....................... 31 4.5 MONiTORiNg PROgRAM  ...................................................... 36ARTICLE 5   TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS ......................................... 36 5.1 PURPOSE  OF teStIng AND  iNVESTigATiONS  ................... 36 5.2 SCOPE  OF teStIng ............................................................... 37 5.3 event teStIng......................................................................39 5.4 TEST DiSTRiBUTiON PLANNiNg ......................................... 40 5.5 teStIng REQUiREMENTS  .................................................... 41 5.6 athlete  WHEREABOUTS  iNFORMATiON ........................... 41 5.7 RETiRED  athleteS RETURNiNg TO CoMPetItIon .......... 42 5.8 iNVESTigATiONS  AND  iNTELLigENCE  gATHERiNg ......... 42ARTICLE 6  ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES ......................................................43 6.1 USE OF ACCREDiTED AND  APPROVED     LABORATORiES ..................................................................... 43 6.2 PURPOSE   OF ANALySiS OF SaMPleS ............................... 44 6.3 RESEARCH  ON SaMPleS ..................................................... 44 6.4 STANDARDS  FOR SaMPle ANALySiS AND  REPORTiNg ...44 6.5 FURTHER  ANALySiS OF SaMPleS ...................................... 45ARTICLE 7  RESUL TS MANAGEMENT  ................................................... 46 7.1 RESPONSiBiLiTy FOR CONDUCTiNg RESULTS     MANA gEMENT  ...................................................................... 47 7.2 REViEW REgARDiNg adverSe analytICal fIndIngS .....49 7.3  NOTiFiCATiON AFTER  REViEW REgARDiNg  adverSe analytICal fIndIngS ......................................... 50 7.4 REViEW OF atyPICal fIndIngS .......................................... 51 7.5  REViEW OF atyPICal Pa SSPort fIndIngS AND   adverSe Pa SSPort fIndIngS ............................................ 52 7.6 REViEW OF WHEREABOUTS  FAiLURES  .............................. 53 7.7  REViEW OF OTHER  ANTi-DOPiNg RULE ViOLATiONS   NOT COVERED  By ARTiCLES  7.1–7.6  .................................. 53 7.8 iDENTiFiCATiON OF PRiOR ANTi-DOPiNg RULE    ViOLATiONS  ........................................................................... 54 7.9 PRiNCiPLES APPLiCABLE TO ProvISIonal     SuSPenSIonS ....................................................................... 54 7.10 NOTiFiCATiON OF RESULTS  MANA gEMENT  DECiSiONS 56 7.11 RETiREMENT  FROM  SPORT .................................................57ARTICLE 8    RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING AND NOTICE   OF HEARING DECISION ...................................................... 57 8.1 FAiR HEARiNgS .................................................................... 57 8.2 event  HEARiNgS ................................................................. 58 8.3 WAiVER OF HEARiNg ........................................................... 58 8.4 NOTiCE OF DECiSiONS  ......................................................... 58 8.5 SiNgLE HEARiNg BEFORE  CaS .......................................... 59ARTICLE 9 AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION    OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS .................................................. 59ARTICLE 10   SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS ............................................ 60 10.1  dISqualIfICatIon OF RESULTS  iN THE event   DURiNg WHiCH AN ANTi-DOPiNg RULE  ViOLATiON OCCURS ..............................................................60 10.2  InelIgIbIlIty FOR PRESENCE , uSe OR atteMPted  uSe OR PoSSeSSIon OF A ProhIbIted SubStanCe  OR ProhIbIted Method ......................................................60 10.3 InelIgIbIlIty FOR OTHER  ANTi-DOPiNg    RULE ViOLATiONS  ................................................................ 62 10.4  ELiMiNATiON OF THE PERiOD OF InelIgIbIlIty  WHERE  THERE  iS no fault or neglIgenCe ................... 63 1 0.5   R EDUCT i ON OF THE P ER i OD OF Inel I g I b I l I ty BASED   ON no SIgnIfICant fault or neglIgenCe ...................... 64 10.6  ELiMiNATiON, REDUCT iON, OR S USPENS i ON OF  PERiOD OF InelIgIbIlIty OR OTHER  Con S equen C e S  FOR REASONS  OTHER  THAN  fault ................................... 65 10.7  MULTiPLE ViOLATiONS  ........................................................ 70 10.8  dISqualIfICatIon OF RESULTS  iN CoMPetItIonS  SUBSEQUENT  TO SaMPle COLLECTiON OR  COMMiSSiON OF AN ANTi-DOPiNg RULE ViOLATiON ......72 10.9  ALLOCATiON OF CaS COST AWARDS  AND  FORFEiTED PRiZE MONEy ........................................................................ 72 10.10 fInanCIal ConSequenCeS ................................................ 72 10.11 COMMENCEMENT  OF InelIgIbIlIty PERiOD .................... 73 10.12 STATUS  DURiNg InelIgIbIlIty ............................................ 75 10.13 AUTOMATiC PUBLiCATiON OF SANCTiON .......................... 78ARTICLE 11  CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS ................................................ 79 11.1 teStIng OF teaM SPortS ................................................... 79 11.2 ConSequenCeS FOR teaM SPortS ................................... 79 11.3  event  RULiNg BODy MAy ESTABLiSH STRiCTER   ConSequenCeS FOR t ea M S P ort S ................................... 79ARTICLE 12   SANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES .......................... 80ARTICLE 13  APPEALS  ............................................................................ 80 13.1 DECiSiONS  SUBJECT  TO APPEAL  ....................................... 80 13.2  APPEALS  FROM  DECiSiONS  REgARDiNg  ANTi-DOPiNg RULE ViOLATiONS , ConSequenCeS,  ProvISIonal SuSPenSIonS, RECOgNiTiON OF  DECiSiONS  AND  JURiSDiCTiON .......................................... 81 13.3  FAiLURE  TO RENDER  A TiMEL y DECiSiON By AN  antI-doPIng organIzatIon ............................................... 85 13.4 APPEALS RELATiNg TO tueS .............................................. 86 13.5 NOTiFiCATiON OF APPEAL  DECiSiONS  .............................. 86 13.6  APPEALS  FROM  DECiSiONS  UNDER  PART THREE   AND  PART FOUR  OF THE Code  ........................................... 86 13.7  APPEALS  FROM  DECiSiONS  SUSPENDiNg OR  REVOkiNg LABORATORy ACCREDiTATiON ........................ 86ARTICLE 14   CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING  .................................. 87 14.1  iNFORMATiON CONCERNiNg adverSe analytICal  fIndIngS, atyPICal fIndIngS, AND  OTHER   ASSERTED  ANTi-DOPiNg RULE ViOLATiONS  .................... 87 14.2  NOTiCE OF ANTi-DOPiNg RULE ViOLATiON  DECiSiONS  AND  REQUEST  FOR FiLES ............................... 89  14.3 Publ IC dISC lo S ure ................................................................ 89 14.4 STATiSTiCAL REPORTiNg .................................................... 91 14.5 doPIng Control  iNFORMATiON CLEARiNgHOUSE  ........ 91 14.6 DATA PRiVACy ....................................................................... 92ARTICLE 15   APPLICATION AND RECOGNITION OF DECISIONS ............. 93 ARTICLE 16   DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT ...94ARTICLE 17  STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS .................................................. 94PART TWO  EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ARTICLE 18  EDUCATION  ......................................................................... 96 18.1  BASiC PRiNCiPLE AND  PRiMARy gOAL  ............................. 96 18.2 PROgRAMS  AND  ACTiViTiES ............................................... 96 18.3 PROFESSiONAL  CODES  OF CONDUCT  ............................... 97 18.4 COORDiNATiON AND  COOPERATiON .................................. 98ARTICLE 19 RESEARCH ......................................................................... 98 19.1 PURPOSE  AND  AiMS OF ANTi-DOPiNg RESEARCH  ......... 98 19.2 TyPES OF RESEARCH  ........................................................... 98 19.3  COORDiNATiON OF RESEARCH  AND  SHARiNg OF  RESULTS  ................................................................................ 99 19.4 RESEARCH  PRACTiCES ........................................................ 99 19.5  RESEARCH  USiNg ProhIbIted SubStanCeS AND   ProhIbIted MethodS ............................................................ 99  19.6 MiSUSE  OF RESULTS ............................................................99PART THREE  ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ARTICLE 20   ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES  OF SIGNATORIES .................................................................. 102 20.1  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  THE iNTERNATiONAL  OLyMPiC COMMiTTEE ...................102 20.2  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  THE iNTERNATiONAL  PARAL yMPiC COMMiTTEE  ............ 103 20.3  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  iNTERNATiONAL  FEDERATiONS  ....................................... 104 20.4  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF natIonal  olyMPIC  CoMMItteeS AND  NATiONAL  PARAL yMPiC  COMMiTTEES  ...................................................................... 107 20.5  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  natIonal antI-doPIng organIzatIonS .......................... 109 20.6  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  Major event organIzatIonS ............................................ 111 20.7 ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF Wada ....................... 112ARTICLE 21  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES  OF ATHLETES AND OTHER PERSONS ................................. 113 21.1  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF athleteS ................ 113 21.2  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  athlete SuPPort PerSonnel  .......................................... 114 21.3  ROLES  AND  RESPONSiBiLiTiES OF  regIonal antI-doPIng organIzatIonS .......................... 115ARTICLE 22   INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS...................................116PART FOUR   A CCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE,  MODIFICATION AND  INTERPRETATION ARTICLE 23   A CCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION  ........... 120 23.1 ACCEPTANCE  OF THE Code  ................................................ 120 23.2 iMPLEMENTATiON OF THE Code  ...................................... 121 23.3 iMPLEMENTATiON OF ANTi-DOPiNg PROgRAMS  .......... 122 23.4 COMPLiANCE  WiTH THE Code  ............................................ 122 23.5  MONiTORiNg COMPLiANCE  WiTH THE Code   AND  uneSCo ConventIon .................................................. 123 23.6  ADDiTiONAL  ConSequenCeS OF A SIgnatory’ S  NON-COMPLiANCE  WiTH THE Code  ................................. 124 23.7 MODiFiCATiON OF THE Code  ............................................ 125 23.8 WiTHDRAWAL  OF ACCEPTANCE  OF THE Code  ................ 125ARTICLE 24  INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE ......................................... 126 ARTICLE 25  TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS ............................................ 127 25.1  gENERAL  APPLiCATiON OF THE 2015  Code  ..................... 127 25.2  NON-RETROACTiVE EXCEPT  FOR ARTiCLES  10.7.5  AND  17 OR UNLESS  PRiNCiPLE OF “LEX MiTiOR”  APPLiES ............................................................................... 127 25.3  APPLiCATiON TO DECiSiONS  RENDERED  PRiOR  TO THE 2015 Code  ................................................................. 127 25.4  MULTiPLE ViOLATiONS  WHERE  THE FiRST  ViOLATiON OCCURS  PRiOR TO 1 JANUARy 2015  ............. 128 25.5 ADDiTiONAL  Code  AMENDMENTS  ................................... 128APPEND iX 1  DEFINITIONSDEFINITION S ......................................................................................... 130APPEND iX 2   EXAMPLES OF THE APPLIC ATION OF ARTICLE 10 EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 10  ................................ 144World Anti-Doping Code • 201510World Anti-Doping Code • 201511[Comment: The Olympic Charter and the International Convention against Doping in Sport 2005 adopted in Paris on 19 October 2005 (“UNESCO  Convention”), both recognize the  prevention of and the fight against doping in sport as a critical part of the mission of the International Olympic Committee and UNESCO, and also recognize the fundamental role of the Code.