augustus welby northmore pugin ( pew-jin; 1 march 1812 – 14 september 1852) was an english architect, designer, artist and critic with french and swiss origins.he is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the gothic revival style of architecture.his work culminated in designing the interior of the palace of westminster in westminster, london, and its iconic clock tower, later renamed the elizabeth tower, which houses the bell known as big ben.pugin designed many churches in england, and some in ireland and australia.he was the son of auguste pugin, and the father of edward welby pugin and peter paul pugin, who continued his architectural firm as pugin & pugin.pugin was born on 1 march 1812 at his parents' house in bloomsbury, london, england.between 1821 and 1838, pugin's father published a series of volumes of architectural drawings, the first two entitled specimens of gothic architecture and the following three examples of gothic architecture, that not only remained in print but were the standard references for gothic architecture for at least the next century.pugin quickly rebelled against this version of christianity: according to benjamin ferrey, pugin 'always expressed unmitigated disgust at the cold and sterile forms of the scottish church; and the moment he broke free from the trammels imposed on him by his mother, he rushed into the arms of a church which, pompous by its ceremonies, was attractive to his imaginative mind'.after leaving school, he worked in his father's office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to france.his first commissions independent of his father were for designs for the goldsmiths rundell and bridge, and for designs for furniture of windsor castle from the upholsterers morel and seddon.through a contact made while working at windsor, he became interested in the design of theatrical scenery, and in 1831 obtained a commission to design the sets for the production of the new opera kenilworth at the royal opera house, covent garden.he also developed an interest in sailing, and briefly commanded a small merchant schooner trading between great britain and holland, which allowed him to import examples of furniture and carving from flanders, with which he later furnished his house at ramsgate in kent.during one voyage in 1830, he was wrecked on the scottish coast near leith, as a result of which he came into contact with edinburgh architect james gillespie graham, who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture.he then established a business supplying historically accurate carved wood and stone detailing for the increasing number of buildings being constructed in the gothic revival style, but the enterprise quickly failed.she died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter.he had a further six children, including the future architect edward welby pugin, with his second wife, louisa burton, who died in 1844.his third wife, jane knill, kept a journal of their marital life, from their marriage in 1848 to pugin's death, which was later published.their son was the architect peter paul pugin.on this he built a gothic revival-style house for his family, which he named st. marie's grange.of it, charles eastlake said 'he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an english home.'for example, dissenters could not take degrees at the established universities of oxford and cambridge until 1871, but the university of london (later renamed university college london) was founded near pugin's birthplace in 1826 with the express purpose of educating dissenters to degree standard (although it would not be able to confer degrees until 1836).
liegeman | sarcophagous | nonformal <tsp> liegeman | antigambling | presphenoidal
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