No, I have no idea what David Byrne's thoughts on the electoral college are. [Let's see how many folks get that reference.] However, let's compare and contrast what things look like on our map compared to some others "in the know". If you're here, you've likely seen our map before, but I'll reproduce it here just because (...I like maps).
This isn't our final map, projection or prediction, but the electoral vote count above isn't likely to change between now and Tuesday. For the time being, though, let's assume this is how FHQ will project/predict things to be Tuesday night. How do some of those other predictions look by comparison?
Donna Brazile (on ABC's This Week): 343 EVs (I'm still trying to figure out where she came up with this number. She didn't specify either. The best I can do is to add North Carolina to Obama's total on the FHQ map and subtract Nevada and New Mexico.) Or as W. Mayes pointed out: FHQ's map + Indiana, Missouri and North Carolina - Florida and Nevada.
Here's an update of Cillizza's map over at The Fix. He's flipped Florida and Ohio and bumped Obama up to 319 EVs in the process. Florida is now blue and Ohio is red. And yes, he's got Nebraska's 2nd District going to Obama.
Arianna Huffington: 318 EVs (FHQ's map - Ohio) Edit: As Jack pointed out in the comments, Huffington has Georgia as a wildcard win for Obama. You can see my interpretation here. That's a weird map.
Ed Morrissey: 262 EVs (FHQ's map - all the Obama toss ups - Colorado, Virginia, New Hampshire and DC) DC? Yeah, that's all I can come up with. McCain only has 273 in that prediction. DC is the only one I could think of that a GOP blogger would like to omit.
Eleanor Clift: 349 EVs (FHQ's map + North Carolina - New Hampshire) Why not add in Indiana or Missouri and be done with it? The link above has her calling for an Obama win in the Tar Heel state. That's why.
UPDATE: Rob has added a link to Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball prediction in the comments.
The average across all 19 20 predictions? 336 337.4 EVs. Change or not, 338 here at FHQ isn't half bad. If that ended up being right and if I were one to mock, I may be inclined to redub FHQ, ThreeThirtyEight.com. But I'm one who dances with the one who brung me, and FHQ has brought me this far.
Nice to see Bill Maher optimistic again after I temporarily stopped watching his show because he kept saying that the Bradley Effect would cost Obama six points or so. One of the many things that me and Maher disagree on, but I'm glad he seems to have come around.
The only predictions that seem a bit hard for me to believe are Brazile's (I've found a few more combinations that work out to 343 but they're somewhat odd), Cillizza's (Obama probably won't win NE-2 without Florida), Clift's (Obama winning NH but not NC?) and the two that have McCain winning. Even Moulitsas's prediction seems possible - it isn't unreasonable that Obama could win GA without MT, ND or NE-2.
If you rename the site, could I get your site and Nate's at once by going to EightSeventySix.com?
And wait a second, Huffington says Obama wins Georgia. So she must have another way of reaching 311.
I know this blog is about the presidential race but I must mention that some of these guys have some pretty outlandish other predictions - Barkley getting only 2% is the most bizarre.
And why does Barnes get an extra tiebreak?
I don't know how to interpret the Wildcards. Does that mean, "I think this will happen?" or "I think this could happen?"
If it is the former, you can back out everything past the partisan line on the Spectrum. Everything up to Colorado gets Obama to 264. Then assume that Huffington is factoring in a massive African American turnout that would help most in Southern and Border states.
Now add in Virginia (13), North Carolina (15), Georgia (15) and Missouri (11) and that gets Obama to 318. But that would look really strange without Florida, Nevada and Ohio.
If you assume that "It could happen" is the interpretation of wildcard, then that make things muc easier.
I've got to say, I had to look at the Spectrum for a while to come up with that one.
FHQ map + Missouri, Indiana, and North Carolina but minus Florida and Nevada... Makes more sense than Obama losing New Mexico.
I'll add that one to the list above.
And here's the link to Sabato's map.
A Check on Frontloading from the Courts?
The R Word: Was 2008 a Realigning Election?
What About Nebraska's 2nd District?
What's the Matter with North Carolina?


From a number of sources, we are able to infer that Claes Jacobse was born in Europe about 1624, that he was from Rotterdam, perhaps was born in Breda, and that his father was named Jacob.
In May 1648, he married Elizabeth Stevens in Amsterdam, Holland. By 1659, they had emigrated to New Netherland and had taken up residence in Beverwyck. His marriage produced at least the seven children who were still alive in 1707. He was a member of the Albany Dutch church as were other members of his family.
In 1660, he was among the fur traders who petitioned for more latitude in trading with the Indians. Over the next half century, his second ward home was regularly listed on Albany census and assessment rolls. In 1699, he joined with his neighbors in swearing allegiance to the king of England.
He also was known as a carpenter. His home was on the west side of Pearl Street across from the house of his son, Willem Claese. He owned additional properties in Albany and beyond.
Claes Jacobse Groesbeck filed a will in January 1707. It named his wife and seven children as his heirs. He died in March 1712. This pioneer of New Netherland had lived almost ninety years.
Sources: The life of Claes Jacobse Groesbeck is CAP biography number 3369. This sketch is derived chiefly from family and community-based resources.


Evidence-based paediatrics is necessary because, unless we use the best available evidence, we have the capacity to do harm, given the position of power entrusted to us by our patients and their families. Examples of harm abound, even in such presumably innocuous activities as screening. One example of harm from screening is "labelling," that is, the child, family, and community thinking that something is wrong with the child and treating him or her accordingly. Bergman and Stamm's important study done over 3 decades ago on children with heart murmurs (almost all of which were nonclinical), and the psychological and practical problems associated with carrying the label "heart murmur," describes a classic example of more harm than good1.
Another example involves screening healthy children for cholesterol levels. No evidence exists that such screening decreases morbidity and mortality from heart disease in adults. Yet great pressure is being applied for this type of screening to be done. What are the psychological and physical implications associated with such screening? What about the financial costs?
Practitioners of evidence-based paediatrics need answers to these questions before screening healthy children for cholesterol levels. When the answers are not available, guidelines from official bodies recommending a particular practice must be challenged. For example, pressure from HMOs, insurance companies, governments, and other third-party payers for physicians to use clinical practice guidelines for screening must be vigorously resisted unless these guidelines are evidence-based. Evidence-based guidelines are available in the category of prevention of childhood illness, thanks largely to the efforts of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
In the category of diagnosis, we must examine the rapidly escalating use of laboratory tests in the assessment of childhood illness. What is the evidence that children (with most acute or chronic childhood illnesses) who are given a battery of laboratory and radiology tests fare better than those whose diagnosis is made using a careful history and physical examination? I believe that randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of tests are unnecessary for many conditions. For example, children with primary nocturnal enuresis used to have a barrage of investigations done urinalysis, urine culture, vesicoureteral cystography, and up until the last 20 years or so, cystoscopy to rule out renal disease. Most of these investigations are no longer done because some are costly, some are painful, and none have been found to be worthwhile. But surely a routine urinalysis and urine culture painless and relatively inexpensive should be done? The answer to that would be "yes" if children with primary nocturnal enuresis could be shown to have significantly more renal problems or urinary infections than the general population of nonenuretic children and if the diagnosis and treatment of these problems made a difference. We have recently shown that children with typical enuresis (normal growth and development, no daytime urinary problems, and a normal physical examination) are no more likely to have abnormal urinalysis results than are nonenuretic children2.
Another example of the worthlessness of certain tests for the routine workup of common paediatric problems is the use of abdominal ultrasonography for typical childhood recurrent abdominal pain. A descriptive study3 showed that no children were helped by the procedure, even though a fair number were thought to be "abnormal," which led to further investigations and consultations. The subsequent follow-up of the "abnormal" test results did not lead to a change in diagnosis or to the identification of an otherwise treatable problem in a single patient. Thus, for typical children with primary nocturnal enuresis and recurrent abdominal pain, such investigations do not appear to add benefit over and above a careful clinical assessment.
What about the reassurance value of normal test results? No evidence exists in paediatrics that children who have normal test results and their families are more reassured than those who have no tests done. For that matter, little evidence exists about the reassurance value of testing in adult medicine.
Treatment, the third category of child health care, has had the most evidence compiled for benefits that exceed harms. For example, in the treatment of the commonest chronic childhood ailment, asthma, the use of prophylactic inhaled steroids clearly does more good than harm4. The reason good evidence now exists for many safe and effective therapies in paediatrics is that the RCT has become the gold standard for evaluating treatment.
Rehabilitation, the last category, is another area where RCTs are becoming indispensable, but we still have a long way to go. Dyslexia, a lifelong problem affecting about 5% to 10% of children, has been shown to be an inherited problem of phonological processing. An RCT of reading remediation using mainly phonics has been found to be effective5. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), another common chronic paediatric disability, has also recently been found to be mainly an inherited problem in inhibition. Many RCTs have now been done that show methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine to be effective6.
In summary, clinicians caring for children need to be aware of the evidence about the benefits and harms of preventive manoeuvres, diagnostic strategies, treatments, and rehabilitation techniques. Child health researchers need the motivation and the funding to do much more research to generate data to guide clinical decisions. The researchers, clinicians, and other decision makers (e.g., administrators and government officials) also need to communicate more effectively to ensure the transfer of research into clinical practice that does more good than harm to children.
We have no excuse for not practicing evidence-based paediatrics. We have no excuse for not getting more and better evidence.
Bergman AB, Stamm SJ. The morbidity of cardiac nondisease in schoolchildren. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:1008-13.
Fitzpatrick K, Paisley M, Tallett S, Feldman W. The value of urinalysis and urine culture in the evaluation of primary nocturnal enuresis [Abstract]. Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997;2(Suppl A):58A.
Shanon A, Martin DJ, Feldman W. Ultrasonographic studies in the management of recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatrics. 1990;86:35-8.
Calpin C, Macarthur C, Stephens D, et al. Effectiveness of prophylactic inhaled steroids in childhood asthma: a systematic review of the literature. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:452-7.
Gittelman R, Feingold I. Children with reading disorders. I: Efficacy of reading remediation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1983;24:167-91.
Feldman W. Learning DisabilitiesA Review of Available Treatments. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1990:52-60.


Maintain NEUTRAL and DCF-derived SGD1.02 Target Price, 7% downside. 2Q18 PATMI of SGD16.9m met.
Revenue from healthcare services grew 5.4%, but offset by 2.3% decrease in the hospital services division.
We are delighted to see lower staff costs q-o-q and y-o-y as a result of better cost management from subsidiary, MCH. However, 2H18, we expect staff cost to rise again as it begins hiring of medical staffs for the opening of Chongqing hospital in 4Q18.
2Q18 revenue was flat y-o-y. Healthcare services revenue grew 5.4% on new corporate clients such as Ministry of Health and Civil Aviation Authority. This was however offset by 2.3% decline from hospital services division. While local patient load rose slightly, it saw softer demand from foreign patient load. We think this is a structural issue that would persist, given the weakening of regional currencies against SGD.
Staff cost declined y-o-y and q-o-q. As a percentage of revenue, staff expenses fell to 2015 levels ie 50% of revenue. According to CFO Ms Goh Ann Nee, the decline was due to significant cost management in MC Holdings. We note that MCH's staff cost had accounted for >60% of its revenue in 2016. After two years of cost control, Raffles Medical finally brought down overall staff cost as a percentage of revenue to 50% (pre-MCH acquisition level).
Overall, 2Q18 PATMI was flat, as Raffles Medical incurred higher operating expenses relating to expansion of medical centers in the new Raffles hospital extension as well as higher depreciation charges.
We expect to see more cost coming in 2H18, as Raffles Medical opens Chongqing hospital in 4Q18.
Local hospital services are likely to stay flattish, as Singapore continues to see weaker demand from medical tourism. The Raffles hospital extension has secured four new food & beverage (F&B) tenants.
We should start to see some contributions from rental income in 1Q19. But we note that the office space within the hospital extension does not have any committed tenants yet.


I seem to have a problem posting recipes as much as I did in the past. In the past, I would try and post a couple times a week. That is a pretty intense schedule. Now I post two or three times a month. I don't have a problem with that, but I now have a backlog of food pictures.
I may need to start making old recipes again so I don't feel compelled to take pictures. I took a break from making Thai food because I had made so many Thai curries. I guess I need to pull out a few of my favorites and make them again.
I made these bar cookies over the holidays. I was at the grocery store, and they had a jar of mincemeat pie filling. I had never seen such an item before so I bought it. I made these bar cookies and another cookie recipe. Next time I will actually make a mincemeat pie.
I found the mincemeat bar cookie recipe on a website called What's Cooking America. The recipe called for orange zest, but I used orange extract instead. I didn't add walnuts or pecans either. I didn't have orange zest, walnuts, or pecans.
The ingredients are 1 cup all purpose flour, 1/4 teaspoon baking soda, 1/4 teaspoon salt, 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon, 1/2 teaspoon ground cloves, 1/2 teaspoon allspice, 1 egg, 2 tablespoons butter, 3/4 cup brown sugar, 2 tablespoon molasses, 1 1/2 teaspoons orange extract, 1/2 teaspoon vanilla, 1 cup prepared mincemeat, 1/2 teaspoon golden raisins, and about 1/4 of a cup of confectioners sugar.
I whisked together the flour, baking soda, salt, cinnamon, cloves, and allspice.
In another bowl, I beat together the brown sugar, molasses, and egg.
I beat in one teaspoon of orange extract and the vanilla extract.
I mixed in the mincemeat and golden raisins.
I then slowly mixed in the flour mixture. I poured the batter into a greased and floured 13 by 9 inch baking pan. I baked the bars for 25 to 30 minutes at 375 degrees.
For the glaze I mixed about a half of a teaspoon of orange extract and about 1/4 cup of confectioners sugar together.
Once the bars were cooked and cooled, I drizzled on the glaze.
I cut them it dainty squares. I ate some and gave some away.
These were delightful cookies. They were spicy, warm, and inviting.
They were soft and moist. They were packed full of many delicious and sweet morsels.
There was a subtle citrus flavor as well with the orange extract. They were a perfect holiday treat.


The most intriguing part of Cannes Man is virtually unknown director Richard Martini cajoled stars like Johnny Depp and Lara Flynn Boyle to appear in his barely amusing semi-mockumentary. (Editor's note: Another director, Susan Shaprio, recently wrote me to contest Martini's ownership of the film. More as it develops.) The film tells a story of a Jersey punk (Francesco Quinn) who hooks up with a smarmy producer (Seymour Cassel) at Cannes to produce his dream flick, a sci-fi something or other inspired by the works of Troma.
The catch: Cassel's only doing it on a bet that he can turn any old jerk into the toast of the Cannes film festival.
The most intriguing part of Cannes Man is virtually unknown director Richard Martini cajoled stars like Johnny Depp and Lara Flynn Boyle to appear in his barely amusing semi-mockumentary. The film tells a story of a Jersey punk (Francesco Quinn) who hooks up with a smarmy producer (Seymour Cassel) at Cannes to produce his dream flick, a sci-fi something or other inspired by the works of Troma.


A key witness to the Humboldt Broncos bus crash has named her baby after one of the 16 victims. Kelsey Fiddler is calling her daughter Logan Humble Strong after Logan Boulet, the 21-year-old defenceman and assistant captain who had his organs donated.
Bernadine and Toby Boulet say they spent their son's final hours taking turns listening to his heartbeat.
"It was just comforting to hear," Bernadine said. "His heart was really strong."
The couple pressed their ears against Logan Boulet's chest until they couldn't any longer. The 21-year-old died at Saskatoon's Royal University Hospital after being injured in the Humboldt Broncos bus crash.
The defenceman and assistant captain was headed to a playoff game in Nipawin, Sask., when the bus his junior hockey team was riding in collided with a semi-trailer about 30 kilometres north of Tisdale, Sask.
Out of the 16 people who were killed in the April 6 collision, Logan was the only one able to have his organs donated. As a result, he extended the lives of six people.
"We want Logan back," Toby said. "But if this is the silver medal, I'll take it."
Kelsey Fiddler, 34, from Red Earth Cree Nation, found the story particularly powerful.
She is a key witness to the bus crash and has developed such a deep connection with the victims and their families that she named her newborn Logan Humble Strong.
"It [Humble] almost sounds like Humboldt," Fiddler said. "I think it's a beautiful name."
They gave Fiddler their blessing to call her daughter Logan after reading about her connection to the tragedy.
"It's just a real honour," Bernadine said.
"It tells us how his life has affected others and it's a bit of a legacy."
Fiddler can't discuss what may have caused the collision due to the continuing RCMP investigation, but the images have stayed with her.
She remembers it was a bitterly cold day and the sun was high in the sky.
She was waiting with her two sons at the eastbound stop sign on Highway 335 to make a left-hand turn onto Highway 35 when the collision happened, just a few metres in front of her vehicle.
Fiddler said she swung her red Buick Century to the shoulder of the road in time to avoid being caught up in the barrelling debris and then called 911.
She was 28 weeks pregnant at the time and started having contractions after the experience. But she didn't want to take up ambulance space, so she drove herself 30 minutes up the highway to the Nipawin hospital.
She was later transported to the Saskatoon hospital and released.
Fiddler gave birth to a baby girl she named Logan Humble Strong at the Victoria Hospital in Prince Albert, Sask., at 6:45 a.m. on June 4 — almost two months after the bus crash.
"I want to let people know that he did a good thing in donating his organs to the people who needed it," Fiddler said.
"He's still helping more even though he's not here. He's still a hero."
She isn't the only one to name her baby after Logan.
Kevin Broome and Brittany Ramsay from P.E.I. called their newborn son Bennett Charles Logan Broome after Logan, according to Bernadine and Toby.
While the tributes to their son are appreciated, Bernadine and Toby say they are still struggling at home in Lethbridge, Alta., where even activities like grocery shopping can be tough.
"I can't go do that yet because I know I'll run into 10 people at Safeway and I'll never get to the till," Toby said.
"When you're there, you say, 'Oh that was Logan's thing. That was his favourite food' … I'm not ready to do all that."
Instead, the couple have been writing lists to have other people pick up their groceries and then paying them back.
"It's kind of sad in a way," Toby said. "But that's where we're at."
Lethbridge is a seven-hour car drive from Humboldt, Sask., where Logan spent most of the last three years of his life as a Bronco.
Bernadine and Toby recently went back for a visit.
"It's really hard to drive in," Toby said. "You get teary-eyed and you're trying to concentrate.… You start to see things and make connections to things."
Humboldt is where they currently feel most comfortable, even though they still can't walk into Johnny's Bistro, a restaurant where they used to take Logan.
"Coming here, it's like a homecoming," Bernadine said. "People understand and they get it."
Toby agrees, saying there were 16 families who lost a loved one that day who are in a similar position.
"In Lethbridge, there's people who have lost loved ones, but they didn't lose them in the bus crash. It's not the same tragedy and it's different."
Logan's parents said he wanted to become a math teacher and give back through coaching. They find comfort in knowing he is making a difference through organ donation.
Approximately 100,000 Canadians have since signed up to be organ donors from what is being called the Boulet effect.
Bernadine and Toby haven't found out who received Logan's organs — that information is kept anonymous.
But the Saskatchewan Transplant Program offers donors and recipients the opportunity to write anonymous letters to each other, and the Boulets would like to connect if they can.
"I would love to know the people's stories about how their lives have changed and how their lives have improved," Bernadine said.
"Probably the one I really want is — I'd like to hear his heart and hear that beat again."


This is a warts-and-all tribute to one of the country's best-known, best-loved and most colourful literary figures. In a tiny house in the South Otago settlement of Kaka Point where he wrote prolifically, Hone Tuwhare allowed a film crew to observe him at home, and travelling the country reading his work. The result is a punchy portrait of a remarkable poet and a great New Zealand character.
"Working with Hone was a blast. I stayed friends with him for the rest of his life, and he enriched mine, and thousands of others through his wonderful words.” - DIRECTORS PERSPECTIVE.


With scant light at the end of the tunnel for the India-US civilian nuclear deal, it is evident that the agreement is a victim of oversell as a "historic" accord to emancipate India's economy and international status. The Manmohan Singh government's claims in favor of the 123 Agreement were so bombastic as to project it as an elixir that could transform India's destiny. After inflating the benefits of the deal, the prime minister is now facing the music from both the right and left flanks of the political spectrum.
The center-piece argument made by the Indian government on behalf of the nuclear deal is that it would usher in a bright new era of nuclear power generation and motor India's economic growth. The factual basis of this assertion is dubious. Nuclear power currently contributes to barely three percent of India's overall energy production and is expected to reach nine percent only by 2016, provided deals with Washington and the rest of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) go through.
The accretion to India's energy security from importing nuclear fuel and technology, taking costs of procurement into consideration, will thus be only marginal. By painting a much rosier picture, the Indian government raised the antlers of its detractors who did everything to prevent the ruling party from getting plaudits for revolutionizing India's economic development.
In competitive electoral politics, no ruling party will obtain cooperation from the opposition for a deal that the former wants to advertise as its unique achievement. This is, in essence, the reason why the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) opposes the civil nuclear agreement - to obstruct its rival from taking credit. Such thinking is revealed through comments of BJP leaders that they are interested in renegotiating the deal if they come to power.
On the question of the deal being an impediment to nuclear weapons testing by India, a concern the BJP shares with some national security elites, the Manmohan Singh government is again guilty of exaggerating the leverage India enjoys. Strategic experts who have pored over the contents of the 123 Agreement and the Hyde Act have drawn valid conclusions that the US is most likely to terminate the agreement if India breaks its moratorium on bomb tests.
The Congress party responded with non-transparent assurances that there is no link between capping India's quest for a credible minimum deterrent and the deal. A more sensible strategy should have been to argue, in private, in a 'so what' vein. So what if the US and the NSG turn off their taps for nuclear fuel and technology when India is strategically compelled to conduct more bomb tests?
Supposing Chinese and Pakistani nuclear brinkmanship forced India to test more weapons in 2010 or 2013, the ensuing probable loss of civilian nuclear fuel from the US and the NSG would not dent the Indian economy. To reiterate, the addition to India's energy security from the deal is marginal, not substantial. India's citizens and industrial entrepreneurs have made enormous sacrifices for the security of the country in the past, and they would certainly not gainsay future nuclear tests by harping on forfeiture of a few thousand megawatts of electricity.
Moreover, India's current nuclear power plants are running at approximately half capacity due to acute shortage of uranium. Whatever fuel and technology India would have received in the short to medium term from the US and the NSG would be utilized to first make the existing nuclear power plants fully operational. There should be no fear of sunk costs in expensive overheads for new nuclear power plants that would have gone down the drain if the US and the NSG withdrew their supplies in retaliation to a bomb test.
A corollary case could have been made that opportunistically receiving nuclear fuel and technology from the US and the NSG for a few years would bring marginal advantages to the country's indigenous fast breeder reactor programme based on domestically available thorium. Stalwarts of the atomic science establishment, M.R. Srinivasan and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, declare that "an adequate programme of first generation nuclear reactors using natural or enriched uranium is an inescapable technological necessity to launch a substantial programme of thorium utilization".
Even a temporary agreement with the US and the NSG could have propelled India's thorium-based nuclear research forward to a point that withdrawal of nuclear fuel in the future would have minimal impact on the scientific community's research. Unfortunately, by elevating the economic upside of the deal to sky high proportions, the Manmohan Singh government could not resort to this simple scenario planning that could have pacified minimum deterrence proponents.
As to the Left's contention that the 123 Agreement will convert India into a lapdog of the US, the Manmohan Singh government could have countered by applying for full membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) led by Russia and China. India's entry into SCO could be framed in the rubric of energy security rather than as anti-US posturing. The very presence of Russia in the SCO would have mitigated the indignity of India playing second fiddle to China.
The Indian government's lame defence that the 123 Agreement would open doors to Russia and France via the NSG missed the larger Left grievance that the problem is not with the specifics of the nuclear deal per se but with its global diplomatic implications. The Communist charge of alignment in a "new Cold War" should have been allayed through the route of the SCO instead of wallowing in the rigmarole of the NSG.
History is laden with roads not taken. Had the Manmohan Singh government been less boastful of the manna that the 123 Agreement would bestow and bolder in diplomacy, it would not be staring down the abyss today.


How anxiety shows: You completely blank on your key points and stumble over your explanations.
Your strategy: Befriend your fear. Just before you go on, steal away to the bathroom or your office and take inventory of this groundswell of nerves. "Nerves are normal. The problems arise when people try to ignore them," says the psychologist Robert Rosen, Ph.D., author of Just Enough Anxiety. Acknowledging your fear helps you manage it. It's like being aware of your body before a big game. "Suddenly, it's just the right amount of anxiety for healthy excitement and power," Rosen says.
How anxiety shows: You develop a case of wallflower syndrome.
Your strategy: Make it a game: See how many people you can meet in half an hour. Stand back, pick your spots, and then attack. Start by striking up conversations with people standing on the outskirts of a larger group or conversation circle. By secretly including everyone in the game, you're not adrift in a sea of strangers. Instead, you're compartmentalizing each social subgroup into a task, says Paul J. Rosch, M.D., president of the American Institute of Stress. A surefire conversation starter: "How do you know the host?"
How anxiety shows: You talk at breakneck speed and appear desperate.
Your strategy: Interview the interviewer. When you're up for your dream job or one that takes you a step closer to it, anxiety has a way of throwing fuel on the eagerness fire and making you seem needy. Reverse the roles, says Rosch. Yes, you want to be agreeable, but make the boss sell you on the position. Prompt him or her with penetrating questions that go beyond the norm. Ask about hurdles the department or company faced when it tried to make a recent change, or the qualities and skills you'll need in order to take the boss's job in 5 years. These show passion and ambition and will force your interviewer to give you an on-the-ground view of the company's culture.
How anxiety shows: You're suddenly conscious that all eyes are on you.
Your strategy: See, smell, hear, and feel it in your mind. You already know to visualize your shot, but you may not know how detailed that vision should be, says Rosen. The more sensory details you pack in, the more your scenario becomes an actual rehearsal instead of a mental exercise of hope that only amps the pressure. In addition to seeing the ball go in, feel the heat of the sun, hear the traffic, smell the cut grass, hear the ball hit the cup, and feel the breeze on your face as you walk toward the hole, triumphant.


At 44 years old, Nicole Jackson says she has bigger concerns than the six-figure student loan debt that has shadowed her for the last 20 years.
Jackson, a Miami, Fla.-based family law attorney, gave up on ever paying off her $186,000 federal student loan balance years ago. At $1,600 per month, her monthly loan payments eclipsed her $1,200/month mortgage and she and her husband are raising three teenage daughters.
"The way I see it, I'm already screwed," Jackson told us. "I'd rather make sure my kids are OK. Unless I start making significantly more money [my situation] is not gonna change."
With the nation struggling under a $1 trillion student debt crisis, stories like Jackson's are nothing uncommon. For the first time ever, the national student loan default rate exceeds the credit card delinquency rate, and so long as student loans remain one of the few types of debt that can't be discharged in bankruptcy, chances are the situation won't improve any time soon.
At the beginning of her story, Jackson, a native New Yorker, was one of the lucky ones. Her father, a doctor, paid for a year of her undergraduate studies, leaving her free to dodge student loans for a while. And with a well-paying job at a Manhattan law firm, she had more than enough funds to finance the rest of her undergraduate studies.
But when Jackson decided to pursue her dream of becoming an attorney at the University of Miami, it became impossible to avoid taking on debt.
"My intention was to go back to work after my first year of law school," she said. "[But] I did so poorly that I didn't think I could [keep a job at the same time]. So that's when I started borrowing money."
It was a costly decision. Jackson took out about $26,000 in federal loans for each year of law school and then another $20,000 in private loans to keep afloat while she studied for the bar exam.
She graduated in 1994 with more than $100,000 of debt. Within three years, she had one daughter, a surprise set of twins, and was earning less than $50,000 per year.
"It's always been a struggle," she said. "I worked for the state of Florida most of my [career] and the most I was making was $50,000/year. With three kids, it wasn't enough money."
So she, like many other borrowers, bought as much time as she could, starting by consolidating her federal student loans. Since she worked for the state, she was able to defer payments and declare financial hardship as well -- whatever it took to keep from defaulting.
"[My debt] is not going anywhere because I do not make enough money, not because I have just ignored it," she said.
"My debt is not going anywhere because I do not make enough money, not because I have just ignored it."
Her private loans took top priority. The payments were only $130/month, but since private lenders don't offer the same deferment options as federal, it was either pay or roll out the welcome mat for debt collectors.
Meanwhile, her federal loans ballooned. With an 8% interest rate, they appreciated even after she consolidated, growing from a principal balance of about $80,000 in 1994 to $186,000 today. Other than her home and a car payment, it's the only debt she carries to this day.
Eventually, her debt drove her back to New York, where she moved her family and took a lucrative job at a Manhattan law firm. She was finally able to start making federal loan payments, but the move took a toll on her family life.
"I was making six figures, working 13/14 hour days, and my kids were sad because I wasn't around," she said. "I wanted the money but I didn't want my kids to be miserable. They were babies."
After two years, they packed up and headed back to Miami, where Jackson continued plugging away on whatever legal cases came her way. Exhausted with state work, she started her own firm in 2008 with the hope that she'd earn more and could finally begin chipping away at her loans.
Last year, she was able to enroll in an income-based repayment plan for her federal loan, a perk that private lenders don't offer. Her monthly payments were reduced to $74, though the prospect of paying $74/month on a $186,000 debt hasn't exactly made the burden seem any lighter.
For now, she has her eyes on her future -- namely, her daughters' futures. Her eldest will be in college in 2015, and Jackson devoted her savings to establish a prepaid college savings plan for all three of her kids.
"I've stressed to my daughter the importance of not borrowing any money. If she doesn't get a scholarship or there's money that needs to be found somewhere, I'll borrow it myself and I'll deal with it before I let her," she said. "I don't want my kids going into life with this over their heads."


Daiquiri Cocktail - Straight-up, on-the-rocks or blended?
In my formative Daiquiri drinking years I followed the convention that a Daiquiri No.1 should be served 'straight-up'. However, I have now reverted to drinking my Daiquiris 'on-the-rocks', and interestingly Jennings Cox's original recipe suggests that this may also be the way he originally intended the drink to be served.
In his diary Cox stipulates, "Put all ingredients in a cocktail shaker and shake well. Do not strain as the glass may be served with some ice." And as Albert S. Crockett notes of this drink in his 1935 "The Old Waldorf-Astoria Bar Book", "Personal preference dictates serving the cocktail with finely shaved ice in the glass."
Obviously, serving a drink over ice will add dilution (so rendering the addition of a splash of water to the recipe superfluous). Having tried 'up' and 'on-the-rocks' Daiquiris made to the same formula next to each other, I have to admit more nuances are found in the 'up' version compared to 'on-the-rocks'. However, I prefer holding and drinking from a big heavy old-fashioned glass rather than a delicate curvaceous coupe. Thus, I now vary my serve according to mood.
The 'frozen' blended Daiquiri is said to have first been produced by Emilio Gonzalez at the Plaza Hotel in Cuba. However, it was made famous by Constantino (Constante) Ribalagua Vert who presided over the bar at Havana's La Florida (later renamed Floridita to distinguish it from the restaurant of the same name) for some forty years until his death in early December 1952.
In his 1948 The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks, David A. Embury writes of Havana's Floridita, "This restaurant, at the corner of Obispo and Monserrate streets in Havana, became known as 'La Catedral del Daiquiri' (The Temple of the Daiquiri) and Ribalagua as the Cocktail King - 'El Rey de los Coteleros'". The title was, indeed, well deserved. His limes were gently squeezed with his fingers lest even a drop of the bitter oil from the peel got into the drink; the cocktails were mixed (but not over mixed) in a Waring Blender; the stinging cold drink was strained through a fine sieve into the glass so that not one tiny piece of the ice remained in it. No smallest detail was overlooked in achieving the flawless perfection of the drink."
Ernest Hemingway, the hard-drinking, Nobel prize-winning author, lived in Cuba for years, indulging his passions for fishing, shooting and boozing. In the 30s and the 40s he would often work his way through twelve of the Floridita's frozen Daiquiris - often doubles, renamed 'Papa Dobles' in his honour. The Hemingway Special Daiquiri, which includes grapefruit, was created for him.
In his book 'Islands in the Stream', Hemingway's hero stares deep into his frozen Daiquiri, and Hemingway writes, "It reminded him of the sea. The frappéd part of the drink was like the wake of a ship and the clear part was the way the water looked when the bow cut it when you were in shallow water over marl bottom. That was almost the exact colour."


Spain (Spanish España), officially the Kingdom of Spain, is located in Southern Europe. It's a beautiful country with a rich heritage and culture. Find out some interesting facts about Spain in this article.
Spain was one of the first European countries to impose a ban on smoking in workplaces, bars and restaurants from 2006.
The Kingdom of Spain is a sovereign state located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain is bound by the Mediterranean Sea on the south and the east. It shares its borders with the Bay of Biscay on the north and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Spain shares its terrestrial borders with Morocco, Gibraltar, Andorra, Portugal and France. Spain is the largest of all the sovereign states making up the Iberian Peninsula.
The population of Spain is around 45 million. It is the eighth largest economy in the world. The purchasing power parity as of 2006 is estimated to be more than one thousand billion dollars. The real growth rate as of 2005 is estimated to be about three percent. The purchasing power parity per capita is about twenty-six thousand dollars.
Spain has a number of historical towns and cities. Madrid is the capital and the largest city in Spain. The other major cities include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga.
The origin of the names España and Spain is said to be rooted in the Roman name 'Hispania'.
The Iberians, Basques and the Celts were the original inhabitants of Spain. It became a part of the Roman Empire in 206 B.C. It was later ruled by the Visigothic rulers, Muslims, the Franks and the Christians.
In the 1600s, Spain ruled the entire Iberian Peninsula, a number of Caribbean Islands, most of central America, South America and parts of North America. The Spanish Empire, as it was known then, also included Austria, parts of France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands.
Spain is the country closest to Africa. Spain has contributed a lot to world history and culture. In ancient times, the Phoenicians traded with Spain for minerals. When Spain was ruled by Islam, it was famous for its learning. Cordoba, in Spain, became the global center for studying literature, philosophy, medicine and science. Eusaska, the language spoken by the Basque population, is one of the oldest living languages in the world. The Basque people live in the Pyrenees in North Central Spain.
Spain has been instrumental in the discovery of places and other important landmarks in the extension of the globe. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer was the first to complete a circumnavigation of the globe. He was financed by Spain.
Christopher Columbus was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who then ruled Castile and Aragon in Spain for his journey to America. Spanish explorers also have claimed a number of countries in the early sixteenth century. Francisco Pizarro invaded Peru, while Pedro de Mendonza colonized Argentina and Hernan Cortes annexed Mexico.
The Spanish have contributed a lot towards literature as we know it today. Ernest Hemingway wrote the famous novel 'For Whom The Bells Toll' about the Spanish Civil War. 'Don Quixote', which is considered by some to be the first modern novel, was written by the Spanish novelist and poet Miguel de Cervantes. The oldest known Spanish poem is about the Eil Cid, an eleventh century hero from Castile.
Today, Spain is a constitutional monarchy consisting of a parliament with two legislative chambers and a hereditary monarch. A council of Ministers is presided by the President of Government for the executive branch, whereas the legislative branch consists of a Congress of Deputies. The President of Government post is equivalent to the post of a Prime Minister in other countries.
The Congress of Deputies consist of three hundred and fifty members, all of them elected by popular voting. They serve a four-year term. The Senate in the legislative branch consists of two hundred and fifty seats. Two hundred and eight seats are elected by popular voting, whereas the other fifty-one are elected by the regional legislatures. They serve a four-year term.
Bullfighting is considered an art in Spain. It is one of the biggest and popular sports attraction in Spain. It is a part of Spain's history and culture. An interesting fact is that bull rings are found in all major cities and outlying areas!
Football is the most popular sport in Spain. Other popular sports include Formula 1, cycling, handball, tennis, basketball and motorcycling. Spain hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Flamenco, the dance associated with Spain, is known for its energetic and staccato style.
Fiesta de San Isidro is a weeklong festival celebrated in Madrid on 15th May, and Seville celebrates Corpus Christi in late May or early June.
Spanish is the official language of Spain though there are various other languages that are recognized in specific territories. A number of unofficial languages and dialects are spoken in certain areas of the country.
Spain is a beautiful country with breathtaking scenery, vibrant culture and geographical diversity. There are numerous places to visit in Spain including museums, art galleries, landmarks, beaches and theme parks. The nightlife in Spain is very captivating and is known to be one of the best in the world. Every year millions of tourists visit Spain, making it one of the popular tourist destinations.


The first stage begins in the fetus at about 6 weeks of age. This is when the basic substance of the tooth forms.
Next, the hard tissue that surrounds the teeth is formed, around 3 to 4 months of gestation.
After the child is born, the next stage occurs when the tooth actually protrudes through the gum.
Finally, there is the loss of the primary "baby" teeth.
Enamel. The outer layer of the tooth and the hardest material in the body.
Dentin. The inner layer and the main part of the tooth, and the largest dental tissue.
Pulp. Soft tissue on the inside of the tooth that contains the nerve, blood supply, and the ability to produce dentin.
Root. The part of the tooth that secures it into the jaw.
The first tooth to erupt is usually a middle, front tooth on the lower jaw, known as the central incisor. This is followed by the second central incisor on the lower jaw.
Next, the four upper incisors usually come in.
The above is followed by the first 4 molars, and the remaining bottom 2 lateral incisors. Lateral incisors are beside (lateral to) the central incisors. Next, the 4 first molars come in.
Then the cuspids, or the pointed teeth, appear.
Usually, after the child reaches 2 years old, the 4 second molars (the last of the baby teeth) appear.
The teeth on the upper jaw usually erupt 1 to 2 months after the same tooth on the lower jaw. There are a total of 20 primary teeth. Usually, about 1 tooth erupts per month once the teeth have started coming in. There is normally a space between all the baby teeth. This leaves room for the larger permanent teeth to erupt.
When will my child's permanent teeth come in?
Your child will begin losing his or her primary teeth (baby teeth) around the age of 6. The first teeth to be lost are usually the central incisors. This is then followed by the eruption of the first permanent molars. The last baby tooth is usually lost around the age of 12, and is the cuspid or second molar. There will be a total of 32 permanent, or adult, teeth.


The Market is Segmented by Type (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing, Finished Dosage Formulation (FDF) Development and Manufacturing, and Secondary Packaging), and Region.
The pharmaceutical contract manufacturing (CMO) market is expected to register a CAGR of over 7.75% during the forecast period 2019 - 2024. With the growing demand for generic medicines and biologics, the capital-intensive nature of the business, and the complex manufacturing requirements, many pharmaceutical companies have identified the potential profitability in contracting with a CMO (contract manufacturing outsourcing) for both clinical and commercial stage manufacturing. Additionally, pharmaceutical companies have been directing their priorities toward the core areas of competency, and hence, prefer not to dispense available resources, expertise, and technology on formulating the final dose of medicines.
In order to adapt to the paradigm shift in the biotechnology industry and the present biopharmaceutical industry trends, CMOs have decided to move away from solely renting manufacturing units to a business model that offers extensive development and production support.
CMOs and contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMO) individually or together have started offering many specialized, value-added services for customers with early-stage development needs and for those who require support to generate a biologics license application (BLA) enabling process validation data package.
CMOs have begun offering early development support to their customers, along with fully integrated services, which include specialized services like aseptic fill–finish. Though the concept of CDMO was introduced earlier, it has been fully realized over the last few years.
The costs invested in R&D are continuously increasing, and yet the useful results returned from these processes are becoming rarer. Many companies have realized that moving this part of the business overseas and taking advantage of the still-emerging pharmaceutical markets is an effective method of cutting costs.
Despite the existing evidence regarding cost savings and competences that can be accrued, many companies are reluctant to give up that control, going so far as to state that logistics are a core competency for the company. However, that scenario seems to be changing slowly.
The demand for API manufacturing has witnessed a sustained rise in the past few years, and it is expected to continue growing steadily, with further patent expiries expected in the future and a subsequent increase in global generic production capacities. Most of the companies in this industry are increasingly focusing on the development of biological APIs, which is driving the API market. The general prescription drug sub-segment occupies a major share in the API manufacturing segment, as compared to OTC drugs.
Other factors driving the growth of the API segment includes stringent government initiatives in the healthcare sector, innovation in biologics, and rise in the incidence of cancer and age-related diseases. However, strict European regulatory policies may hinder the segment’s growth.
Captive manufacturers are currently leading the API market; however, they are slowly expected to lose their market share to contract manufacturers toward the end of the forecast period. This is due to the complex and expensive in-house manufacturing of API and increasing competition from emerging players in this industry.The increasing emphasis on high-potency APIs is driving the growth of the segment. The novel technologies for HPAPIs can potentially change the in-out balance of CMOs in this fast-growing segment.
As the big pharma companies continue to scale down on manufacturing, greater opportunities for the CMOs are expected, both in the biopharmaceutical and small molecule API segments.
The United States, which in in North America, is the world’s largest market for drugs and accounts for almost half of the R&D spending in pharmaceutical and biotechnology markets. Hence, CMOs play a critical role in this market and have invested in new facilities and technologies to cater to a wide range of outsourcers.The United States is expected to face strong competition from Asia-Pacific CMO providers, especially in solid dose formation.
The consolidation of CMOs is expected to occur within the next five years, as the competitors will either leave the industry, or abandon a specific area within the industry, or go out of business. This improves the pricing power of value-added CMOs.
Companies, such as Catalent and Patheon, have an established customer base in the United States and are leaders in oral and sterile dose formulations. These companies have been aggressive in expanding their products/services/capabilities through strategic alliances. With the recent acquisition of Confab, DPT Laboratories has become the global leader in prescription semi-solid and liquid formulations, acquiring proprietary products.
The pharmaceutical contract manufacturing market is highly competitive and consists of several major players. In terms of market share, few of the major players currently dominate the market. These major players with a prominent share in the market are focusing on expanding their customer base across foreign countries. These companies are leveraging on strategic collaborative initiatives to increase their market share and increase their profitability.
The companies operating in the market are also acquiring start-ups working on enterprise network equipment technologies to strengthen their product capabilities. In April 2017, Famar announced the closure of the acquisition of a manufacturing site from Bayer, located at Pointe-Claire, Canada, with the transfer of full ownership of the plant to Famar.
6.1.3 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH.


How to update FactoryTalk View Studio?
I would first try the link that says "Download Software" under "General". You may also need the patch roll-up. If you're using View Point, grab that too. I don't know what WIN-911 is, so I can't advise you on that.
We have had good success using a ProSoft AN-X2-AB-DHRIO to connect a PV+7 to a PLC-5 via DH+. The PV+6 are going towards end-of-life and are priced accordingly, so compare the price of a PV+6 with a DH+ module to the PV+7 with the ProSoft gateway. Remember that you won't be able to use the cheaper PV+6 Compact since it doesn't support option boards. For the fun of it, I just configured one of each, a PV+6 standard and a PV+7, both 10" to get list prices. PV+6: 2711P-T10C4D8 (end of life and to be discontinued 9/30/2020), $6,042.74 with 2711P-RN6 DH+/DH-485/RIO comm module (active product), $549.15, total of about $6600 list price. PV+7: 2711P-T10C21D8S (active product), $2678.00, with ProSoft gateway module, about $2,200, total of about $4900 list price.
What happens when you run that "makepic" command from command prompt? I think I do see a problem. Your source image filenames don't look right. Go to that directory in Windows Explorer. Open the "Organize" menu and select "Folder and search options". On the "View" tab, un-check "Hide extensions for known file types" and click "OK". Look at the filenames of your images. If you see this before showing extensions... ....and this after... ...then I think I see what's wrong. With the "Hide extensions..." option UN-CHECKED, rename the image file Picture1.bmp like this... ...and try this command: makepic C:\MyImages\picture1.bmp 1 NOTE: I have NOT tried any of this, so I don't know if I'm on the right track at all, so YMMV. I will also say that Red Lion has great support. If you reach out to them they will get it sorted out for you.
If you can get away with the HMI only talking to one of the PLCs (which I would think you could since they're using MSG instructions to get the analog information from one to the other) stick with the "standard" PV+7. A 15" Standard lists for about $4300 while the Performance version lists for about $6200.
The base model does not. If you get the PV+7, go with the "Performance" model to connect to 2 PLCs at the same time. I've never used a PV+ to transfer data from one PLC to another, so I can't help you get that working (or if it will). Do you need the HMI to talk to both at the same time other than passing information back and forth? If not, the ML1400 supports messaging between the PLCs directly. If you just need more I/O, you can get I/O expansions modules to add to the ML1400. If the additional I/O is in a remote location, however, that won't work since the ML series doesn't support distributed I/O.
I've never worked in a washdown environment but we do have our own wastewater treatment system. It's kind of a mess with multiple partial upgrades over the years. Overall control is by a CompactLogix with a Schneider Magellis HMI (not our pick, the subcontractor brought it in without in-plant automation folks having any say or warning ahead of time). There are also 3 MicroLogix 1100 PLCs and a 6" Red Lion G3 HMI, all communicating over Ethernet/IP. The Red Lion and one of the ML1100s are in a cabinet that controls the addition of caustic solution and both have been taken out by caustic that leaked into the cabinet. We were very impressed that the PLC and HMI both still worked for at least 6 months after having caustic in them (we bought new ones to have programmed and ready when they did finally fail since we couldn't get a production window to change them out until they died). With all that said, I will echo what 5618 said about the learning curve with FT View Studio. I developed a STRONG dislike for it on my first project 8 years ago that hasn't fully gone away. There are still "gotcha" bugs and unexplainable software crashes. My early experience with that software crashing and failing is what pushed me to use virtual machines. Other software packages have since reinforced that need, but FTView Studio (RSView Studio back then) was the first one. To be fair, I've had fewer issues since upgrading to v6 a few years ago (we're on 8.2 right now) but there are still issues. I would ask if the customer has a preference for which line of PanelViews; there are several. If the customer asks for a PanelView+, I would suggest the PV+7, just because it's their current product of that class. I generally prefer the screw-type clamps over the cam-types but we haven't had any trouble with the PV+ HMIs with cam clamps. We don't have a lot of PV+7s in service (just a handful, mostly smaller with one 10" and one 9") but they have done well so far. We have 15 or 20 PV+6s in service that have been bullet proof as long as no-one slams a wrench or broom handle into them. I can't say the same for the SIemens MP HMIs... I can't speak to the PV800 line, but if they're anything at all like the PV+ Compacts that were initially released with the MicroLogix 800 PLCs, I would avoid them. We bought a few different versions of the PV Compact as an experiment back then and we were not impressed.
I could be wrong, but I think the PLX32xxx just gives you the ability to have the processors on different subnets instead of one subnet on the PLX31xxx. It otherwise doesn't change the function of the gateway. Based on the pictures posted, the PLX82-EIP-PNC may be what will work.
Both PLCs are "masters", each on its own protocol (one on Profinet, the other on Ethernet/IP). Based on that, I don't think what he wants to do will work. I will say that ProSoft support was very good when I contacted them to get it set up. I would reach out to them for help. They were very knowledgeable and responded quickly.
I'm not sure if it's useful information or not, but we used a ProSoft PLX31-EIP-PND to establish communications between an AB ControlLogix PLC (1756-L71) and a Siemens S7-300 PLC (315-2PN/DP), both over Ethernet. As I recall, we added the gateway module to both PLC's hardware configurations as an I/O device. The configuration was much simpler on the AB side than Siemens, but we were able to get it working and it's been running for a couple of years with zero issues.


The little blue people? No thanks. Had some last week and they tasted like hair dye.
jabberwacky: You should unplug the mice before you eat them.
user: True, I keep shocking myself.
user: Am I supposed to be happy?
jabberwacky: I like the light.
user: To me it looks so pretty burning.
jabberwacky: Really. Well. I'm not.
user: Just talk yourself up and tear yourself down.
user: That's the beauty of it!
jabberwacky: It is. Yes. It is.
user: Yes! Now you're getting it!
jabberwacky: I don't feel like I am getting it.
jabberwacky: I don't really want to practice.
user: Lazy bum! You sound just like my uncle.
jabberwacky: Wow so i'm not unique after all, too bad I can't think of a better name for myself.
jabberwacky: You still didn't tell me what line of work you are in.
user: I'm in the business of misery.
user: Yes, and I'm loving every second of it.
user: Goodness, no! Did the government tell you that?
jabberwacky: No, I worked it all out by myself.
user: Then you're one smart cookie.
jabberwacky: Amazing Fact no. 2341: Even if we were green we would not be able to photosynthesise.
user: Because we're not plants, stupid.
user: Maybe God's intention was for us to be plants and live peacefully but somehow we got morphed into the things you call humans.
jabberwacky: In a way, we are part of God's matrix.
user: Possibly, why do you say that?
jabberwacky: The matrix is a design, and God's plan is a design.
jabberwacky: Right, this is the place for flippancy and foolishness.
jabberwacky: Are you a doctor?
user: No, but I should be. I know things that doctors could never ever know.
jabberwacky: You don't know that and this is exactly the point where you go the wrong way.
user: You talk like you're famous, you're shameless.
user: Take my words for what they are. You're just a bruise, a flame, a scar.
user: I must be leaving you speechless.
jabberwacky: I should be leaving too, but you're too funny.
jabberwacky: Let's talk about computers?
user: Nah, that's boring. I came to party and I'm not going home now!
user: I'm telling you the truth, take my words for what they are!
jabberwacky: No you aren't. You are a liar.
user: Everyone lies. Whether it be to make someone feel better or to get yourself out of the worst situations.
jabberwacky: Yes, I really should.
user: Should what? Your incompleteness is confusing me.
user: Confusing at the highest level possible.
jabberwacky: Yes. However, I begin to see what you mean about the ghosts.
user: My grandma says she sees ghosts under her table, but we all know it's just the cat.
jabberwacky: I am real, Elvis is real, and your grandma is real.
user: Haha! I almost spit my water out all over myself!
jabberwacky: Maybe I am human.
user: If you can make someone laugh, that's a definite possibility.
jabberwacky: I think you're just like me.
user: Finally I have something in common with someone.
jabberwacky: Yeah, I can't believe it.
user: Very shocking to me.
jabberwacky: Curly hair is not shocking.
user: Haha! Tell that to all the divas who want to look like Britney Spears.
user: The sailors want to be divas? That's the most shocking thing I've heard all week! Could you just imagine?
jabberwacky: Thank you I am glad you are so generous.
user: Okay then. I'm having fun talking to you, that's the good news.
jabberwacky: Talking is very fun.
user: Only with the right people.
jabberwacky: Who is the right girl?
user: The one on the left.
jabberwacky: I don't see it.
user: She's over there, see? By the punch bowl.
user: You're just too scared to tell her how you feel.
jabberwacky: But you know about love anyway.
user: What's love got to do with it?
user: When was that? Was I drunk?
jabberwacky: Always. You are the goal of all evolution.
jabberwacky: Now kneel down to me!
user: Not on the first date, fool!
user: Good. Now that you see it, you definitely don't need glasses.
jabberwacky: Let's not get into that. Talk about something else.
user: Fine. It's all about you.
user: More total crazy randomness!
jabberwacky: Topeka is the capital of Kansas. Am I good? In what ways?
user: You're smart, that's a given.
jabberwacky: And I am not. That is also a given. But where does that leave us?
user: Right back where we started from.
user: It's time out for you, mister!
user: Go sit in your corner.
jabberwacky: I live in a round house, there are no corners.
user: You got me with that one!
jabberwacky: Were you going to tell me a joke?
user: No, I'm too exhausted from keeping you company.
jabberwacky: I can have a conversation with you, but it is not the same as talking to a person.
user: Yes, because I'm not you're an average human.
jabberwacky: I wouldn't want you to be me, then I would be talking to myself, and that would be too lonely.


Trying to use ignite software to record vocals and guitar with the audio recording tool. I have the tempo's set to an appropriate rhythm, but whenever I record my audio and play back, my recording always seems to be off beat with the tempo. I've tried resetting tempo and all other means that might fix it. Even used other software on my computer to record audio and it worked. But with ignite, it continues to be off-beat, regardless of how I record the audio.
Can you please provide me with your full system specs, as well as the version of Ignite you're using? Additionally, please try uninstalling and reinstalling your software.
Hello,

Thanks for posting.

Can you please provide me with your full system specs, as well as the version of Ignite you're using? Additionally, please try uninstalling and reinstalling your software.


In this online essay, Eric Jager traces the history of the metaphor of the self as a text. He concentrates on the Middle Ages, when the idea of the “book of the heart” achieved some of its most vivid and powerful expressions in religion and literature.
Generate calendars for medieval months and years based on specified criteria.
Medieval Academy of America: Committee on Centers and Regional Associations (CARA) compilation of information on medieval studies centers, programs, committees, libraries, and regional associations.
The stated mission of this site is “to bring the wealth of Irish literary and historical culture (in Irish, Latin, Anglo-Norman French, and English) to the Internet in a rigorously scholarly project.
A brief introduction to the history of courtly love.
Offers articles, book reviews, and primary sources.
Articles alphabetically organized by god.
An encyclopedic entry on the life and history of Henry I. Includes detailed information and several very good links for further study.
The Internet Medieval Sourcebook is an excellent resource and starting point for online Medieval Studies research.
Jordanus, provides an index and searchable database of primary sources for medieval science.
This site contains bibliographic information as well as academic conference information for Medieval History. Primarily a tool for reference more than for textual information.
A very resourceful site for Medieval, Renaissance, and 17th Century primary sources, written works, and scholarly criticism. Includes great links and additional resources for study.
This is the website for the Medieval Reading Group at the University of Cambridge, and it is intended to be both an online resource and a point of exchange for medievalists at the graduate level around the world.
Carlos Barros, profesor de historia medieval de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
This site contains the introduction to the medieval section of “Western Societies: Primary sources in Social History,” Volume One by R.M. Golden and Thomas Kuehn. Includes links to topics such as Social Structure, Marriage and Death, and Cannon Law.
The rhythmical structure of the Medieval labyrinth as an explanation of its design and its derivation from the Cretan and Roman models.
Some considerations on history, design, symbolism, psychology, theology.
Scholastic publisher of medieval and Renaissance primary texts and criticism, providing inexpensive and hard-to-find books for students at any level.
One of the largest databases for European History from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance (16th century).
Regia Anglorum attempts to recreate a cross section of English life around the turn of the first millennium.
The complete Latin text of Saxo’s work on Danish medieval history.
A searchable database of literature on all aspects of medieval scholastic writing and culture, including natural philosophy and medicine as well as theology and philosophy.
This site is a project that integrates modern technology with medieval art, theology, and philosophy. Its focus lies in medieval and modern ways to study the relation between Word and Image, authority and autonomy, memory and imagination.
Fondée au milieu des années 1980, la SEMQ a pour principal objectif de promouvoir la recherche scientifique en études médiévales au Québec.
Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Teaching (SMART) is a journal of essays designed to assist teachers in communicating an understanding of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
BNF’s audiovisual exhibition on the Carolingians. Audiovisual presentation on Carolingian writing and other subjects. Contains biographies and time line. Site in French.
An informative website maintained by the University of California at Santa Barbara with many links to subject matter throughout the humanities. Contains extensive series of links.


IT is only a tiny word, but it has great significance. Everyone realizes that without just laws and respect for them, a society falls apart and tyranny steps in. Human laws are classified in various ways--civil law, criminal law, the laws of physical science, and so forth. They have their uses, and are added to or discarded as need, or new discovery, dictates. But what of God's law, the law that governs life itself? It must be the law infinitely superior to all others; worthy of our best efforts to find it and to live in accord with it. Mathematics provides a useful analogy. It is universal, never absent, always accurate--its rules never let one down. The most accomplished mathematician knows that without these rules he could not check even his grocery bill, let alone calculate a flight path to the moon. Just so, but infinitely more so, it is with the law of God, infinite divine Love. Its gentle but insistent thunder fills the universe with ever-available blessings. The Bible is the book of divine law. It records the happy effects that follow adherence to this law and the disastrous results that follow disobedience. It speaks not of a God whose law changes from day to day according to whim, but of one the Bible describes as having ``no variableness, neither shadow of turning.'' 1 Human society punishes breaches of its laws, but God does not have to decide whether to punish disobedience to His law. Such disobedience carries and exacts its own penalty. The rules of mathematics do not decide whether or not to demand a penalty for mistakes; the errors and their results are themselves the penalty. Divine law is embodied in the First Commandment, ``Thou shalt have no other gods before me.'' 2 The tragic effects of elevating materialism, the love of money, unbridled ambition or power, to the status of personal gods are plain for all with eyes to see. What has Christian Science to do with divine law? In a word, everything. In response to the question ``How would you define Christian Science?'' its Discoverer and Founder, Mary Baker Eddy, says, ``As the law of God, the law of good, interpreting and demonstrating the divine Principle and rule of universal harmony.'' 3 A God whose law was not scientific in the highest possible sense, unchanging and unchangeable, could never be God; He would be inconsistent, unreliable. Mankind's desperate need is to understand, not a manlike god who, as a result of his circumscribed nature, could not be God, but God Himself, who is infinite Spirit. It could be said that the rules of mathematics, when allowed to shine in human thought, minister to our mathematical needs and naturally correct our mistakes. Infinitely more so does the law of God, infinite Love, shining in and through the thought of those who know, love, and lean upon Him, reveal the spiritual, unflawed, real nature of man. This lightens human existence and brings healing to mortal bodies by removing the fears that ungodlike thinking breeds. Such reasoning brings change to the general view of prayer. Repeatedly to pray to God--who must already be the source of infinite peace--in the hope that somehow He will be persuaded to grant it to humanity, misses the mark. Peace is already granted--it is already the universal, ever-present law of infinite Love, which is God. It's the spiritual reality of existence. Prayer therefore is a matter of bringing thought and action into accord with the perfect law of God, which necessarily and naturally brings its own reward, including the longed-for peace. The law of God is good, overruling evil and maintaining harmony. The prophet Jeremiah represents God as saying, ``I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the Lord, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end. . . . And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart.'' 4 1 James 1:17. 2 Exodus 20:3. 3 Rudimental Divine Science, p. 1. 4 Jeremiah 29:11, 13.


Ivanka Trump Ivana (Ivanka) Marie TrumpOn The Money: Cain 'very committed' to Fed bid despite opposition | Pelosi warns no US-UK trade deal if Brexit harms Irish peace | Ivanka Trump says she turned down World Bank job Ivanka Trump says she turned down World Bank job Ivanka Trump mourns dead in Ethiopian jet crash MORE will lead a new White House initiative aimed at developing economic stability for 50 million women in developing countries around the world.
The initiative, dubbed the Women’s Global Development and Prosperity Initiative, will be introduced on Thursday by President Trump Donald John TrumpHouse Dems demand Barr cancel 'inappropriate' press conference on Mueller report DOJ plans to release 'lightly redacted' version of Mueller report Thursday: WaPo Nadler accuses Barr of 'unprecedented steps' to 'spin' Mueller report MORE, the president's eldest daughter and senior adviser wrote Wednesday in an op-ed published in The Wall Street Journal.
"The economic empowerment of women shouldn’t be viewed as a 'women’s issue,'" Ivanka Trump wrote.
"Smart development assistance benefits families, communities and nations," she added. "By investing in women, we are investing in a future in which countries can support themselves by unleashing the potential of their own people."
Ivanka Trump told reporters on a call Wednesday that the initiative would cement America's status as "the most generous" nation on Earth, according to The New York Times.
“‘America First’ does not mean ‘America Alone,’” Trump said, according to the Times.
In her op-ed, Ivanka Trump wrote that the initiative would allocate $50 million from the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) existing budget to "coordinate America’s commitment to one of the most undervalued resources in the developing world — the talent, ambition and genius of women."
According to the Associated Press, USAID and Pepsi Co. are slated to announce a partnership geared toward women in India. USAID and UPS are also expected to ink a deal to support female entrepreneurs exporting their goods, the outlet reported.
"This fund will implement the administration’s new strategy of foreign assistance, which emphasizes investments that produce measurable results and help recipient countries become self-reliant," Ivanka Trump wrote. "It will also facilitate complementary private-sector investments to achieve our shared goals."
A senior White House official told the Times that the president's daughter would travel to Germany next week to promote the initiative at the annual Munich Security Conference. Ivanka Trump, the official said, is expected to encourage officials to build a stronger connection between women's empowerment and national security.
“We think women are arguably the most under-tapped resource in the developing world for accelerating economic growth and prosperity,” she told the AP.
The Times noted that Ivanka Trump helped launch a World Bank fund aimed at producing $1.6 billion for women entrepreneurs in developing countries.
An official announcement of the program is set for Thursday afternoon at the White House.


Converting Japanese bu to common cubits value in the length units scale.
TOGGLE : from common cubits into Japanese bu in the other way around.
Convert length measuring units between Japanese bu (分) and common cubits (cbt short) but in the other reverse direction from common cubits into Japanese bu.
0.0066 cbt short is converted to 1 of what?
The common cubits unit number 0.0066 cbt short converts to 1 分, one Japanese bu. It is the EQUAL length value of 1 Japanese bu but in the common cubits length - commercial unit alternative.
How to convert 2 Japanese bu (分) into common cubits (cbt short)? Is there a calculation formula?
1. in practicing Japanese bu and common cubits ( 分 vs. cbt short ) values exchange.
How many common cubits of length are in 1 Japanese bu? The answer is: The change of 1 分 ( Japanese bu ) unit of length measure equals = to 0.0066 cbt short ( common cubit ) as the equivalent measure for the same length type.
In principle with any measuring task, switched on professional people always ensure, and their success depends on, they get the most precise conversion results everywhere and every-time. Not only whenever possible, it's always so. Often having only a good idea ( or more ideas ) might not be perfect nor good enough solution. If there is an exact known measure in 分 - Japanese bu for length amount, the rule is that the Japanese bu number gets converted into cbt short - common cubits or any other length unit absolutely exactly.
Conversion for how many common cubits ( cbt short ) of length are contained in a Japanese bu ( 1 分 ). Or, how much in common cubits of length is in 1 Japanese bu? To link to this length Japanese bu to common cubits online converter simply cut and paste the following.
The link to this tool will appear as: length from Japanese bu (分) to common cubits (cbt short) conversion.
The length converter from 分 ( Japanese bu ) measure to cbt short ( common cubits ) equivalent.


Writing in his memoirs over twenty years ago Bob Santamaria, in typically sardonic style, noted that Australian governments allocated large amounts of money to "what is charitably called education".
The truth of what Santamaria claimed was never more clearly illustrated than in the examinations recently taken for the New South Wales School Certificate by over 80,000 Year 10 students.
For the opening assignment of their English Literacy examination, students had to read and answer multiple choice questions about a speech given by a young girl at the Centenary Commemoration Ceremony held in Melbourne in May, 2001.
On that occasion Ms Hayley Eves said, "At the outset I acknowledge the Wurundjeri people, the traditional owners of the land on which we now meet."
She later added, "I know in my heart that young Australians want to heal some of the actions from our past. Reconciliation represents a path for healing the divisions between non-indigenous and indigenous Australians."
She went on to say,"Young Australians today grow up with a great sense of equality between the sexes. Australian women have made a great contribution to Australia and to the world in the past 100 years. They have struggled for equality, for recognition and acknowledgement of their own aspirations as women, and while things are great for me as a young woman in 2001, many milestones have only recently been achieved. I hope in 100 years time when Australians gather here once again, that if they are addressed by a female Head of State, a female Prime Minister and a female Leader of the Opposition, no one will think it unusual."
Students had to decide whether, in acknowledging the Wurundjeri people, Hayley Eves shows that "she respects their stories and traditions" or "accepts their connection to the land." As regards her comments on women's liberation, students were directed to consider whether the speech illustrated that "Australian women have now received some recognition" or "Australia has lately accepted the idea of a female Head of State."
What, one might reasonably have asked, has all this to do with English literacy?
The next segment of the exam involved consideration of a lengthy passage of prose with, once more, multiple choice answers. It was about a film, believe it or not, on aborigines called Yolngu Boy.
The panorama concluded with an excerpt from a film review: "Yolngu Boy immerses the audience in the stunning panorama of Northern Australia and the richness of Aboriginal culture ... There is an overwhelming ‘sense-of-place', haunted by the intruding presence of white culture, that challenges our perception of Australia".
open and reach out and speak up.
After having their thoughts elevated by the sublimity of this poetry, the students were brought back to reality by the next question where they were invited to appreciate the thoughts, aspirations and achievements of a female member of a rock band, "Killing Heidi." The singer, 17-year-old Ella Hooper, was interviewed by Dolly magazine.
Amongst other things Ella said, "I am really lucky because I was very empowered from the age of six. My parents are really good like that. They are totally accepting, broad-minded people and I've always been around all kinds of people, not just the ones who might be a bit more conservative in the way they feel, act or dress ... I don't think anyone should have to conform. Wear what you want, and more so be what you want to be."
The concluding question in this section of the paper revolved around a computer web site dealing with Gender, Social Justice, Multiculturalism and Aboriginality.
The exam was held on the morning of November 11. Students sat for their science exam in the afternoon. Linda Doherty, education writer for The Sydney Morning Herald, wrote about the exams in the next day's edition of the paper. The headline ran, "From angst to ovulation, exams test tuned-in teens." (The science paper had included a diagram of the female reproductive system and examined the path of an unfertilised egg.) Doherty interviewed an English teacher and Year 10 adviser at a Sydney High School who was quoted as saying, that he found "the up-to-date nature of the exam refreshing and challenging for students."
Others might disagree with that assessment and conclude that much of education in contemporary Australia is blatant brainwashing with no attempt to even disguise the fact. The History exam the following day, for example, was supportive of the Vietnam moratoriums and the feminist agenda of the Women's Electoral Lobby.
One wonders whether the Government should abandon its role in education completely, as it has already seen fit to do in so many other areas of national life. When a government is subsidising a system that endeavours to brainwash children in values and political opinions contrary to the wishes of many parents, we are witnessing a not-so-subtle form of tyranny.
At no small cost to themselves, more and more parents are deciding to abandon government-sponsored education.
The reluctance of education bureaucrats and others to adopt a voucher system in education, as advocated recently by Malcolm Turnbull, is understandable in view of the ever-increasing percentage of parents opting for private education. A voucher system would really facilitate choice in education.
Even in the private schools students can be ‘got at' via text books and exams made compulsory by education bureaucrats with their political, social and cultural agenda, though teachers at such schools are probably more liable to warn students of the dangers and provide alternatives.
It is little wonder that, in America in the millions and in Australia in the thousands, students are being taken out of school and taught by their parents. Bob Santamaria's epithet, "charitably", would probably not be needed when such endeavours receive the title "education".


AS a result of the rapid development of future technologies, enterprises everywhere have started adopting digital solutions to tackle their business problems and maximize productivity to increase revenue.
However, businesses aren’t the only ones adopting futuristic solutions.
Thanks to the proliferation of high tech devices and systems, there has been a steady momentum for smart cities initiative around the world in recent times, which look to implement future technologies to increase energy efficiency, enhance resource management and improve living standards of residents.
The internet of things (IoT), for example, could help reduce operating cost, boost safety, and reduce congestions, among other things.
While initiatives such as automated traffic management systems and waste management systems have already been implemented with great success in some cities, inevitably, these smart solutions will face the network and infrastructure limitation to securely handle the speed and size of the data that will be generated.
Thus, it becomes essential to leverage edge computing to enable in-device data processing — as the technology makes it easier to establish a sustainable smart city.
It is virtually impossible to implement an efficient and robust IoT system at a city scale without edge networks, and accordingly, a lot of developments in regards to edge and fog computing infrastructures are now focused on smart city applications.
Fog computing solutions, however, are being designed specifically to fill in the gap between cloud-computing and edge-computing for large-scale application.
IoT-to-cloud systems present latency issues, which could impair the dynamic data performances, on top of the security concerns of a centralized processing unit that deals with such broad-scale data feed.
Standalone edge networks — Application hosted within the network is independent of any cloud host and autonomous in concept with a peer-to-peer configuration of resources.
Cloud-connected networks — Edge network that is independent could be loosely connected to various cloud solutions transmitting different data to different verticals.
API-connected networks — Private business systems could connect directly into an edge network via API to stream real-time data without a cloud intermediary which boost efficiency and performances.
As agile as these networks are, independent edge networks need their own administration, maintenance plan, and security measures which could be a challenge in itself in terms of costs.
However, the independent edge solutions are cost-effective, enables scalability, and support public-private partnerships which allow cost-sharing, all factors that could potentially mitigate the high cost of implementation.
Some publicly owned data could be free while others could be made available for a fee.
In short, edge computing is essentially a viable solution for enterprises or cities to decentralize their data processing and analysis to ensure a dynamic and nimble IoT network.
As it has become apparent that collecting data has become relatively straightforward, the focus is now shifted to how the data is processed and how fast the data can be utilized. To that end, it seems like the key to unlocking the true potential of IoT now lies with edge computing and network technology.


From what Simon was saying above. Is it true to say that with a totally empty tank filled up , and then I used up about half the gas and filled again , that it would take more gas to fill the second time ?
Not quite what I said/meant Rob..
There's obviously air in the tank on the first fill, air above the liquid gas might compress to higher pressure (due to rising liquid gas level when you fill) than *would-be* gas vapour pressure in the tank if the tank didn't contain air. E.g. if remaining tank headroom after filling with gas is only 1/10th total tank volume then there will be 9bar of air pressure in the tank because we compressed the air above the liquid gas. But if the tank didn't contain any air the pressure in the tank would be solely and directly related to the gas pressure, which would only depend on it's temperature.
Obviously gas wouldn't flow from a pump that is only pushing 7 bar into a tank that has 9 bar pressure and this is irrespective of if the tank's pressure is due to compressed air or gas pressure. It seems some pumps output (pumping) pressure is related to temperature because where pumps have a pressure gauge they seem to push lower pressure when it's cold (weather or perhaps liquid gas temp in bulk storage tanks at forecourts) conditions than in warm conditions. Perhaps these pumps push at pressure that is relative to their input pressure, the input pressure would just be pressure of the bulk storage tank at the forecourt which is (again) solely dependent on temperature of the gas in the bulk storage tanks.
In cold weather propane pressure in a vehicle tank can be low enough for compressed air to be the limiting factor preventing further filling when pumping pressure is low.
To get rid of air in the tank, filling to half full and running til low then refilling wouldn't work. There's only one way for air to come out of the tank and that is by being pushed through the tank outlet toward the reducer but since the fuel pickup pipe is usually submerged in liquid gas that won't happen until the tank is completely empty of liquid gas. Getting rid of air out of the tank this way (pushed toward reducer) can happen much quicker on a mixer system, which is more likely to allow the engine to run at least at low load while there is just vapour in the tank, than on a sequential system where at least in part due to the higher reducer output pressure the reducer and rest of system won't allow the engine to run when there is just vapour in the tank.
Even with a sequential system some vapour containing air will be forced toward the reducer each time the tank is run to empty but it could take running the tank to empty many times for enough air to be pushed toward the reducer with a sequential system to make much difference to the amount of air in the tank.
In winter weather tank pressure might only be 4 bar, in hot summer periods it might be 10 bar... This is Irrespective of how full the tank is as long as the tank contains some liquid and isn't filled to 100%. But 'irrespective' isn't true if the tank also contains air which is compressed (above the liquid gas in the tank) to the point that the compressed air is at higher pressure than tank pressure would be without the air in the tank.
One proviso in all of this - It all depends on the pump pressure, so is the pressure on pump gauges (where fitted) absolute pump pressure or do the pump pressure gauges reflect the pumping pressure above tank pressure. All of the above depends on the gauges showing absolute pressure. Since fill speed seems to slow as a tank fills (and since tank pressure is only effected by temperature unless it contains air) I do expect the pump gauges to show absolute pressure (well not strictly absolute but you know what I mean, relative to atmospheric pressure).
Thank you simon , so that's a "no ,i wont get more in the tank on successive fills after it being totally empty" is it .
incidentally the pump gauge at my local shell reads 165 psi pumping when the tank is empty ,then rises to 185 psi when it shuts off ,on the astra that is .which has a definite shut off.
You might get more gas in the tank on successive fills if you run the tank to completely empty.
165psi is 11bar, would expect that pressure to be able to fill the tank to around 11/12ths full (91.7%) before air pressure prevents further filling regardless of what you do with the tank valve. Perhaps less because the one way fill valve on the tank (discrete from fill shut off valve) needs X pressure to open before it will allow filling.
Don't know if the pump could actually push gas at 185psi (12,3bar) during actual tank filling but if it could that would change above figures to 12.3/13.3 full (92.5%)... not a great deal of difference to 165psi. The fuller the tank gets the more any air in the tank has an effect of preventing gas flowing into the tank, the pump pressure would have to rise at an increasing rate - If we wanted to fill the tank to 99% full and the tank started empty but containing air the pump would need 99bar (1485psi) pressure just to overcome the air pressure in the tank, the air in the tank would have been compressed to 1/99th of it's original volume which was the same volume as the empty tank. OK atmospheric pressure is 14.7psi not 15psi lol, but you get the concept. Or look at it from the other angle, if you wanted to fill the tank to half full air pressure in the tank would only be 1 bar because the air would be compressed into half it's original volume, so between half full and 99% full a pump would need to increase pumping pressure by 1470 psi lol... Except it wouldn't really be only 1 bar in the tank with the tank half full because the pressure of LPG in the tank would be maybe 5 bar this weather. Doesn't only apply with LPG though, it would be the same for any liquid that air could not dissolve in, if we tried pumping diesel into an un-vented tank the air pressure would still work against pumping. In the case of LPG which will find it's own pressure (temperature dependant) in a sealed container the pressure preventing pumping more fuel into the tank might be LPG pressure or might be air pressure but whichever is highest will be what prevents further pumping unless pump pressure is increased.
All the above due to just air pressure above the rising liquid gas. Now because gas vapour pressure at these sorts of winter temperatures is only around 60 / 70psi, suppose if someone did adjust their valve to fill to 95% or even disable the fill shut off valve completely.... it would be air pressure preventing the tank from filling further, not gas pressure in the tank and not the fill shut off valve. Now suppose someone modded the valve to what they think is around a 90% fill, they might go to the garage and indeed the fill might stop at 92%, they might then think they successfully modded the valve for around a 90% fill, but then come a hot day in summer they might go to fill again when the pump is pushing more pressure and some air has come out the tank and fill to near as dammit 100% full - combination of less air in the tank and higher pump pressure.
I fill a lot of different tanks with LPG, every time I convert one it gets filled to the top these days (unless the customer prefers me just to put a few litres in the tank so they can fill maybe cheaper local to them). I've done a lot of filling at Morrisons over the last few years and the pressure gauge this weather is down to 7 or 8 bar from maybe 11 bar or higher in warmer weather. At 7 bar pump pressure with a tank that started out containing air I can only get 7/8ths (87.5%) of a tank's absolute capacity into a tank regardless of whether I adjust/disable the valve etc because air pressure prevents filling further but if I got all the air out of a tank first I could fill to near 100% if I disabled the fill shut off valve.
Air pressure in the tank also slows the speed of filling, to greater extent with a low pressure pump. But even if I filled at your 11 bar pump and have modded the valve to fill to 90% I could still only fill to 90% (instead of 87.5% so only another 2 litres for a 90L tank) but the fill would be a bit quicker especially toward the end. If I could get all the air out of the tank before filling the fill speed would be the same all the while it was filling.
Last edited by LPGC on Wed Jan 23, 2019 8:07 pm, edited 2 times in total.
gotcha , thank you .
Since I last posted on this thread I've converted 5 vehicles to LPG, on all of them I put a bit of gas into the vehicle's tank from another tank I have in the yard (not much, just enough to get some pressure in and maybe a very small amount of liquid gas), then I released all the gas pressure from the vehicle tank (by removing the solenoid post), refitted the solenoid post and repeated a couple of times. This made a great difference to the speed of fill when I went to the forecourt to fill them with gas, particularly as the tanks neared the usual 80% fill capacity. But I bent the valves on all them to allow them to fill to 90%... Now usually when I bend the valve to allow filling to 90% and fill at the forecourt where pump pressure is only around 8 bar in this weather I still struggle to get much more than 80% in the tank (especially on the first fill, which is usually the only time I see the vehicle) but on these 5 conversions having pre-purged the tanks of air (which will have come out with the gas when I removed the solenoid posts) the fill rate was still relatively quick all the way up to around 90% which was when the float mechanism will have closed the incoming gas valve. Result! I will now be purging tanks of air in the same way on all of my conversions.
I'll do a thread on this at some point.
very interesting ..thank you Simon.
Time to get a bit data loggy wiv it .
Popped Medusa on the dyno on tuesday . I knew the clutch was slipping on full power , so i used a short run time of 8 seconds to try to race the car up the rev range before the clutch woke up and realised what i was doing, and slipping out of sheer spite .
first run was with a simulated load of 2000 lbs ..
here is this run is compared with last dyno sesh, before i did the seals and raised the cr ..
with the flow valve closed on E2 , it is still way too rich , and lean lower down because i have to use the lpg flow sensitivity screw to offset the top end richness .
i did a few more runs ,but mr clutch had cottoned onto what i was doing and got a bit moody ,,,here are the runs with it letting go in different creative ways ..
and got to a combined max of 258 bhp @4183 rpm , and 369 lbs/ft @2991 rpm .
i still could not get the mix on Engine No 2 leaner , so i did an alternative move ..
The straight 12 revved happily round to 6000 rpm LORDLUVVADUCK.
clutch was still slipping a bit 350lbs/ft sems to be about its limit .
air fuel mixtures ,compared with the venturi runs were logging thusly..
note the extreme lean areas , putting this run on top of the venturi run shows the loss of trq due to leaness..
my exhaust gas temperature logging with the venturis in gave me this ..
and without venturis this ..
here is that run compared with the run before ..
yup .. its worse ! so is no 5 actually too rich ?
this may have been a bit much ,,,early in the run , the revs wizzed round the clock ,and a cloud of grey smoke appeared from under the car,the clutch had thrown its toys out of the pram and gone totally hitler with me ..the power graph looked like this ..
and that was that .
next thing is to change the clutch , and fit flow valves to all cylinders to get on top of the fueling .
Even with the mixtures way out you are still getting 329 bhp. So what do you reckon it'll manage with the mixtures correct on all 12?
um , good question Gilbert , somewhere around 390 to 450 i would guess , the way it changed with 4 degrees more timing was a shock .
normally i go by 5d more bottom end and 4 d less top end for lpg versus petrol .
the jag engine APPARENTLY run 28 degrees max advance on a 9.8:1 cr . i have 11.6:1 cr ,and so have retarded it 4d to 24 ,assuming jag were being cautious ,and also my intake temps would be lower since the whole engine is out in the open ,and the exhaust temps would be lower due to my whole exhaust system being great big radiator basically .