How did the inhabitants of Sarajevo survive a 3 1/2-year siege from 1992 to 1996? Specifically, how did they deal with water, food, and heating?
Background: In 2018, Sweden sent out a leaflet "If Crises or War Comes" informing the population on how to prepare for such situations, focusing on water, food, heating, and communication. I cannot find the original source, but someone knowledgeable in the matter told me that a government report claimed that the average Swede is self-sufficient for less than one week. My random sampling among friends and neighbors suggests that this number makes sense. I recently saw the BBC documentary "Death of Yugoslavia" and, comparing the self-sufficiency of the average Swede with the duration of Sarajevo's siege, I can't help wonder.
From the BBC documentary, I understood that the city had no electricity, no gas, and had all roads cut off. No electricity likely means that the water pumps were off-line. Did people take water from nearly rivers? What about in winter?
Roads cut off likely means that supermarkets were empty. How did they get food when today's cities are so reliant on transportation? I am tempted to think it is impractical to store enough food for so many people for such a long time.
No gas likely means no heating. How did people survive the winters?
Apology: I'm sorry if this question comes too early. I understand that the events in this question are very recent and many still suffer the consequences. A weird mixture of admiration, respect, sadness, and grief crosses me while typing these lines.
A combination of the UN, NATO, the Red Cross, Sarajevo International Airport, the Sarajevo Tunnel, smugglers, and the Bosnian Army saved Sarajevo. While the siege officially ended in Feb 1996, it was loosened by steps, and supplies were always flowing in.
Early on, the UN Security Council made a number of resolutions to protect the civilians of Yugoslavia and demand humanitarian aid be allowed through, particularly to Sarajevo Airport. Resolution 752 in May 1992 called for negotiations and cooperation with the UN Protection Force, UNPROFOR. Resolution 757 designated Sarajevo Airport as a UN security zone. Resolution 758 authorized military action to ensure the aid got through with 770 reiterating. Resolution 776 in Sept 1992 increased the scope of UNPROFOR's mission to include organizing and protecting aid convoys and gave permission for them to defend themselves.
In June 1992, the Bosnian Serbs complied and handed over Sarajevo Airport to the UN. 13,000 flights delivered 160,000 tons of humanitarian aid.
In addition to official international aid, smugglers were active bringing supplies in through Serbian lines. Bosnian defenders raided Serbian positions for supplies.
Finally, in the spring of 1993, the Bosnian Army dug a tunnel linking the neighborhoods of Dobrinja and Butmir, one inside the siege and one outside, allowing humanitarian and war supplies to flow in. This bypassed both the besieging forces and the UN arms embargo that affected all parties, including the poorly armed Bosnian Army. Wagons could carry up to 400 kg of supplies at a time. On an average day, thousands of civilians and soldiers and dozens of tons of supplies passed through the tunnel for a total of 2 to 3 million trips.
While the siege was not fully lifted until 1996, a string of on again / off again UN-negotiated cease fires around Sarajevo and the threat of NATO airstrikes on February 9th, 1994, helped loosen it considerably. Under Resolution 836 the Security Council demanded the Bosnian Serbs remove all heavy weapons from a 20 km exclusion zone around the city or be destroyed. February 12th, 1994, was the first day with no casualties since the siege began. On February 17th, the Serbs began to comply.
1994 and 1995 saw an escalating series of Serbian violations of UN safe areas and humanitarian convoys, with increasing NATO retaliatory air strikes. In September 1995, NATO began Operation Deliberate Force, systematically bombing Serbian heavy weapons and positions which threatened UN safe areas. Afterwards, the Bosnian Serbs were more compliant with UN humanitarian aid.
In the fall of 1995, the Bosnians and Croats went on the offensive and further loosened the siege allowing power, water, and heat to be restored. In Oct 1995, an uneasy ceasefire went into effect under the Dayton Accords. In Dec 1995, 60,000 IFOR (Implementation Force) troops replaced UNPROFOR to implement the accords, enforce the peace, and help establish a Bosnian government.
The siege was officially declared over on February 29th, 1996, when the Bosnian Serbs withdrew from their positions around the city.
Because it was not a complete siege thanks to the Sarajevo Tunnel and Operation Irma. The first one was a tunnel that passed below the siege, and the second one was a security zone protected by the United Nations around the airport of Sarajevo. These connections to the external world allowed people to be evacuated, and also supplies were sent to the city through them. Besides, like many sieges, a black market between both sides allowed the transfer of supplies.
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Why is there no unit for (EM * line-height) or (REM * root line-height)?
This issue has been really vexing me for a while.
Across the web (and in CSS frameworks like Bootstrap), REM is commonly used for everything from padding (example: padding: 2rem;) to border-radius (example: border-radius: 1rem;).
Ok, fine, that's reasonable. But why isn't there also a global unit which includes a line-height modifier? Assuming you're using a typical grid that's based on typography, your type scaling PLUS your type leading is your true baseline, and thus it seems like a FAR more important unit than just plain REM.
This is a relatively common configuration. So why is REM (which will typically be interpreted as 16px in this example) used almost everywhere and not a unit that represents your actual grid baseline (which will typically be 25.6px or 16px * 1.6)?
(I realize that rlh, or root line height, doesn't exist in CSS. My question is why doesn't it exist?).
The reason for this is because it is too specific to warrant the cost.
In your specific case of wanting to use root line-height, the answer is also that most of the time the line-height is based on the font-size (it is by default), so it'd be useless since we already have rem.
More generally, we can ask ourselves: "What if I want to use the root's margin-top as a spacing for the rest of my margins and padding? Why isn't there a rmt unit for that?" and do this for any property. We quickly see that it's silly to have units for every property. em and rem were chosen based on the font-size because it provides a good base for other properties to be styled off of.
With that being said, if you want to use the line height (or any other value) in other property's values, you can use either CSS's custom properties (essentially variables) or use a CSS preprocessor like SASS or LESS.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged website-design typography css units or ask your own question.
What's more important, baseline font-size or baseline line-height when creating grids based on a modular scale?
Is line height related to the typeface used in css?
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Are there any plans to implement this command in Mobile software, in order to create scripts or functions file? Is really strange that a main function of Matlab is unavailable in Mobile version. Every time I try to use edit command, I get "Command not supported". I use Matlab R2015b and the latest mobile version on Android 4.4.
Mathworks only discusses product plans under Non Disclosure Agreement (NDA). Anyone who actually knows the correct answer, either way, would not be permitted to discuss it here.
You can ask Mathworks Sales: they are permitted to discuss product plans.
My personal thought, as someone who does not work for Mathworks and has never talked to the developers of MATLAB Mobile, is "No, that is not going to happen with MATLAB Mobile". I have some ideas of what is going to happen instead.
The problem is that "edit"command is an essential one, at least for me. It is implemented in the desktop version(so it's not about some new feature that should be implemented) and without it you can't create scripts or functions; and these were the first things that I used and still use in my class at university. It is as if MS Office would launch a mobile version of Word without a basic function, like copy/paste or the option to choose fonts. Creating scripts and functions is a basic option in Matlab, so without it, I think the product is, somewhat, unusable.


What does the future hold for classical music? This is a question that has been asked many times in recent years as the industry has struggled with an aging audience and declining ticket sales. Recently the question was brought up again in music circles after Chinese pianist Lang Lang returned to the stage after taking more than a year off to recuperate from an arm injury.
Lang was warmly welcomed upon his return. A New York Times feature indicated that Lang, with his huge commercial appeal, is of great importance to the classical music world as "the good old days" are gone and only a "select group of artists" can still sell out concerts. But, is that truly the case? Not entirely, at least not in China where an emerging and growing market for classical music continues to gain strength.
Originating in the West, classical music was introduced into China in the early 20th century. Long a niche market in the country, the demand for classical music has seen obvious growth in recent years. In contrast to the West, Chinese audiences that pursue classical music are much younger and thus more active in the community. According to Ying Yue, an editor for Shanghai Classical FM 94.7 - the first 24-hour classical music radio station in China - the main body of classical fans in China are young kids learning to play musical instruments, their parents, and a growing number of young white-collar workers living in urban centers.
"Many young people listen to classical music, and some of them also make particular musicians their idols," said Chen Yulin, 30, a classical music fan who started attending concerts eight years ago. In his opinion, improved education and increased interest in the arts among younger generations as well as the rise of the Internet are some of the key factors that have contributed to the growth of fans in China.
Compared to the past, audiences in China have better access to music resources than ever as world-class orchestras including the Berlin Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra travel regularly to the country for performances. Numerous shows are available for the public each year. Take the Shanghai Concert Hall for example, that venue alone has scheduled 320 classical music concerts for 2018.
Apart from high quality performances, local events and classical music stations have helped to introduce classical music to the general public, according to He Hongliu, deputy director of Shanghai Classical FM 94.7. For example, "Weekly Radio Concert," a popular classical music concert streamed online, features a host who introduces each work before it is played, while explanations concerning each piece appear at the bottom of the screen as the music is played. The online access to the concert and inexpensive ticket prices of 30-50 yuan ($4.50-$7.50) has helped give audiences greater access to classical music. Outdoor classical music festivals and events are also held annually in multiple cities throughout China, opening up a door for family members to get a touch with classical music.
"We often say that there is no such thing as a niche art program in China, given its considerable population. Tickets for local events sell well," He noted, emphasizing the advantage China's enormous market has over others.
Meanwhile, the rapid development of the Internet industry and online education has helped promote the classical music market in China and diversify the way people consume music products. Over the past two years, online classical music lessons, live streaming programs and relevant multi-media programs have sprung up on various mobile platforms such as Himalaya, Get and Zhihu.
Take the once-hotly-discussed online lesson series Xue Feng Concert for instance. The series garnered 50,000 subscribers within its first two months and earned more than 9.95 million yuan. Earlier this year, the New Year concert performed by German orchestra Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden got 5 million views on v.qq.com, a major video streaming platform in China, in just two days. These are just a few hints at the huge potential classical music has in China.
"Young people like to interact more and the new media provides a channel for them. I do believe that this market is attractive to younger people," said Chen.
Though the market seems active, fans and experts indicate that there is still a long way to go before classical music becomes mainstream.
"Personally, I think the public's tastes and ability to appreciate classical music is limited, though they are economically powerful," said Zhou Yifan - an ophthalmologist who in his spare time is a violinist with the Shanghai City Symphony Orchestra, a non-profit amateur orchestra.
Tao Xin, a professor at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, stressed that more effort is needed to help the public understand and accept the diversified and multi-layer values and cultural heritage that classical music contains.
"We are more willing to accept the entertaining and fancy elements of classical music, but have yet to thoroughly accept the religious context," said Tao, explaining that religious elements of certain classical pieces is often omitted for performances. "For instance, we take Bach's 'St John Passion' and change the Chinese title to 'John's Song of Life.'"


The US Open was charged with sexism after Alizé Cornet was hit with a code violation after briefly rearranging her top during a match on Tuesday, August 28, 2018.
A US Open official was criticized after French tennis star Alizé Cornet was hit with a code violation on Tuesday after briefly removing her shirt during a match.
Cornet, 28, fought Swedish tennis star Johanna Larsson's US Open at Flushing Meadows, NY as the two athletes made a compulsory break due to the muggy weather. When Cornet stepped back into the square, she noticed that her shirt was behind, causing her to turn around quickly, take off her top to show off a black sports bra before she laid the shirt on the right track ready to go when referee Christian Rask beat her with the penalty. Then she saw her desperately roll up her hands after receiving the punishment.
The Rules of the Women's Tennis Association states that "medically recognized dress changes by female players must be performed outside the court at the most private place" ABC News Australia reported. However, social media users pointed out that male tennis players often change clothes during the games, including Novak Djokovic, who took off his shirt during an ice bath on Tuesday.
Judy Murray, the dam of former US Open winner Andy Murray, tweeted, "Alizé Cornet came back to court after a 10-minute heat break, got her fresh shirt on the backside, changed to the court, had a code violation. But the men can change their shirts to court. "
" For Code violation, Alizé Cornet took 10 seconds to go to the top right, but Novak Djokovic can sit half naked for minutes. "Same comp. A few days after Serena Williams [was] was accused of disobeying tennis for not wearing a #catsuit Not fair – not okay Tell your daughters, "tweeted another person.
The tennis world recently made headlines after the president of the French Tennis Federation told Tennis Magazine that the outfit Williams was wearing in Paris this year would not be accepted anymore. Williams wore the outfit she named her "Wakanda-inspired catsuit" and referred to the fictional nation in the movie "Black Panther."
The full length leggings were for health reasons, she said. In her first grand slam tournament since her daughter's birth on September 1, the suit was a precautionary measure after being associated with blood clots. A number of tennis stars, including Billie Jean King and Andy Roddick, criticized the decision to ban Williams & # 39; outfit.
Serena Williams was told she could not wear her "Wakanda-inspired catsuit".
Cornet lost the first-round match against Larsson, 6-4, 3-6, 2-6.


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Verizon and AT&T kicked off their campaign for the hearts, minds and dollars of iPad 2 users Thursday by releasing their 3G wireless data plan options. While neither carrier offers unlimited plans, Verizon offers a wider variety of plans that give users more monthly data to consume than most of AT&T's plans.
In all, Verizon offers four data plans for the iPad 2: A 1GB plan that costs $20 per month, a 3GB plan that costs $35 per month, a 5GB plan that costs $50 per month and a 10GB plan that costs $80 per month. AT&T, meanwhile, is only offering two plans: a 250MB plan that costs $14.99 per month and a 2GB plan that costs $25 per month.
If you break each plan down by the amount of money it charges per GB, the Verizon plans charge a high of $20 per gigabit for the 1GB plan and a low of $8 per GB for the 10GB plan. AT&T, meanwhile, charges a high of $59.96 per GB for the 250MB plan and a low of $12.50 for the 2GB plan. Also note that Verizon's 3GB plan ($11.67 per gigabit) and 5GB plan ($10 per gigabit) each charge less per GB than AT&T's cheapest per-GB offering.
AT&T and Verizon have very comparable overage charges for users who exceed their monthly data caps. AT&T says it will charge customers who exceed their 250MB cap an additional $14.99, which will give them an additional 250MB. Users who exceed the 2GB cap, meanwhile, will get charged an extra $10 and will be allotted an extra 1GB of data. Verizon, meanwhile, will charge uses on its 1GB plan an extra $20 for each additional GB of data they consume, while charging only $!0 per GB for overages on the other three data plans.
When it comes to overall network quality, AT&T's HSPA+ 3G network has consistently proven to offer faster data speeds, although its overall 3G coverage is not nearly as extensive as Verizon's 3G EV-DO Rev. A network. Verizon last year became the first major carrier in the U.S. to offer 4G LTE data services, although this won't impact data speeds on the iPad 2 since the tablet is not yet capable of supporting LTE.


TUSCALOOSA, Ala. - If Alabama fans hoped to glean anything of value from the Crimson Tide's spring game on Saturday (as much as can be extracted from a glorified scrimmage, anyway), then they need only look at two plays.
The first came on the Crimson Team's penultimate drive of A-Day. Star quarterback Tua Tagovailoa had yet to throw a touchdown on the day. He remedied that when he found Jerry Jeudy between defenders for a 54-yard scoring connection, reminding everyone not only of what this offense can accomplish with the talent it has, but also that this defense must catch up to the offense in 2019.
The second play was Tagovailoa's final throw of the game, which was hawked out of the air by cornerback Trevon Diggs. It was one of four interceptions the secondary pulled down on the day, the proverbial nail in the coffin as the White Team prevailed over the Crimson 31-17, and a sign the secondary has made those strides in the spring.
"So the coverage was tighter, the tackling was better," coach Nick Saban said. "Everything was better when the 1s were playing against the 1s."
There's no denying Alabama's defense took a back seat in 2018 as the offense became the focal point of the team. The Tide enjoyed an unprecedented passing attack while their defense - which was by no means a weakness - looked mortal when compared to some of the great units Saban has coached in previous seasons.
That said, the fact this secondary could limit Tagovailoa to 19-of-37 passing for 265 yards, with one touchdown and one interception - and that it routinely blanketed the talented trio of Jeudy, DeVonta Smith and Henry Ruggs - says a lot about the group. Diggs, Xavier McKinney, Patrick Surtain II, Josh Jobe and Jared Mayden combined for six pass break-ups, an interception and exceptionally tight coverage against one of the top receiving corps in the nation.
It's a positive sign for a group whose lasting impression from 2018 was when Clemson's Trevor Lawrence carved it up for 347 yards and three touchdowns in the College Football Playoff championship game.
"I thought they did pretty good," Tagovailoa said of the secondary. "They did a tremendous job, not falling for a lot of things they did in practice. They were a lot more disciplined, they played as one. So I thought they did a good job."
The secondary wasn't the only place where the defense excelled Saturday. Inside linebacker Jaylen Moody scored on a 30-yard pick-six. Anfernee Jennings, Eyabi Anoma, Raekwon Davis, Christian Barmore and DJ Dale each had a sack. The Crimson Team was held to 317 yards, including just 13 on the ground.
That said, there were plays that Saban will be sure to point out. The defense gave up big gains to tight ends Miller Forristall and Cameron Latu, a converted linebacker. Smith caught six passes for 95 yards. Jeudy caught five for 104. Ruggs had a few drops, including one that could have gone for a touchdown.
On the other side, the Crimson Team defense struggled to consistently defend against Mac Jones, who completed 19 of 23 passes for 271 yards and two touchdowns to one interception. His backup, Taulia Tagovailoa, completed 6 of 9 passes for 93 yards and an interception but also threw a beautiful touchdown pass to Jaylen Waddle while on the run. Freshman receiver John Metchie led all receivers with 133 yards on five catches.
So, while the defense made plays, it still has a lot to work on as it prepares for the 2019 season.
"We made a lot of progress throughout spring," McKinney said. "I feel like there's a lot of things to improve on, which we'll do when we come back. But as of right now, we're pretty happy with being done in the spring."


Can someone enlighten me regarding the current state of secure-boot support in iPXE?
I need to boot clonezilla from the network with SB enabled on the machine (to be more specific, I don't care for security, I only need SB to test software on Windows on that machine). With SB enabled in firmware ("BIOS") setup, clonezilla (alternative-stable-amd64, version 20180812) boots from a flash drive, and iPXE loads and shows menu from the network. But trying to boot the same clonezilla version from iPXE results in error 0x7f04818f.
Since the machine is in stock configuration, its firmware will only accept boot images signed with MS key.
The reason booting from a flash drive works is because the shim that is loaded is signed by the above, but the kernel itself (and initrd, presumably) is not, and iPXE tries to load these directly.
Ubuntu's SB implementation uses the shim to verify Canonical's signature on the kernel.
You need to build ipxe, sign it with an EV certificate, and then have iPXE cross signed by Microsoft.
After iPXE starts you will in turn have to call shim to have the shim approve kernel or something else.
The only easy way is to disable SB on firmware level.
There is work going on that should make this easier in the future.
(2018-11-28 23:15)NiKiZe Wrote: You need to build ipxe, sign it with an EV certificate, and then have iPXE cross signed by Microsoft.
My findings with Gigabyte Z87N are indeed strange - with SB on, ipxe efi image boots (into the menu) without issue, so I thought this was already signed, and the documentation just wasn't updated..? The ipxe image comes from Kali's repo.
(2018-11-28 23:15)NiKiZe Wrote: After iPXE starts you will in turn have to call shim to have the shim approve kernel or something else.
I got lucky this time and the board's firmware allows me to set SB "execution policy" that basically says "boot whatever" - windows gets its "secureboot on" state and clonezilla boots through ipxe without issue.
Barring this loophole, SB should allow unsigned/arbitrary kernel as long as its hash is in the SB's DB, which I was able to manipulate with Keytool.
Oh, and yes - Clonezilla-alt's kernel is signed with Canonical's key, the certificate for which is available (along with many others) here.


On Monday we are back at Wolverhampton , for good quality 12 furlong class 2 handicap on the tapeta at 4.50 .
8 runners declared for (0-105) 12 furlong class two handicap .The three main contenders are First Mohican ,Winterlude & Paddy's Motorbike .
FIRST MOHICAN : Won 5 out 18 on turf ,though lightly raced on All Weather winning 1 out 4 ,including winning 14 furlong class 2 handicap at Wolverhampton in December .Also finished creditable 2ND last time in 12F handicap at Lingfield .Should go well off the same mark .
WINTERLUDE : Lightly raced 6-Y-0 gelding ,winning 3 out 8 on All Weather .Won class two 10 furlong handicap at Lingfield in January off mark 93 . Slightly disappointing at Chelmsford last time ,though was unsuited by very slowly run race .Goes well here at Wolverhampton and will be suited returning to this longer trip .
PADDY'S MOTORBIKE : Consistent sort , C&D winner here at Wolverhampton, winning class three handicap here in January off mark 87 .Finished fair third last time at Lingfield over 12 furlongs ,behind Sunblazer .Should be thereabouts ,though looks bit high in the weights .
VERDICT : WINTERLUDE will be suited returning to this longer trip ,having been unsuited by very slow pace over 10 furlongs last time . Has shown some useful form on All Weather and has won off this mark (96) .Odds around 9-2 look very fair value .
Thanks Jason ,yeah good ride by George Baker ,came from last to first .


Opinion essays are a very common type of IELTS task 2 essay and so it is very important that you can write them effectively. This class will teach you to do so.
Read the task 2 essay question below.
Violence on television has a negative impact on children’s behaviour.
Write at least 250 words.
It is very important to fully understand the question before you write anything. Are the following statements about the task true or false?
Before we continue the activities below, spend 5 minutes brainstorming arguments that you might use to answer the task question. You can later compare your arguments to the ones used in the sample essay in Exercise 4.
People who plan make better essays.
Before you start writing, you need to decide what your opinion is about the topic. Then you need to decide what each paragraph will focus on.
Read the following introduction and decide if the writer believes that television has a negative impact or no impact at all.
These days almost every house contains a Television and it is reasonable to assume that television programs impact the behaviour of the young and impressionable. It is my belief that violence on television leads to violent behaviour for some children and fearful and withdrawn behaviour for others.
a negative impact on children's behaviour.
a positive impact on children's behaviour.
both positive and negative impacts on children's behaviour.
Follow these links for more practice at writing a good introduction and an accurate thesis statement.
Each paragraph should have ONE topic/main idea and supporting information with examples to support that main idea.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion paragraphs, we recommend that you write 2 body paragraphs that include your main ideas. A good writer starts each body paragraph with a topic sentence. The topic sentence provides the general topic of the paragraph without giving detailed ideas or examples.
Watching violent programs leads some children to copy the violent behaviour they see.
Are the following ideas or examples relevant (connected to the topic) or irrelevant (not connected to the topic)?
If children witness television violence they may become withdrawn and afraid of others.
Are the following ideas or examples relevant or irrelevant?
Read the sample essay. The writer has written each and every sentence in the essay for a particular reason. What is the function of each sentence?
1 These days almost every house contains a Television and it is reasonable to assume that television programs impact the behaviour of the young and impressionable. 2 It is my belief that violence on television leads to violent behaviour for some children and fearful and withdrawn behaviour for others.
3 Watching violent programs leads some children to copy violent behaviour. 4 Many programs contain extremely realistic scenes of violence and it has been shown that children who watch these types of programs may think violence is normal. 5 For example, if a child watches a scene depicting violent bullying occurring in a school he/she may think it is acceptable and so copy the behaviour. 6 Also, after watching violent television, many children exhibit higher levels of aggression which can result in injuries or emotional problems. 7 For instance, recently in the news there was the story of a child who broke his playmate’s back by replicating dangerous fighting moves that he had seen on television earlier that day.
Notice that the writer explores two aspects of the main idea in this paragraph. The main idea is that “Watching violent programs leads some children to copy violent behavior”.
The two aspects that are explored are that violence may seem/become normal to children and that children may become more aggressive.
8 Furthermore, If children witness television violence they may become withdrawn and afraid of others. 9 It has been shown that while older children may copy violent scenes, toddlers are more likely to become anxious, negatively impacting their behaviour. 10 Such children may refuse to go outside for fear of violence, which could affect their social development as they will be less likely to mix with other children and learn social skills.
11 In conclusion, TV violence clearly affects the behaviour of children negatively. 12 While older children become normalized to violent behaviour or even copy it, younger ones may become anxious and fearful. 13 Parents should carefully consider what they allow their children to watch on television and should not let children watch television unattended.
Notice how this essay is one sided. All of the ideas in the essay focus on how violent television programs negatively impact children’s behavior.
Here is the complete sample essay. Review it and write down any new words that you find.
1 These days almost every house contains a Television and it is reasonable to assume that television programs impact the behaviour of the young and impressionable. 2 It is my belief that violence on television leads to violent behaviour for some children and fearful and withdrawn behaviour for others.
Nice work. Have a break before we study how to write a two sided (balanced) essay.
Or go here for more practice with opinion essays.


Here's a picture of me when I was working on the boats.
1. Describe yourself with three words.
world - where would you go?
Breakfast - Krossbu Lodge, Jotunheimein Mountains, Norway.
Dinner - Maya Tulum, Yucatan, Mexico.
5. What makes a day a perfect day? Write for 6 hours. Jog 3 miles. Take a nap.
6. How do you come up with ideas for your novels? Each book begins with an anecdote I have heard or some small detail I have read. Then it grows in my head like a pearl inside an oyster. Eventually, my head becomes so full with ideas that I have to start writing or I will go crazy. The writing itself becomes like an exorcism of the phantoms who have taken up residence in my mind.
alternative to writing? I write most of the time, but I also teach at a school just outside New York City. I only teach one class for each of the three terms - The First World War, The Second World War and the History of Exploration. I teach at the High School level and enjoy the work very much. I don't think it's a good idea for a writer to spend all his time writing. You end up spending too much time with people you have invented and not enough with people who are real.
8. Do you have a favourite author? If so: Who and why?
I don't read much for pleasure anymore. That is not to say I don't read. I read all the time, but mostly it has to do with research on the books I am writing. What this means is that I don't often focus on a single author but I do focus on specific topics. When I was younger, I read a lot of Conrad, Chekov, Tolstoy, Grass, Boll and St. Exupery.
9. Which book did you read lately?
Right now I am reading the memoir of Anatoli Sudoplatov, which is titled 'Special Tasks'. Sudoplatov was a Soviet Intelligence officer during the Stalinist period.
10. Which book would you recommend to everybody?
11. Which person from a novel, a film or the public life would you like to meet?
I would like to meet Professor Moriarty, the nemesis of Sherlock Holmes. I would like to know about his early life and what it was that made him the villain he turned out to be.
12. Which historical event would you like to have witnessed?
Last year, I drove across America, following the trail of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. They set out from the East in 1802 and traveled, by boat and on foot, all the way to the Pacific Ocean. They were gone for three years and covered thousands of miles. I would have liked to have been on that expedition, to have seen so many things that no European had ever seen before.
13. If you had those famous three wishes - what would you wish?
1. When I was 7 years old, my parents sent me away to boarding school in England. I attended the Dragon School in Oxford and then Eton. The schools were very strict and I think that a lot of who I am now, for better or worse, was formed during those years. For one of my wishes, I would like to know how I would have turned out if I had not left home so young.
2. I spent several years working on deep sea fishing boats off the coast of New England. On one voyage, I was struck in the face by a chain which had snapped loose. It broke some of my teeth and my jaw and the injuries still cause me problems, even though it was a long time ago. For my second wish, I wish I could have ducked and have the chain sail harmlessly above my head!
3. For my last wish, I would like to go back in time and meet with myself at the age of 16, which is when I started writing. I would like to tell my younger self not to work so hard. I worked all the time! I know it probably helped my career as a writer, which began when I published my first book at the age of 21, but I think I might have enjoyed myself more if I had not been so impatient. Now I am much more calm when I sit down to work every day. I know how much of my life is beyond my control. I am happy now, and content, and I wish it had not taken me so long to become this way.