Except in the case of a Protected Person or Recreational Athlete, for any violation of Article 2.1, theAthlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered the Athlete’s system.Operational Independence: This means that (1) board members, staff members, commission members, consultants and officials of theAnti-Doping Organization with responsibility for Results Management or its affiliates (e.g., member federation or confederation), aswell as any Person involved in the investigation and pre-adjudication of the matter cannot be appointed as members and/or clerks (tothe extent that such clerk is involved in the deliberation process and/or drafting of any decision) of hearing panels of that Anti-DopingOrganization with responsibility for Results Management and (2) hearing panels shall be in a position to conduct the hearing anddecision-making process without interference from the Anti-Doping Organization or any third party.