description: You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).
  
  \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.
  
  The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  3 5
  4 6
  3 2
  69 696
  123456 654321
  
  
  Output
  
  
  4
  3
  0
  640
  530866
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.
  
  In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.
  
  In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
solution: import java.util.*;
  import java.io.*;
  
  public class C {
  
  	private static FastScanner fs = new FastScanner();
  
  	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
  		int cases = fs.nextInt();
  		while (cases-- > 0)
  			solve();
  	}
  	static void solve() throws IOException {
  		int n = fs.nextInt();
  		int m = fs.nextInt();
  		int min = m+1;
  		int r = 0;
  		for (int i = 31; i >= 0; i--) {
  			if (getBit(min, i) == 1 && getBit(n,i) == 0) {
  				r = setBit(r, i);
  			} else if (getBit(min, i) == 0 && getBit(n,i) == 1) {
  //				r = setBit(r, i);
  				break;
  			}
  		}
  		System.out.println(r);
  	}
  
  	static int getBit(int n, int position)
  	{
  		return (n >> position) & 1;
  	}
  	static int setBit(int n, int position)
  	{
  		return n | (1 << position);
  	}
  	static int unsetBit(int n, int position)
  	{
  		return n & ~(1 << position);
  	}
  
  	static class FastScanner
  	{
  		//I don't understand how this works lmao
  		private int BS = 1 << 16;
  		private char NC = (char) 0;
  		private byte[] buf = new byte[BS];
  		private int bId = 0, size = 0;
  		private char c = NC;
  		private double cnt = 1;
  		private BufferedInputStream in;
  
  		public FastScanner() {
  			in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
  		}
  
  		public FastScanner(String s) {
  			try {
  				in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(s)), BS);
  			} catch (Exception e) {
  				in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
  			}
  		}
  
  		private char getChar() {
  			while (bId == size) {
  				try {
  					size = in.read(buf);
  				} catch (Exception e) {
  					return NC;
  				}
  				if (size == -1) return NC;
  				bId = 0;
  			}
  			return (char) buf[bId++];
  		}
  
  		public int nextInt() {
  			return (int) nextLong();
  		}
  
  		public int[] nextInts(int N) {
  			int[] res = new int[N];
  			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
  				res[i] = (int) nextLong();
  			}
  			return res;
  		}
  
  		public ArrayList<Integer> nextIntsArrayList(int N) {
  			ArrayList<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>(N);
  			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
  				res.add((int) nextLong());
  			}
  			return res;
  		}
  
  		public long[] nextLongs(int N) {
  			long[] res = new long[N];
  			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
  				res[i] = nextLong();
  			}
  			return res;
  		}
  
  		public long nextLong() {
  			cnt = 1;
  			boolean neg = false;
  			if (c == NC) c = getChar();
  			for (; (c < '0' || c > '9'); c = getChar()) {
  				if (c == '-') neg = true;
  			}
  			long res = 0;
  			for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = getChar()) {
  				res = (res << 3) + (res << 1) + c - '0';
  				cnt *= 10;
  			}
  			return neg ? -res : res;
  		}
  
  		public double nextDouble() {
  			double cur = nextLong();
  			return c != '.' ? cur : cur + nextLong() / cnt;
  		}
  
  		public double[] nextDoubles(int N) {
  			double[] res = new double[N];
  			for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
  				res[i] = nextDouble();
  			}
  			return res;
  		}
  
  		public String next() {
  			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
  			while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
  			while (c > 32) {
  				res.append(c);
  				c = getChar();
  			}
  			return res.toString();
  		}
  
  		public String nextLine() {
  			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
  			while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
  			while (c != '\n') {
  				res.append(c);
  				c = getChar();
  			}
  			return res.toString();
  		}
  
  		public boolean hasNext() {
  			if (c > 32) return true;
  			while (true) {
  				c = getChar();
  				if (c == NC) return false;
  				else if (c > 32) return true;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  }