IWWF Anti Doping Rules 2021   Page 2 of 88 Pages    TABLE OF CONTENTS   INTRODUCTION  ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE  .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE CODE AND IWWF' S ANTI-DOPING RULES  .............................. 4 SCOPE OF THESE ANTI-DOPING RULES  ..................................................................................................... 5 ARTICLE 1  DEFINITION OF DOPING  .................................................................................................................. 6 ARTICLE 2  ANTI -DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS  ..................................................................................................... 6 ARTICLE 3 PROOF OF DOPING  ........................................................................................................................ 11 ARTICLE 4  THE PROHIBITED LIST  .................................................................................................................... 14 ARTICLE 5  TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS  ..................................................................................................... 21 ARTICLE 6  ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES  .................................................................................................................. 25 ARTICLE 7  RESULTS MANAGEMENT  ............................................................................................................... 28 ARTICLE 8  RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING  ............................................................................................................ 33 ARTICLE 9  AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS  ............................................................ 36 ARTICLE 10  SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS  ........................................................................................................ 36 ARTICLE 11  CONSEQUENCES  TO TEAMS  ........................................................................................................... 54 ARTICLE 12  SANCTIONS AND COSTS ASSESSED AGAINST SPORTING BODIES  ................................................... 55 ARTI CLE 13  RESULTS MANAGEMENT: APPEALS  .............................................................................................. 57 ARTICLE 14  CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING  .............................................................................................. 62 ARTICLE 15  IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS  .................................................................................................  68 ARTICLE 16  STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS  ............................................................................................................. 70 ARTICLE 17  EDUCATION  ................................................................................................................................... 70 ARTICLE 18  ADDIT IONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL FEDERATIONS  ..................................... 70 ARTICLE 19  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF IWWF  .................................................................. 71 ARTICLE 20  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETES ............................................................. 72 ARTICLE 21  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ATHLETE  SUPPORT PERSONNEL  ........................... 73 ARTICLE 22  ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OTHER PERSONS  SUBJECT TO THESE ANTI -DOPING RULES  73 ARTICLE 23  INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE  .................................................................................................... 74 ARTICLE 24  FINAL PROVISIONS  ........................................................................................................................ 75 APPENDIX 1  DEFINITIONS  ............................................................................................................................. 78  IWWF Anti -Doping Rules 2021   Page 3 of 88 Pages  INTERNATIONAL WATERSKI & WAKEBOARD FEDERATION ANTI -DOPING RULES   INTRODUCTION   Prefac e At the (then) International Water Ski Federation Congress held on September 18, 2003 in Howey on the Hills, Florida, USA, the International Waterski Federation (now International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation or “IWWF”) accepted to implement the World Anti-Doping Code (the 2004 Code).