description: In a certain video game, the player controls a hero characterized by a single integer value: power. The hero will have to beat monsters that are also characterized by a single integer value: armor.
  
  On the current level, the hero is facing n caves. To pass the level, the hero must enter all the caves in some order, each cave exactly once, and exit every cave safe and sound. When the hero enters cave i, he will have to fight k_i monsters in a row: first a monster with armor a_{i, 1}, then a monster with armor a_{i, 2} and so on, finally, a monster with armor a_{i, k_i}.
  
  The hero can beat a monster if and only if the hero's power is strictly greater than the monster's armor. If the hero can't beat the monster he's fighting, the game ends and the player loses. Note that once the hero enters a cave, he can't exit it before he fights all the monsters in it, strictly in the given order.
  
  Each time the hero beats a monster, the hero's power increases by 1.
  
  Find the smallest possible power the hero must start the level with to be able to enter all the caves in some order and beat all the monsters.
  
  Input
  
  Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^5). Description of the test cases follows.
  
  The first line of each test case contains a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 10^5) — the number of caves.
  
  The i-th of the next n lines contains an integer k_i (1 ≤ k_i ≤ 10^5) — the number of monsters in the i-th cave, followed by k_i integers a_{i, 1}, a_{i, 2}, …, a_{i, k_i} (1 ≤ a_{i, j} ≤ 10^9) — armor levels of the monsters in cave i in order the hero has to fight them.
  
  It is guaranteed that the sum of k_i over all test cases does not exceed 10^5.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case print a single integer — the smallest possible power the hero must start the level with to be able to enter all the caves in some order and beat all the monsters.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  2
  1
  1 42
  2
  3 10 15 8
  2 12 11
  
  
  Output
  
  
  43
  13
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the hero has to beat a single monster with armor 42, it's enough to have power 43 to achieve that.
  
  In the second test case, the hero can pass the level with initial power 13 as follows: 
  
    * enter cave 2: 
      * beat a monster with armor 12, power increases to 14; 
      * beat a monster with armor 11, power increases to 15; 
    * enter cave 1: 
      * beat a monster with armor 10, power increases to 16; 
      * beat a monster with armor 15, power increases to 17; 
      * beat a monster with armor 8, power increases to 18. 
solution: //Utilities
  import java.io.*;
  import java.util.*;
  
  public class C {
  	static int t;
  	static int n;
  	static long[] sz, psa;
  	static ArrayList<Integer>[] k;
  	
  	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
  		t = in.iscan();
  		while (t-- > 0) {
  			run();
  		}
  		out.close();
  	} 
  	
  	static void run() throws IOException {
  		n = in.iscan();
  		sz = new long[n+1]; k = new ArrayList[n+1];
  		ArrayList<Pair> arr = new ArrayList<Pair>();
  		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
  			sz[i] = in.iscan(); k[i] = new ArrayList();
  			for (int j = 0; j < sz[i]; j++) {
  				k[i].add(in.iscan());
  			}
  			long curMinNeed = Long.MAX_VALUE;
  			long l = 0, r = (int)1e9+1, mid;
  			while (l <= r) {
  				mid = (l+r)/2;
  				if (works(i, mid)) {
  					curMinNeed = mid;
  					r = mid-1;
  				}
  				else {
  					l = mid+1;
  				}
  			}
  			arr.add(new Pair(curMinNeed, sz[i]));
  //			out.println("CUR: " + curMinNeed);
  		}
  		Collections.sort(arr);
  		psa = new long[n];
  		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  			psa[i] = arr.get(i).sz;
  			if (i > 0) {
  				psa[i] += psa[i-1];
  			}
  		}
  		long l = 0, r = (int)1e9+1, mid;
  		long res = Long.MAX_VALUE;
  		while (l <= r) {
  			mid = (l+r)/2;
  			boolean flag = true;
  			long tmpStr = mid;
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				if (tmpStr < arr.get(i).need) {
  					flag = false;
  					break;
  				}
  				tmpStr += arr.get(i).sz;
  			}
  			if (flag) {
  				res = mid;
  				r = mid-1;
  			}
  			else {
  				l = mid+1;
  			}
  		}
  		out.println(res);
  	}
  	
  	static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair>{
  		long need, sz;
  		Pair(long need, long sz){
  			this.need = need;
  			this.sz = sz;
  		}
  		public int compareTo(Pair p) {
  			return Long.compare(need, p.need);
  		}
  	}
  	
  	static boolean works(int row, long start) {
  		long cur = start;
  		for (int i = 0; i < sz[row]; i++) {
  			if (cur <= k[row].get(i)) {
  				return false;
  			}
  			cur++;
  		}
  		return true;
  	}
  
  	static INPUT in = new INPUT(System.in);
  	static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
  	private static class INPUT {
  
  		private InputStream stream;
  		private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
  		private int curChar, numChars;
  
  		public INPUT (InputStream stream) {
  			this.stream = stream;
  		}
  
  		public INPUT (String file) throws IOException {
  			this.stream = new FileInputStream (file);
  		}
  
  		public int cscan () throws IOException {
  			if (curChar >= numChars) {
  				curChar = 0;
  				numChars = stream.read (buf);
  			}
  			
  			if (numChars == -1)
  				return numChars;
  
  			return buf[curChar++];
  		}
  
  		public int iscan () throws IOException {
  			int c = cscan (), sgn = 1;
  			
  			while (space (c))
  				c = cscan ();
  
  			if (c == '-') {
  				sgn = -1;
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  
  			int res = 0;
  
  			do {
  				res = (res << 1) + (res << 3);
  				res += c - '0';
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  			while (!space (c));
  
  			return res * sgn;
  		}
  
  		public String sscan () throws IOException {
  			int c = cscan ();
  			
  			while (space (c))
  				c = cscan ();
  
  			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder ();
  
  			do {
  				res.appendCodePoint (c);
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  			while (!space (c));
  
  			return res.toString ();
  		}
  
  		public double dscan () throws IOException {
  			int c = cscan (), sgn = 1;
  			
  			while (space (c))
  				c = cscan ();
  
  			if (c == '-') {
  				sgn = -1;
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  
  			double res = 0;
  
  			while (!space (c) && c != '.') {
  				if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
  					return res * UTILITIES.fast_pow (10, iscan ());
  				
  				res *= 10;
  				res += c - '0';
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  
  			if (c == '.') {
  				c = cscan ();
  				double m = 1;
  
  				while (!space (c)) {
  					if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
  						return res * UTILITIES.fast_pow (10, iscan ());
  
  					m /= 10;
  					res += (c - '0') * m;
  					c = cscan ();
  				}
  			}
  
  			return res * sgn;
  		}
  
  		public long lscan () throws IOException {
  			int c = cscan (), sgn = 1;
  			
  			while (space (c))
  				c = cscan ();
  
  			if (c == '-') {
  				sgn = -1;
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  
  			long res = 0;
  
  			do {
  				res = (res << 1) + (res << 3);
  				res += c - '0';
  				c = cscan ();
  			}
  			while (!space (c));
  
  			return res * sgn;
  		}
  
  		public boolean space (int c) {
  			return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	public static class UTILITIES {
  
  		static final double EPS = 10e-6;
  		
  		public static void sort(int[] a, boolean increasing) {
  			ArrayList<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<Integer>();
  			int n = a.length;
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				arr.add(a[i]);
  			}
  			Collections.sort(arr);
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				if (increasing) {
  					a[i] = arr.get(i);
  				}
  				else {
  					a[i] = arr.get(n-1-i);
  				}
  			}
  		}
  		
  		public static void sort(long[] a, boolean increasing) {
  			ArrayList<Long> arr = new ArrayList<Long>();
  			int n = a.length;
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				arr.add(a[i]);
  			}
  			Collections.sort(arr);
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				if (increasing) {
  					a[i] = arr.get(i);
  				}
  				else {
  					a[i] = arr.get(n-1-i);
  				}
  			}
  		}
  		
  		public static void sort(double[] a, boolean increasing) {
  			ArrayList<Double> arr = new ArrayList<Double>();
  			int n = a.length;
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				arr.add(a[i]);
  			}
  			Collections.sort(arr);
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
  				if (increasing) {
  					a[i] = arr.get(i);
  				}
  				else {
  					a[i] = arr.get(n-1-i);
  				}
  			}
  		}
  
  		public static int lower_bound (int[] arr, int x) {
  			int low = 0, high = arr.length, mid = -1;
  
  			while (low < high) {
  				mid = (low + high) / 2;
  
  				if (arr[mid] >= x)
  					high = mid;
  				else
  					low = mid + 1;
  			}
  
  			return low;
  		}
  
  		public static int upper_bound (int[] arr, int x) {
  			int low = 0, high = arr.length, mid = -1;
  
  			while (low < high) {
  				mid = (low + high) / 2;
  
  				if (arr[mid] > x)
  					high = mid;
  				else
  					low = mid + 1;
  			}
  
  			return low;
  		}
  		
  		public static void updateMap(HashMap<Integer, Integer> map, int key, int v) {
  			if (!map.containsKey(key)) {
  				map.put(key, v);
  			}
  			else {
  				map.put(key, map.get(key) + v);
  			}
  			if (map.get(key) == 0) {
  				map.remove(key);
  			}
  		}
  
  		public static long gcd (long a, long b) {
  			return b == 0 ? a : gcd (b, a % b);
  		}
  
  		public static long lcm (long a, long b) {
  			return a * b / gcd (a, b);
  		}
  
  		public static long fast_pow_mod (long b, long x, int mod) {
  			if (x == 0) return 1;
  			if (x == 1) return b;
  			if (x % 2 == 0) return fast_pow_mod (b * b % mod, x / 2, mod) % mod;
  
  			return b * fast_pow_mod (b * b % mod, x / 2, mod) % mod;
  		}
  
  		public static int fast_pow (int b, int x) {
  			if (x == 0) return 1;
  			if (x == 1) return b;
  			if (x % 2 == 0) return fast_pow (b * b, x / 2);
  
  			return b * fast_pow (b * b, x / 2);
  		}
  
  		public static long choose (long n, long k) {
  			k = Math.min (k, n - k);
  			long val = 1;
  
  			for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
  				val = val * (n - i) / (i + 1);
  
  			return val;
  		}
  
  		public static long permute (int n, int k) {
  			if (n < k) return 0;
  			long val = 1;
  
  			for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
  				val = (val * (n - i));
  
  			return val;
  		}
  		
  		// start of permutation and lower/upper bound template
  		public static void nextPermutation(int[] nums) {
  		    //find first decreasing digit
  		    int mark = -1;
  		    for (int i = nums.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
  		        if (nums[i] > nums[i - 1]) {
  		            mark = i - 1;
  		            break;
  		        }
  		    }
  		 
  		    if (mark == -1) {
  		        reverse(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
  		        return;
  		    }
  		 
  		    int idx = nums.length-1;
  		    for (int i = nums.length-1; i >= mark+1; i--) {
  		        if (nums[i] > nums[mark]) {
  		            idx = i;
  		            break;
  		        }
  		    }
  		 
  		    swap(nums, mark, idx);
  		 
  		    reverse(nums, mark + 1, nums.length - 1);
  		}
  		 
  		public static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
  		    int t = nums[i];
  		    nums[i] = nums[j];
  		    nums[j] = t;
  		}
  		 
  		public static void reverse(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
  		    while (i < j) {
  		        swap(nums, i, j);
  		        i++;
  		        j--;
  		    }
  		}
  		
  		static int lower_bound (int[] arr, int hi, int cmp) {
  			int low = 0, high = hi, mid = -1;
  			while (low < high) {
  				mid = (low + high) / 2;
  				if (arr[mid] >= cmp) high = mid;
  				else low = mid + 1;
  			}
  			return low;
  		}
  	 
  		static int upper_bound (int[] arr, int hi, int cmp) {
  			int low = 0, high = hi, mid = -1;
  			while (low < high) {
  				mid = (low + high) / 2;
  				if (arr[mid] > cmp) high = mid;
  				else low = mid + 1;
  			}
  			return low;
  		}
  		// end of permutation and lower/upper bound template
  	}
  }
  