description: You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).
  
  \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.
  
  The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  3 5
  4 6
  3 2
  69 696
  123456 654321
  
  
  Output
  
  
  4
  3
  0
  640
  530866
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.
  
  In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.
  
  In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
solution: import java.io.*;
  import java.util.*;
  
  public final class Main {
  
      static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
      static FastReader in = new FastReader();
      static Pair[] moves = new Pair[]{new Pair(-1, 0), new Pair(1, 0), new Pair(0, -1), new Pair(0, 1)};
  
      //n^0,n^1,...n^m
      //MEX of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, MEX(0,1,2,4)=3, and MEX(1,2021)=0.
      //find the smallest non-negative integer 𝑘 such that 𝑛⊕𝑘≥𝑚+1.
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          int tt = i();
          int mod = 998244353;
  
          loop:
          while (tt-- > 0) {
              int n = i();
              int m = i();
              m++;
  
              int ans = 0;
              for (int k = 30; k >= 0; k--) {
                  if (n >= m) {
                      break;
                  }
                  if ((n >> k & 1) == (m >> k & 1)) {
                      continue;
                  }
                  if ((m >> k & 1) == 1) {
                      n += 1 << k;
                      ans += 1 << k;
                  }
              }
  
              out.println(ans);
  
          }
          out.flush();
      }
  
      static int[] pre(int[] a) {
          int[] pre = new int[a.length];
          pre[0] = a[0];
          for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) {
              pre[i] = pre[i - 1] + a[i];
          }
          return pre;
      }
  
      static void print(char A[]) {
          for (char c : A) {
              out.print(c);
          }
          out.println();
      }
  
      static void print(boolean A[]) {
          for (boolean c : A) {
              out.print(c + " ");
          }
          out.println();
      }
  
      static void print(int A[]) {
          for (int c : A) {
              out.print(c + " ");
          }
          out.println();
      }
  
      static void print(long A[]) {
          for (long i : A) {
              out.print(i + " ");
          }
          out.println();
      }
  
      static void print(List<Integer> A) {
          for (int a : A) {
              out.print(a + " ");
          }
      }
  
      static void printYes() {
          out.println("YES");
      }
  
      static void printNo() {
          out.println("NO");
      }
  
      static int i() {
          return in.nextInt();
      }
  
      static long l() {
          return in.nextLong();
      }
  
      static String s() {
          return in.nextLine();
      }
  
      static int[][] inputWithIdx(int N) {
          int A[][] = new int[N][2];
          for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
              A[i] = new int[]{i, in.nextInt()};
          }
          return A;
      }
  
      static int[] input(int N) {
          int A[] = new int[N];
          for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
              A[i] = in.nextInt();
          }
          return A;
      }
  
      static long[] inputLong(int N) {
          long A[] = new long[N];
          for (int i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
              A[i] = in.nextLong();
          }
          return A;
      }
  
      static int GCD(int a, int b) {
          if (b == 0) {
              return a;
          } else {
              return GCD(b, a % b);
          }
      }
  
      static long GCD(long a, long b) {
          if (b == 0) {
              return a;
          } else {
              return GCD(b, a % b);
          }
      }
  
      static long LCM(int a, int b) {
          return (long) a / GCD(a, b) * b;
      }
  
      static long LCM(long a, long b) {
          return a / GCD(a, b) * b;
      }
  
      static void shuffleAndSort(int[] arr) {
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
              int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
              int temp = arr[rand];
              arr[rand] = arr[i];
              arr[i] = temp;
          }
          Arrays.sort(arr);
      }
  
      static void shuffleAndSort(int[][] arr, Comparator<? super int[]> comparator) {
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
              int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
              int[] temp = arr[rand];
              arr[rand] = arr[i];
              arr[i] = temp;
          }
          Arrays.sort(arr, comparator);
      }
  
      static void shuffleAndSort(long[] arr) {
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
              int rand = (int) (Math.random() * arr.length);
              long temp = arr[rand];
              arr[rand] = arr[i];
              arr[i] = temp;
          }
          Arrays.sort(arr);
      }
  
      static boolean isPerfectSquare(double number) {
          double sqrt = Math.sqrt(number);
          return ((sqrt - Math.floor(sqrt)) == 0);
      }
  
      static void swap(int A[], int a, int b) {
          int t = A[a];
          A[a] = A[b];
          A[b] = t;
      }
  
      static long pow(long a, long b, int mod) {
          long pow = 1;
          long x = a;
          while (b != 0) {
              if ((b & 1) != 0) {
                  pow = (pow * x) % mod;
              }
              x = (x * x) % mod;
              b /= 2;
          }
          return pow;
      }
  
      static long pow(long a, long b) {
          long pow = 1;
          long x = a;
          while (b != 0) {
              if ((b & 1) != 0) {
                  pow *= x;
              }
              x = x * x;
              b /= 2;
          }
          return pow;
      }
  
      static long modInverse(long x, int mod) {
          return pow(x, mod - 2, mod);
      }
  
      static boolean isPrime(long N) {
          if (N <= 1) {
              return false;
          }
          if (N <= 3) {
              return true;
          }
          if (N % 2 == 0 || N % 3 == 0) {
              return false;
          }
          for (int i = 5; i * i <= N; i = i + 6) {
              if (N % i == 0 || N % (i + 2) == 0) {
                  return false;
              }
          }
          return true;
      }
  
      public static String reverse(String str) {
          if (str == null) {
              return null;
          }
          return new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();
      }
  }
  
  class Pair {
  
      int i, j;
  
      Pair(int i, int j) {
          this.i = i;
          this.j = j;
      }
  }
  
  class FastReader {
  
      BufferedReader br;
      StringTokenizer st;
  
      public FastReader() {
          br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
      }
  
      String next() {
          while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
              try {
                  st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
          return st.nextToken();
      }
  
      int nextInt() {
          return Integer.parseInt(next());
      }
  
      long nextLong() {
          return Long.parseLong(next());
      }
  
      double nextDouble() {
          return Double.parseDouble(next());
      }
  
      String nextLine() {
          String str = "";
          try {
              str = br.readLine();
          } catch (IOException e) {
              e.printStackTrace();
          }
          return str;
      }
  }