description: You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).
  
  \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.
  
  The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  3 5
  4 6
  3 2
  69 696
  123456 654321
  
  
  Output
  
  
  4
  3
  0
  640
  530866
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.
  
  In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.
  
  In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
solution: import java.util.*;
  import java.io.*;
  
  public class Div735 {
      ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////                                                                                                               /////////
  ////////                                                                                                               /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMM          MMMM         OOOOOO             SSSSSSS      EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMMMM      MMMMMM      OOO      OOO        SSSS   SSS     EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM MMM  MMM MMMM    OOO          OOO    SSSS       SSS   EEEEE          /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM  MMMMMM  MMMM   OOO            OOO   SSSS             EEEEE          /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM          MMMM  OOO              OOO   SSSSSSS         EEEEE          /////////
  ////////   HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH  EEEEEEEEEEE     MMMM          MMMM  OOO              OOO      SSSSSS       EEEEEEEEEEE    /////////
  ////////   HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH  EEEEEEEEEEE     MMMM          MMMM  OOO              OOO         SSSSSSS   EEEEEEEEEEE    /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM          MMMM   OOO            OOO              SSSS  EEEEE          /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEE           MMMM          MMMM    OOO          OOO     SSS       SSSS  EEEEE          /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMM          MMMM      OOO      OOO        SSS    SSSS    EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
  ////////   HHHH        HHHH  EEEEEEEEEEEEE   MMMM          MMMM         OOOOOO             SSSSSSS      EEEEEEEEEEEEE  /////////
  ////////                                                                                                               /////////
  ////////                                                                                                               /////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      static long getbit(int p) {
          return 1l << p;
      }
  
      public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
          Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
          PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
          int t = sc.nextInt();
          while (t-- > 0) {
              long n = sc.nextLong();
              long m = sc.nextLong();
              long Nval = 0;
              long ans = (long) 1e18;
  
              for (int k = 32; k >= 0; k--) {
                  if ((n & getbit(k)) != 0) {
                      Nval |= getbit(k);
                      continue;
                  }
  
                  long here = 0;
                  for (int j = k - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
                      if ((n & getbit(j)) != 0)
                          here |= getbit(j);
                      else if (Nval + here + getbit(j) - 1 <= m) {
                          here |= getbit(j);
                      }
                  }
                  here ^= (n & here);
                  if ((here ^ n) > m)
                      ans = Math.min(ans, here);
              }
              if (n > m)
                  ans = 0;
              pw.println(ans);
          }
          pw.flush();
      }
  
      static class Scanner {
          StringTokenizer st;
          BufferedReader br;
  
          public Scanner(FileReader r) {
              br = new BufferedReader(r);
          }
  
          public Scanner(InputStream s) {
              br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
          }
  
          public String next() throws IOException {
              while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
                  st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
              return st.nextToken();
          }
  
          public int[] nextIntArr(int n) throws IOException {
              int[] a = new int[n];
              for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                  a[i] = nextInt();
              }
              return a;
          }
  
          public int nextInt() throws IOException {
              return Integer.parseInt(next());
          }
  
          public long nextLong() throws IOException {
              return Long.parseLong(next());
          }
  
          public String nextLine() throws IOException {
              return br.readLine();
          }
  
          public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
              String x = next();
              StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
              double res = 0, f = 1;
              boolean dec = false, neg = false;
              int start = 0;
              if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
                  neg = true;
                  start++;
              }
              for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
                  if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
                      res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
                      sb = new StringBuilder("0");
                      dec = true;
                  } else {
                      sb.append(x.charAt(i));
                      if (dec)
                          f *= 10;
                  }
              res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
              return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
          }
  
          public boolean ready() throws IOException {
              return br.ready();
          }
      }
  
  }