Given that this post is sort of about Agustín Fernández Mallo’s “The Nocilla Trilogy,” (translated from the Spanish by Thomas Bunstead, forthcoming from FSG) it doesn’t feel as pretentious and out-of-place to quote myself at the beginning as it usually would. This trilogy foregrounds its pretentiousness, its desire to self-reference, its commitment to being a work of performance art (or a work that details a series of various pieces of performance art, each one more performan-cy than the last, such as “Steve’s Restaurant,” where one of the main characters—although “main” feels too strong, maybe “rhizomatic,” since this book is more about landscape than plot and does reference Deleuze and Guattari —runs a conceptual restaurant where he bakes up Spider-Man figurines and decides to “cook the horizon” in a way that’s simultaneously compelling and a bit eye-roll-y.
Although all my notes for this post derive from what I perceive as the “flaw” in these novels—plus the cultural perception of that “flaw”—it seems like a much nicer opening to start by saying some nice things about this book.
All of these elements are right in my wheelhouse, and I do think that, if those elements appeal to you, these books (I keep saying that and should explain . . . “The Nocilla Trilogy” is made up of The Nocilla Dream, The Nocilla Experience, and The Nocilla Lab) are worth checking out. Even if they don’t add up to any grand statement about being or art, they are incredibly engaging to read and feel very sui generis. Lots of great lines that double as great statements—some of which I’ll pepper throughout this post, which is, admittedly, not really about “The Nocilla Trilogy” much at all—worth underlining and tweeting and recalling at random introspective moments.
It also contains a section in which a character meets with “a handful of executives from New Directions” and convinces them both to publish his book—a novel pieced together out of the opening lines from dozens of famous books—and to take out billboards throughout Madrid advertising it. This is all a bit crazy—and again, these novels are mostly about representing various works of conceptual art—but not as crazy as the reference to New Directions being based in Philadelphia. If it had been Pittsburgh, that would make sense, since that’s were James Laughlin was born. But Philly? It is true that Declan Spring lives in Philly, so maybe this section is some sort of weird appeal to him?
The equation that links the time on the 2 clocks is: T’/T = [1 – v²/c²] – ½. But this being so, we come to the so-called Twin Paradox: perhaps we may all turn out to be mistaken twins living out of step with everyone else, desynchronized by journeys near the speed of light. When this light ceases, you die.
If you stick with this till the end, I’m 60% sure it’ll all make sense. But for now, we’re going to swerve into math and valuation.
What’s most interesting to me about the rise of sabermetrics and its impact on baseball analysis is the way in which the fundamental approach intersects with various ideas from behavioral economics: namely that the “eye-test” isn’t 100% reliable because our brains aren’t perfect computers.
There’s some Bill James quote related to this. I don’t have it in front of me, but, paraphrasing, it’s more or less along the lines that the difference between a .300 batter (all-star! good!) and a .280 hitter (fine, but not remarkable) is one extra hit every two weeks. That’s something that, sans infographics and announcers and the Elias Sports Bureau and Fangraphs we would most certainly not notice no matter how closely we paid attention to a particular team.
Taking that one step further, if you, whoever you are and whatever sport you like, were in charge of a group of people trying out—all of whom were professional athletes—how confident are you that you could discern which 9 were the absolute best? What would it actually take to distinguish between various quality players?
Each is considered an open set in the space Rn, though it can be defined as a diffuse space if the two balls intersect it.
I’m probably just an idiot, but I had no idea what “Nocilla” was when I started reading this book. I assumed it was something all chic and Spanish amazing (Span-azing?), like IKEA + Tempranillo + paella. WRONG! It’s just Spanish Nutella.
Which, cool? I guess? I mean, Nutella is pretty great . . . Although if this had been called “The Nutella Trilogy” I would never, in a hundred million years, have picked it up. I would’ve assumed it was a foreign version of The Chocolate War or some other YA nonsense. Game of Thrones + breakfast. A moralistic fable from your dentist. Something about bad kissing.
But nocilla?—pronounced “no-CHEE-a” or “NO-see-ya” or “no-SILL-ah,” and since there’s no possible way to find out which is right, we’ll write all three—sounds baller.
This title might add value to the book itself . . . for a gringo.
is called an open n-ball of radius r and center a. We denote this set by B[a] or by B[a; r]*, applicable to all systems, spaces, or persons that are receptive to apparently random searches of all kinds.
Here’s what I actually want to talk about—not baseball, not Nutella: the value of books. And this section here?, it’s a bit of heavy lifting. But again, I’m 60% sure this will all tie together in the end and make sense, and 60% sure that my final joke will land.
What is anything “worth”? Whatever someone is willing to pay. This is a truism, but when you stop to think about it, prices start to seem very arbitrary and weird. Sure, there are fixed costs that set a baseline for the price of your Starbucks coffee, but you/me/the world have almost no idea what those costs are, and instead are willing to accept a 5000% markup because $3 for a venti seems about fair.
Pricing Theory is crazy. You can get people to pay for melted Spider-Man figures through novelty and a write-up in the New Yorker. People who study pricing figure out how to extract the most “customer surplus” by looking at what people are “willing to pay” and then employing some fancy math. (Along with various schemes like versioning to make sure that people who are willing to pay more than others have the opportunity to fork over the maximum amount.) Prices are determined by what will make the company the maximum amount of profit.
But the price of something is not its value. Value lasts longer. It means deeper. It’s not about the price coded into the barcode (money feels so artificial at times), but about a lasting feeling and mental reaction that’s closer to “impact” than any other clichéd word I can come up with right now. Value is social—what does this art work mean to society on the whole, from a hundred-year viewpoint—whereas price is individual and semi-impulse driven.
Let’s make a bold, disputed, ignorant statement: Nonprofit presses traffic in value because they care about the future of society; corporate presses traffic in price to make sure they make maximum profit year by year by year.
Here’s a question to ponder in 2019, after this series of posts is completely over and I’ve moved on to pastures happier or more classic or less this whatever this might be: Is publishing a zero-sum game or not?
The initial (correct?) impulse is that it’s most definitely not. If all publishers reach more and more readers every year, there’s no reason to believe that the number of book readers has an upper limit. But does that really track? According to this report, between 2013-2017 adult fiction only had one year of growth (2015), and was down 1.2% between 2016 and 2017. That’s not a great sign.
This concept of an upper-limit on potential book sales is further complicated by the fact that there’s only so much shelf space in the country. Sure, everything is available through Amazon, but only X thousands of units will be displayed/showcased at the nation’s bookstores. And approximately 70% of those units all originate from a single company—Penguin Random House.
Put those facts together, and it starts to feel like there are real strong limitations on how many books will be sold in a given year, setting up a faux zero-sum situation in which more sales of book X will reduce the sales of books Y and Z. And when Open Letter is competing against PRH for readers and dollars, we’re basically never going to win. We don’t have the resources or the reputation, the connections or the influence. It’s simply not true that the “best books rise to the top.” At least not in terms of sales.
But are sales really the best way to evaluate a book’s success?
Sure, I don’t care about coastal elites or book lists either, but I’m sure that this list is more signal than noise to the average book buyer. If you only read a handful of titles a year, and these books are both displayed everywhere and showing up on lists like these, why wouldn’t you just buy one of the most popular, “best” books?
If you take a game that should be infinite and restrict the choices that one has access to—either directly, in terms of what’s readily available, or through influence over perceptions of readers—the game starts to imitate a zero-sum situation in which shelf space is premium and value is tied to “buzz” and there are only 12 books at any given time that any part of society will bother talking about.
It strikes me that worldwide reading statistics are wrong: there’s all the writing on the side of the packaging and wrappers to take into account.


The award-winning cast is ready to get back to work!
(AllHipHop News) The cast of "Black Panther" has described their excitement over a planned sequel.
At the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) Awards at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, the Marvel Studios superhero feature won the prize for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
Director Ryan Coogler is already developing a follow-up to the hit film, and in a backstage chat at the SAG ceremony, a reporter asked the cast if they had any hesitations about participating in a sequel, because "it could be 'The Godfather Part II,' or it could be 'Grease 2."
"It's one of those things where honestly, to be able to build on that legacy and those characters and the world that Ryan built - you know, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created years ago - but allow Ryan to actually tell that story, if there's an opportunity to come back and do a second one," responded Sterling K. Brown, who played the character of N'Jobu in the original.
Michael B. Jordan, who played villain Erik 'Killmonger' Stevens, went on to explain that he had every confidence in Coogler's ability to come up with another original story.
"I mean, take myself out of that situation," he laughed. "But for everybody to come back, I think I speak for everybody up here, it would be a tremendous accomplishment.
"Sequels, I think, are one of the hardest films to make, and I feel like to create a world and build upon it that's so beautifully and delicately woven into the world of the Marvel Universe - but throughout cinema in general, you take Marvel out of it, I think it's a movie that stands against all film across the board. So yeah, I think if there was an opportunity, I think everybody would be pretty excited to come back around."
In addition, lead actor Chadwick Boseman, who portrayed T'Challa/Black Panther, noted that there was "no question" of his return, while Brown described Coogler, who also helmed films like "Creed" and "Fruitvale Station," as a "beast".
"He ain't going to slip. Godfather II. Like, be ready," he smiled.
Black Panther was widely praised by critics and grossed $1.3 billion at the worldwide box office, making it the second-highest grossing movie of 2018.


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After the release of about 60,000 documents detailing the work of Supreme Court nominee John G. Roberts Jr., Democratic senators are setting their sights on what was not in the huge cache of papers: more than 2,100 memos and letters that have been withheld by government archivists working in concert with the Bush White House.
The subjects of the Reagan-era documents have been released, but their contents for now have been withheld. Those topics are, Democrats say, at a minimum intriguing: Roberts commenting on presidential pardons, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and aspects of what would become known as the Iran-contra scandal. One of the still-secret memos is from the young White House lawyer to then-Reagan aide Patrick J. Buchanan in March 1986. The topic: aid to Nicaraguans fighting the leftist Sandinista government.
With Senate hearings two weeks away, Democrats privately say the documents that have come to light about Roberts's White House work from 1981 through 1986 probably do not contain disclosures that would threaten his confirmation to the Supreme Court. But some Democratic senators -- working with liberal special-interest groups opposed to Roberts -- consider the other documents potentially relevant and are pressuring archivists and the White House to release them before the public hearings begin.
Despite Democrats' suspicions about why so many documents about such politically sensitive issues were withheld, officials at the National Archives said there is a benign explanation.
There are three reasons the papers were withheld under federal records laws, according to Archives officials. They include preliminary judgments by archivists that information in them would improperly invade a person's privacy (such as revealing a Social Security number), jeopardize law enforcement operations or potentially harm national security.
Under the ordinary course of business, archivists black out individual words or sentences before releasing a document. In this case, National Archives official Sharon Fawcett said, the rush to release a large volume of documents quickly did not allow enough time for surgical redactions -- so the entire page was pulled.
The White House involvement in this process is unclear. Fawcett said White House officials are allowed to offer input during the review process, but she would not discuss their involvement. Senior White House officials said administration lawyers typically examine the documents after the archivists complete the initial review, and they insisted they have not asked for any papers to be withheld that archivists did not first flag.
Now, Fawcett said, archivists are more carefully examining each page to see whether portions could be selectively blackened and the rest of the information released.
Sen. Patrick Leahy (Vt.), ranking Democrat on the Judiciary Committee, is taking these explanations at face value -- but is also insisting that officials at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, Calif. -- which is run by the National Archives -- and the White House move quickly to make most of the documents public.
In a letter sent Monday night to R. Duke Blackwood, the library's executive director, Leahy said senators need "accurate and complete information" before they vote on Roberts.
In a reply, Blackwood said he would review and make public as much as possible of the 478 pages that were withheld from an initial batch of documents released early this month. Archives officials said they expect that the same treatment will be given to more 1,700 pages not released last week. Separately, Democrats continue to press for more details of a folder titled "affirmative action correspondence" that is missing from the library.
This is part of broader Democratic strategy to wrench loose more information about Roberts's political and legal views when he worked for Reagan and President George H.W. Bush -- first as special assistant to Attorney General William French Smith, then in the White House counsel's office and finally as principal deputy solicitor general.
Some Democrats believe this is the only way to build a case that Roberts is too conservative on issues such as abortion and civil rights to sit on the Supreme Court, according to two senior Democratic leadership aides. It also provides Senate Democratic leaders a way to pacify the liberal special-interest groups that want Roberts defeated and fear that party leaders are not aggressively challenging his nomination.
This approach is colliding with Bush's preference, long predating this Supreme Court fight, to enhance presidential power -- often by claiming privilege for sensitive documents and conversations. The Bush team, for instance, is refusing to make public Roberts's documents for his tour as deputy solicitor general in George H.W. Bush's administration, an effort to keep confidential litigation deliberations in cases involving the federal government. The White House also has the legal right to review the 2,100-plus yet-to-be-released documents and can claim executive privilege to keep them private, according to Fawcett, the assistant archivist for presidential libraries at the National Archives.
"The administration remains committed to providing all the material that is appropriate to give to the Judiciary Committee," said Steve Schmidt, a White House spokesman. "We look forward to facilitating the release of these additional documents as they move forward through the . . . process."
Many withheld documents seem to clearly fit within the privacy exemption, including a memo from November 1984 detailing Roberts's holiday plans. In other instances, archivists are keeping documents on controversial issues of the 1980s -- or portions of those documents -- secret, for reasons that are not self-explanatory.
One file withheld, regarding the Iran- contra affair, was a draft memo from Roberts to his bosses with the heading "re: establishment of NHAO" -- referring to the Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office.
The office was one of the ways the Reagan administration got around what were known as the Boland amendments, which prohibited U.S. intelligence agencies from spending money to overthrow the Sandinistas. The office was a way the administration could get funds to the contras for nonmilitary purposes, but once there the money was used for all sorts of things.
The only document authored by Roberts regarding Bob Jones University was also withheld. The Reagan administration reversed a long-standing Internal Revenue Service policy to deny tax-exempt status to the university because of its racially discriminatory policies, and Democrats want to know what Roberts had to say in the 1980s about this situation. Apparently unbeknownst to archivists, the memo was previously released to the public, but does not appear to contain information that would hurt his chance of confirmation.


Most aquarists have some familiarity with nitrite. It is part of the "nitrogen cycle" that takes place in most aquariums, and so is one of the first encounters that many aquarists have with their aquariums' chemistry. The marine aquarium hobby is replete with commentary about nitrite, some of which is, unfortunately, incorrect or misleading. Its toxicity in marine systems is far lower than in freshwater systems. Nevertheless, many aquarists incorrectly extrapolate this toxicity to reef aquariums and suggest that any measurable amount of nitrite is a concern.
In reality, nitrite probably is not toxic enough to warrant measuring in most marine systems. This article serves to provide a backdrop for that opinion by addressing what nitrite is, where it comes from, where it goes, the mechanisms by which it can be toxic and the evidence for its toxicity (or lack thereof) in typical reef aquariums.
Where Does Nitrite Come From?
How Toxic is Nitrite to Invertebrates?
Nitrite (NO2-) is a fairly small ion, consisting of a central nitrogen atom with two attached oxygen atoms in a bent configuration (Figure 1). One of the oxygen atoms carries a negative charge. More correctly, the nitrite ion has two oxygen atoms that are capable of carrying the negative charge, and in reality, the solvated ion in solution probably has two identical oxygen atoms, each with a partial negative charge. Nitrite is a fairly strong acid, and becomes protonated to nitrous acid (HNO2) only as the pH drops below 4 (pKa = 3.35).
Figure 1. A nitrite ion (left) comprised of a central nitrogen atom (blue) and two oxygen atoms (red), one of which carries a negative charge. A water molecule (H2O) is shown on the right for comparison.
Most aquarists associate nitrite with the traditional "nitrogen cycle." In this process, bacteria convert ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate by oxidizing it. The bacteria gain chemical energy in this fashion, just as other organisms (from bacteria to people) gain energy by oxidizing carbon compounds (such as ethanol, CH3CH2OH) into more oxidized versions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2).
During an aquarium's initial setup, few of these ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are present. As the ammonia accumulates, bacteria that utilize it increase in population. As that occurs, they consume the initial ammonia spike, and a nitrite spike results. Then, the nitrite-oxidizers take advantage of the nitrite spike, increase in population, and consume the nitrite, thereby producing nitrate.
After some period of time (often a few weeks), the bacterial action begins to equilibrate, and neither ammonia nor nitrite is present in high concentrations. This doesn't mean that a lot of each is no longer being produced, only that they are consumed as fast as they are produced, leaving a low steady-state concentration. In most reef aquaria, the steady-state concentrations of both ammonia and nitrite are quite low (less than 0.1 ppm), and often are below the detection limits of many test kits.
What happens when an aquarium is initially set up, however, is not necessarily what happens later. Many organisms in reef aquaria consume ammonia and nitrite directly, and metabolize it into organic matter. Macroalgae, for example, can take up ammonia directly, and many species actually take up ammonia preferentially to nitrate. Consequently, in a reef aquarium such as mine where most of the nitrogen export is via macroalgae, little nitrite may be produced in the first place. I have no way of knowing how much of the nitrogen added to my aquarium from foods enters the macroalgae as ammonia, and how much in other forms (such as nitrite or nitrate), but it is very likely that not all of the nitrogen added passes through a nitrite stage before becoming part of the macroalgae.
In a laboratory situation with nitrate-free seawater with no organisms present, ambient sunlight can reduce the nitrite concentration by 2-15% per day.12,13 The primary products of this reaction are nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical (OH). Both of these compounds are chemically and biologically active, so this reaction may be important to a number of biochemical pathways in the ocean and in various organisms. The effect of nitric oxide is discussed in more detail later in this article.
The importance of this process in marine sediments has long been unknown. In recent studies, however, it has been shown to be important in some circumstances.14-17 In two continental shelf sites, the conversion of ammonia to N2 by this pathway produced 24% and 67% of the total N2 produced. In a eutrophic bay, however, this process was negligible compared to ordinary denitrification (the conversion of nitrate into N2 when the nitrate is used as an electron acceptor for degradation of organic material in low oxygen situations). A different study showed that this process accounted for between 4% and 79% of the N2 produced in coastal sediments.
Nitric oxide also may play a role in the symbiosis of certain cnidarians with dinoflagellates. An enzyme that produces nitric oxide has been found in the cnidarian Aiptasia pallida. This enzyme is apparently downregulated when the organism goes into acute heat shock, and inhibitors of the enzyme cause retraction of the tentacles, as is observed under heat shock conditions.20 Further, addition of nitric oxide donors to the system prevents this retraction of tentacles. Whether this process has anything to do with nitrite or nitric oxide in the water column is not clear.
The effects, if any, that nitric oxide and this reaction from nitrite in particular might have on reef aquaria is unclear. Nitric oxide effects on marine organisms is an active area of research, and a greater understanding of it is expected in the future. Whatever the effects are, however, any effect attributable to NO produced from nitrite may be most pronounced in a newly cycling reef aquarium (where nitrite is elevated) and when a UV system is in use.
Table 3 brings out the distinction between freshwater and seawater organisms most clearly. In these tests, two fish and one shrimp species that are able to live in both freshwater (or brackish water) and seawater were tested for toxicity at different salinities. At least for these three species, it is clearly shown that nitrite is much more toxic in freshwater (or at lower salinity) than in seawater, even to the same species.
In the only published article26 that I could find showing toxicity tests to typical reef aquarium fish, Tom Frakes and Bob Studt exposed tank-raised clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris; Figure 2) to nitrite concentrations ranging from 0 to 330 ppm in artificial seawater. Two of five fish died after a few days at 330 ppm, giving an LC50 not appreciably different from the other species listed in Table 1. At 33 ppm (the next dose down from 330 ppm), the fish were lethargic and breathing with difficulty, but otherwise experienced no lasting problems. At 3.3 ppm nitrite no effects were observed.
Figure 2. This female clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in my aquarium would likely experience lethal effects of nitrite toxicity at levels above 300 ppm nitrite.
One of the difficulties with interpreting toxicity issues, as related by hobbyists who claim to have seen nitrite toxicity in marine fish, is the possible presence of ammonia. In any aquarium with elevated nitrite, the ammonia level also may be elevated. Since ammonia is known to be very toxic to marine fish (LC50 value below 1 ppm), on the aquarist must ensure that the observations are not flawed by such contaminants. In all of the toxicity tests described above, nitrite is added directly to the seawater, and ammonia would not be expected to be present at significant concentrations, whereas in aquariums the levels of the two materials are not independent of one another.
Table 1. Toxicity of Nitrite to FRESHWATER Fish.
Table 2. Toxicity of Nitrite to MARINE Fish.
Table 3. Toxicity of Nitrite to Marine Organisms as a Function of Salinity.
Reef aquaria, obviously, contain far more organisms than just fish. Unfortunately, however, the number of organisms that have been examined for nitrite toxicity is fairly low. Those selected for study are most often those for which there is a significant aquaculture industry, such as prawns. It turns out that most invertebrates studied are fairly insensitive to nitrite (Tables 4-6). Because of the nature of these studies, many endpoints besides death were examined. These other endpoints include growth rates, "intoxication" and feeding. Like fish, the invertebrates showed a wide range of susceptibility to nitrite toxicity. Some showed little effect at hundreds of ppm nitrite. The lowest noted effect was a slowing of gonadal development in a sea urchin at 1.6 ppm, although it was feeding normally and surviving at 33 ppm nitrite.
Table 4. Toxicity of Nitrite to Crustaceans.
Table 5. Toxicity of Nitrite to Marine Mollusks.
Table 6. Toxicity of Nitrite to Other Marine Organisms.
As far as has been studied, nitrite is not as toxic to marine fish as it is to freshwater fish. This difference is striking, with some of the most sensitive freshwater species being more than a thousand times more sensitive than typical marine species. Does this apply to all fish that might be kept in reef aquaria? I have no way of knowing. I have seen nitrite toxicity test results on only one marine species that we normally maintain in reef aquaria (Figure 3). Nevertheless, there is no reason to think them more or less susceptible.
Figure 3. Like most reef aquarium fish, the susceptibility to nitrite toxicity of this longhorn cowfish (Lactoria cornuta) from my aquarium has not been established.
The same can be said of nitrite toxicity to marine invertebrates; few studies have been done. Those that have been tested suggest that lethal doses of nitrite are fairly high (i.e., tens to thousands of ppm nitrite). Biochemical and developmental effects have been observed at lower doses, however, and there is no reason to suspect that the most sensitive invertebrates have actually been tested.
Aquarists obviously can decide for themselves, based on the data provided above, what level of nitrite to allow in a reef aquarium, or alternatively, at what level to take some action to reduce it (e.g., a water change). Fortunately, nitrite levels in reef aquaria are almost always far lower than would cause concern from a toxicity perspective. While a new aquarium's nitrite levels might reach up toward 10 ppm or more, such an aquarium should not yet contain sensitive organisms. Once the nitrite is below 1 ppm, there is little reason to be concerned.
From my perspective, nitrite and the nitrogen cycle may be interesting phenomena to monitor during a reef aquarium's initial set up, but nitrite does not warrant routine testing. I haven't tested any aquaria for nitrite in years, despite setting up several reef aquaria in that time. I simply do not think that nitrite is worth the time and expense of testing, unlike ammonia, phosphate, alkalinity, pH, calcium, etc. It is my opinion that many things other than nitrite concentration are more worthy of reef aquarists' attention.
2. Zonal continuity and meridian circulation of the nitrite maximum in the southwest equatorial Pacific. I. Description of the spatial evolution of the nitrite maximum in the hydrological context. Oudot, Claude. ORSTOM, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Oceanographie (1978), 16(3-4), 349-61.
3. Trace nitrite in oxic waters. Zafiriou, O. C.; Ball, L. A.; Hanley, Q. Dep. Chem., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA, USA. Deep-Sea Research, Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers(1992), 39(2), 1329-47.
4. Nitrite and nitrate distribution in the surface water of oligotrophic areas of the East China Sea and Philippine Sea off Taiwan. Wada, Eitaro. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Marine Science Communications (1977), 3(3), 279-86.
5. Inorganic nitrogen in coral reef sediments. Corredor, Jorge E.; Morell, Julio. Dep. Mar. Sci., Univ. Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, P. R. Marine Chemistry (1985),16(4), 379-84.
6. Quantum yields for nitrite formation and decay in seawater. Davis, Andrew J.; Kieber, David J.; Katz, David R.; Mopper, Kenneth. Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA. Preprints of Extended Abstracts presented at the ACS National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry (2003), 43(1), 371-374.
7. Quantum yields for nitrite formation and decay in seawater. Davis, Andrew J.; Kieber, David J.; Katz, David R.; Mopper, Kenneth. Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA. Abstracts of Papers, 225th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, United States, March 23-27, 2003 (2003), ENVR-077. Publisher: American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
8. Uptake and accumulation of nitrate and nitrite by reef corals. Franzisket, L. Hawaii Inst. Marine Biol., Univ. Hawaii, Coconut Island, HI, USA. Naturwissenschaften (1973), 60(12), 552.
9. Nutrient availability for zooxanthellae derived from physiological activities of Condylactis species. Cates, Norman; McLaughlin, John J. A. Mercy Coll. Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (1979), 37(1), 31-41.
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