(i) a d eparture from the International Standard for Test ing and Investigations  related to Sample  collection or Sample  handling which could reasonably have caused an anti -doping rule violation based on an Adverse Analytical Finding , in which case the WSF shall hav e the burden to establish that such departure did  not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding ;  (ii) a departure from the International Standard for Results Management  or International Standard  for Testing  and Investigations  related to Adverse Passport Findin gs which could reasonably have caused an anti -doping rule violation, in which case the WSF shall have the burden to establish that such departure did not cause the anti -doping rule violation;  (iii) a departure from the International Standard for Results Ma nagement  related to the requirement to provide no tice to the Athlete  of the B Sample  opening which could reasonably have caused an anti -doping rule violation based on an Adverse Analytical Finding , in which case the WSF shall have the burden to establish that such departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding ; [Comment to Article 3.2.3 (iii): An Anti -Doping Organisation would meet its burden to establish that such departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical F inding by showing that, for example, the B Sample opening and analysis were observed b y an independent witness and no irregularities were observed.]