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[0] Nurses should be aware of the strengths and limitations of various biochemical assessments during pregnancy, including that: [1] Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is becoming more popular because it provides early diagnosis. [2] Screening for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) levels is recommended only for women at risk for neural tube defects. [3] Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) is one of the triple-marker tests for Down syndrome. [4] 
>>MSAFP is a screening tool only; it identifies candidates for more definitive procedures.
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