code: #
  # Created by: Pearu Peterson, March 2002
  #
  """ Test functions for scipy.linalg.matfuncs module
  
  """
  from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
  
  import math
  
  import numpy as np
  from numpy import array, eye, exp, random
  from numpy.linalg import matrix_power
  from numpy.testing import (
          assert_allclose, assert_, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_equal,
          assert_array_almost_equal_nulp)
  from scipy._lib._numpy_compat import suppress_warnings
  
  from scipy.sparse import csc_matrix, SparseEfficiencyWarning
  from scipy.sparse.construct import eye as speye
  from scipy.sparse.linalg.matfuncs import (expm, _expm,
          ProductOperator, MatrixPowerOperator,
          _onenorm_matrix_power_nnm)
  from scipy.linalg import logm
  from scipy.special import factorial
  import scipy.sparse
  import scipy.sparse.linalg
  
  
  def _burkardt_13_power(n, p):
      """
      A helper function for testing matrix functions.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      n : integer greater than 1
          Order of the square matrix to be returned.
      p : non-negative integer
          Power of the matrix.
  
      Returns
      -------
      out : ndarray representing a square matrix
          A Forsythe matrix of order n, raised to the power p.
  
      """
      # Input validation.
      if n != int(n) or n < 2:
          raise ValueError('n must be an integer greater than 1')
      n = int(n)
      if p != int(p) or p < 0:
          raise ValueError('p must be a non-negative integer')
      p = int(p)
  
      # Construct the matrix explicitly.
      a, b = divmod(p, n)
      large = np.power(10.0, -n*a)
      small = large * np.power(10.0, -n)
      return np.diag([large]*(n-b), b) + np.diag([small]*b, b-n)
  
  
  def test_onenorm_matrix_power_nnm():
      np.random.seed(1234)
      for n in range(1, 5):
          for p in range(5):
              M = np.random.random((n, n))
              Mp = np.linalg.matrix_power(M, p)
              observed = _onenorm_matrix_power_nnm(M, p)
              expected = np.linalg.norm(Mp, 1)
              assert_allclose(observed, expected)
  
  
  class TestExpM(object):
      def test_zero_ndarray(self):
          a = array([[0.,0],[0,0]])
          assert_array_almost_equal(expm(a),[[1,0],[0,1]])
  
      def test_zero_sparse(self):
          a = csc_matrix([[0.,0],[0,0]])
          assert_array_almost_equal(expm(a).toarray(),[[1,0],[0,1]])
  
      def test_zero_matrix(self):
          a = np.matrix([[0.,0],[0,0]])
          assert_array_almost_equal(expm(a),[[1,0],[0,1]])
  
      def test_misc_types(self):
          A = expm(np.array([[1]]))
          assert_allclose(expm(((1,),)), A)
          assert_allclose(expm([[1]]), A)
          assert_allclose(expm(np.matrix([[1]])), A)
          assert_allclose(expm(np.array([[1]])), A)
          assert_allclose(expm(csc_matrix([[1]])).A, A)
          B = expm(np.array([[1j]]))
          assert_allclose(expm(((1j,),)), B)
          assert_allclose(expm([[1j]]), B)
          assert_allclose(expm(np.matrix([[1j]])), B)
          assert_allclose(expm(csc_matrix([[1j]])).A, B)
  
      def test_bidiagonal_sparse(self):
          A = csc_matrix([
              [1, 3, 0],
              [0, 1, 5],
              [0, 0, 2]], dtype=float)
          e1 = math.exp(1)
          e2 = math.exp(2)
          expected = np.array([
              [e1, 3*e1, 15*(e2 - 2*e1)],
              [0, e1, 5*(e2 - e1)],
              [0, 0, e2]], dtype=float)
          observed = expm(A).toarray()
          assert_array_almost_equal(observed, expected)
  
      def test_padecases_dtype_float(self):
          for dtype in [np.float32, np.float64]:
              for scale in [1e-2, 1e-1, 5e-1, 1, 10]:
                  A = scale * eye(3, dtype=dtype)
                  observed = expm(A)
                  expected = exp(scale) * eye(3, dtype=dtype)
                  assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(observed, expected, nulp=100)
  
      def test_padecases_dtype_complex(self):
          for dtype in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
              for scale in [1e-2, 1e-1, 5e-1, 1, 10]:
                  A = scale * eye(3, dtype=dtype)
                  observed = expm(A)
                  expected = exp(scale) * eye(3, dtype=dtype)
                  assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(observed, expected, nulp=100)
  
      def test_padecases_dtype_sparse_float(self):
          # float32 and complex64 lead to errors in spsolve/UMFpack
          dtype = np.float64
          for scale in [1e-2, 1e-1, 5e-1, 1, 10]:
              a = scale * speye(3, 3, dtype=dtype, format='csc')
              e = exp(scale) * eye(3, dtype=dtype)
              with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                  sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                             "Changing the sparsity structure of a csc_matrix is expensive.")
                  exact_onenorm = _expm(a, use_exact_onenorm=True).toarray()
                  inexact_onenorm = _expm(a, use_exact_onenorm=False).toarray()
              assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(exact_onenorm, e, nulp=100)
              assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(inexact_onenorm, e, nulp=100)
  
      def test_padecases_dtype_sparse_complex(self):
          # float32 and complex64 lead to errors in spsolve/UMFpack
          dtype = np.complex128
          for scale in [1e-2, 1e-1, 5e-1, 1, 10]:
              a = scale * speye(3, 3, dtype=dtype, format='csc')
              e = exp(scale) * eye(3, dtype=dtype)
              with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                  sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                             "Changing the sparsity structure of a csc_matrix is expensive.")
                  assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(expm(a).toarray(), e, nulp=100)
  
      def test_logm_consistency(self):
          random.seed(1234)
          for dtype in [np.float64, np.complex128]:
              for n in range(1, 10):
                  for scale in [1e-4, 1e-3, 1e-2, 1e-1, 1, 1e1, 1e2]:
                      # make logm(A) be of a given scale
                      A = (eye(n) + random.rand(n, n) * scale).astype(dtype)
                      if np.iscomplexobj(A):
                          A = A + 1j * random.rand(n, n) * scale
                      assert_array_almost_equal(expm(logm(A)), A)
  
      def test_integer_matrix(self):
          Q = np.array([
              [-3, 1, 1, 1],
              [1, -3, 1, 1],
              [1, 1, -3, 1],
              [1, 1, 1, -3]])
          assert_allclose(expm(Q), expm(1.0 * Q))
  
      def test_triangularity_perturbation(self):
          # Experiment (1) of
          # Awad H. Al-Mohy and Nicholas J. Higham (2012)
          # Improved Inverse Scaling and Squaring Algorithms
          # for the Matrix Logarithm.
          A = np.array([
              [3.2346e-1, 3e4, 3e4, 3e4],
              [0, 3.0089e-1, 3e4, 3e4],
              [0, 0, 3.221e-1, 3e4],
              [0, 0, 0, 3.0744e-1]],
              dtype=float)
          A_logm = np.array([
              [-1.12867982029050462e+00, 9.61418377142025565e+04,
               -4.52485573953179264e+09, 2.92496941103871812e+14],
              [0.00000000000000000e+00, -1.20101052953082288e+00,
               9.63469687211303099e+04, -4.68104828911105442e+09],
              [0.00000000000000000e+00, 0.00000000000000000e+00,
               -1.13289322264498393e+00, 9.53249183094775653e+04],
              [0.00000000000000000e+00, 0.00000000000000000e+00,
               0.00000000000000000e+00, -1.17947533272554850e+00]],
              dtype=float)
          assert_allclose(expm(A_logm), A, rtol=1e-4)
  
          # Perturb the upper triangular matrix by tiny amounts,
          # so that it becomes technically not upper triangular.
          random.seed(1234)
          tiny = 1e-17
          A_logm_perturbed = A_logm.copy()
          A_logm_perturbed[1, 0] = tiny
          A_expm_logm_perturbed = expm(A_logm_perturbed)
          rtol = 1e-4
          atol = 100 * tiny
          assert_(not np.allclose(A_expm_logm_perturbed, A, rtol=rtol, atol=atol))
  
      def test_burkardt_1(self):
          # This matrix is diagonal.
          # The calculation of the matrix exponential is simple.
          #
          # This is the first of a series of matrix exponential tests
          # collected by John Burkardt from the following sources.
          #
          # Alan Laub,
          # Review of "Linear System Theory" by Joao Hespanha,
          # SIAM Review,
          # Volume 52, Number 4, December 2010, pages 779--781.
          #
          # Cleve Moler and Charles Van Loan,
          # Nineteen Dubious Ways to Compute the Exponential of a Matrix,
          # Twenty-Five Years Later,
          # SIAM Review,
          # Volume 45, Number 1, March 2003, pages 3--49.
          #
          # Cleve Moler,
          # Cleve's Corner: A Balancing Act for the Matrix Exponential,
          # 23 July 2012.
          #
          # Robert Ward,
          # Numerical computation of the matrix exponential
          # with accuracy estimate,
          # SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis,
          # Volume 14, Number 4, September 1977, pages 600--610.
          exp1 = np.exp(1)
          exp2 = np.exp(2)
          A = np.array([
              [1, 0],
              [0, 2],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [exp1, 0],
              [0, exp2],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_2(self):
          # This matrix is symmetric.
          # The calculation of the matrix exponential is straightforward.
          A = np.array([
              [1, 3],
              [3, 2],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [39.322809708033859, 46.166301438885753],
              [46.166301438885768, 54.711576854329110],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_3(self):
          # This example is due to Laub.
          # This matrix is ill-suited for the Taylor series approach.
          # As powers of A are computed, the entries blow up too quickly.
          exp1 = np.exp(1)
          exp39 = np.exp(39)
          A = np.array([
              [0, 1],
              [-39, -40],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [
                  39/(38*exp1) - 1/(38*exp39),
                  -np.expm1(-38) / (38*exp1)],
              [
                  39*np.expm1(-38) / (38*exp1),
                  -1/(38*exp1) + 39/(38*exp39)],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_4(self):
          # This example is due to Moler and Van Loan.
          # The example will cause problems for the series summation approach,
          # as well as for diagonal Pade approximations.
          A = np.array([
              [-49, 24],
              [-64, 31],
              ], dtype=float)
          U = np.array([[3, 1], [4, 2]], dtype=float)
          V = np.array([[1, -1/2], [-2, 3/2]], dtype=float)
          w = np.array([-17, -1], dtype=float)
          desired = np.dot(U * np.exp(w), V)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_5(self):
          # This example is due to Moler and Van Loan.
          # This matrix is strictly upper triangular
          # All powers of A are zero beyond some (low) limit.
          # This example will cause problems for Pade approximations.
          A = np.array([
              [0, 6, 0, 0],
              [0, 0, 6, 0],
              [0, 0, 0, 6],
              [0, 0, 0, 0],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [1, 6, 18, 36],
              [0, 1, 6, 18],
              [0, 0, 1, 6],
              [0, 0, 0, 1],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_6(self):
          # This example is due to Moler and Van Loan.
          # This matrix does not have a complete set of eigenvectors.
          # That means the eigenvector approach will fail.
          exp1 = np.exp(1)
          A = np.array([
              [1, 1],
              [0, 1],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [exp1, exp1],
              [0, exp1],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_7(self):
          # This example is due to Moler and Van Loan.
          # This matrix is very close to example 5.
          # Mathematically, it has a complete set of eigenvectors.
          # Numerically, however, the calculation will be suspect.
          exp1 = np.exp(1)
          eps = np.spacing(1)
          A = np.array([
              [1 + eps, 1],
              [0, 1 - eps],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [exp1, exp1],
              [0, exp1],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_8(self):
          # This matrix was an example in Wikipedia.
          exp4 = np.exp(4)
          exp16 = np.exp(16)
          A = np.array([
              [21, 17, 6],
              [-5, -1, -6],
              [4, 4, 16],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [13*exp16 - exp4, 13*exp16 - 5*exp4, 2*exp16 - 2*exp4],
              [-9*exp16 + exp4, -9*exp16 + 5*exp4, -2*exp16 + 2*exp4],
              [16*exp16, 16*exp16, 4*exp16],
              ], dtype=float) * 0.25
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_9(self):
          # This matrix is due to the NAG Library.
          # It is an example for function F01ECF.
          A = np.array([
              [1, 2, 2, 2],
              [3, 1, 1, 2],
              [3, 2, 1, 2],
              [3, 3, 3, 1],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [740.7038, 610.8500, 542.2743, 549.1753],
              [731.2510, 603.5524, 535.0884, 542.2743],
              [823.7630, 679.4257, 603.5524, 610.8500],
              [998.4355, 823.7630, 731.2510, 740.7038],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_10(self):
          # This is Ward's example #1.
          # It is defective and nonderogatory.
          A = np.array([
              [4, 2, 0],
              [1, 4, 1],
              [1, 1, 4],
              ], dtype=float)
          assert_allclose(sorted(scipy.linalg.eigvals(A)), (3, 3, 6))
          desired = np.array([
              [147.8666224463699, 183.7651386463682, 71.79703239999647],
              [127.7810855231823, 183.7651386463682, 91.88256932318415],
              [127.7810855231824, 163.6796017231806, 111.9681062463718],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_11(self):
          # This is Ward's example #2.
          # It is a symmetric matrix.
          A = np.array([
              [29.87942128909879, 0.7815750847907159, -2.289519314033932],
              [0.7815750847907159, 25.72656945571064, 8.680737820540137],
              [-2.289519314033932, 8.680737820540137, 34.39400925519054],
              ], dtype=float)
          assert_allclose(scipy.linalg.eigvalsh(A), (20, 30, 40))
          desired = np.array([
               [
                   5.496313853692378E+15,
                   -1.823188097200898E+16,
                   -3.047577080858001E+16],
               [
                  -1.823188097200899E+16,
                  6.060522870222108E+16,
                  1.012918429302482E+17],
               [
                  -3.047577080858001E+16,
                  1.012918429302482E+17,
                  1.692944112408493E+17],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_12(self):
          # This is Ward's example #3.
          # Ward's algorithm has difficulty estimating the accuracy
          # of its results.
          A = np.array([
              [-131, 19, 18],
              [-390, 56, 54],
              [-387, 57, 52],
              ], dtype=float)
          assert_allclose(sorted(scipy.linalg.eigvals(A)), (-20, -2, -1))
          desired = np.array([
              [-1.509644158793135, 0.3678794391096522, 0.1353352811751005],
              [-5.632570799891469, 1.471517758499875, 0.4060058435250609],
              [-4.934938326088363, 1.103638317328798, 0.5413411267617766],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_13(self):
          # This is Ward's example #4.
          # This is a version of the Forsythe matrix.
          # The eigenvector problem is badly conditioned.
          # Ward's algorithm has difficulty esimating the accuracy
          # of its results for this problem.
          #
          # Check the construction of one instance of this family of matrices.
          A4_actual = _burkardt_13_power(4, 1)
          A4_desired = [[0, 1, 0, 0],
                        [0, 0, 1, 0],
                        [0, 0, 0, 1],
                        [1e-4, 0, 0, 0]]
          assert_allclose(A4_actual, A4_desired)
          # Check the expm for a few instances.
          for n in (2, 3, 4, 10):
              # Approximate expm using Taylor series.
              # This works well for this matrix family
              # because each matrix in the summation,
              # even before dividing by the factorial,
              # is entrywise positive with max entry 10**(-floor(p/n)*n).
              k = max(1, int(np.ceil(16/n)))
              desired = np.zeros((n, n), dtype=float)
              for p in range(n*k):
                  Ap = _burkardt_13_power(n, p)
                  assert_equal(np.min(Ap), 0)
                  assert_allclose(np.max(Ap), np.power(10, -np.floor(p/n)*n))
                  desired += Ap / factorial(p)
              actual = expm(_burkardt_13_power(n, 1))
              assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
      def test_burkardt_14(self):
          # This is Moler's example.
          # This badly scaled matrix caused problems for MATLAB's expm().
          A = np.array([
              [0, 1e-8, 0],
              [-(2e10 + 4e8/6.), -3, 2e10],
              [200./3., 0, -200./3.],
              ], dtype=float)
          desired = np.array([
              [0.446849468283175, 1.54044157383952e-09, 0.462811453558774],
              [-5743067.77947947, -0.0152830038686819, -4526542.71278401],
              [0.447722977849494, 1.54270484519591e-09, 0.463480648837651],
              ], dtype=float)
          actual = expm(A)
          assert_allclose(actual, desired)
  
  
  class TestOperators(object):
  
      def test_product_operator(self):
          random.seed(1234)
          n = 5
          k = 2
          nsamples = 10
          for i in range(nsamples):
              A = np.random.randn(n, n)
              B = np.random.randn(n, n)
              C = np.random.randn(n, n)
              D = np.random.randn(n, k)
              op = ProductOperator(A, B, C)
              assert_allclose(op.matmat(D), A.dot(B).dot(C).dot(D))
              assert_allclose(op.T.matmat(D), (A.dot(B).dot(C)).T.dot(D))
  
      def test_matrix_power_operator(self):
          random.seed(1234)
          n = 5
          k = 2
          p = 3
          nsamples = 10
          for i in range(nsamples):
              A = np.random.randn(n, n)
              B = np.random.randn(n, k)
              op = MatrixPowerOperator(A, p)
              assert_allclose(op.matmat(B), matrix_power(A, p).dot(B))
              assert_allclose(op.T.matmat(B), matrix_power(A, p).T.dot(B))
  
  
apis: scipy.special.factorial numpy.spacing numpy.linalg.matrix_power numpy.diag numpy.random.seed numpy.allclose scipy.sparse.csc_matrix scipy._lib._numpy_compat.suppress_warnings numpy.random.rand scipy.sparse.linalg.matfuncs.ProductOperator numpy.expm1 numpy.eye numpy.ceil numpy.zeros numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal_nulp scipy.sparse.linalg.matfuncs._expm numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal numpy.power numpy.max numpy.min scipy.linalg.logm numpy.iscomplexobj scipy.sparse.linalg.matfuncs.MatrixPowerOperator numpy.linalg.norm scipy.sparse.linalg.matfuncs._onenorm_matrix_power_nnm scipy.sparse.construct.eye numpy.matrix numpy.random.randn numpy.floor numpy.exp numpy.random.random numpy.testing.assert_allclose numpy.array scipy.sparse.linalg.matfuncs.expm