description: You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).
  
  \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.
  
  The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  3 5
  4 6
  3 2
  69 696
  123456 654321
  
  
  Output
  
  
  4
  3
  0
  640
  530866
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.
  
  In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.
  
  In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
solution: 
  import java.io.BufferedReader;
  import java.io.File;
  import java.io.FileInputStream;
  import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
  import java.io.FileOutputStream;
  import java.io.InputStreamReader;
  import java.io.PrintWriter;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.BitSet;
  import java.util.Calendar;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.Comparator;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.HashSet;
  import java.util.LinkedList;
  import java.util.PriorityQueue;
  import java.util.SortedSet;
  import java.util.Stack;
  import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  import java.util.TreeMap;
  import java.util.TreeSet;
  
  /**
   * #
   *
   * @author pttrung
   */
  public class C_Round_735_Div2 {
      public static long MOD = 998244353;
      static int[][] dp;
  
      static int cur = 0;
  
      public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
          // PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream(new File(
          // "output.txt")));
          PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
          Scanner in = new Scanner();
          int T = in.nextInt();
          dp = new int[2][32];
          for (int Z = 0; Z < T; Z++) {
              int n = in.nextInt();
              int m = in.nextInt();
              for (int[] a : dp) {
                  Arrays.fill(a, -1);
              }
              if (n > m) {
                  out.println(0);
              } else {
                  out.println(cal(30, 0, n, m));
              }
          }
          out.close();
      }
  
      static int cal(int index, int larger, int n, int m) {
          if (index < 0) {
              if (larger == 1) {
                  return 0;
              }
              return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
          }
          if (dp[larger][index] != -1) {
              return dp[larger][index];
          }
          int bit = (1 << index);
          int a = (n & bit) != 0 ? 1 : 0;
          int b = (m & bit) != 0 ? 1 : 0;
          int result = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
          for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
              if (i < b && larger == 0) {
                  continue;
              }
              int tmp = cal(index - 1, i > b ? 1 : larger, n, m);
              if (tmp != Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
                  tmp += ((a ^ i) << index);
              }
              result = Integer.min(tmp, result);
          }
          return dp[larger][index] = result;
      }
  
  
      static int abs(int a) {
          return a < 0 ? -a : a;
      }
  
  
      public static int[] KMP(String val) {
          int i = 0;
          int j = -1;
          int[] result = new int[val.length() + 1];
          result[0] = -1;
          while (i < val.length()) {
              while (j >= 0 && val.charAt(j) != val.charAt(i)) {
                  j = result[j];
              }
              j++;
              i++;
              result[i] = j;
          }
          return result;
  
      }
  
      public static boolean nextPer(int[] data) {
          int i = data.length - 1;
          while (i > 0 && data[i] < data[i - 1]) {
              i--;
          }
          if (i == 0) {
              return false;
          }
          int j = data.length - 1;
          while (data[j] < data[i - 1]) {
              j--;
          }
          int temp = data[i - 1];
          data[i - 1] = data[j];
          data[j] = temp;
          Arrays.sort(data, i, data.length);
          return true;
      }
  
      public static int digit(long n) {
          int result = 0;
          while (n > 0) {
              n /= 10;
              result++;
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      public static double dist(long a, long b, long x, long y) {
          double val = (b - a) * (b - a) + (x - y) * (x - y);
          val = Math.sqrt(val);
          double other = x * x + a * a;
          other = Math.sqrt(other);
          return val + other;
  
      }
  
      public static class Point {
  
          long x;
          long y;
  
          public Point(long start, long end) {
              this.x = start;
              this.y = end;
          }
  
          public String toString() {
              return x + " " + y;
          }
  
      }
  
      public static class FT {
  
          long[] data;
  
          FT(int n) {
              data = new long[n];
          }
  
          public void update(int index, long value) {
              while (index < data.length) {
                  data[index] += value;
                  index += (index & (-index));
              }
          }
  
          public long get(int index) {
              long result = 0;
              while (index > 0) {
                  result += data[index];
                  index -= (index & (-index));
              }
              return result;
  
          }
      }
  
      public static long gcd(long a, long b) {
          if (b == 0) {
              return a;
          }
          return gcd(b, a % b);
      }
  
      public static long pow(long a, int b) {
          if (b == 0) {
              return 1;
          }
          if (b == 1) {
              return a;
          }
  
          long val = pow(a, b / 2);
          if (b % 2 == 0) {
              return val * val;
          } else {
              return val * (val * a);
  
          }
      }
  
      static class Scanner {
  
          BufferedReader br;
          StringTokenizer st;
  
          public Scanner() throws FileNotFoundException {
              // System.setOut(new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out), true));
              br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
              //br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(new File("input.txt"))));
          }
  
          public String next() {
  
              while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) {
                  try {
                      st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                  } catch (Exception e) {
                      throw new RuntimeException();
                  }
              }
              return st.nextToken();
          }
  
          public long nextLong() {
              return Long.parseLong(next());
          }
  
          public int nextInt() {
              return Integer.parseInt(next());
          }
  
          public double nextDouble() {
              return Double.parseDouble(next());
          }
  
          public String nextLine() {
              st = null;
              try {
                  return br.readLine();
              } catch (Exception e) {
                  throw new RuntimeException();
              }
          }
  
          public boolean endLine() {
              try {
                  String next = br.readLine();
                  while (next != null && next.trim().isEmpty()) {
                      next = br.readLine();
                  }
                  if (next == null) {
                      return true;
                  }
                  st = new StringTokenizer(next);
                  return st.hasMoreTokens();
              } catch (Exception e) {
                  throw new RuntimeException();
              }
          }
      }
  }