
                  new_types = self.types
                  new_nrows, rows = self._compute_nrow_update(rows)
                  fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rows", self, rows))  # fr[rows,:] -> really just a row slices
  
              if not allrows and not allcols:
                  new_ncols, new_names, new_types, cols = self._compute_ncol_update(cols)
                  new_nrows, rows = self._compute_nrow_update(rows)
                  fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rows", ExprNode("cols_py", self, cols), rows))
  
              flatten = is_type(rows, int) and is_type(cols, str, int)
          else:
              raise ValueError("Unexpected __getitem__ selector: " + str(type(item)) + " " + str(item.__class__))
  
          assert fr is not None
          # Pythonic: if the row & col selector turn into ints (or a single col
          # name), then extract the single element out of the Frame.  Otherwise
          # return a Frame, EVEN IF the selectors are e.g. slices-of-1-value.
          if flatten:
              return fr.flatten()
  
          fr._ex._cache.ncols = new_ncols
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = new_nrows
          fr._ex._cache.names = new_names
          fr._ex._cache.types = new_types
          fr._is_frame = self._is_frame
          return fr
  
      def _compute_ncol_update(self, item):  # computes new ncol, names, and types
          new_ncols = -1
          if isinstance(item, list):
              new_ncols = len(item)
              if _is_str_list(item):
                  new_types = {k: self.types[k] for k in item}
                  new_names = item
              else:
                  new_names = [self.names[i] for i in item]
                  new_types = {name: self.types[name] for name in new_names}
          elif isinstance(item, slice):
              assert slice_is_normalized(item)
              new_names = self.names[item]
              new_types = {name: self.types[name] for name in new_names}
          elif is_type(item, str, int):
              new_ncols = 1
              if is_type(item, str):
                  new_names = [item]
                  new_types = None if item not in self.types else {item: self.types[item]}
              else:
                  new_names = [self.names[item]]
                  new_types = {new_names[0]: self.types[new_names[0]]}
          else:
              raise ValueError("Unexpected type: " + str(type(item)))
          return (new_ncols, new_names, new_types, item)
  
  
      def _compute_nrow_update(self, item):
          if isinstance(item, list):
              new_nrows = len(item)
          elif isinstance(item, slice):
              assert slice_is_normalized(item)
              new_nrows = (item.stop - item.start + item.step - 1) // item.step
          elif isinstance(item, H2OFrame):
              new_nrows = -1
          else:
              new_nrows = 1
          return [new_nrows, item]
  
  
      def __setitem__(self, item, value):
          """
          Replace, update or add column(s) in an H2OFrame.
  
          :param item: A 0-based index of a column, or a column name, or a list of column names, or a slice.
              Alternatively, this may also be a two-element tuple where the first element in the tuple is a row selector,
              and the second element is a row selector. Finally, this can also be a boolean frame indicating which
              rows/columns to modify. If ``item`` is a column name that does not exist in the frame, then a new column
              will be appended to the current frame.
          :param value: The value replacing elements at positions given by ``item``. This can be either a constant, or
              another frame.
          """
          # TODO: add far stronger type checks, so that we never run in a situation where the server has to
          #       tell us that we requested an illegal operation.
          assert_is_type(item, str, int, tuple, list, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(value, None, numeric, str, H2OFrame)
          col_expr = None
          row_expr = None
          colname = None  # When set, we are doing an append
  
          if is_type(item, str):  # String column name, could be new or old
              if item in self.names:
                  col_expr = self.names.index(item)  # Update an existing column
              else:
                  col_expr = self.ncols
                  colname = item  # New, append
          elif is_type(item, int):
              if not(-self.ncols <= item < self.ncols):
                  raise H2OValueError("Incorrect column index: %d" % item)
              col_expr = item  # Column by number
              if col_expr < 0:
                  col_expr += self.ncols
          elif isinstance(item, tuple):  # Both row and col specifiers
              # Need more type checks
              row_expr = item[0]
              col_expr = item[1]
              if is_type(col_expr, str):  # Col by name
                  if col_expr not in self.names:  # Append
                      colname = col_expr
                      col_expr = self.ncol
              elif is_type(col_expr, int):
                  if not(-self.ncols <= col_expr < self.ncols):
                      raise H2OValueError("Incorrect column index: %d" % item)
                  if col_expr < 0:
                      col_expr += self.ncols
              elif isinstance(col_expr, slice):  # Col by slice
                  if col_expr.start is None and col_expr.stop is None:
                      col_expr = slice(0, self.ncol)  # Slice of all
              if isinstance(row_expr, slice):
                  start = row_expr.start
                  step = row_expr.step
                  stop = row_expr.stop
                  if start is None: start = 0
                  if stop is None: stop = self.nrows
                  row_expr = slice(start, stop, step)
          elif isinstance(item, H2OFrame):
              row_expr = item  # Row slicing
          elif isinstance(item, list):
              col_expr = item
  
          if value is None: value = float("nan")
          value_is_own_subframe = isinstance(value, H2OFrame) and self._is_frame_in_self(value)
          old_cache = self._ex._cache
          if colname is None:
              self._ex = ExprNode(":=", self, value, col_expr, row_expr)
              self._ex._cache.fill_from(old_cache)
              if isinstance(value, H2OFrame) and \
                      value._ex._cache.types_valid() and \
                      self._ex._cache.types_valid():
                  self._ex._cache._types.update(value._ex._cache.types)
              else:
                  self._ex._cache.types = None
          else:
              self._ex = ExprNode("append", self, value, colname)
              self._ex._cache.fill_from(old_cache)
              self._ex._cache.names = self.names + [colname]
              self._ex._cache._ncols += 1
              if self._ex._cache.types_valid() and isinstance(value, H2OFrame) and value._ex._cache.types_valid():
                  self._ex._cache._types[colname] = list(viewvalues(value._ex._cache.types))[0]
              else:
                  self._ex._cache.types = None
          if value_is_own_subframe:
              value._ex = None  # wipe out to keep ref counts correct
  
  
      def _is_frame_in_self(self, frame):
          if self._ex is frame._ex: return True
          if frame._ex._children is None: return False
          return any(self._is_expr_in_self(ch) for ch in frame._ex._children)
  
      def _is_expr_in_self(self, expr):
          if not isinstance(expr, ExprNode): return False
          if self._ex is expr: return True
          if expr._children is None: return False
          return any(self._is_expr_in_self(ch) for ch in expr._children)
  
      def drop(self, index, axis=1):
          """
          Drop a single column or row or a set of columns or rows from a H2OFrame.
  
          Dropping a column or row is not in-place.
          Indices of rows and columns are zero-based.
  
          :param index: A list of column indices, column names, or row indices to drop; or
              a string to drop a single column by name; or an int to drop a single column by index.
  
          :param int axis: If 1 (default), then drop columns; if 0 then drop rows.
  
          :returns: a new H2OFrame with the respective dropped columns or rows. The original H2OFrame remains
              unchanged.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> pros = h2o.import_file("http://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/prostate/prostate.csv.zip")
          >>> nc = pros.ncol
          >>> nr = pros.nrow
          >>> dropped_col_int = pros.drop(0)
          >>> dropped_col_int
          """
          if axis == 1:
              if not isinstance(index, list):
                  #If input is a string, i.e., "C1":
                  if is_type(index, str):
                      #Check if index is an actual column(s) in the frame
                      if index not in self.names:
                          raise H2OValueError("Column(s) selected to drop are not in original frame: %r" % index)
                      index = self.names.index(index)
                  #If input is an int indicating a column index, i.e., 3:
                  elif is_type(index, int):
                      #Check if index is an actual column index in the frame
                      if index > self.ncol:
                          raise H2OValueError("Column index selected to drop is not part of the frame: %r" % index)
                      if index < 0:
                          raise H2OValueError("Column index selected to drop is not positive: %r" % index)
  
                  fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cols", self, -(index + 1)), cache=self._ex._cache)
                  fr._ex._cache.ncols -= 1
                  fr._ex._cache.names = self.names[:index] + self.names[index + 1:]
                  fr._ex._cache.types = {name: self.types[name] for name in fr._ex._cache.names}
                  return fr
  
              elif isinstance(index, list):
                  #If input is an int array indicating a column index, i.e., [3] or [1,2,3]:
                  if is_type(index, [int]):
                      if max(index) > self.ncol:
                          raise H2OValueError("Column index selected to drop is not part of the frame: %r" % index)
                      if min(index) < 0:
                          raise H2OValueError("Column index selected to drop is not positive: %r" % index)
                      index = [-(i + 1) for i in index]
                  #If index is a string array, i.e., ["C1", "C2"]
                  elif is_type(index, [str]):
                      #Check if index is an actual column(s) in the frame
                      if not set(index).issubset(self.names):
                          raise H2OValueError("Column(s) selected to drop are not in original frame: %r" % index)
                      index = [-(self.names.index(i) + 1) for i in index]
                  fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cols", self, index), cache=self._ex._cache)
                  fr._ex._cache.ncols -= len(index)
                  fr._ex._cache.names = [i for i in self.names
                                         if self.names.index(i) not in list(map(lambda x: abs(x) - 1, index))]
                  fr._ex._cache.types = {name: fr.types[name] for name in fr._ex._cache.names}
  
              else:
                  raise ValueError("Invalid column index types. Must either be a list of all int indexes, "
                                   "a string list of all column names, a single int index, or"
                                   "a single string for dropping columns.")
              return fr
          elif axis == 0:
              if is_type(index, [int]):
                  #Check if index is an actual column index in the frame
                  if max(index) > self.nrow:
                      raise H2OValueError("Row index selected to drop is not part of the frame: %r" % index)
                  if min(index) < 0:
                      raise H2OValueError("Row index selected to drop is not positive: %r" % index)
                  index = [-(x + 1) for x in index]
                  fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rows", self, index), cache=self._ex._cache)
                  fr._ex._cache.nrows -= len(index)
              else:
                  raise ValueError("Invalid row indexes. Must be a list of int row indexes to drop from the H2OFrame.")
          return fr
  
  
      def pop(self, i):
          """
          Pop a column from the H2OFrame at index i.
  
          :param i: The index (int) or name (str) of the column to pop.
          :returns: an H2OFrame containing the column dropped from the current frame; the current frame is modified
              in-place and loses the column.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> prostate = h2o.import_file("http://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/prostate/prostate.csv.zip")
          >>> nc = prostate.ncol
          >>> prostate
          >>> popped_col = prostate.pop(prostate.names[0])
          >>> prostate
          >>> popped_col
          """
          if is_type(i, str): i = self.names.index(i)
          col = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cols", self, i))
          old_cache = self._ex._cache
          self._ex = ExprNode("cols", self, -(i + 1))
          self._ex._cache.ncols -= 1
          self._ex._cache.names = old_cache.names[:i] + old_cache.names[i + 1:]
          self._ex._cache.types = {name: old_cache.types[name] for name in self._ex._cache.names}
          self._ex._cache._data = None
          col._ex._cache.ncols = 1
          col._ex._cache.names = [old_cache.names[i]]
          return col
  
  
      def quantile(self, prob=None, combine_method="interpolate", weights_column=None):
          """
          Compute quantiles.
  
          :param List[float] prob: list of probabilities for which quantiles should be computed.
          :param str combine_method: for even samples this setting determines how to combine quantiles. This can be
              one of ``"interpolate"``, ``"average"``, ``"low"``, ``"high"``.
          :param weights_column: optional weights for each row. If not given, all rows are assumed to have equal
              importance. This parameter can be either the name of column containing the observation weights in
              this frame, or a single-column separate H2OFrame of observation weights.
  
          :returns: a new H2OFrame containing the quantiles and probabilities.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> data = [[random.uniform(-10000,10000)] for c in range(1000)]
          >>> h2o_data = h2o.H2OFrame(data)
          >>> np_data = np.array(data)
          >>> h2o_data.quantile(prob=None,
          ...                   combine_method='interpolate',
          ...                   weights_column=None)
          """
          if len(self) == 0: return self
          if prob is None: prob = [0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.333, 0.5, 0.667, 0.75, 0.9, 0.99]
          if weights_column is None:
              weights_column = "_"
          else:
              assert_is_type(weights_column, str, I(H2OFrame, lambda wc: wc.ncol == 1 and wc.nrow == self.nrow))
              if isinstance(weights_column, H2OFrame):
                  merged = self.cbind(weights_column)
                  weights_column = merged.names[-1]
                  return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("quantile", merged, prob, combine_method, weights_column))
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("quantile", self, prob, combine_method, weights_column))
  
  
      def concat(self, frames, axis=1):
          """
          Append multiple H2OFrames to this frame, column-wise or row-wise.
  
          :param List[H2OFrame] frames: list of frames that should be appended to the current frame.
          :param int axis: if 1 then append column-wise (default), if 0 then append row-wise.
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame of the combined datasets.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df1 = h2o.create_frame(integer_fraction=1,binary_fraction=0,
          ...                        categorical_fraction=0,seed=1)
          >>> df2 = h2o.create_frame(integer_fraction=1,binary_fraction=0,
          ...                        categorical_fraction=0,seed=2)
          >>> df3 = h2o.create_frame(integer_fraction=1,binary_fraction=0,
          ...                        categorical_fraction=0,seed=3)
          >>> df123 = df1.concat([df2,df3])
          """
          if len(frames) == 0:
              raise ValueError("Input list of frames is empty! Nothing to concat.")
  
          if axis == 1:
              df = self.cbind(frames)
          else:
              df = self.rbind(frames)
          return df
  
  
      def cbind(self, data):
          """
          Append data to this frame column-wise.
  
          :param H2OFrame data: append columns of frame ``data`` to the current frame. You can also cbind a number,
              in which case it will get converted into a constant column.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame with all frames in ``data`` appended column-wise.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris = iris.cbind(iris[4] == "Iris-setosa")
          >>> iris[5] = iris[5].asfactor()
          >>> iris.set_name(5,"C6")
          >>> iris = iris.cbind(iris[4] == "Iris-virginica")
          >>> iris[6] = iris[6].asfactor()
          >>> iris.set_name(6, name="C7")
          >>> print(iris)
          """
          assert_is_type(data, H2OFrame, numeric, [H2OFrame, numeric])
          frames = [data] if not isinstance(data, list) else data
          new_cols = list(self.columns)
          new_types = dict(self.types)
          for frame in frames:
              if isinstance(frame, H2OFrame):
                  if frame.nrow != self.nrow:
                      raise H2OValueError("Cannot bind a dataframe with %d rows to a data frame with %d rows: "
                                          "the number of rows should match" % (frame.nrow, self.nrow))
                  new_cols += frame.columns
                  new_types.update(frame.types)
              else:
                  new_cols += [None]
          unique_cols = set(new_cols)
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cbind", self, *frames), cache=self._ex._cache)
          fr._ex._cache.ncols = len(new_cols)
          if len(new_cols) == len(unique_cols) and None not in unique_cols:
              fr._ex._cache.names = new_cols
              fr._ex._cache.types = new_types
          else:
              # Invalidate names and types since they contain duplicate / unknown names, and the server will choose those.
              fr._ex._cache.names = None
              fr._ex._cache.types = None
          return fr
  
  
      def rbind(self, data):
          """
          Append data to this frame row-wise.
  
          :param data: an H2OFrame or a list of H2OFrame's to be combined with current frame row-wise.
          :returns: this H2OFrame with all frames in data appended row-wise.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/junit/cars.csv")
          >>> nrows = frame.nrow
          >>> nrows
          >>> frame2 = frame.rbind(frame)
          >>> nrows2 = frame2.nrow
          >>> nrows2
          """
          assert_is_type(data, H2OFrame, [H2OFrame])
          frames = [data] if not isinstance(data, list) else data
          for frame in frames:
              if frame.ncol != self.ncol:
                  raise H2OValueError("Cannot row-bind a dataframe with %d columns to a data frame with %d columns: "
                                      "the columns must match" % (frame.ncol, self.ncol))
              if frame.columns != self.columns:
                  raise H2OValueError("Column names must match for rbind() to work")
              if frame.types != self.types: # compare the whole list here
                  validTypes = [u'float', u'real', u'double', u'int', u'long', u'numeric']
                  for eachKey in frame.types.keys(): 
                      sametypes = frame.types[eachKey]==self.types[eachKey]
                      bothNumericTypes = (frame.types[eachKey] in validTypes) and (self.types[eachKey] in validTypes)
                      if not(sametypes) and not(bothNumericTypes):
                          raise H2OValueError("Column types must match for rbind() to work.  First column type {0}.  "
                                              "Second column type {1})".format(self.types[eachKey], frame.types[eachKey]))
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rbind", self, *frames), cache=self._ex._cache)
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow + sum(frame.nrow for frame in frames)
          return fr
  
  
      def split_frame(self, ratios=None, destination_frames=None, seed=None):
          """
          Split a frame into distinct subsets of size determined by the given ratios.
  
          The number of subsets is always 1 more than the number of ratios given. Note that
          this does not give an exact split. H2O is designed to be efficient on big data
          using a probabilistic splitting method rather than an exact split. For example
          when specifying a split of 0.75/0.25, H2O will produce a test/train split with
          an expected value of 0.75/0.25 rather than exactly 0.75/0.25. On small datasets,
          the sizes of the resulting splits will deviate from the expected value more than
          on big data, where they will be very close to exact.
  
          :param List[float] ratios: The fractions of rows for each split.
          :param List[str] destination_frames: The names of the split frames.
          :param int seed: seed for the random number generator
  
          :returns: A list of H2OFrames
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris
          >>> train, valid = iris.split_frame(ratios=[.8])
          >>> train
          >>> valid
          """
          assert_is_type(ratios, [numeric], None)
          assert_is_type(destination_frames, [str], None)
          assert_is_type(seed, int, None)
  
          if ratios is None:
              ratios = [0.75]
          if not ratios:
              raise ValueError("Ratios array may not be empty")
  
          if destination_frames is not None:
              if len(ratios) + 1 != len(destination_frames):
                  raise ValueError("The number of provided destination_frames must be one more "
                                   "than the number of provided ratios")
  
          num_slices = len(ratios) + 1
          boundaries = []
  
          last_boundary = 0
          i = 0
          while i < num_slices - 1:
              ratio = ratios[i]
              if ratio < 0:
                  raise ValueError("Ratio must be greater than 0")
              boundary = last_boundary + ratio
              if boundary >= 1.0:
                  raise ValueError("Ratios must add up to less than 1.0")
              boundaries.append(boundary)
              last_boundary = boundary
              i += 1
  
          splits = []
          tmp_runif = self.runif(seed)
  
          i = 0
          while i < num_slices:
              if i == 0:
                  # lower_boundary is 0.0
                  upper_boundary = boundaries[i]
                  tmp_slice = self[(tmp_runif <= upper_boundary), :]
              elif i == num_slices - 1:
                  lower_boundary = boundaries[i - 1]
                  # upper_boundary is 1.0
                  tmp_slice = self[(tmp_runif > lower_boundary), :]
              else:
                  lower_boundary = boundaries[i - 1]
                  upper_boundary = boundaries[i]
                  tmp_slice = self[((tmp_runif > lower_boundary) & (tmp_runif <= upper_boundary)), :]
  
              if destination_frames is None:
                  splits.append(tmp_slice)
              else:
                  destination_frame_id = destination_frames[i]
                  tmp_slice.frame_id = destination_frame_id
                  splits.append(tmp_slice)
  
              i += 1
          for split in splits:
              split.refresh() # Force the split now (otherwise done lazily) to immediately delete tmp_runif
          h2o.remove(tmp_runif)
          del tmp_runif
          return splits
  
  
      def group_by(self, by):
          """
          Return a new ``GroupBy`` object using this frame and the desired grouping columns.
  
          The returned groups are sorted by the natural group-by column sort.
  
          :param by: The columns to group on (either a single column name, or a list of column names, or
              a list of column indices).
          :returns: New ``GroupBy`` object, sorted by the natural group-by column sort.
          
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> na_handling = ["rm","ignore","all"]
          >>> for na in na_handling:
          ...     grouped = iris.group_by("class")
          ...     grouped
          ...             .count(na=na)
          ...             .min(na=na)
          ...             .max(na=na)
          ...             .mean(na=na)
          ...             .var(na=na)
          ...             .sd(na=na)
          ...             .ss(na=na)
          ...             .sum(na=na) 
          ...     print(grouped.get_frame())
          ...     print(grouped.get_frame())
          """
          assert_is_type(by, str, int, [str, int])
          return GroupBy(self, by)
  
      def sort(self, by, ascending=[]):
          """
          Return a new Frame that is sorted by column(s) in ascending order. A fully distributed and parallel sort.
          However, the original frame can contain String columns but sorting cannot be done on String columns.
          Default sorting direction is ascending.
  
          :param by: The column to sort by (either a single column name, or a list of column names, or
              a list of column indices)
          :param ascending: Boolean array to denote sorting direction for each sorting column.  True for ascending
              sort and False for descending sort.
  
          :return:  a new sorted Frame
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df.sort("C1")
          """
          assert_is_type(by, str, int, [str, int])
          if type(by) != list: by = [by]
          if type(ascending) != list: ascending = [ascending]   # convert to list
          ascendingI=[1]*len(by)  # intitalize sorting direction to ascending by default
          for c in by:
              if self.type(c) not in ["enum","time","int","real","string"]:
                  raise H2OValueError("Sort by column: " + str(c) + " not of enum, time, int, real, or string type")
          if len(ascending)>0:  # user did not specify sort direction, assume all columns ascending
              assert len(ascending)==len(by), "Sorting direction must be specified for each sorted column."
              for index in range(len(by)):
                  ascendingI[index]=1 if ascending[index] else -1
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("sort",self,by,ascendingI))
  
      def fillna(self,method="forward",axis=0,maxlen=1):
          """
          Return a new Frame that fills NA along a given axis and along a given direction with a maximum fill length.
  
          :param method: ``"forward"`` or ``"backward"``
          :param axis:  0 for columnar-wise or 1 for row-wise fill
          :param maxlen: Max number of consecutive NA's to fill
          
          :returns: A new Frame that fills NA along a given axis and along a given direction with a maximum fill length.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0,',',',',',']
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame
          >>> frame.fillna(method='forward', axis=0, maxlen=3)
          """
          assert_is_type(axis, 0, 1)
          assert_is_type(method,str)
          assert_is_type(maxlen, int)
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("h2o.fillna",self,method,axis,maxlen))
  
      def impute(self, column=-1, method="mean", combine_method="interpolate", by=None, group_by_frame=None, values=None):
          """
          Impute missing values into the frame, modifying it in-place.
  
          :param int column: Index of the column to impute, or -1 to impute the entire frame.
          :param str method: The method of imputation: ``"mean"``, ``"median"``, or ``"mode"``.
          :param str combine_method: When the method is ``"median"``, this setting dictates how to combine quantiles
              for even samples. One of ``"interpolate"``, ``"average"``, ``"low"``, ``"high"``.
          :param by: The list of columns to group on.
          :param H2OFrame group_by_frame: Impute the values with this pre-computed grouped frame.
          :param List values: The list of impute values, one per column. None indicates to skip the column.
  
          :returns: A list of values used in the imputation or the group-by result used in imputation.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> prostate = h2o.import_file("http://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/prostate/prostate.csv.zip")
          >>> prostate.dim
          >>> prostate.impute("DPROS", method="mean")
          """
          if is_type(column, str): column = self.names.index(column)
          if is_type(by, str):     by = self.names.index(by)
  
          if values is None:
              values = "_"
          else:
              assert len(values) == len(self.columns), "Length of values does not match length of columns"
              # convert string values to categorical num values
              values2 = []
              for i in range(0,len(values)):
                  if self.type(i) == "enum":
                      try:
                          values2.append(self.levels()[i].index(values[i]))
                      except:
                          raise H2OValueError("Impute value of: " + values[i] + " not found in existing levels of"
                                              " column: " + self.col_names[i])
                  else:
                      values2.append(values[i])
              values = values2
          if group_by_frame is None: group_by_frame = "_"
  
  
          # This code below is needed to ensure the frame (self) exists on the server. Without it, self._ex._cache.fill()
          # fails with an assertion that ._id is None.
          # This code should be removed / reworked once we have a more consistent strategy of dealing with frames.
          self._ex._eager_frame()
  
          if by is not None or group_by_frame != "_":
              res = H2OFrame._expr(
                  expr=ExprNode("h2o.impute", self, column, method, combine_method, by, group_by_frame, values))._frame()
          else:
              res = ExprNode("h2o.impute", self, column, method, combine_method, by, group_by_frame,
                             values)._eager_scalar()
  
          self._ex._cache.flush()
          self._ex._cache.fill(10)
          return res
  
  
      def merge(self, other, all_x=False, all_y=False, by_x=None, by_y=None, method="auto"):
          """
          Merge two datasets based on common column names.  We do not support all_x=True and all_y=True.
          Only one can be True or none is True.  The default merge method is auto and it will default to the
          radix method.  The radix method will return the correct merge result regardless of duplicated rows
          in the right frame.  In addition, the radix method can perform merge even if you have string columns
          in your frames.  If there are duplicated rows in your rite frame, they will not be included if you use
          the hash method.  The hash method cannot perform merge if you have string columns in your left frame.
          Hence, we consider the radix method superior to the hash method and is the default method to use.
  
          :param H2OFrame other: The frame to merge to the current one. By default, must have at least one column in common with
              this frame, and all columns in common are used as the merge key.  If you want to use only a subset of the
              columns in common, rename the other columns so the columns are unique in the merged result.
          :param bool all_x: If True, include all rows from the left/self frame
          :param bool all_y: If True, include all rows from the right/other frame
          :param by_x: list of columns in the current frame to use as a merge key.
          :param by_y: list of columns in the ``other`` frame to use as a merge key. Should have the same number of
              columns as in the ``by_x`` list.
          :param method: string representing the merge method, one of auto(default), radix or hash.
  
          :returns: New H2OFrame with the result of merging the current frame with the ``other`` frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> col = 10000* [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0]
          >>> fr = h2o.H2OFrame(list(zip(*[col])))
          >>> fr.set_names(['rank'])
          >>> mapping = h2o.H2OFrame(list(zip(*[[0,1,2,3],[6,7,8,9]])))
          >>> mapping.set_names(['rank', 'outcome'])
          >>> merged = fr.merge(mapping,
          ...                   all_x=True,
          ...                   all_y=False,
          ...                   by_x=None,
          ...                   by_y=None,
          ...                   method='auto')
          >>> merged
          """
  
          if by_x is None and by_y is None:
              common_names = list(set(self.names) & set(other.names))
              if not common_names:
                  raise H2OValueError("No columns in common to merge on!")
  
          if by_x is None:
              by_x = [self.names.index(c) for c in common_names]
          else:
              by_x = _getValidCols(by_x,self)
  
          if by_y is None:
              by_y = [other.names.index(c) for c in common_names]
          else:
              by_y = _getValidCols(by_y,other)
  
  
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("merge", self, other, all_x, all_y, by_x, by_y, method))
  
  
      def relevel(self, y):
          """
          Reorder levels of an H2O factor for one single column of a H2O frame
  
          The levels of a factor are reordered such that the reference level is at level 0, all remaining levels are
          moved down as needed.
  
          :param str y: The reference level
          :returns: New reordered factor column
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (100, 2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newFrame = h2oframe.asfactor()
          >>> allLevels = newFrame.levels()
          >>> lastLevels = len(allLevels[0])-1
          >>> newZeroLevel = allLevels[0][lastLevels]
          >>> newFrame[0] = newFrame[0].relevel(newZeroLevel)
          >>> newLevels = newFrame.levels()
          >>> newLevels
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("relevel", self, quote(y)))
  
  
      def insert_missing_values(self, fraction=0.1, seed=None):
          """
          Insert missing values into the current frame, modifying it in-place.
  
          Randomly replaces a user-specified fraction of entries in a H2O dataset with missing
          values.
  
          :param float fraction: A number between 0 and 1 indicating the fraction of entries to replace with missing.
          :param int seed: The seed for the random number generator used to determine which values to make missing.
  
          :returns: the original H2OFrame with missing values inserted.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> data = [[1, 2, 3, 1, 'a', 1, 9],
          ...         [1, 6, 4, 2, 'a', 1, 9],
          ...         [2, 3, 8, 6, 'b', 1, 9],
          ...         [3, 4, 3, 2, 'b', 3, 8],
          ...         [4, 5, 9, 5, 'c', 2, 8],
          ...         [5, 7, 10,7, 'b', 8, 8]]
          >>> h2o_data = h2o.H2OFrame(data)
          >>> h2o_data.insert_missing_values(fraction = 0.0)
          """
          kwargs = {}
          kwargs['dataset'] = self.frame_id  # Eager; forces eval now for following REST call
          kwargs['fraction'] = fraction
          if seed is not None: kwargs['seed'] = seed
          job = {}
          job['job'] = h2o.api("POST /3/MissingInserter", data=kwargs)
          H2OJob(job, job_type=("Insert Missing Values")).poll()
          self._ex._cache.flush()
          return self
  
  
      def min(self):
          """
          Show the minimum value of all frame entries.
          
          :returns: The minimum value of all frame entries.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.min()
          >>> iris["C1"].min()
          >>> iris["C2"].min()
          >>> iris["C3"].min()
          >>> iris["C4"].min()
          """
          return ExprNode("min", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def max(self):
          """
          Show the maximum value of all frame entries.
          
          :returns: The maximum value of all frame entries.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.max()
          >>> iris["C1"].max()
          >>> iris["C2"].max()
          >>> iris["C3"].max()
          >>> iris["C4"].max()
          """
          return ExprNode("max", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def sum(self, skipna=True, axis=0, **kwargs):
          """
          Compute the frame's sum by-column (or by-row).
  
          :param bool skipna: If True (default), then NAs are ignored during the computation. Otherwise presence
              of NAs renders the entire result NA.
          :param int axis: Direction of sum computation. If 0 (default), then sum is computed columnwise, and the result
              is a frame with 1 row and number of columns as in the original frame. If 1, then sum is computed rowwise
              and the result is a frame with 1 column (called "sum"), and number of rows equal to the number of rows
              in the original frame.  For row or column sums, the ``return_frame`` parameter must be True.
          :param bool return_frame: A boolean parameter that indicates whether to return an H2O frame or one single aggregated value. Default is False.
          :returns: either an aggregated value with sum of values per-column (old semantic); or an H2OFrame containing sum of values
              per-column/per-row in the original frame (new semantic). The new semantic is triggered by either
              providing the ``return_frame=True`` parameter, or having the ``general.allow_breaking_changed`` config
              option turned on.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5,(row_num,col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.sum(skipna=False,axis=0)
          """
          assert_is_type(skipna, bool)
          assert_is_type(axis, 0, 1)
          # Deprecated since 2016-10-14,
          if "na_rm" in kwargs:
              warnings.warn("Parameter na_rm is deprecated; use skipna instead", category=H2ODeprecationWarning)
              na_rm = kwargs.pop("na_rm")
              assert_is_type(na_rm, bool)
              skipna = na_rm  # don't assign to skipna directly, to help with error reporting
          # Determine whether to return a frame or a list
          return_frame = get_config_value("general.allow_breaking_changes", False)
          if "return_frame" in kwargs:
              return_frame = kwargs.pop("return_frame")
              assert_is_type(return_frame, bool)
          if kwargs:
              raise H2OValueError("Unknown parameters %r" % list(kwargs))
  
          if return_frame:
              return H2OFrame._expr(ExprNode("sumaxis", self, skipna, axis))
          else:
              return ExprNode("sumNA" if skipna else "sum", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def mean(self, skipna=True, axis=0, **kwargs):
          """
          Compute the frame's means by-column (or by-row).
  
          :param bool skipna: If True (default), then NAs are ignored during the computation. Otherwise presence
              of NAs renders the entire result NA.
          :param int axis: Direction of mean computation. If 0 (default), then mean is computed columnwise, and the
              result is a frame with 1 row and number of columns as in the original frame. If 1, then mean is computed
              rowwise and the result is a frame with 1 column (called "mean"), and number of rows equal to the number
              of rows in the original frame.
          :returns: either a list of mean values per-column (old semantic); or an H2OFrame containing mean values
              per-column/per-row from the original frame (new semantic). The new semantic is triggered by either
              providing the ``return_frame=True`` parameter, or having the ``general.allow_breaking_changed`` config
              option turned on.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.mean()
          """
          assert_is_type(skipna, bool)
          assert_is_type(axis, 0, 1)
          # Deprecated since 2016-10-14,
          if "na_rm" in kwargs:
              warnings.warn("Parameter na_rm is deprecated; use skipna instead", category=H2ODeprecationWarning)
              na_rm = kwargs.pop("na_rm")
              assert_is_type(na_rm, bool)
              skipna = na_rm  # don't assign to skipna directly, to help with error reporting
          # Determine whether to return a frame or a list
          return_frame = get_config_value("general.allow_breaking_changes", False)
          if "return_frame" in kwargs:
              return_frame = kwargs.pop("return_frame")
              assert_is_type(return_frame, bool)
          if kwargs:
              raise H2OValueError("Unknown parameters %r" % list(kwargs))
  
          new_frame = H2OFrame._expr(ExprNode("mean", self, skipna, axis))
          if return_frame:
              return new_frame
          else:
              return new_frame.getrow()
  
  
      def skewness(self, na_rm=False):
          """
          Compute the skewness of each column in the frame.
  
          :param bool na_rm: If True, then ignore NAs during the computation.
          :returns: A list containing the skewness for each column (NaN for non-numeric columns).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.uniform(-1,1, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.skewness()
          """
          return ExprNode("skewness", self, na_rm)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def kurtosis(self, na_rm=False):
          """
          Compute the kurtosis of each column in the frame.
  
          We calculate the common kurtosis, such that kurtosis(normal distribution) is 3.
  
          :param bool na_rm: If True, then ignore NAs during the computation.
          :returns: A list containing the kurtosis for each column (NaN for non-numeric columns).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> python_lists = np.random.normal(0,1, (10000, 1))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.kurtosis(na_rm=True)
          """
          return ExprNode("kurtosis", self, na_rm)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def nacnt(self):
          """
          Count of NAs for each column in this H2OFrame.
  
          :returns: A list of the na counts (one entry per column).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris.nacnt()
          """
          return ExprNode("naCnt", self)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def median(self, na_rm=False):
          """
          Compute the median of each column in the frame.
  
          :param bool na_rm: If True, then ignore NAs during the computation.
          :returns: A list containing the median for each column (NaN for non-numeric columns).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.median()
          """
          return ExprNode("median", self, na_rm)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def var(self, y=None, na_rm=False, use=None):
          """
          Compute the variance-covariance matrix of one or two H2OFrames.
  
          :param H2OFrame y: If this parameter is given, then a covariance  matrix between the columns of the target
              frame and the columns of ``y`` is computed. If this parameter is not provided then the covariance matrix
              of the target frame is returned. If target frame has just a single column, then return the scalar variance
              instead of the matrix. Single rows are treated as single columns.
          :param str use: A string indicating how to handle missing values. This could be one of the following:
  
              - ``"everything"``: outputs NaNs whenever one of its contributing observations is missing
              - ``"all.obs"``: presence of missing observations will throw an error
              - ``"complete.obs"``: discards missing values along with all observations in their rows so that only
                complete observations are used
          :param bool na_rm: an alternative to ``use``: when this is True then default value for ``use`` is
              ``"everything"``; and if False then default ``use`` is ``"complete.obs"``. This parameter has no effect
              if ``use`` is given explicitly.
  
          :returns: An H2OFrame of the covariance matrix of the columns of this frame (if ``y`` is not given),
              or with the columns of ``y`` (if ``y`` is given). However when this frame and ``y`` are both single rows
              or single columns, then the variance is returned as a scalar.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.var(y=iris, na_rm=True, use=None)
          """
          symmetric = False
          if y is None:
              y = self
              symmetric = True
          if use is None: use = "complete.obs" if na_rm else "everything"
          if self.nrow == 1 or (self.ncol == 1 and y.ncol == 1):
              return ExprNode("var", self, y, use, symmetric)._eager_scalar()
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("var", self, y, use, symmetric))._frame()
  
  
      def sd(self, na_rm=False):
          """
          Compute the standard deviation for each column in the frame.
  
          :param bool na_rm: if True, then NAs will be removed from the computation.
          :returns: A list containing the standard deviation for each column (NaN for non-numeric columns).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.uniform(1, 10, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newframe = h2oframe.scale(center=True, scale=True)
          >>> frameMean = newframe.mean()
          >>> newframe.sd()
          """
          return ExprNode("sd", self, na_rm)._eager_scalar()
  
  
      def cor(self, y=None, na_rm=False, use=None, method="Pearson"):
          """
          Compute the correlation matrix of one or two H2OFrames.
  
          :param H2OFrame y: If this parameter is provided, then compute correlation between the columns of ``y``
              and the columns of the current frame. If this parameter is not given, then just compute the correlation
              matrix for the columns of the current frame.
          :param str use: A string indicating how to handle missing values. This could be one of the following:
  
              - ``"everything"``: outputs NaNs whenever one of its contributing observations is missing
              - ``"all.obs"``: presence of missing observations will throw an error
              - ``"complete.obs"``: discards missing values along with all observations in their rows so that only
                complete observations are used
          :param bool na_rm: an alternative to ``use``: when this is True then default value for ``use`` is
              ``"everything"``; and if False then default ``use`` is ``"complete.obs"``. This parameter has no effect
              if ``use`` is given explicitly.
          :param str method: Which method to use - value must be in ["Pearson", "Spearman"]. Defaults to "Pearson".
  
          :returns: An H2OFrame of the correlation matrix of the columns of this frame (if ``y`` is not given),
              or with the columns of ``y`` (if ``y`` is given). However when this frame and ``y`` are both single rows
              or single columns, then the correlation is returned as a scalar.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> irisnp = np.genfromtxt(("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv"), delimiter=',', skip_header=1, usecols=(0,1,2,3))
          >>> cor_np = h2o.H2OFrame(np.corrcoef(irisnp,rowvar=0))
          >>> cor_h2o = iris[0:4].cor()
          >>> cor_diff = abs(cor_h2o - cor_np)
          >>> print(cor_diff)
          """
          assert_is_type(y, H2OFrame, None)
          assert_is_type(na_rm, bool)
          assert_is_type(use, None, "everything", "all.obs", "complete.obs")
          if y is None:
              y = self
          if use is None: use = "complete.obs" if na_rm else "everything"
          if self.nrow == 1 or (self.ncol == 1 and y.ncol == 1): return ExprNode("cor", self, y, use, method)._eager_scalar()
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cor", self, y, use, method))._frame()
  
  
      def distance(self, y, measure=None):
          """
          Compute a pairwise distance measure between all rows of two numeric H2OFrames.
  
          :param H2OFrame y: Frame containing queries (small)
          :param str use: A string indicating what distance measure to use. Must be one of:
  
              - ``"l1"``:        Absolute distance (L1-norm, >=0)
              - ``"l2"``:        Euclidean distance (L2-norm, >=0)
              - ``"cosine"``:    Cosine similarity (-1...1)
              - ``"cosine_sq"``: Squared Cosine similarity (0...1)
          :returns: An H2OFrame of the matrix containing pairwise distance / similarity between the 
              rows of this frame (N x p) and ``y`` (M x p), with dimensions (N x M).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris_h2o = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> references = iris_h2o[10:150,0:4]
          >>> queries = iris_h2o[0:10,0:4]
          >>> A = references.distance(queries, "l1")
          >>> B = references.distance(queries, "l2")
          >>> C = references.distance(queries, "cosine")
          >>> D = references.distance(queries, "cosine_sq")
          >>> E = queries.distance(references, "l1")
          >>> (E.transpose() == A).all()
          """
          assert_is_type(y, H2OFrame)
          if measure is None: measure = "l2"
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("distance", self, y, measure))._frame()
  
      def drop_duplicates(self, columns, keep="first"):
          """
          Drops duplicated rows across specified columns.
          :param columns: Columns to compare during the duplicate detection process.
          :param keep: Which rows to keep. Two possible values: ["first", "last"]. The "first" value (default) keeps
           the first row and deletes the rest. The "last" value keeps the last row.
          :return: A new H2OFrame with rows deduplicated
          """
          assert_is_type(columns, [int], [str])
          assert_is_type(keep, Enum("first", "last"))
  
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("dropdup", self, columns, keep))._frame()
  
      def strdistance(self, y, measure=None, compare_empty=True):
          """
          Compute element-wise string distances between two H2OFrames. Both frames need to have the same
          shape and only contain string/factor columns.
  
          :param H2OFrame y: A comparison frame.
          :param str measure: A string identifier indicating what string distance measure to use. Must be one of:
  
              - ``"lv"``:        Levenshtein distance
              - ``"lcs"``:       Longest common substring distance
              - ``"qgram"``:     q-gram distance
              - ``"jaccard"``:   Jaccard distance between q-gram profiles
              - ``"jw"``:        Jaro, or Jaro-Winker distance
              - ``"soundex"``:   Distance based on soundex encoding
  
          :param compare_empty: if set to FALSE, empty strings will be handled as NaNs
          :returns: An H2OFrame of the matrix containing element-wise distance between the
              strings of this frame and ``y``. The returned frame has the same shape as the input frames.
  
          :examples:
          
          >>> x = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python(['Martha', 'Dwayne', 'Dixon'],
          ...                              column_types=['factor'])
          >>> y = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python(['Marhta', 'Duane', 'Dicksonx'],
          ...                              column_types=['string'])
          >>> x.strdistance(y, measure="jw")
          """
          assert_is_type(y, H2OFrame)
          assert_is_type(measure, Enum('lv', 'lcs', 'qgram', 'jaccard', 'jw', 'soundex'))
          assert_is_type(compare_empty, bool)
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("strDistance", self, y, measure, compare_empty))._frame()
  
         
  
      def asfactor(self):
          """
          Convert columns in the current frame to categoricals.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame with columns of the "enum" type.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> h2o = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/junit/cars_20mpg.csv")
          >>> h2o['cylinders'] = h2o['cylinders'].asfactor()
          >>> h2o['cylinders']
          """
          for colname in self.names:
              t = self.types[colname]
              if t not in {"bool", "int", "string", "enum"}:
                  raise H2OValueError("Only 'int' or 'string' are allowed for "
                                      "asfactor(), got %s:%s " % (colname, t))
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("as.factor", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {name: "enum" for name in self.types}
          else:
              raise H2OTypeError("Types are not available in result")
          
          return fr
  
  
      def isfactor(self):
          """
          Test which columns in the current frame are categorical.
  
          :returns: a list of True/False indicating for each column in the frame whether it is categorical.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> aa = {'h1': [1, 8, 4, 3, 6],
          ...       'h2': ["fish", "cat", "fish", "dog", "bird"],
          ...       'h3': [0, 1, 0, 0, 1]}
          >>> df_hex = h2o.H2OFrame(aa)
          >>> df_hex['h1'].isfactor()
          >>> df_hex['h1'] = df_hex['h1'].asfactor()
          >>> df_hex['h1'].isfactor()
          """
          return [bool(o) for o in ExprNode("is.factor", self)._eager_scalar()]
  
  
      def anyfactor(self):
          """
          Determine if there are any categorical columns in the frame.
  
          :returns: (bool) True if there are any categorical columns in the frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.anyfactor()
          """
          return bool(ExprNode("any.factor", self)._eager_scalar())
  
  
      def categories(self):
          """
          Make a list of levels for an enum (categorical) column. This function can only be applied to single-column categorical frame.
  
          :returns: The list of levels for an enum column.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> category_list =  iris['class'].categories()
          >>> print(category_list)
          """
          if self.ncols != 1:
              raise H2OValueError("This operation only applies to a single factor column")
          if self.types[self.names[0]] != "enum":
              raise H2OValueError("Input is not a factor. This operation only applies to a single factor column")
          return self.levels()[0]
  
  
      def transpose(self):
          """
          Transpose rows and columns of this frame.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame where with rows/columns from the original frame transposed.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.transpose()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("t", self))
  
  
      def strsplit(self, pattern):
          """
          Split the strings in the target column on the given regular expression pattern.
  
          :param str pattern: The split pattern.
          :returns: H2OFrame containing columns of the split strings.
  
          :examples:
          
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame["C5"].strsplit("-")
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("strsplit", self, pattern))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          return fr
  
      def tokenize(self, split):
          """
          Tokenize String
  
          tokenize() is similar to strsplit(), the difference between them is that tokenize() will store the tokenized
          text into a single column making it easier for additional processing (filtering stop words, word2vec algo, ...).
  
          :param tokenize split: The regular expression to tokenize on.
          
          :returns: An H2OFrame with a single column representing the tokenized Strings. Original rows of the input DF are separated by NA.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df1 = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python({'String':
          ...                                [' this is a string ']})
          >>> df1 = df1.ascharacter()
          >>> df2 = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python({'String':
          ...                                ['this is another string']})
          >>> df2 = df2.ascharacter()
          >>> df3 = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python({'String':
          ...                                ['this is a longer string']})
          >>> df3 = df3.ascharacter()
          >>> df4 = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python({'String':
          ...                                ['this is tall, this is taller']})
          >>> df4 = df4.ascharacter()
          >>> combined = df1.rbind([df2, df3, df4])
          >>> combined
          >>> tokenized = combined.tokenize(" ")
          >>> tokenized.describe
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("tokenize", self, split))
          return fr
  
      def countmatches(self, pattern):
          """
          For each string in the frame, count the occurrences of the provided pattern.  If countmatches is applied to
          a frame, all columns of the frame must be type string, otherwise, the returned frame will contain errors.
  
          The pattern here is a plain string, not a regular expression. We will search for the occurrences of the
          pattern as a substring in element of the frame. This function is applicable to frames containing only
          string or categorical columns.
  
          :param str pattern: The pattern to count matches on in each string. This can also be a list of strings,
              in which case all of them will be searched for.
          :returns: numeric H2OFrame with the same shape as the original, containing counts of matches of the
              pattern for each cell in the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> result = iris["class"].countmatches("o")
          >>> result2 = iris["class"].countmatches("s")
          >>> result
          >>> result2
          """
          assert_is_type(pattern, str, [str])
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("countmatches", self, pattern))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncols = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def trim(self):
          """
          Trim white space on the left and right of strings in a single-column H2OFrame.
  
          :returns: H2OFrame with trimmed strings.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file(("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/junit/cars_trim.csv"),
          ...                         col_types=["string","numeric",
          ...                                    "numeric","numeric",
          ...                                    "numeric","numeric",
          ...                                    "numeric","numeric"])
          >>> frame["name"].trim()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("trim", self))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncol = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def substring(self, start_index, end_index=None):
          """
          For each string, return a new string that is a substring of the original string.
  
          If end_index is not specified, then the substring extends to the end of the original string. If the start_index
          is longer than the length of the string, or is greater than or equal to the end_index, an empty string is
          returned. Negative start_index is coerced to 0.
  
          :param int start_index: The index of the original string at which to start the substring, inclusive.
          :param int end_index: The index of the original string at which to end the substring, exclusive.
          :returns: An H2OFrame containing the specified substrings.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame["C5"].substring(0,5)
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("substring", self, start_index, end_index))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncol = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def lstrip(self, set=" "):
          """
          Return a copy of the column with leading characters removed.
  
          The set argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed.
          If omitted, the set argument defaults to removing whitespace.
  
          :param character set: The set of characters to lstrip from strings in column.
          :returns: a new H2OFrame with the same shape as the original frame and having all its values
              trimmed from the left (equivalent of Python's ``str.lstrip()``).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris["C5"].lstrip("Iris-")
          """
          # work w/ None; parity with python lstrip
          if set is None: set = " "
  
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("lstrip", self, set))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncol = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def rstrip(self, set=" "):
          """
          Return a copy of the column with trailing characters removed.
  
          The set argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed.
          If omitted, the set argument defaults to removing whitespace.
  
          :param character set: The set of characters to rstrip from strings in column
          :returns: a new H2OFrame with the same shape as the original frame and having all its values
              trimmed from the right (equivalent of Python's ``str.rstrip()``).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> iris.levels()
          >>> iris["C5"] = iris["C5"].rstrip("color")
          >>> iris["C5"].levels()[0]
          """
          # work w/ None; parity with python rstrip
          if set is None: set = " "
  
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rstrip", self, set))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncol = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def entropy(self):
          """
          For each string compute its Shannon entropy, if the string is empty the entropy is 0.
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame of Shannon entropies.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python(["redrum"])
          >>> frame.entropy()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("entropy", self))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncol = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def num_valid_substrings(self, path_to_words):
          """
          For each string, find the count of all possible substrings with 2 characters or more that are contained in
          the line-separated text file whose path is given.
  
          :param str path_to_words: Path to file that contains a line-separated list of strings considered valid.
          :returns: An H2OFrame with the number of substrings that are contained in the given word list.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> path = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dwyl/english-words/master/words.txt"
          # test empty strings
          >>> string = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python([''],
          ...                                   column_types=['string'])
          >>> enum = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python([''],
          ...                                 column_types=['enum'])
          >>> string.num_valid_substrings(path)[0,0] == 0
          >>> enum.num_valid_substrings(path)[0,0] == 0
          """
          assert_is_type(path_to_words, str)
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("num_valid_substrings", self, path_to_words))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          fr._ex._cache.ncol = self.ncol
          return fr
  
  
      def nchar(self):
          """
          Count the length of each string in a single-column H2OFrame of string type.
  
          :returns: A single-column H2OFrame containing the per-row character count.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris[4].nchar()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("strlen", self))
  
  
      def table(self, data2=None, dense=True):
          """
          Compute the counts of values appearing in a column, or co-occurence counts between two columns.
  
          :param H2OFrame data2: An optional single column to aggregate counts by.
          :param bool dense: If True (default) then use dense representation, which lists only non-zero counts,
              1 combination per row. Set to False to expand counts across all combinations.
          :returns: H2OFrame of the counts at each combination of factor levels
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.import_file("http://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/prostate/prostate_cat.csv")
          >>> df[['DPROS', 'RACE']].table(data2=None,dense=True)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("table", self, data2, dense)) if data2 is not None else H2OFrame._expr(
              expr=ExprNode("table", self, dense))
  
  
      def hist(self, breaks="sturges", plot=True, **kwargs):
          """
          Compute a histogram over a numeric column.
  
          :param breaks: Can be one of ``"sturges"``, ``"rice"``, ``"sqrt"``, ``"doane"``, ``"fd"``, ``"scott"``;
              or a single number for the number of breaks; or a list containing the split points, e.g:
              ``[-50, 213.2123, 9324834]``. If breaks is "fd", the MAD is used over the IQR in computing bin width.
          :param bool plot: If True (default), then a plot will be generated using ``matplotlib``.
  
          :returns: If ``plot`` is False, return H2OFrame with these columns: breaks, counts, mids_true,
              mids, and density; otherwise this method draws a plot and returns nothing.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.describe()
          >>> iris[0].hist(breaks=5,plot=False)
          """
          import matplotlib
          server = kwargs.pop("server") if "server" in kwargs else False
          assert_is_type(breaks, int, [numeric], Enum("sturges", "rice", "sqrt", "doane", "fd", "scott"))
          assert_is_type(plot, bool)
          assert_is_type(server, bool)
          if kwargs:
              raise H2OValueError("Unknown parameters to hist(): %r" % kwargs)
          hist = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("hist", self, breaks))._frame()
  
          if plot:
              plt = get_matplotlib_pyplot(server)
              if plt is None:
                  return
  
              hist["widths"] = hist["breaks"].difflag1()
              # [2:] because we're removing the title and the first row (which consists of NaNs)
              lefts = [float(c[0]) for c in h2o.as_list(hist["breaks"], use_pandas=False)[2:]]
              widths = [float(c[0]) for c in h2o.as_list(hist["widths"], use_pandas=False)[2:]]
              counts = [float(c[0]) for c in h2o.as_list(hist["counts"], use_pandas=False)[2:]]
  
              plt.xlabel(self.names[0])
              plt.ylabel("Frequency")
              plt.title("Histogram of %s" % self.names[0])
  
              # matplotlib deprecated "left" arg in 2.1.0 and removed in 3.0.0
              version_number = matplotlib.__version__
              major = version_number.split('.')[0]
              minor = version_number.split('.')[1]
              major = int(major)
              minor = int(minor)
              if major == 2 and minor >= 1 or major >= 3:
                  plt.bar(x=lefts, width=widths, height=counts, bottom=0)
              else:
                  plt.bar(left=lefts, height=counts, width=widths, bottom=0)
  
              if not server:
                  plt.show()
          else:
              hist["density"] = hist["counts"] / (hist["breaks"].difflag1() * hist["counts"].sum())
              return hist
  
  
      def isax(self, num_words, max_cardinality, optimize_card=False, **kwargs):
          """
          Compute the iSAX index for DataFrame which is assumed to be numeric time series data.
  
          References:
  
              - http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/SAX.pdf
              - http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/iSAX_2.0.pdf
  
          :param int num_words: Number of iSAX words for the timeseries, i.e. granularity along the time series
          :param int max_cardinality: Maximum cardinality of the iSAX word. Each word can have less than the max
          :param bool optimized_card: An optimization flag that will find the max cardinality regardless of what is
              passed in for ``max_cardinality``.
  
          :returns: An H2OFrame with the name of time series, string representation of iSAX word, followed by
              binary representation.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=1,
          ...                       cols=256,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df2 = df.cumsum(axis=1)
          >>> res = df2.isax(num_words=10,max_cardinality=10)
          >>> res
          """
          if num_words <= 0: raise H2OValueError("num_words must be greater than 0")
          if max_cardinality <= 0: raise H2OValueError("max_cardinality must be greater than 0")
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("isax", self, num_words, max_cardinality, optimize_card))
  
      def convert_H2OFrame_2_DMatrix(self, predictors, yresp, h2oXGBoostModel, return_pandas=False):
          '''
          This method requires that you import the following toolboxes: xgboost, pandas, numpy and scipy.sparse.
  
          This method will convert an H2OFrame to a DMatrix that can be used by native XGBoost.  The H2OFrame contains
          numerical and enum columns alone.  Note that H2O one-hot-encoding introduces a missing(NA)
          column. There can be NAs in any columns.
  
          Follow the steps below to compare H2OXGBoost and native XGBoost:
  
          1. Train the H2OXGBoost model with H2OFrame trainFile and generate a prediction:
          h2oModelD = H2OXGBoostEstimator(**h2oParamsD) # parameters specified as a dict()
          h2oModelD.train(x=myX, y=y, training_frame=trainFile) # train with H2OFrame trainFile
          h2oPredict = h2oPredictD = h2oModelD.predict(trainFile)
  
          2. Derive the DMatrix from H2OFrame:
          nativeDMatrix = trainFile.convert_H2OFrame_2_DMatrix(myX, y, h2oModelD)
  
          3. Derive the parameters for native XGBoost:
          nativeParams = h2oModelD.convert_H2OXGBoostParams_2_XGBoostParams()
  
          4. Train your native XGBoost model and generate a prediction:
          nativeModel = xgb.train(params=nativeParams[0], dtrain=nativeDMatrix, num_boost_round=nativeParams[1])
          nativePredict = nativeModel.predict(data=nativeDMatrix, ntree_limit=nativeParams[1].
  
          5. Compare the predictions h2oPredict from H2OXGBoost, nativePredict from native 
          XGBoost.
  
          :param h2oFrame: H2OFrame to be converted to DMatrix for native XGBoost
          :param predictors: List of predictor columns, can be column names or indices
          :param yresp: response column, can be column index or name
          :param h2oXGBoostModel: H2OXGboost model that are built with the same H2OFrame as input earlier
          :param return_pandas: Whether to return `pandas.DataFrame` or DMatrix. Default to `False`
          :return: DMatrix that can be an input to a native XGBoost model, or `pandas.DataFrame`
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import xgboost as xgb
          >>> from h2o.estimators.xgboost import *
          >>> data = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/jira/adult_data_modified.csv")
          >>> data[14] = data[14].asfactor()
          >>> myX = list(range(0, 13))
          >>> y='income'
          >>> h2oParamsD = {"ntrees":30, "max_depth":4, "seed":2,
          ...               "learn_rate":0.7,"col_sample_rate_per_tree" : 0.9,
          ...               "min_rows" : 5, "score_tree_interval": 30+1,
          ...               "tree_method": "exact", "backend":"cpu"}
          >>> h2oModelD = H2OXGBoostEstimator(**h2oParamsD)
          >>> h2oModelD.train(x=myX, y=y, training_frame=data)
          >>> h2oPredictD = h2oModelD.predict(data)
          >>> nativeXGBoostParam = h2oModelD.convert_H2OXGBoostParams_2_XGBoostParams()
          >>> nativeXGBoostInput = data.convert_H2OFrame_2_DMatrix(myX,
          ...                                                      y,
          ...                                                      h2oModelD)
          >>> nativeModel = xgb.train(params=nativeXGBoostParam[0],
          ...                         dtrain=nativeXGBoostInput,
          ...                         num_boost_round=nativeXGBoostParam[1])
          >>> nativePred = nativeModel.predict(data=nativeXGBoostInput,
          ...                                  ntree_limit=nativeXGBoostParam[1])
          '''
          import xgboost as xgb
          import pandas as pd
          import numpy as np
          from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
  
          assert isinstance(predictors, list) or isinstance(predictors, tuple)
          assert h2oXGBoostModel._model_json['algo'] == 'xgboost', \
              "convert_H2OFrame_2_DMatrix is used for H2OXGBoost model only."
  
          tempFrame = self[predictors].cbind(self[yresp])
          colnames = tempFrame.names
          if type(predictors[0])==type(1): # convert integer indices to column names
              temp = []
              for colInd in predictors:
                  temp.append(colnames[colInd])
              predictors = temp
  
          if (type(yresp) == type(1)):
              tempy = colnames[yresp]
              yresp = tempy # column name of response column
  
          enumCols = [] # extract enum columns out to process them
          enumColsIndices = []     # store enum column indices
          typeDict = self.types
          for predName in predictors:
              if str(typeDict[predName])=='enum':
                  enumCols.append(predName)
                  enumColsIndices.append(colnames.index(predName))
  
          pandaFtrain = tempFrame.as_data_frame(use_pandas=True, header=True)
          nrows = tempFrame.nrow
  
          # convert H2OFrame to DMatrix starts here
          if len(enumCols) > 0:   # enumCols contain all enum column names
              allDomain = tempFrame.levels() # list all domain levels with column indices
              domainLen = []
              for enumIndex in enumColsIndices:
                  if len(allDomain[enumIndex])>0:
                      domainLen.append(len(allDomain[enumIndex])*-1)
              incLevel = np.argsort(domainLen) # indices of enum column indices with decreasing domain length
  
              # need to move enum columns to the front, highest level first
              c2 = tempFrame[enumCols[incLevel[0]]]
              tempFrame = tempFrame.drop(enumCols[incLevel[0]])
              for index in range(1, len(incLevel)):
                  c2 = c2.cbind(tempFrame[enumCols[incLevel[index]]])
                  tempFrame = tempFrame.drop(enumCols[incLevel[index]])
                 
              enumCols = c2.names
              tempFrame = c2.cbind(tempFrame)
              pandaFtrain = tempFrame.as_data_frame(use_pandas=True, header=True) # redo translation from H2O to panda
          
              pandaTrainPart = generatePandaEnumCols(pandaFtrain, enumCols[0], nrows, tempFrame[enumCols[0]].categories())
              pandaFtrain.drop([enumCols[0]], axis=1, inplace=True)
  
              for colInd in range(1, len(enumCols)):
                  cname=enumCols[colInd]
                  ctemp = generatePandaEnumCols(pandaFtrain, cname,  nrows, tempFrame[enumCols[colInd]].categories())
                  pandaTrainPart=pd.concat([pandaTrainPart, ctemp], axis=1)
                  pandaFtrain.drop([cname], axis=1, inplace=True)
  
              pandaFtrain = pd.concat([pandaTrainPart, pandaFtrain], axis=1)
  
          c0= tempFrame[yresp].asnumeric().as_data_frame(use_pandas=True, header=True)
          pandaFtrain.drop([yresp], axis=1, inplace=True)
          pandaF = pd.concat([c0, pandaFtrain], axis=1)
          pandaF.rename(columns={c0.columns[0]:yresp}, inplace=True)
          if return_pandas:
              return pandaF
          newX = list(pandaFtrain.columns.values)
          data = pandaF[newX].values
          label = pandaF[[yresp]].values
  
          return xgb.DMatrix(data=csr_matrix(data), label=label, feature_names=newX) \
              if h2oXGBoostModel._model_json['output']['sparse'] else xgb.DMatrix(data=data, 
                                                                                  label=label, feature_names=newX)
  
      def pivot(self, index, column, value):
          """
          Pivot the frame designated by the three columns: index, column, and value. Index and column should be
          of type enum, int, or time.
          For cases of multiple indexes for a column label, the aggregation method is to pick the first occurrence in the data frame.
  
          :param index: Index is a column that will be the row label
          :param column: The labels for the columns in the pivoted Frame
          :param value: The column of values for the given index and column label
          :returns: Returns a new H2OFrame with pivoted columns.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=1000000,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=1234)
          >>> pdf = df.as_data_frame()
          >>> ppdf = pdf.pivot(values="C3",index="C1",columns="C2")
          >>> ppdf = ppdf.fillna(0.0)
          >>> ppdfh2o = h2o.H2OFrame(ppdf)
          >>> ppdfh2o
          """
          assert_is_type(index, str)
          assert_is_type(column, str)
          assert_is_type(value, str)
          col_names = self.names
          if index not in col_names:
              raise H2OValueError("Index not in H2OFrame")
          if column not in col_names:
              raise H2OValueError("Column not in H2OFrame")
          if value not in col_names:
              raise H2OValueError("Value column not in H2OFrame")
          if self.type(column) not in ["enum","time","int"]:
              raise H2OValueError("'column' argument is not type enum, time or int")
          if self.type(index) not in ["enum","time","int"]:
              raise H2OValueError("'index' argument is not type enum, time or int")
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("pivot",self,index,column,value))
  
      def melt(self, id_vars, value_vars=None, var_name="variable", value_name="value", skipna=False):
          """
          Converts an H2OFrame to key-value representation while optionally skipping NA values.
          Inverse operation to pivot.
  
          :param id_vars: Columns used as identifiers.
          :param value_vars: What columns will be converted to key-value pairs (default: complement to id_vars).
          :param var_name: Name of the key-column (default: "variable").
          :param value_name: Name of the value-column (default: "value").
          :param skipna: If enabled, do not include NAs in the result. 
          :returns: Returns an unpivoted H2OFrame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import pandas as pd
          >>> from h2o.frame import H2OFrame
          >>> df = pd.DataFrame({'A': {0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c'},
          ...                    'B': {0: 1, 2: 5},
          ...                    'C': {0: 2, 1: 4, 2: 6}})
          >>> df
          >>> frozen_h2o = H2OFrame(df)
          >>> frozen_h2o
          >>> melted = frozen_h2o.melt(id_vars=["A"], value_vars=["B"])
          >>> melted
          """
          assert_is_type(id_vars, [str])
          assert_is_type(value_vars, [str], None)
          assert_is_type(var_name, str)
          assert_is_type(value_name, str)
          assert_is_type(skipna, bool)
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("melt", self, id_vars, value_vars, var_name, value_name, skipna))
  
      def rank_within_group_by(self, group_by_cols, sort_cols, ascending=[], new_col_name="New_Rank_column", sort_cols_sorted=False):
          """
          This function will add a new column rank where the ranking is produced as follows:
          
           1. Sorts the H2OFrame by columns sorted in by columns specified in group_by_cols and sort_cols in the directions
           specified by the ascending for the sort_cols.  The sort directions for the group_by_cols are ascending only.
  
           2. A new rank column is added to the frame which will contain a rank assignment performed next.  The user can
           choose to assign a name to this new column.  The default name is New_Rank_column.
  
           3. For each groupby groups, a rank is assigned to the row starting from 1, 2, ... to the end of that 
           group.
  
           4. If sort_cols_sorted is TRUE, a final sort on the frame will be performed frame according to the sort_cols and
           the sort directions in ascending.  If sort_cols_sorted is FALSE (by default), the frame from step 3 will be
           returned as is with no extra sort.  This may provide a small speedup if desired.
  
          :param group_by_cols: The columns to group on (either a single column name/index, or a list of column names
            or column indices
          :param sort_cols: The columns to sort on (either a single column name/index, or a list of column names or
            column indices
          :param ascending: Optional Boolean array to denote sorting direction for each sorting column.  True for
            ascending, False for descending.  Default is ascending sort.  Sort direction for enums will be ignored.
          :param new_col_name: Optional String to denote the new column names.  Default to New_Rank_column.
          :param sort_cols_sorted: Optional Boolean to denote if the returned frame should be sorted according to sort_cols
            and sort directions specified in ascending.  Default is False.
  
          :returns: A new Frame with new rank (sorted by columns in sort_cols) column within the grouping 
            specified by the group_by_cols.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> air = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-airlines-unpacked/allyears2k.csv")
          # slice out all but the following five columns
          >>> df = air[:, ["ArrDelay", "DepDelay", "Origin", "Dest", "Distance"]]
          # group by "Distance" and sort by "Origin"
          >>> ranked1 = df.rank_within_group_by(group_by_cols="Distance", sort_cols="Origin")
          # group by "ArrDelay" and sort by "Origin"
          >>> ranked2 = df.rank_within_group_by(group_by_cols="ArrDelay", sort_cols="Origin")
          # group by "DepDelay" and sort by "Dest"
          >>> ranked3 = df.rank_within_group_by(group_by_cols="DepDelay", sort_cols="Dest")
          """
          assert_is_type(group_by_cols, str, int, [str, int])
          if type(group_by_cols) != list: group_by_cols = [group_by_cols]
          if type(sort_cols) != list: sort_cols = [sort_cols]
  
          if type(ascending) != list: ascending = [ascending]   # convert to list
          ascendingI=[1]*len(sort_cols)  # intitalize sorting direction to ascending by default
          for c in sort_cols:
              if self.type(c) not in ["enum","time","int","real"]:
                  raise H2OValueError("Sort by column: " + str(c) + " not of enum, time, int or real type")
          for c in group_by_cols:
              if self.type(c) not in ["enum","time","int","real"]:
                  raise H2OValueError("Group by column: " + str(c) + " not of enum, time, int or real type")
  
          if len(ascending)>0:  # user specify sort direction, assume all columns ascending
              assert len(ascending)==len(sort_cols), "Sorting direction must be specified for each sorted column."
              for index in range(len(sort_cols)):
                  ascendingI[index]=1 if ascending[index] else -1
  
          finalSortedOrder=0
          if (sort_cols_sorted):
              finalSortedOrder=1
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rank_within_groupby",self,group_by_cols,sort_cols,ascendingI,new_col_name, finalSortedOrder))
  
      def topNBottomN(self, column=0, nPercent=10, grabTopN=-1):
          """
          Given a column name or one column index, a percent N, this function will return the top or bottom N% of the
          values of the column of a frame.  The column must be a numerical column.
      
          :param column: a string for column name or an integer index
          :param nPercent: a top or bottom percentage of the column values to return
          :param grabTopN: -1 to grab bottom N percent and 1 to grab top N percent
          :returns: a H2OFrame containing two columns.  The first column contains the original row indices where
              the top/bottom values are extracted from.  The second column contains the values.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randint
          >>> dataFrame = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/bigdata/laptop/jira/TopBottomNRep4.csv.zip")
          >>> topAnswer = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/jira/Top20Per.csv.zip")
          >>> bottomAnswer = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/jira/Bottom20Per.csv.zip")
          >>> nPercentages = [1,2,3,4]
          >>> frameNames = dataFrame.names
          >>> tolerance=1e-12
          >>> nsample=100
          >>> nP = nPercentages[randint(0, len(nPercentages)-1)]
          >>> colIndex = randint(0, len(frameNames)-2)
          >>> dataFrame.topNBottomN(frameNames[colIndex], nP, grabTopN=1)
          >>> dataFrame.topNBottomN(frameNames[colIndex], nP, grabTopN=-1)
          """
          assert (nPercent >= 0) and (nPercent<=100.0), "nPercent must be between 0.0 and 100.0"
          assert round(nPercent*0.01*self.nrows)>0, "Increase nPercent.  Current value will result in top 0 row."
  
          if isinstance(column, int):
              if (column < 0) or (column>=self.ncols):
                  raise H2OValueError("Invalid column index H2OFrame")
              else:
                  colIndex = column
          else:       # column is a column name
              col_names = self.names
              if column not in col_names:
                  raise H2OValueError("Column name not found H2OFrame")
              else:
                  colIndex = col_names.index(column)
  
          if not(self[colIndex].isnumeric()):
              raise H2OValueError("Wrong column type!  Selected column must be numeric.")
  
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("topn", self, colIndex, nPercent, grabTopN))
  
      def topN(self, column=0, nPercent=10):
          """
          Given a column name or one column index, a percent N, this function will return the top N% of the values
          of the column of a frame.  The column must be a numerical column.
      
          :param column: a string for column name or an integer index
          :param nPercent: a top percentage of the column values to return
          :returns: a H2OFrame containing two columns.  The first column contains the original row indices where
              the top values are extracted from.  The second column contains the top nPercent values.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randint
          >>> dataFrame = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/bigdata/laptop/jira/TopBottomNRep4.csv.zip")
          >>> topAnswer = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/jira/Top20Per.csv.zip")
          >>> nPercentages = [1,2,3,4]
          >>> frameNames = dataFrame.names
          >>> tolerance=1e-12
          >>> nsample=100
          >>> nP = nPercentages[randint(0, len(nPercentages)-1)]
          >>> colIndex = randint(0, len(frameNames)-2)
          >>> dataFrame.topN(frameNames[colIndex], nP)
          """
          return self.topNBottomN(column, nPercent, 1)
  
      def bottomN(self, column=0, nPercent=10):
          """
          Given a column name or one column index, a percent N, this function will return the bottom N% of the values
          of the column of a frame.  The column must be a numerical column.
      
          :param column: a string for column name or an integer index
          :param nPercent: a bottom percentage of the column values to return
          :returns: a H2OFrame containing two columns.  The first column contains the original row indices where
              the bottom values are extracted from.  The second column contains the bottom nPercent values.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from random import randint
          >>> dataFrame = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/bigdata/laptop/jira/TopBottomNRep4.csv.zip")
          >>> bottomAnswer = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/jira/Bottom20Per.csv.zip")
          >>> nPercentages = [1,2,3,4]
          >>> frameNames = dataFrame.names
          >>> tolerance=1e-12
          >>> nsample=100
          >>> nP = nPercentages[randint(0, len(nPercentages)-1)]
          >>> colIndex = randint(0, len(frameNames)-2)
          >>> dataFrame.bottomN(frameNames[colIndex], nP)
          """
          return self.topNBottomN(column, nPercent, -1)
  
      def sub(self, pattern, replacement, ignore_case=False):
          """
          Substitute the first occurrence of pattern in a string with replacement.
  
          :param str pattern: A regular expression.
          :param str replacement: A replacement string.
          :param bool ignore_case: If True then pattern will match case-insensitively.
          :returns: an H2OFrame with all values matching ``pattern`` replaced with ``replacement``.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame["C5"].sub('s', 'z', ignore_case=False)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("replacefirst", self, pattern, replacement, ignore_case))
  
  
      def gsub(self, pattern, replacement, ignore_case=False):
          """
          Globally substitute occurrences of pattern in a string with replacement.
  
          :param str pattern: A regular expression.
          :param str replacement: A replacement string.
          :param bool ignore_case: If True then pattern will match case-insensitively.
          :returns: an H2OFrame with all occurrences of ``pattern`` in all values replaced with ``replacement``.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file(("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv"),
          ...                        col_types=["numeric","numeric",
          ...                                   "numeric","numeric",
          ...                                   "string"])
          >>> iris["C5"].gsub("s","z",ignore_case=False)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("replaceall", self, pattern, replacement, ignore_case))
  
  
      def interaction(self, factors, pairwise, max_factors, min_occurrence, destination_frame=None):
          """
          Categorical Interaction Feature Creation in H2O.
  
          Creates a frame in H2O with n-th order interaction features between categorical columns, as specified by
          the user.
  
          :param factors: list of factor columns (either indices or column names).
          :param bool pairwise: Whether to create pairwise interactions between factors (otherwise create one
              higher-order interaction). Only applicable if there are 3 or more factors.
          :param int max_factors: Max. number of factor levels in pair-wise interaction terms (if enforced, one extra
              catch-all factor will be made).
          :param int min_occurrence: Min. occurrence threshold for factor levels in pair-wise interaction terms.
          :param str destination_frame: (internal) string indicating the key for the frame created.
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris = iris.cbind(iris[4] == "Iris-setosa")
          >>> iris[5] = iris[5].asfactor()
          >>> iris.set_name(5,"C6")
          >>> iris = iris.cbind(iris[4] == "Iris-virginica")
          >>> iris[6] = iris[6].asfactor()
          >>> iris.set_name(6, name="C7")
          >>> two_way_interactions = h2o.interaction(iris,
          ...                                        factors=[4,5,6],
          ...                                        pairwise=True,
          ...                                        max_factors=10000,
          ...                                        min_occurrence=1)
          >>> two_way_interactions
          """
          return h2o.interaction(data=self, factors=factors, pairwise=pairwise, max_factors=max_factors,
                                 min_occurrence=min_occurrence, destination_frame=destination_frame)
  
  
      def toupper(self):
          """
          Translate characters from lower to upper case for a particular column.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame with all strings in the current frame converted to the uppercase.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame["C5"]
          >>> frame["C5"].toupper()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("toupper", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
      def grep(self,pattern, ignore_case = False, invert = False, output_logical = False):
          """
          Searches for matches to argument `pattern` within each element
          of a string column.
  
          Default behavior is to return indices of the elements matching the pattern. Parameter
          `output_logical` can be used to return a logical vector indicating if the element matches
          the pattern (1) or not (0).
  
          :param str pattern: A character string containing a regular expression.
          :param bool ignore_case: If True, then case is ignored during matching.
          :param bool invert:  If True, then identify elements that do not match the pattern.
          :param bool output_logical: If True, then return logical vector of indicators instead of list of matching positions
          :return: H2OFrame holding the matching positions or a logical list if `output_logical` is enabled.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> pattern = "Iris-setosa"
          >>> iris["class"].grep(pattern, output_logical=True)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("grep", self, pattern, ignore_case, invert, output_logical))
  
      def tolower(self):
          """
          Translate characters from upper to lower case for a particular column.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame with all strings in the current frame converted to the lowercase.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> frame = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> frame["C5"]
          >>> frame["C5"].tolower()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("tolower", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def rep_len(self, length_out):
          """
          Create a new frame replicating the current frame.
  
          If the source frame has a single column, then the new frame will be replicating rows and its dimensions
          will be ``length_out x 1``. However if the source frame has more than 1 column, then then new frame
          will be replicating data in columnwise direction, and its dimensions will be ``nrows x length_out``,
          where ``nrows`` is the number of rows in the source frame. Also note that if ``length_out`` is smaller
          than the corresponding dimension of the source frame, then the new frame will actually be a truncated
          version of the original.
  
          :param int length_out: Number of columns (rows) of the resulting H2OFrame
          :returns: new H2OFrame with repeated data from the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from random import randrange
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> import math
          >>> row_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> col_num = randrange(1,10)
          >>> length_out_r = math.ceil(0.78*row_num)
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-5,5, (row_num, col_num))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe
          >>> one_column = h2oframe[0].rep_len(length_out=(length_out_r+row_num))
          >>> one_column
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("rep_len", self, length_out))
  
  
      def scale(self, center=True, scale=True):
          """
          Center and/or scale the columns of the current frame.
  
          :param center: If True, then demean the data. If False, no shifting is done. If ``center`` is a list of
              numbers then shift each column by the corresponding amount.
          :param scale: If True, then scale the data by each column's standard deviation. If False, no scaling
              is done. If ``scale`` is a list of numbers, then scale each column by the requested amount.
          :returns: an H2OFrame with scaled values from the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.uniform(1, 10, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe
          >>> newframe = h2oframe.scale(center=True, scale=True)
          >>> newframe
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("scale", self, center, scale), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def signif(self, digits=6):
          """
          Round doubles/floats to the given number of significant digits.
  
          :param int digits: Number of significant digits to retain.
          :returns: new H2OFrame with rounded values from the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> data = [[0.2348, 1.2380, 8.9032134],
          ...         [4.321321, 4.907432, 6.3]]
          >>> h2o_data = h2o.H2OFrame(data)
          >>> h2o_data
          >>> h2o_data.signif(digits = 2)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("signif", self, digits), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def round(self, digits=0):
          """
          Round doubles/floats to the given number of decimal places.
  
          :param int digits: The number of decimal places to retain. Rounding to a negative number of decimal places is
              not supported. For rounding we use the "round half to even" mode (IEC 60559 standard), so that
              ``round(2.5) = 2`` and ``round(3.5) = 4``.
          :returns: new H2OFrame with rounded values from the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> data = [[0.2348, 1.2380, 8.9032134],
          ...         [4.321321, 4.907432, 6.3]]
          >>> h2o_data = h2o.H2OFrame(data)
          >>> h2o_data.round(digits = 4)
          >>> h2o_data.round(digits = 0)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("round", self, digits), cache=self._ex._cache)
  
  
      def asnumeric(self):
          """
          Create a new frame with all columns converted to numeric.
          
          :returns: New frame with all columns converted to numeric.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> cars = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/junit/cars_20mpg.csv")
          >>> cars.asnumeric()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("as.numeric", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "real" for k in fr._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def ascharacter(self):
          """
          Convert all columns in the frame into strings.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame with columns of "string" type.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> h2o = h2o.import_file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/h2o-public-test-data/smalldata/junit/cars_20mpg.csv")
          >>> h2o['cylinders'] = h2o['cylinders'].asfactor()
          >>> h2o['cylinders'].ascharacter()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("as.character", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "string" for k in fr._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def na_omit(self):
          """
          Remove rows with NAs from the H2OFrame.
  
          :returns: new H2OFrame with all rows from the original frame containing any NAs removed.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris
          >>> newframe=iris.na_omit()
          >>> newframe
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("na.omit", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = -1
          return fr
  
  
      def difflag1(self):
          """
          Conduct a diff-1 transform on a numeric frame column.
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame where each element is equal to the corresponding element in the source
              frame minus the previous-row element in the same frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import pandas as pd
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0,100,size=(1000000, 1)),
          ...                   columns=list('A'))
          >>> df_diff = df.diff()
          >>> df_diff_h2o = h2o.H2OFrame(df_diff)
          >>> fr = h2o.H2OFrame(df)
          >>> fr_diff = fr.difflag1()
          >>> fr_diff
          """
          if self.ncols > 1:
              raise H2OValueError("Only single-column frames supported")
          if self.types[self.columns[0]] not in {"real", "int", "bool"}:
              raise H2OValueError("Numeric column expected")
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("difflag1", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          return fr
  
  
      def isna(self):
          """
          For each element in an H2OFrame, determine if it is NA or not.
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame of 1s and 0s, where 1s mean the values were NAs.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> from collections import OrderedDict
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame.from_python(OrderedDict([
          ...                                 ("A", [1, 0, 3, 4, 8, 4, 7]),
          ...                                 ("B", [2, nan, -1, nan, nan, 9, 0]),
          ...                                 ("C", ["one", "", "two", "", "seventeen", "1", ""]),
          ...                                 ("D", ["oneteen", "", "twoteen", "", "sixteen", "twenteen", ""])
          ...                                 ]), na_strings=[""],
          ...                                 column_types={"C": "enum", "D": "string"})
          >>> frame.isna()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("is.na", self))
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self._ex._cache.nrows
          fr._ex._cache.ncols = self._ex._cache.ncols
          if self._ex._cache.names:
              fr._ex._cache.names = ["isNA(%s)" % n for n in self._ex._cache.names]
              fr._ex._cache.types = {"isNA(%s)" % n: "int" for n in self._ex._cache.names}
          return fr
  
  
      def year(self):
          """
          Extract the "year" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "year" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].year()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("year", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def month(self):
          """
          Extract the "month" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "month" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].month()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("month", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def week(self):
          """
          Extract the "week" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "week" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].week()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("week", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def day(self):
          """
          Extract the "day" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "day" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].day()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("day", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def dayOfWeek(self):
          """
          Extract the "day-of-week" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "day-of-week" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].dayOfWeek()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("dayOfWeek", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def hour(self):
          """
          Extract the "hour-of-day" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "hour-of-day" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].hour()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("hour", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def minute(self):
          """
          Extract the "minute" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "minute" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].minute()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("minute", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def second(self):
          """
          Extract the "second" part from a date column.
  
          :returns: a single-column H2OFrame containing the "second" part from the source frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> df = h2o.create_frame(rows=10,
          ...                       cols=3,
          ...                       factors=10,
          ...                       categorical_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       time_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_fraction=1.0/3,
          ...                       real_range=100,
          ...                       missing_fraction=0.0,
          ...                       seed=123)
          >>> df["C1"].second()
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("second", self), cache=self._ex._cache)
          if fr._ex._cache.types_valid():
              fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "int" for k in self._ex._cache.types.keys()}
          return fr
  
  
      def runif(self, seed=None):
          """
          Generate a column of random numbers drawn from a uniform distribution [0,1) and
          having the same data layout as the source frame.
  
          :param int seed: seed for the random number generator.
  
          :returns: Single-column H2OFrame filled with doubles sampled uniformly from [0,1).
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.uniform(0,1, 10000)
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.runif(seed=None)
          """
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("h2o.runif", self, -1 if seed is None else seed))
          fr._ex._cache.ncols = 1
          fr._ex._cache.nrows = self.nrow
          return fr
  
  
      def stratified_split(self, test_frac=0.2, seed=-1):
          """
          Construct a column that can be used to perform a random stratified split.
  
          :param float test_frac: The fraction of rows that will belong to the "test".
          :param int seed: The seed for the random number generator.
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame having single categorical column with two levels: ``"train"`` and ``"test"``.
  
          :examples:
          
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(-3,3, (10000,2))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists).asfactor()
          >>> h2oframe[1].stratified_split(test_frac=0.2, seed=-1)
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode('h2o.random_stratified_split', self, test_frac, seed))
  
  
      def match(self, table, nomatch=0):
          """
          Make a vector of the positions of (first) matches of its first argument in its second.
  
          Only applicable to single-column categorical/string frames.
  
          :param List table: the list of items to match against
          :param int nomatch: value that should be returned when there is no match.
          :returns: a new H2OFrame containing for each cell from the source frame the index where
              the pattern ``table`` first occurs within that cell.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris.csv")
          >>> matchFrame = iris["C5"].match(['Iris-versicolor'])
          >>> matchFrame
          >>> matchFrame = iris["C5"].match(['Iris-setosa'])
          >>> matchFrame
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("match", self, table, nomatch, None))
  
  
      def cut(self, breaks, labels=None, include_lowest=False, right=True, dig_lab=3):
          """
          Cut a numeric vector into categorical "buckets".
  
          This method is only applicable to a single-column numeric frame.
  
          :param List[float] breaks: The cut points in the numeric vector.
          :param List[str] labels: Labels for categorical levels produced. Defaults to set notation of
              intervals defined by the breaks.
          :param bool include_lowest: By default, cuts are defined as intervals ``(lo, hi]``. If this parameter
              is True, then the interval becomes ``[lo, hi]``.
          :param bool right: Include the high value: ``(lo, hi]``. If False, get ``(lo, hi)``.
          :param int dig_lab: Number of digits following the decimal point to consider.
  
          :returns: Single-column H2OFrame of categorical data.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.uniform(-2,2,(100,1))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> breaks = [-2,1,0,1,2]
          >>> newframe = h2oframe.cut(breaks,
          ...                         labels=None,
          ...                         include_lowest=False,
          ...                         right=True,
          ...                         dig_lab=3)
          >>> newframe
          """
          assert_is_type(breaks, [numeric])
          if self.ncols != 1: raise H2OValueError("Single-column frame is expected")
          if self.types[self.names[0]] not in {"int", "real"}: raise H2OValueError("A numeric column is expected")
          fr = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("cut", self, breaks, labels, include_lowest, right, dig_lab),
                              cache=self._ex._cache)
          fr._ex._cache.types = {k: "enum" for k in self.names}
          return fr
  
  
      def which(self):
          """
          Compose the list of row indices for which the frame contains non-zero values.
  
          Only applicable to integer single-column frames.
          Equivalent to comprehension ``[index for index, value in enumerate(self) if value]``.
  
          :returns: a new single-column H2OFrame containing indices of those rows in the original frame
              that contained non-zero values.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> python_lists = np.random.randint(1,5, (100,1))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> h2oframe.which()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("which", self))
  
      def idxmax(self,skipna=True, axis=0):
          """
          Get the index of the max value in a column or row
  
          :param bool skipna: If True (default), then NAs are ignored during the search. Otherwise presence
              of NAs renders the entire result NA.
          :param int axis: Direction of finding the max index. If 0 (default), then the max index is searched columnwise, and the
              result is a frame with 1 row and number of columns as in the original frame. If 1, then the max index is searched
              rowwise and the result is a frame with 1 column, and number of rows equal to the number of rows in the original frame.
          :returns: either a list of max index values per-column or an H2OFrame containing max index values
                    per-row from the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> f1 = h2o.create_frame(rows = 10000,
          ...                       cols = 100,
          ...                       categorical_fraction = 0,
          ...                       missing_fraction = 0,
          ...                       seed=1234)
          >>> f1.idxmax()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("which.max", self, skipna, axis))
  
      def idxmin(self,skipna=True, axis=0):
          """
          Get the index of the min value in a column or row
  
          :param bool skipna: If True (default), then NAs are ignored during the search. Otherwise presence
              of NAs renders the entire result NA.
          :param int axis: Direction of finding the min index. If 0 (default), then the min index is searched columnwise, and the
              result is a frame with 1 row and number of columns as in the original frame. If 1, then the min index is searched
              rowwise and the result is a frame with 1 column, and number of rows equal to the number of rows in the original frame.
          :returns: either a list of min index values per-column or an H2OFrame containing min index values
                    per-row from the original frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> f1 = h2o.create_frame(rows = 10000,
          ...                       cols = 100,
          ...                       categorical_fraction = 0,
          ...                       missing_fraction = 0,
          ...                       seed=1234)
          >>> f1.idxmin()
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("which.min", self, skipna, axis))
  
  
      def ifelse(self, yes, no):
          """
          Equivalent to ``[y if t else n for t,y,n in zip(self,yes,no)]``.
  
          Based on the booleans in the test vector, the output has the values of the
          yes and no vectors interleaved (or merged together).  All Frames must have
          the same row count.  Single column frames are broadened to match wider
          Frames.  Scalars are allowed, and are also broadened to match wider frames.
  
          :param yes: Frame to use if ``test`` is true; may be a scalar or single column
          :param no: Frame to use if ``test`` is false; may be a scalar or single column
  
          :returns: an H2OFrame of the merged yes/no frames/scalars according to the test input frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> import numpy as np
          >>> from h2o.frame import H2OFrame
          >>> python_lists = np.random.uniform(-1,1, (5,5))
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists)
          >>> newFrame = (h2oframe>0).ifelse(1, -1)
          >>> newFrame
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("ifelse", self, yes, no))
  
  
      def apply(self, fun=None, axis=0):
          """
          Apply a lambda expression to an H2OFrame.
  
          :param fun: a lambda expression to be applied per row or per column.
          :param axis: 0 = apply to each column; 1 = apply to each row
          :returns: a new H2OFrame with the results of applying ``fun`` to the current frame.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_lists = [[1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4]]
          >>> h2oframe = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj=python_lists,
          ...                         na_strings=['NA'])
          >>> colMean = h2oframe.apply(lambda x: x.mean(), axis=0)
          >>> rowMean = h2oframe.apply(lambda x: x.mean(), axis=1)
          >>> colMean
          >>> rowMean
          """
          from .astfun import lambda_to_expr
          assert_is_type(axis, 0, 1)
          assert_is_type(fun, FunctionType)
          assert_satisfies(fun, fun.__name__ == "<lambda>")
          res = lambda_to_expr(fun)
          return H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode("apply", self, 1 + (axis == 0), *res))
  
  
      #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Synonyms + Deprecated
      #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Here we have all methods that are provided as alternative names to some other names defined above. This also
      # includes methods that we rename as part of the deprecation process (but keeping the old name for the sake of
      # backward compatibility). We gather them all down here to have a slightly cleaner code.
  
      @staticmethod
      def mktime(year=1970, month=0, day=0, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, msec=0):
          """
          Deprecated, use :func:`moment` instead.
  
          This function was left for backward-compatibility purposes only. It is
          not very stable, and counterintuitively uses 0-based months and days,
          so "January 4th, 2001" should be entered as ``mktime(2001, 0, 3)``.
          """
          return H2OFrame._expr(ExprNode("mktime", year, month, day, hour, minute, second, msec))
  
      @property
      def columns(self):
          """
          Displays the column names. Same as ``self.names``.
  
          :returns: Column names.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.columns
          """
          return self.names
  
      @columns.setter
      def columns(self, value):
          self.set_names(value)
  
      @property
      def col_names(self):
          """
          Displays the column names. Same as ``self.names``.
  
          :returns: Column names.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> python_obj = [1,2,2.5,-100.9,0]
          >>> frame = h2o.H2OFrame(python_obj)
          >>> frame.col_names
          """
          return self.names
  
      @col_names.setter
      def col_names(self, value):
          self.set_names(value)
  
      def __len__(self):
          """Number of rows in the dataframe, same as ``self.nrows``."""
          return self.nrows
  
      @property
      def nrow(self):
          """
          Same as ``self.nrows``.
  
          :returns: Number of rows in the dataframe.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris.nrow
          """
          return self.nrows
  
      @property
      def ncol(self):
          """
          Same as ``self.ncols``.
  
          :returns: Number of columns in the dataframe.
  
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader_NA_2.csv")
          >>> iris.ncol
          """
          return self.ncols
  
      @property
      def dim(self):
          """
          Gives the dimensions of the frame. Same as ``list(self.shape)``.
  
          :returns: Frame dimensions.
          
          :examples:
  
          >>> iris = h2o.import_file("http://h2o-public-test-data.s3.amazonaws.com/smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv")
          >>> iris.dim
          """
          return [self.nrow, self.ncol]
  
      #@property
      #def frame_id(self):
      #    """Same as ``frame.id``."""
      #    return self.id
  
      #@frame_id.setter
      #def frame_id(self, value):
      #    self.id = value
  
      @staticmethod
      def from_python(python_obj, destination_frame=None, header=0, separator=",", column_names=None,
                      column_types=None, na_strings=None):
          """[DEPRECATED] Use constructor ``H2OFrame()`` instead."""
          return H2OFrame(python_obj, destination_frame, header, separator, column_names, column_types,
                          na_strings)
  
  
      def ischaracter(self):
          """[DEPRECATED] Use ``frame.isstring()``."""
          return self.isstring()
  
  
  
  #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Helpers
  #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  def _getValidCols(by_idx, fr):  # so user can input names of the columns as well is idx num
      tmp = []
      for i in by_idx:
          if type(i) == str:
              if i not in fr.names:
                  raise H2OValueError("Column: " + i + " not in frame.")
              tmp.append(fr.names.index(i))
          elif type(i) != int:
              raise H2OValueError("Join on column: " + i + " not of type int")
          else:
              tmp.append(i)
      return list(set(tmp))
  
  def _binop(lhs, op, rhs, rtype=None):
      assert_is_type(lhs, str, numeric, datetime.date, pandas_timestamp, numpy_datetime, H2OFrame)
      assert_is_type(rhs, str, numeric, datetime.date, pandas_timestamp, numpy_datetime, H2OFrame)
      if isinstance(lhs, H2OFrame) and isinstance(rhs, H2OFrame) and lhs._is_frame and rhs._is_frame:
          lrows, lcols = lhs.shape
          rrows, rcols = rhs.shape
          compatible = ((lcols == rcols and lrows == rrows) or
                        (lcols == 1 and lrows == rrows) or
                        (lcols == 1 and lrows == 1) or
                        (rcols == 1 and lrows == rrows) or
                        (rcols == 1 and rrows == 1) or
                        (lrows == 1 and lcols == rcols) or
                        (rrows == 1 and lcols == rcols)
                        )
          if not compatible:
              raise H2OValueError("Attempting to operate on incompatible frames: (%d x %d) and (%d x %d)"
                                  % (lrows, lcols, rrows, rcols))
  
      if is_type(lhs, pandas_timestamp, numpy_datetime, datetime.date):
          lhs = H2OFrame.moment(date=lhs)
      if is_type(rhs, pandas_timestamp, numpy_datetime, datetime.date):
          rhs = H2OFrame.moment(date=rhs)
  
      cache = lhs._ex._cache if isinstance(lhs, H2OFrame) else rhs._ex._cache
      res = H2OFrame._expr(expr=ExprNode(op, lhs, rhs), cache=cache)
      if rtype is not None and res._ex._cache._names is not None:
          res._ex._cache._types = {name: rtype for name in res._ex._cache._names}
      return res
  
  
  
  
  def generatePandaEnumCols(pandaFtrain, cname, nrows, domainL):
      """
      For an H2O Enum column, we perform one-hot-encoding here and add one more column, "missing(NA)" to it.
  
      :param pandaFtrain: panda frame derived from H2OFrame
      :param cname: column name of enum col
      :param nrows: number of rows of enum col
      :return: panda frame with enum col encoded correctly for native XGBoost
      """
      import numpy as np
      import pandas as pd
      
      cmissingNames=[cname+".missing(NA)"]
      tempnp = np.zeros((nrows,1), dtype=np.int)
      # check for nan and assign it correct value
      colVals = pandaFtrain[cname]
      for ind in range(nrows):
          try:
              if not(colVals[ind] in domainL):
                  tempnp[ind]=1
          except ValueError:
              pass
      zeroFrame = pd.DataFrame(tempnp)
      zeroFrame.columns=cmissingNames
      temp = pd.get_dummies(pandaFtrain[cname], prefix=cname, drop_first=False)
      tempNames = list(temp)  # get column names
      colLength = len(tempNames)
      newNames = ['a']*colLength
  
      for ind in range(0,colLength):
          newNames[ind]=cname+"_"+domainL[ind]
      ftemp = temp[newNames]
      ctemp = pd.concat([ftemp, zeroFrame], axis=1)
      return ctemp
  
apis: scipy.sparse.issparse scipy.sparse.find pandas.DataFrame scipy.sparse.csr_matrix pandas.concat pandas.get_dummies