5df9c075_ederal_Railroad_Administration_Hazmat_Papers_Title
[Description] This paper describes the development of engineering-based equations to estimate the puncture resistance of railroad tank cars under a generalized shell or side impact scenario. Resistance to puncture is considered in terms of puncture velocity, which is defined as the impact velocity at which puncture is expected to occur. In this context, puncture velocity represents a theoretical threshold limit. A given object striking the side of a tank car at an impact speed below the threshold velocity is not expected to penetrate the commodity-carrying tank. This definition for puncture velocity is similar to that for ballistic limit velocity, which is used to measure a target’s ability to withstand projectile impact in military applications. [Title] 
Semi-Analytical Approach to Estimate Railroad Tank Car Shell Puncture
Miscellaneous Hazmat Papers | Federal Railroad Administration
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