the guiana space centre (french: centre spatial guyanais; csg), also called europe's spaceport, is a european spaceport to the northwest of kourou in french guiana, a region of france in south america.kourou is located approximately 310 mi (500 km) north of the equator at a latitude of 5°.in operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.the european space agency (esa), the european union agency for the space programme (euspa), the french space agency cnes (national centre for space studies), the space agency of the republic of azerbaijan (azercosmos) and the commercial company arianespace conduct launches from kourou.it was used by the esa to send supplies to the international space station using the automated transfer vehicle.in 1975, france offered to share kourou with the esa.commercial launches are also bought by non-european companies.esa pays two-thirds of the spaceport's annual budget and has also financed the upgrades made during the development of the ariane launchers.on 4 april 2017, the center was occupied by 30 labour unions and indigenous peoples leaders in the midst of the 2017 social unrest in french guiana, but was taken back on 24 april 2017.one of the primary benefits of this spaceport is its proximity to the equator, which makes it more efficient, requiring substantially less energy, to launch spacecraft into an near-equatorial, geostationary orbit compared to launching from spaceports at higher latitudes.additionally, the centre's location adjacent to the open sea to the east reduces the potential risk of rocket stages and debris from launch failures falling on or near human settlements, which enhances safety during spaceflight activities.furthermore, rockets typically launch towards the east to take advantage of earth's rotation and the angular momentum it provides.the near-equatorial location of the guiana space centre offers an advantage for launches to low-inclination or geostationary earth orbits, as rockets can be launched into orbits with an inclination of as low as 6°.in contrast, a rocket launched from cape canaveral space force station, with a latitude of 28.5°, can only be launched to an inclination of 28.5°, requiring a significant amount of propellant to change the inclination.the location of the guiana space centre provides benefits for launching spacecraft into low-inclination or geostationary earth orbits.rockets of similar size to those used at other spaceports to place satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (gto), such as the proton and ariane 5 rockets, can send similar payloads to a low earth orbit (leo).for example, the proton rocket, launched from high latitudes in russia, can only send 6,270 kg to gto, while the kourou-launched ariane 5 can send more than 10,000 kg to gto.one europa-ii was launched from the site in 1971, which ended in failure due to a guidance problem, before the program was cancelled.the pad at giunana was demolished and subsequently rebuilt as the first launch complex for ariane as ela (ensemble de lancement ariane).redesignated later as ela-1, it was used for ariane 1 and ariane 2 and 3 launches until being retired in 1989.in november 2001, it was refurbished again for the vega rocket and renamed elv (ensemble de lancement vega).the first launch was on 13 february 2012.before 1988, although purpose-built for ariane 4, the pad hosted an ariane-2 and two ariane-3 launches.the complex consisted of two areas: the launcher preparation zone and the launch pad, separated by one kilometre, allowing a launcher to be assembled in the preparation zone while another launch from the pad.a mobile service tower at the launch pad provided a protected environment for payload installation and final preparation of the rocket.
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