plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes, forming the kingdom plantae.many are multicellular.historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi.all current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae.by one definition, plants form the clade viridiplantae (latin for 'green plants') which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants.the latter include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers and other gymnosperms, and flowering plants.a definition based on genomes includes the viridiplantae, along with the red algae and the glaucophytes, in the clade archaeplastida.green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria.chloroplasts perform photosynthesis using the pigment chlorophyll, which gives them their green colour.some plants are parasitic and have lost the ability to produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or to photosynthesize.plants are characterized by sexual reproduction and alternation of generations, but asexual reproduction is also common.there are about 380,000 known species of plants, of which the majority, some 260,000, produce seeds.green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen and are the basis of most of earth's ecosystems.grain, fruit, and vegetables are basic human foods and have been domesticated for millennia.plants have many cultural and other uses, such as ornaments, building materials, writing materials, and, in great variety, they have been the source of medicines.the scientific study of plants is known as botany, a branch of biology.this classification dates from aristotle (384–322 bc), who distinguished different levels of beings in his biology, based on whether living things have locomotion or had sensory organs.theophrastus, aristotle's student, continued his work in plant taxonomy and classification.much later, linnaeus (1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of scientific classification, but retained the animal and plant kingdoms.from least to most inclusive, these four groupings are:   == evolution ==   === diversity ===  there are about 382,000 accepted species of plants, of which the great majority, some 293,000, produce seeds.the table below shows some species count estimates of different green plant (viridiplantae) divisions.about 85–90% of all plants are flowering plants.several projects are currently attempting to collect records on all plant species in online databases, e.g.the world flora online.plants range in scale from single cells, such as many algae including desmids (from 10 micrometres across) and picozoans (less than 3 micrometres across), to trees such as the conifer sequoia sempervirens (up to 380 feet (120 m) tall ) and the angiosperm eucalyptus regnans (up to 325 feet (99 m) tall ).the naming of plants is governed by the international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants.an algal scum formed on the land 1,200 million years ago, but it was not until the ordovician, around 450 million years ago, that the first land plants appeared, with a level of organisation like that of bryophytes.however, evidence from carbon isotope ratios in precambrian rocks suggests that complex plants developed over 1000 mya.primitive land plants began to diversify in the late silurian, around 420 million years ago.bryophytes, club mosses, ferns then appear in the fossil record.early plant anatomy is preserved in cellular detail in an early devonian fossil assemblage from the rhynie chert.these early plants were preserved by being petrified in chert formed in silica-rich volcanic hot springs.by the end of the devonian, most of the basic features of plants today were present, including roots, leaves and secondary wood in trees such as archaeopteris.
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