description: You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).
  
  \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.
  
  The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  3 5
  4 6
  3 2
  69 696
  123456 654321
  
  
  Output
  
  
  4
  3
  0
  640
  530866
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.
  
  In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.
  
  In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
solution: 
  import java.io.*;
  import java.util.*;
  
  public class C {
  	public static void main(String[] args) {
  		FastScanner in = new FastScanner();
  		int testCase = in.nextInt();
  		while (testCase>0) {
  			testCase--;
  			int n = in.nextInt(), m = in.nextInt() + 1;
  			int ans = 0;
  			for (int k=30;k>=0;k--) {
  				int bit1 = (n >> k & 1);
  				int bit2 = (m >> k & 1);
  //				System.out.printf("First bit is %d and second bit is %d and answer is %d\n", bit1, bit2, ans);
  				if ( bit1 == bit2) {
  					continue;
  				}
  				if (bit1 == 1) {
  					break;
  				} else {
  					ans += 1 << k;
  				}
  			}
  			System.out.println(ans);
  		}
  	}
  	static void sort(int[] a) {
  		ArrayList<Integer> l=new ArrayList<>();
  		for (int i:a) l.add(i);
  		Collections.sort(l);
  		for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) a[i]=l.get(i);
  	}
  	
  	static class FastScanner {
  		BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
  		StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("");
  		String next() {
  			while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
  				try {
  					st=new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
  				} catch (IOException e) {
  					e.printStackTrace();
  				}
  			return st.nextToken();
  		}
  		int nextInt() {
  			return Integer.parseInt(next());
  		}
  		int[] readArray(int n) {
  			int[] a=new int[n];
  			for (int i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=nextInt();
  			return a;
  		}
  		long nextLong() {
  			return Long.parseLong(next());
  		}
  	}
  }