description: You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).
  
  \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.
  
  The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  3 5
  4 6
  3 2
  69 696
  123456 654321
  
  
  Output
  
  
  4
  3
  0
  640
  530866
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.
  
  In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.
  
  In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.
solution: import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.PrintWriter;
  import java.io.BufferedWriter;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStreamReader;
  import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  import java.io.Writer;
  import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
  import java.io.BufferedReader;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  
  /**
   * Built using CHelper plug-in
   * Actual solution is at the top
   */
  public class Main {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          InputStream inputStream = System.in;
          OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
          InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
          OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(outputStream);
          CMikasa solver = new CMikasa();
          int testCount = Integer.parseInt(in.next());
          for (int i = 1; i <= testCount; i++)
              solver.solve(i, in, out);
          out.close();
      }
  
      static class CMikasa {
          public void solve(int testNumber, InputReader in, OutputWriter out) {
              int n = in.nextInt();
              int m = in.nextInt();
              if (m < n) {
                  out.println(0);
                  return;
              }
  
              StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(Integer.toBinaryString(m));
              StringBuilder t = new StringBuilder(Integer.toBinaryString(n));
              int j = s.length() - t.length();
              boolean flag = false;
              int last = -1;
  
              for (int i = 0; i < t.length(); i++) {
                  if (s.charAt(j) == t.charAt(i)) {
                      j++;
                      continue;
                  }
                  if (t.charAt(i) == '1') {
                      last = j;
                      s.setCharAt(j, '1');
                      flag = true;
                  } else {
                      if (flag) {
                          last = j;
                          s.setCharAt(j, '0');
                      }
                  }
                  j++;
              }
  
              if (last == -1) {
                  flag = false;
                  m++;
                  s = new StringBuilder(Integer.toBinaryString(m));
                  t = new StringBuilder(Integer.toBinaryString(n));
                  j = s.length() - t.length();
                  for (int i = 0; i < t.length(); i++) {
                      if (s.charAt(j) == t.charAt(i)) {
                          j++;
                          continue;
                      }
                      if (t.charAt(i) == '1') {
  
                          s.setCharAt(j, '1');
                          flag = true;
                      } else {
                          if (flag) {
  
                              s.setCharAt(j, '0');
                          }
                      }
                      j++;
                  }
              }
              int a = Integer.parseInt(s.toString(), 2);
              a ^= n;
              out.println(a);
          }
  
      }
  
      static class OutputWriter {
          private final PrintWriter writer;
  
          public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) {
              writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream)));
          }
  
          public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
              this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
          }
  
          public void close() {
              writer.close();
          }
  
          public void println(int i) {
              writer.println(i);
          }
  
      }
  
      static class InputReader {
          BufferedReader reader;
          StringTokenizer tokenizer;
  
          public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
              reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream), 32768);
              tokenizer = null;
          }
  
          public String next() {
              while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                  try {
                      tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      throw new RuntimeException(e);
                  }
              }
              return tokenizer.nextToken();
          }
  
          public int nextInt() {
              return Integer.parseInt(next());
          }
  
      }
  }
  
  