Published by:World Anti-Doping AgencyStock Exchange Tower800 Place Victoria (Suite 1700)PO Box 120Montreal, QuebecCanada H4Z 1B7URL:  www.wada-ama.orgTel: +1 514 904 9232Fax: +1 514 904 8650E-mail:  code@wada-ama.orgWorld Anti-Doping Code 20211Table of ContentsPURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE  .......................................................... 9THE CODE  ............................................................................................. 9THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM  ........................................... 10INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS  ......................................................... 10TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS  .................................................................. 11MODELS OF BEST PRACTICE AND GUIDELINES  ........................... 12FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE  .....13PART ONE DOPING CONTROLINTRODUCTION  ....................................................................................... 16ARTICLE 1  DEFINITION OF DOPING  ...................................................... 19ARTICLE 2  ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS  ........................................ 192.1 PRESENCE OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE   OR ITS METABOLITES  OR MARKERS  IN AN ATHLETE ’S SAMPLE  ................................................................. 192.2 USE OR ATTEMPTED USE  BY AN ATHLETE  OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE  OR A PROHIBITED METHOD .......... 212.3 EVADING, REFUSING OR FAILING TO SUBMIT TO SAMPLE  COLLECTION BY AN ATHLETE  .................................. 222.4 WHEREABOUTS FAILURES BY AN ATHLETE  ......................... 222.5 TAMPERING  OR ATTEMPTED  TAMPERING  WITH ANY PART OF DOPING CONTROL  BY AN ATHLETE  OR OTHER PERSON .................................................................. 222.6 POSSESSION  OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE  OR A PROHIBITED METHOD  BY AN ATHLETE  OR ATHLETE  SUPPORT PERSON  .................................................... 222.7 TRAFFICKING  OR ATTEMPTED  TRAFFICKING  IN ANY PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE  OR PROHIBITED METHOD  BY AN ATHLETE  OR OTHER PERSON  ...................... 23World Anti-Doping Code 202122.8 ADMINISTRATION  OR ATTEMPTED ADMINISTRATION  BY AN ATHLETE  OR OTHER PERSON  TO ANY ATHLETE  IN-COMPETITION OF ANY PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE  OR PROHIBITED METHOD , OR ADMINISTRATION  OR ATTEMPTED ADMINISTRATION  TO ANY ATHLETE  OUT-OF-COMPETITION  OF ANY PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE  OR ANY PROHIBITED METHOD  THAT IS PROHIBITED OUT-OF-COMPETITION  ...................................... 232.9 COMPLICITY OR ATTEMPTED COMPLICITY BY AN ATHLETE  OR OTHER PERSON  .................................................. 232.10 PROHIBITED ASSOCIATION BY AN ATHLETE  OR OTHER PERSON ........................................................................ 242.11 ACTS BY AN ATHLETE  OR OTHER PERSON TO DISCOURAGE OR RETALIATE AGAINST REPORTING TO AUTHORITIES  ................................................ 25ARTICLE 3  PROOF OF DOPING  ............................................................... 263.1 BURDENS AND STANDARDS OF PROOF  ............................... 263.2 METHODS OF ESTABLISHING FACTS AND PRESUMPTIONS  ...................................................................... 27ARTICLE 4  THE PROHIBITED LIST  .......................................................... 314.1 PUBLICATION AND REVISION OF THE PROHIBITED LIST  .....314.2 PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES  AND PROHIBITED METHODS  IDENTIFIED ON THE PROHIBITED LIST ................. 324.3 CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING SUBSTANCES AND METHODS ON THE PROHIBITED LIST  ..................................... 334.4 THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTIONS (“TUEs”) .............................. 354.5 MONITORING PROGRAM  ......................................................... 40ARTICLE 5  TESTING  AND INVESTIGATIONS  ........................................... 415.1 PURPOSE OF TESTING  AND INVESTIGATIONS  ...................... 415.2 AUTHORITY TO TEST  ................................................................ 415.3 EVENT  TESTING  ........................................................................ 435.4 TESTING  REQUIREMENTS  ....................................................... 445.5 ATHLETE  WHEREABOUTS INFORMATION .............................. 445.6 RETIRED ATHLETES  RETURNING TO COMPETITION  ............. 455.7 INVESTIGATIONS AND INTELLIGENCE GATHERING  ............ 46World Anti-Doping Code 20213ARTICLE 6  ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES  ....................................................... 476.1 USE OF ACCREDITED, APPROVED LABORATORIES AND OTHER LABORATORIES  ...................... 476.2 PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES  AND DATA  ................. 486.3 RESEARCH ON SAMPLES  AND DATA  ..................................... 486.4 STANDARDS FOR SAMPLE  ANALYSIS AND REPORTING  .....496.5 FURTHER ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE  PRIOR TO OR DURING RESULTS MANAGEMENT  ........................................... 496.6 FURTHER ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE  AFTER IT HAS BEEN REPORTED AS NEGATIVE OR HAS OTHERWISE NOT RESULTED IN AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION CHARGE  ...................................................... 496.7 SPLIT OF A OR B SAMPLE  ....................................................... 506.8 WADA’S RIGHT TO TAKE POSSESSION OF SAMPLES  AND DATA  ................................................................ 51ARTICLE 7  RESULTS MANAGEMENT : RESPONSIBILITY, INITIAL REVIEW, NOTICE AND PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS  .............................. 527.1 RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONDUCTING RESULTS MANAGEMENT  .......................................................................... 527.2 REVIEW AND NOTIFICATION REGARDING POTENTIAL ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS  ...................... 567.3 IDENTIFICATION OF PRIOR ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS  .............................................................................. 567.4 PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO PROVISIONAL  SUSPENSIONS  .......................................................................... 567.5 RESULTS MANAGEMENT  DECISIONS  ...................................... 597.6 NOTIFICATION OF RESULTS MANAGEMENT  DECISIONS  ......607.7 RETIREMENT FROM SPORT  ................................................... 61ARTICLE 8  RESULTS MANAGEMENT : RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING AND NOTICE OF HEARING DECISION  ..................................................... 618.1 FAIR HEARINGS  ....................................................................... 618.2 EVENT  HEARINGS  .................................................................... 628.3 WAIVER OF HEARING  .............................................................. 628.4 NOTICE OF DECISIONS  ........................................................... 628.5 SINGLE HEARING BEFORE CAS  ............................................. 62World Anti-Doping Code 20214ARTICLE 9 AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF  INDIVIDUAL RESULTS ............................................................................. 63ARTIC LE 10  SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS  ............................................... 6310.1 DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN THE EVENT  DURING WHICH AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION OCCURS  ................................................................ 6310.2 INELIGIBILITY  FOR PRESENCE, USE  OR ATTEMPTED USE  OR POSSESSION  OF A PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE OR PROHIBITED METHOD  ........... 6410.3 INELIGIBILITY  FOR OTHER ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS  .............................................................................. 6710.4 AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES  WHICH MAY INCREASE THE PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY  ............................. 6910.5 ELIMINATION OF THE PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY  WHERE THERE IS NO FAULT  OR NEGLIGENCE  ...................... 6910.6 REDUCTION OF THE PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY  BASED ON NO  SIGNIFICANT FAULT  OR NEGLIGENCE  ........... 7010.7 ELIMINATION, REDUCTION, OR SUSPENSION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY  OR OTHER CONSEQUENCES  FOR REASONS OTHER THAN FAULT  ......... 7210.8 RESULTS MANAGEMENT  AGREEMENTS  ................................. 7710.9 MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS  ........................................................... 7910.10 DISQUALIFICATION OF RESULTS IN COMPETITIONS  SUBSEQUENT TO SAMPLE  COLLECTION OR COMMISSION OF AN ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION  ............................................. 8210.11  FORFEITED PRIZE MONEY  ...................................................... 8310.12 FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES  ................................................... 8310.13  COMMENCEMENT OF INELIGIBILITY  PERIOD  ....................... 8410.14  STATUS DURING INELIGIBILITY  OR PROVISIONAL SUSPENSION  ............................................................................ 8610.15  AUTOMATIC PUBLICATION OF SANCTION  ............................ 89ARTICLE 11  CONSEQUENCES  TO TEAMS  ............................................... 8911.1 TESTING  OF TEAM SPORTS  ...................................................... 8911.2 CONSEQUENCES  FOR TEAM SPORTS  ...................................... 8911.3 EVENT  RULING BODY OR INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION MAY ESTABLISH STRICTER CONSEQUENCES  FOR TEAM SPORTS  ...................................... 90World Anti-Doping Code 20215ARTICLE 12  SANCTIONS BY SIGNATORIES  AGAINST OTHER SPORTING BODIES  ................................................................................. 90ARTICLE 13  RESULTS MANAGEMENT : APPEALS  .................................... 9113.1 DECISIONS SUBJECT TO APPEAL  .......................................... 9113.2 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS REGARDING ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS, CONSEQUENCES , PROVISIONAL SUSPENSIONS , IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS AND AUTHORITY  ........... 9213.3 FAILURE TO RENDER A TIMELY DECISION BY AN ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATION  .................................................. 9713.4 APPEALS RELATING TO TUE s ................................................. 9713.5 NOTIFICATION OF APPEAL DECISIONS  ................................. 9713.6 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 24.1  ............. 9713.7 APPEALS FROM DECISIONS SUSPENDING OR REVOKING LABORATORY ACCREDITATION  ........................... 98ARTICLE 14  CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING  ................................ 9814.1 INFORMATION CONCERNING ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDINGS,  ATYPICAL FINDINGS ,  AND OTHER ASSERTED ANTI-DOPING  RULE VIOLATIONS  ................................................................... 9814.2 NOTICE OF ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATION OR VIOLATIONS OF INELIGIBILITY  OR PROVISIONAL SUSPENSION  DECISIONS AND REQUEST FOR FILES ......... 10014.3 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE  ............................................................. 10014.4 STATISTICAL REPORTING  ..................................................... 10214.5 DOPING CONTROL  INFORMATION DATABASE AND MONITORING OF COMPLIANCE  ........................................... 10314.6 DATA PRIVACY ..................................................................... 104ARTICLE 15  IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS  .................................. 10515.1 AUTOMATIC BINDING EFFECT OF DECISIONS BY SIGNATORY ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS   ........................ 10515.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF OTHER DECISIONS BY ANTI-DOPING ORGANIZATIONS  .............................................. 10715.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS BY BODY THAT IS NOT A SIGNATORY  .............................................................. 107World Anti-Doping Code 20216ARTICLE 16 DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS  COMPETING IN SPORT .......................................................................... 108ARTICLE 17 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ................................................ 108PART TWO EDUCATION  AND RESEARCHARTICLE 18  EDUCATION  ....................................................................... 11018.1 PRINCIPLES  ............................................................................ 11018.2 EDUCATION PROGRAM AND PLAN BY SIGNATORIES  .......... 110ARTICLE 19  RESEARCH  ....................................................................... 11419.1 PURPOSE AND AIMS OF ANTI-DOPING RESEARCH  .......... 11419.2 TYPES OF RESEARCH  ............................................................ 11419.3 COORDINATION OF RESEARCH AND SHARING OF RESULTS  ........................................................................... 11419.4 RESEARCH PRACTICES  ........................................................ 11419.5 RESEARCH USING PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES  AND PROHIBITED METHODS  ................................................. 11519.6 MISUSE OF RESULTS  ............................................................ 115PART THREE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESARTICLE 20  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES  OF SIGNATORIES  AND WADA  ................................................................. 11820.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE  ............................. 11820.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE ....................... 12020.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERNATIONAL FEDERATIONS  .......................................... 12220.4 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES  AND NATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEES  .................................................. 12620.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING  ORGANIZATIONS  .............................................. 12920.6 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR EVENT ORGANIZATIONS  ......................................................... 13120.7 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF WADA  ......................... 133World Anti-Doping Code 2021720.8 COOPERATION REGARDING THIRD  PARTY REGULATIONS  ............................................................ 135ARTICLE 21  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES  OF ATHLETES  AND OTHER PERSONS  .................................................... 13621.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES ................... 13621.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETE SUPPORT PERSONNEL  ........................................................... 13721.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OTHER PERSONS  SUBJECT TO THE CODE  ....................................... 13821.4 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF REGIONAL  ANTI- DOPING ORGANIZATIONS  ............................................. 138ARTICLE 22  INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS  ................................. 139PART FOUR ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE, MODIFICATION AND INTERPRETATIONARTICLE 23  ACCEPTANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION  ........................... 14423.1 ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE  ................................................. 14423.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE  ......................................... 14523.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-DOPING PROGRAMS  ............. 146ARTICLE 24  MONITORING AND ENFORCING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE  AND UNESCO CONVENTION  ................................................. 14724.1 MONITORING AND ENFORCING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE  ..................................................................... 14724.2 MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE UNESCO CONVENTION  .......................................................................... 157ARTICLE 25  MODIFICATION AND WITHDRAWAL  ................................. 15725.1 MODIFICATION  ....................................................................... 15725.2 WITHDRAWAL OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE CODE  .................. 158ARTICLE 26  INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE  ...................................... 159ARTICLE 27  TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS  ........................................... 15927.1 GENERAL  APPLICATION OF THE 2021 CODE  ....................... 15927.2 NON-RETROACTIVE EXCEPT FOR ARTICLES 10.9.4 AND 17 OR UNLESS PRINCIPLE OF “LEX MITIOR” APPLIES  .......................................................... 160World Anti-Doping Code 2021827.3 APPLICATION TO DECISIONS RENDERED PRIOR TO THE 2021 CODE  ................................................................. 16027.4 MULTIPLE VIOLATIONS WHERE THE FIRST VIOLATION OCCURS PRIOR TO 1 JANUARY 2021  ................ 16127.5 ADDITIONAL CODE  AMENDMENTS  ...................................... 16127.6 CHANGES TO THE PROHIBITED LIST  .................................... 161APPENDIX 1 DEFINITIONS World Anti-Doping Code 20219PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION  OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODEThe purposes of the World Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Program which supports it are:• To protect the Athletes’ fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality for Athletes worldwide, and• To ensure harmonized, coordinated and effective anti-doping programs at the international and national level with regard to the prevention of doping, including: Education — to raise awareness, inform, communicate, to instill values, develop life skills and decision-making capability to prevent intentional and unintentional anti-doping rule violations.Deterrence — to divert potential dopers, through ensuring that robust rules and sanctions are in place and salient for all stakeholders.Detection — an effective Testing and investigations system not only enhances a deterrent effect, but also is effective in protecting clean Athletes and the spirit of sport by catching those committing anti-doping rule violations, while also helping to disrupt anyone engaged in doping behavior.Enforcement — to adjudicate and sanction those found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation.Rule of law — to ensure that all relevant stakeholders have agreed to submit to the Code and the International Standards, and that all measures taken in application of their anti-doping programs respect the Code, the International Standards, and the principles of proportionality and human rights.The CodeThe Code is the fundamental and universal document upon which the World Anti-Doping Program in sport is based.