In the past, tasks of model based yield optimization in metabolic engineering were either approached with stoichiometric models or with structured nonlinear models such as S-systems or linear-logarithmic representations. These models stand out among most others, because they allow the optimization task to be converted into a linear program, for which efficient solution methods are widely available. For pathway models not in one of these formats, an Indirect Optimization Method (IOM) was developed where the original model is sequentially represented as an S-system model, optimized in this format with linear programming methods, reinterpreted in the initial model form, and further optimized as necessary.
A new method is proposed for this task. We show here that the model format of a Generalized Mass Action (GMA) system may be optimized very efficiently with techniques of geometric programming. We briefly review the basics of GMA systems and of geometric programming, demonstrate how the latter may be applied to the former, and illustrate the combined method with a didactic problem and two examples based on models of real systems. The first is a relatively small yet representative model of the anaerobic fermentation pathway in S. cerevisiae, while the second describes the dynamics of the tryptophan operon in E. coli. Both models have previously been used for benchmarking purposes, thus facilitating comparisons with the proposed new method. In these comparisons, the geometric programming method was found to be equal or better than the earlier methods in terms of successful identification of optima and efficiency.
GMA systems are of importance, because they contain stoichiometric, mass action and S-systems as special cases, along with many other models. Furthermore, it was previously shown that algebraic equivalence transformations of variables are sufficient to convert virtually any types of dynamical models into the GMA form. Thus, efficient methods for optimizing GMA systems have multifold appeal.
Model based optimization of biotechnological processes is a key step towards the establishment of rational strategies for yield improvement, be it through genetic engineering, refined setting of operating conditions or both. As such, it is a key element in the rapidly emerging field of metabolic engineering [1, 2]. Optimization tasks involving living organisms are notoriously difficult, because they almost always involve large numbers of variables, representing biological components that dominate cell operation, and must account for multitudinous and complex nonlinear interactions among them . The steady increase in the ready availability of computing power has somewhat alleviated the challenge, but it has also, together with other technological breakthroughs, been raising the level of expectation. Specifically, modelers are more and more expected to account for complex biological details and to include variables of diverse types and origins (metabolites, RNA, proteins...). This trend is to be welcomed, because it promises improved model predictions, yet it easily compensates for the computer technological advances and often overwhelms available hardware and software methods. As a remedy, effort has been expanded to develop computationally efficient algorithms that scale well with the growing number of variables in typical optimization tasks.
The most straightforward attempts toward improved efficiency have been based, in one form or another, on the reduction of the originally nonlinear task to linearity, because linear optimization tasks are rather easily solved, even if they involve thousands of variables. One variant of this approach is the optimization of stoichiometric flux distribution models . The two great advantages of this method are that the models are linear and that minimal information is needed to implement them, namely flux rates, and potentially numerical values characterizing metabolic or physico-chemical constraints. The significant disadvantage is that no regulation can be considered in these models.
An alternative is the use of S-system models within the modeling framework of Biochemical Systems Theory [5–7]. These models are highly nonlinear, thus allowing suitable representations of regulatory features, but have linear steady-state equations, so that optimization under steady-state conditions again becomes a matter of linear programming . The disadvantages here are that much more (kinetic) information is needed to set up numerical models and that S-systems are based on approximations that are not always accepted as valid. Linear-logarithmic models  similarly have the advantage of linearity at steady state and the disadvantage of being a local approximation.
An extension of these linear approaches is the Indirect Optimization Method . In this method, any type of kinetic model is locally represented as an S-system. This S-system is optimized with linear methods, and the resulting optimized parameter settings are translated back into the original model. If necessary, this linearized optimization may be executed in sequential steps.
An alternative to using S-system models is the General Mass Action (GMA) representation within BST. GMA systems are very interesting for several reasons. First, they contain both stoichiometric and S-system models as direct special cases, which would allow the optimization of combinations of the two. Second, mass action systems are special cases of GMA models, so that, in some sense, Michaelis-Menten functions and other kinetic rate laws are special cases, if they are expressed in their elemental, non-approximated form. Third, it was shown that virtually any system of differential equations may be represented exactly as a GMA system, upon equivalence transformations of some of the functions in the original system. Thus, GMA systems, as a mathematical representation, are capable of capturing any differentiable nonlinearity that one might encounter in biological systems. We show here that GMA systems, while highly nonlinear, are structured enough to permit the application of efficient optimization methods based on geometric programming.
In this generic representation, (1) usually targets a flux or a yield. The optimization must occur under several constraints. The first set (2) ensures that the system will operate under steady-state conditions. Other constraints (3) are imposed to retain the system within a physically and chemically feasible state and so that the total protein or metabolite levels do not impede cell growth. Yet other constraints (4) guarantee that no metabolites are depleted below minimal required levels or accumulate to toxic concentrations. These sets of constraints are designed to allow sustained operation of the system.
The elements ni,jof the stoichiometric matrix N are constant. The vector v contains reaction rates, which are in general functions of the variables and parameters of the system. This structure is usually associated with metabolic systems, but it is similarly valid for models describing gene expression, bioreactors, and a wide variety of other processes in biotechnology. In typical stoichiometric analyses, the reaction rates are considered constant. Furthermore, the analysis is restricted to steady-state operation, with the consequence that (5) is set equal to 0 and thereby becomes a set of linear algebraic equations, which are amenable to a huge repertoire of analyses.
In analogy with chemical kinetics, γ i is called the rate constant and fi,jare kinetic orders, which may be any real numbers. Positive kinetic orders indicate augmentation, whereas negative values are indicative of inhibition. Kinetic orders of 0 result in automatic removal of the corresponding variable from the term. In the notation of BST, the first n variables are often considered the dependent variables, which change dynamically under the action of the system, while the remaining variables X i for i = n + 1 ... m + n are considered independent variables and typically remain constant throughout any given simulation study. Thus, metabolites, enzymes, membrane potentials or other system components can easily be made dependent or independent by the modeler without requiring alterations in the structure of the equations. BST is very compact and explicitly distinguishes variables from parameters.
Thus, there are at most one positive and one negative term in each S-system equation.
form a system that is an exact equivalent of the original system but in GMA format.
Recasting can be useful with equations that are difficult to handle otherwise or for purposes of streamlining a model structure and its analysis. One must note though that often the number of variables increases significantly. In the case shown, the number of equations rises from one to two if X0 is independent or to three if it is a dependent variable.
The overall task is to reset some of the independent variables so that some objective is optimized. The independent variables in question are typically enzyme activities, which are experimentally manipulated through genetic means, such as the application of customized promoters or plasmids. The objective is usually the maximization of a metabolite concentration or a flux. Three approaches have been proposed in the literature.
Monomial objective functions become linear by taking logarithms and so holds for many constraints on metabolites or fluxes. Therefore, constrained optimization of pathways modeled as S-systems becomes a straightforward linear program .
Where F is the logarithm of the flux or variable to be optimized, and superscripts L and U refer to lower and upper bounds. Eq. 20 assures operation at steady state. Matrix B and vector d account for additional equality constraints and C and e are analogous constraints for additional inequalities, which could, for instance, limit the magnitude of a metabolite concentration or flux, and improve the chances of viability. Optimization problems of this type are called linear programs (LPs) and can be solved very efficiently for large numbers of variables and constraints .
The advantage of the pure S-system approach is its great speed combined with the fact that S-system models have proven to be excellent representations of many pathways. The disadvantage is that the optimization process, by design, moves the system away from the chosen operating point, so that questions arise as to how accurate the S-system representation is at the steady state suggested by the optimization.
If the pathway is not modeled as an S-system, the reduction of the optimization task to linearity is jeopardized. A compromise solution that has turned out to be quite effective is the Indirect Optimization Method (IOM) . The first step of IOM is approximation of the alleged model with an S-system. This S-system is optimized as shown above. The solution is then translated back into the original system in order to confirm that it constitutes a stable steady state and is really an improvement from the basal state of the original model. The S-system solution typically differs somewhat from a direct optimization result with the original model, but since it is obtained so fast, it is possible to execute IOM in several steps with relatively tight bounds, every time choosing a new operating point and not deviating too much from this point in the next iteration . The speed of the process is slower than in the pure S-system case, but still reasonable. Variations on IOM are to search for subsets of independent variables to be manipulated for optimal yield at lower cost and for multi-objective optimization tasks [17, 18].
A global optimization method for GMA systems  has been recently proposed based on branch-and-reduce methods combined with convexification. These methods are interesting because of the variety of roles that GMA models can play (see above). The disadvantage of the global method is that it quickly leads to very large systems that are non-convex, even though they allow relatively efficient solutions.
Geometric programming (GP)  addresses a class of problems that include linear programming (LP) and other tasks within the broader category of convex optimization problems. Convex problems are among the few nonlinear tasks where, thanks to powerful interior point methods, the efficient determination of global optima is feasible even for large scale systems. For example, a geometric program of 1,000 variables and 10,000 constraints can be solved in less than a minute on a desktop computer ; the solution is even faster for sparse problems as they are found in metabolic engineering. Furthermore, easy to use solvers are starting to become available [22, 23].
GP addresses optimization programs where the objective function and the constraints are sums of monomials, i.e., power-law terms as shown in Eq. 6. Because of their importance in GP, sums of monomials, all with positive sign, are called posynomials. If some of the monomials enter the sum with negative signs, the collection is called a signomial. The peculiarities of convexity and GP methods render the difference between posynomials and signomials crucial.
where P i (x) and M i (x) must fulfill strict conditions. Every function M i (x) must be a monomial, while the objective function P0(x) and the functions P i (x) involved in inequalities must be posynomials. Signomials are not permitted, and optimization problems involving them require additional effort.
The equivalence between monomials and power laws immediately suggests the potential use of GP for optimization problems formulated within BST. In the next sections, several methods will be proposed to develop such potential.
It is easy to see that steady-state equations of S-systems are readily arranged as monomials as shown in Eq 18 and that optimization tasks for S-systems directly adhere to the format of a GP, except that GP mandates minimization. However, this is easily remedied for maximization tasks by minimizing the inverse of the objective, which again is a monomial. By contrast, steady-state GMA equations as shown in Eq. 10 do not automatically fall within the GP structure, because GMA systems usually include negative terms, thus making them signomials. Furthermore, inversion of an objective that contains more than one monomial is not equivalent to a monomial.
When the objective or some restriction falls outside the GMA formalism, it can be recast into proper form as has been discussed above and will be shown in one of the case studies.
and therefore, the condensed form is an understimation of the original.
Objective functions can only be minimized in GP, this is seldom a problem given that the functions to maximize are often monomials that can be inverted: a variable, a reaction rate or a flux ratio. Posynomial objectives are usually entitled for minimization, like the sum of certain variables. Nonetheless, it is also relevant in metabolic engineering to consider the maximization of posynomials, such as the sum of variables or fluxes. In such cases, condensation or recasting can be used. For en extensive introduction on GP modelling see .
Because the division of a monomial by another is itself a monomial.
So the original problem is solved as a series of GPs in which the GMA equations are successively condensed using the previous solution as the reference point. To assure validity an extra set of constraints is added to ensure that every iteration will only explore the neighborhood of the feasible region in which error due to condensation remains below an arbitrary tolerance set by the user.
The initial weights are selected such that the overall penalty terms are just a fraction of the total objective in the initial point. In the case studies explored in this paper, such fraction was 10%.
The weights are only increased if their corresponding constraint was violated in the last iteration. In such cases, the weight would be multiplied times a fixed value. For the case studies considered here, the choice in the value of such multiplier didn't have a significant impact in the performance of the method.
These variations on the original method serve to prevent the penalty terms from dominating the objective function and pushing the relaxed problem towards the boundaries of the feasible region from the very beginning.
In order to illustrate the combination of GP with BST, some optimization tasks were explored. The first example demonstrates the procedure with a very simple two variable GMA system. The second example is a model of the anaerobic fermentation pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The third example revisits an earlier case study concerned with the tryptophan operon in E. coli. These systems were optimized using the Matlab based solver ggplab  running on an ordinary laptop (1.6 GHz Pentium centrino, 512 Mb RAM). Matlab scripts were written in order to perform all the transformations required by the two methods described. For comparison, the models were also optimized using IOM  as well as Matlab's optimization toolbox. The function used in this toolbox, fmincon(), is based on an iterative algorithm called Sequential Quadratic Programming, which uses the BGFS formula to update the estimated Hessian matrix during every iteration [27, 28].
A very distinctive difference between the alternative methodsfor GMA optimization can be ilustrated by a problem modified from , which presents the simplest possible fragmented feasible region (see Fig. 1).
Feasible area of the first example. The lines show the nullclines of each of the two equations of the system. They intersect at two (unconnected) points, which constitute the only feasible solutions. The feasible area of the relaxed problem in the penalty treatment is marked in grey.
The feasible region of this problem consists of two points (1.178,2.178) and (3.823,4.823), of which clearly the first solution is superior, because X1 is to be minimized. As these points are not connected, local methods are not able to find one solution using the other as a starting point. The problem was solved using IOM, controlled error and penalty treatment methods. The initial point was set to be (3.823,4.823), which is disconnected from the true optimal solution. While both IOM and the Controlled-Error method reported the initial point as the solution, the penalty treatment algorithm found the global optimum at (1.178,2.178).
In this case, most methods failed to find the optimal solution because the approximated s-system had the operating point as the only feasible solution while the relaxed problem for the penalty treatment algorithm had a feasible area (shadowed in Fig. 1) that included and connected both feasible solutions.
Anaerobic fermentation in S. cerevisiae.
The objective is (constrained) maximization of the ethanol production rate, v PK . Together with the upper and lower bounds of the variables, two extra constraints will be studied. The first is an upper limit to the total amount of protein. This is especially important for pathways of the central carbon metabolism as they represent a significant fraction of the total amount of cell protein and increasing the expression of its enzymes by large amounts might compromise cell viability. As a first example, we assume that the activity to protein ratio is the same for every enzyme and set an arbitrary limit of four times the amount of enzymes in the basal state. As an alternative, we explore the effect of limiting the total substrate pool. This constraint will later be subject to tradeoff analysis in order to see its influence in the optimum steady state (see Fig 3). Being posynomial functions, the constraints will be supported by GP without any transformation. The Appendix contains a complete formulation of the optimization problem.
The results are sumarized in Table 1. Both GP methods and the SQP found the same solution, although GP finished in 0.5 s while SQP was significantly slower, taking 1.5 s for the calculation. The IOM method was as fast as GP but it's solution violated one constraint.
Tradeoff curve for the anaerobic fermentation pathway if the total substrate pools are kept fixed. No upper limit for total enzyme was used in this case.
The third example addresses the tryptophan operon in E. coli, as illustrated in Fig. 4. This is an appealing benchmark system, because it has already been optimized with other methods [16, 31].
A model of the tryptophan operon. Adapted from .
The objective function consists simply of v8, which may be regarded as an aggregate term for growth and tryptophan excretion.
A recurrent feature of previously found IOM solutions was the noticeable violation of a constraint retaining a minimum tryptophan concentration. This discrepancy is a feature for comparisons between methods beyond computational efficiency. The Appendix contains a complete formulation of the optimization problem.
Fixed tolerance. The standard method in which every iteration is limited to a maximum condensation error of 10% by constraints described in Eq. 33.
Fixed step. No limit on the condensation error. The variation of the variables in every iteration is limited to 10% distance from the reference state.
When the constraints were absent (fixed step), the variation of the variables was restricted to a fraction of the total range in every iteration, in order to prevent them from moving too far from the operating point. Fig. 5 shows the evolution of the objective function and condensation errors through iterations, both for fixed step and fixed tolerance. Though both methods find the same solution, the fixed tolerance method is much faster and keeps the error within a limit specified a priori. The fixed step method remains within a lower margin of error in this case due to the good quality of the condensed approximation but this margin is not under direct control and will depend on the size of the subintervals and on the model in an unforeseeable way. When the error tolerance was lowered to match the values observed for the fixed step method, both performed very similarly with a slight advantage of the fixed tolerance.
Effect of the error constraints in the optimization algorithm. Results of optimizing the model of the tryptophan operon using fixed step and fixed tolerance.
Both the controlled error and penalty treatment methods yielded the same results while SQP returned a solution that was feasible but yielded a lower flux. As can be seen in Table 2 no constraint violations occurred with GP. When the lower bound was extended to include the levels reached by other methods, all previous results were reproduced. The tradeoff curve resulting from solving the problem for different tryptophan lower bounds is depicted as Fig 6. SQP and error controlled method took about 1 s to find the solution while the penalty tratment took 0.3 s.
Comparison of results obtained for the tryptophan model with different methods. All the results that violate the lower bound for X3 were reproduced with GP by relaxing such bound. Constraint violations are shown in boldface.
Tradeoff analysis for tryptophan model showing flux against lower bound for tryptophan.
The main challenge of non-linear optimization is dealing with non-convexities. In some cases, like GP, there is an elegant transformation that convexifies the problem without adding undue complexity. But this is seldom the case and dealing with non-convexities usually implies developing ad hoc tricks such as subdividng the system in many subsystems, finding convex relaxations of the constraints, adding extra variables or a combination of several of these strategies.
Geometric programming provides a simple and efficient tool for the optimization of biotechnological systems that takes advantage of the structural regularity and flexibility of GMA systems. In this work we have presented two different strategies to do so, of which the penalty treatment seems to be the most promising. The methods are quite general, as this treatment of GP and recasting can be applied to any rational function, which in fact include almost all rate functions used in representations of metabolic processes.
The use of geometric programming also provides a solution for the problem of constraint violations in the two strategies considered. The possibility of keeping an arbitrarily small approximation error in every iteration prevents the buildup of discrepancies in the Controlled Error Method which results in a "safer" condensation while the Penalty treatment doesn't rely on condensation to define the feasible area. It has been shown elsewhere  that GP can deal with big systems, and the sparse nature of the problems in metabolic engineering improves the capabilities of the approach. It is therefore reasonable to expect both strategies considered here to scale well for big problems but it is yet to be seen which one of the two behaves better in such cases.
Geometric programming is a relatively recent and active area in operations research, which implies that further improvements and refinements for the optimization of GMA systems are to be expected. But even with existing methods, the optimization of this large class of systems, which is further expanded by the technique of recasting, has become feasible for execution of moderately sized tasks even on simple desktop computers.
This work was supported by a research grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education ref. BIO2005-08898-C02-02.


What apps are going to work on an iPhone 3?
will most still work with a 4s?
I am still using an iPhone 4s and most of the apps I need still work (or do so with a previous edition). I don't play games, so can't comment on those kind of apps.
For current apps; I'd suggest not going below a 4s, as you'll probably find that iOS8 is generally a minimum requirement (if not 9).
The continuing 'older' support is because people are actively avoiding upgrading to gimped later software.


Bed and Breakfast Vakantiebiggekerke de 2 Biggetjes in Biggekerke is a farm (house) with 2 Rooms and 1 apartment.
Bed and Breakfast 2 Piglets is a second room with private bathroom, toilet and entrance, located on the road to the beach Valkenisse, in a former farm on the outskirts of the picturesque village Biggekerke for a bike ride on Walcheren can walk along the nearby villages Dishoek and Domburg Domburg drive the short distance. Taking a walk on the beach, then relax on your private terrace for the room where you can stay. Minimum 2 nights In the morning you will be served a gourmet breakfast in the ro...om or on the terrace, coffee and tea is available in the room. B & B / Holiday 4 and 5 Piglets Piglets as B & B booking surcharge outside holiday periods to. Per week excluding breakfast the holidays as a holiday.
Bed and Breakfast 2 Piglets is a second room with private bathroom, toilet and entrance, located on the road to the beach Valkenisse, in a former farm... on the outskirts of the picturesque village Biggekerke for a bike ride on Walcheren can walk along the nearby villages Dishoek and Domburg Domburg drive the short distance. Taking a walk on the beach, then relax on your private terrace for the room where you can stay. Minimum 2 nights In the morning you will be served a gourmet breakfast in the room or on the terrace, coffee and tea is available in the room. B & B / Holiday 4 and 5 Piglets Piglets as B & B booking surcharge outside holiday periods to. Per week excluding breakfast the holidays as a holiday.
When would you like to stay at Vakantiebiggekerke de 2 Biggetjes?
Your apartment open all year, With a beautiful old conservatory where breakfast will be served. You can rent the 5 Piggy's as B & B appartment 2 to 6 pers.
Sehr nette und schnelle Kommunikation, sehr netter Empfang und ein wirklich... schönes Zimmer! Es hat uns sehr gut gefallen bei Caroline.
nadat we op vrijdag te horen kregen dat we niet terecht konden bij bednextdoor... in Middelburg, konden we nog last minute 2 biggetjes huren voor de zaterdag in Biggekerke.
Wir haben wundervolle 4 Tage hier verbracht und waren mit allem mehr... als zufrieden.


Can the debut album from London dandies The Libertines live up to the hype?
With the Clash's Mick Jones at the production helm, gravelly tracks such as Horror Show and The Boy Looked at Johnny rattle along like first-gen punk classics. But like the Strokes, The Libertines manage to imbue snotty garage rock with a sort of wistful romanticism that adds genuine soul to their raucous clatter. Although there's no sign of What a Waster, the single that made their name, there's no shortage of excellent tunes here. Boys in the Band is an affectionate ode to a groupie, with frontmen Pete Doherty and Carl Barat hollering: "and they all get 'em out / for the boys in the band." I Get Along proves that these boys have a knack for penning tight, nervy songs that evoke The Jam, The Smiths and The Buzzcocks.


Can President Barack Obama take advantage of the egalitarian sentiment let loose in the country by the Occupy Wall Street demonstrations? Would doing so be consistent with the moderate, conciliatory persona he has cultivated?
The best response comes not from polls but from history. Eric Foner�s magnificent book on Abraham Lincoln�s evolving views on the slavery question, �The Fiery Trial,� offers some surprisingly relevant lessons.
As a result, he was accused by his allies of �too much tenderness toward traitors and rebels,� and Lincoln worried to Republican leader Carl Schurz that his middle-of-the-road politics would offend both Democrats (the conservative party of the time) and Republicans (many of whom yearned for bolder action against slavery). Foner summarizes Lincoln�s concerns: �He feared he was too radical for the Democrats and not radical enough for the Republicans and would end up without political support.� Sound familiar?
And so he finally issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863. Hostilities commenced on April 12, 1861, with the South�s attack on Fort Sumter, so Lincoln took his time before embracing his role as the Great Emancipator. Obama, who even three months ago was seeking compromise with his congressional opponents, might understand.
Now, comparing anything with Lincoln and the Civil War requires a paragraph full of caveats. So: No, we are not approaching civil war, and no, the issues we confront now aren�t as morally momentous as slavery. And lest conservative readers get bent out of shape, I am not saying Obama is Lincoln. FDR vies with Lincoln to be America�s greatest president, and even he wasn�t Lincoln.
But the political parallels are striking. Lincoln was always aware that getting too close to the abolitionists risked losing the political center of his time. Obama also cares about the center and has been wary of his party�s left. Lincoln believed in reason and conciliation even with enemies who had taken up arms against the government he led. They wouldn�t be conciliated � and Obama has had no better luck with less fearsome opponents.
And so has the agitation of Occupy Wall Street begun to change the context of our discussion. Politicians and commentators who had been silent about economic inequality and the excesses of the financial sector are finally facing up to economic injustice and the irresponsibility of the financial elites. In the meantime, Obama�s moderation has won him absolutely nothing. Having done much to save Wall Street and the banks, he receives in return only ingratitude and criticism. Bankers and financiers who needed the rest of America to bail them out now respond arrogantly when the rest of America complains about the unpaid promissory note it holds.
My old friend Doug Schoen wrote in the Oct. 18 Wall Street Journal about a poll of �nearly 200� Occupy Wall Street protesters in New York, concluding that they are committed to �radical left-wing policies.� I�m sure there are some radicals in the crowd, since moderates aren�t given to mass protests. But the dissatisfaction with the privileged that the demonstrators are expressing extends far beyond the left, and majorities share OWS� inclinations on many issues, including the need for the wealthy to pay more in taxes.
In their time, the abolitionists were radicals, too. Lincoln, a shrewd politician, understood that public opinion in the North did not fully embrace their cause but was moving in their direction. Lincoln remained at heart a moderate, but he abandoned moderation on slavery when this proved to be morally and politically unsuited to the imperatives of his moment. By following Lincoln�s example and acting against the injustices of our time, Obama could also come to occupy the high ground.


This slow cooker rice recipe combines mushrooms, wild rice and brown rice for a hearty side dish. This goes really well with chicken.... The long slow cooking time is ideal for wild rice. And did you know that wild rice isn't a grain but is the seed of a grass plant? It grows wild in marshy areas in Minnesota and the upper Midwest and was harvested by American Indians in canoes. It is still harvested that way, but most wild rice in supermarkets was grown commercially.
It takes only 10 minutes to put 5 simple ingredients together in the slow cooker...and after it simmers away, you've got a very delicious meal.
Instructions. Add chicken breasts, wild rice, carrots, celery, onion, herbs, bay leaves, white wine, lemon juice and the first 6 cups of chicken broth to a 6 quart slow cooker.
Coat the slow cooker with nonstick cooking spray and place uncooked long-grain white rice in the cooker. As a general rule, use about 1 1/2 cups of rice for a six-serving casserole. As a general rule, use about 1 1/2 cups of rice for a six-serving casserole.


"Consolation." There is music in the word: like David's harp, it charms away the evil spirit of melancholy. It was a distinguished honour to Barnabas to be called "the son of consolation"; nay, it is one of the illustrious names of a greater than Barnabas, for the Lord Jesus is "the consolation of Israel." " Everlasting consolation"--here is the cream of all, for the eternity of comfort is the crown and glory of it. What is this "everlasting consolation"? It includes a sense of pardoned sin. A Christian man has received in his heart the witness of the Spirit that his iniquities are put away like a cloud, and his transgressions like a thick cloud. If sin be pardoned, is not that an everlasting consolation? Next, the Lord gives His people an abiding sense of acceptance in Christ. The Christian knows that God looks upon him as standing in union with Jesus. Union to the risen Lord is a consolation of the most abiding order; it is, in fact, everlasting. Let sickness prostrate us, have we not seen hundreds of believers as happy in the weakness of disease as they would have been in the strength of hale and blooming health? Let death's arrows pierce us to the heart, our comfort dies not, for have not our ears full often heard the songs of saints as they have rejoiced because the living love of God was shed abroad in their hearts in dying moments? Yes, a sense of acceptance in the Beloved is an everlasting consolation. Moreover, the Christian has a conviction of his security. God has promised to save those who trust in Christ: the Christian does trust in Christ, and he believes that God will be as good as His word, and will save him. He feels that he is safe by virtue of his being bound up with the person and work of Jesus.


Some 105 tonnes of marijuana has been seized in Mexico, in what is expected to become the country’s biggest ever drug bust.
battle between members of the drug cartel and police and soldiers - two people were injured.
A shootout ensued before the 11 arrests in the city, which is across the U.S. border from San Diego, California.
Police and soldiers, acting on information from the suspects, raided the warehouse and two homes, where smaller amounts of marijuana were found.
The neatly packaged cannabis - guarded by masked, heavily armed soldiers - was later displayed for the media at Morelos Army Base in Tijuana.
General Alfonso Duarte Mugica, the military’s top commander in Baja California, said the drugs had an estimated street value of 4.2billion Mexican pesos - about £215million.
General Duate said that the marijuana was destined for America, and that authorities were still counting and weighing the packages, meaning the amount could increase.
The drugs, he said, were wrapped in different colours and labelled with apparently coded phrases and pictures that included cartoon character Homer Simpson.
On other drug parcel there were the names of animals, such as bulls and wolves, and on some there were symbols, including arrows.
The colours and the symbols are thought to be indicators as to where the parcels were destined.
The report attributed the increase to drug cartel efforts to 'diminish reliance on foreign suppliers'.
The seize marks a big break through against the cartels in the ongoing drug war in Mexico that has claimed 28,000 lives since 2006.
President Felipe Calderon, who recently visited Tijuana, launched the nationwide crackdown four years ago, deploying some 50,000 troops.
Last year, Mexican security forces confiscated a total of 2,105 tonnes of marijuana, according to government figures.
Mexico's border regions, especially the major towns directly on the U.S. frontier, have witnessed the brunt of the conflict with notable spikes in particularly gruesome violence in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, which borders Texas further to the east.
Violence peaked in Tijuana in 2008 amid a showdown between two crime bosses - Fernando 'The Engineer' Sanchez Arellano and Teodoro 'El Teo' Garcia Simental, a renegade lieutenant who rose through the ranks by dissolving bodies in vats of lye.
Garcia was arrested last January. While killings have continued, the most gruesome displays of cartel violence - decapitations, hangings and daylight shootouts - subsided.
Last week, in the wake of President Calderon's visit, several bodies were found beheaded and hanging from bridges in Tijuana, leading to fears that the cartels were resuming brutal tactics to send a message that the government is not in control.
were hunted down by the gunmen and shot dead near the airport.


Cory Booker, D-N.J., and Beto O'Rourke used on March 23 their campaign rallies to demand the release of full Mueller report.
Will the much anticipated report turnout to be a "Nothing Burger", a "Something Burger" or a "SomethingNothing Burger"?
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi told Democrats over the weekend Americans "deserve the truth". Mueller was investigating Russian election interference and possible coordination with Donald Trump's campaign. According to the Washington Examiner, Trump was briefed fully on the report - including that Mueller recommended no further indictments - and is being kept appraised of updates to the investigation by attorneys on site.
I'm writing this on Saturday morning, while we're still in suspense as to whether the Mueller report will be released in time for the Sunday shows - but it doesn't much matter for programming purposes.
Even if DOJ chooses not to prosecute additional individuals, the underlying findings must be provided to Congress and the American people. "Why there's been no indictments we don't know", U.S. Representative Jerrold Nadler, the Democratic chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, said on CNN's "State of the Union".
Political analysts expect the Mueller report to have a significant impact on the 2020 presidential campaign - how Democrats might be able to use it stop Trump being reelected and how Trump could use it if he is cleared of wrongdoing.
Special counsel Robert Mueller closed his long and contentious Russian Federation investigation with no new charges, ending the probe that has cast a dark shadow over Donald Trump's presidency.
Now they want to change the rules again, or rather, ignore the rules they said were necessary.
"[Attorney General William Barr] says that the President may have acted to obstruct justice, but that for an obstruction conviction, "the government would need to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a person, acting with corrupt intent, engaged in obstructive conduct". Barr said in his confirmation hearing in January, however, that the memo was based on what he saw in media reports.
I have wished that this whole thing was actually an investigation into the DNC-Clinton Russian collusion - and not into Trump - and that the whole thing was kept under wraps. And a significant group of them still focus around President Donald Trump. Barr and Mueller are said to be friends, and Mueller attended the weddings of Barr's children. They also point to precedent involving the Justice Department providing 880,000 pages of internal material previous year to the House as part of the GOP probe into the FBI's Hillary Clinton investigation - as well as the department providing records to the Hill over the Watergate probe.
The report, of course, concluded Mueller's almost two-year investigaiton into whether members of the Trump presidential campaign colluded with Russian officials to impact the outcome of the 201 presidential elections, and into whether the President himself obstructed justice in the matter.
Trump took White House counsel Pat Cipollone and Emmet Flood with him to Florida. We know Paul Manafort provided internal polling data to a Russian connected to Putin's intelligence operation. The Justice Department was expected to release the main findings as soon as Saturday.
The cyclone made landfall Thursday near the coastal city of Beira, Mozambique, with winds of almost 200 kph. Some 31 people have been killed by Idai-related floods in Zambia, officials said.


HAGERSTOWN, Md. - A discharged Marine private who slit his wrists in a suicide attempt is fighting his military conviction for deliberately injuring himself, arguing the punishment is inconsistent with the armed forces' efforts to battle a rise in suicides during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
It's not clear how often the Marines or any other service branch prosecute active duty members for trying to kill themselves. But the defense lawyer for Pvt. Lazzaric Caldwell says it's wrong to punish service members with mental health problems for genuine suicide attempts. Suicide prevention has become a priority across the military as numbers climbed in the past decade with the increasing stress of combat and multiple deployments in the wars.
He pleaded guilty at a court-martial that year to "intentional self-injury without intent to avoid service," a criminal charge that the government says helps maintain good order and discipline in the armed forces. The charge is sometimes used in self-injury cases when there isn't enough evidence to prove malingering, military justice experts say.
Caldwell was sentenced to 180 days in jail and a bad conduct discharge. Military rules allow an appeal after a guilty plea in some cases, but Caldwell's initial appeal was denied in December. His lawyer, Navy Lt. Mike Hanzel, said last week he will ask the military's highest court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces in Washington, to hear the case.
"I think it definitely touches important issues which are affecting all the branches of the armed forces right now," Hanzel said in a telephone interview from Bremerton, Wash.
Military prosecutors didn't immediately respond to requests for comment. In an appellate brief, the government stated Caldwell "was not charged with, or convicted of, attempting suicide. He was charged with, and properly convicted of, intentionally injuring himself to the prejudice of good order and discipline or the discredit of the service."
Hanzel claims military law prohibits intentional self-injury prosecutions for genuine suicide attempts induced by depression, PTSD or other mental illness. He said there should be a presumption such clients can't form a guilty intent. He also noted that successful suicides are presumed by the military to have been committed in the line of duty, and the service member's death isn't considered to have been due to their own misconduct.
"If you succeed in committing suicide your service is treated honorably and your family receives full benefits," Hanzel wrote in an email. "If you are unsuccessful in a genuine suicide attempt, you can receive a federal conviction and get a bad-conduct discharge and jail time, which is what happened to Pvt. Caldwell."
The Marine Corps and Army couldn't immediately provide statistics on prosecutions or convictions for intentional self-injury without intent to avoid service. The Navy said no such cases involving sailors came before courts-martial last year.
Retired Army Judge Advocate Victor M. Hansen, a professor at the New England School of Law in Boston, said it's fairly unusual for commanders to convene courts-martial on self-injury charges. "It happens but it doesn't happen a lot," he said.
In 2010, Caldwell told the court he tried to kill himself minutes after he was told he was going to the brig to await trial on charges including larceny for allegedly helping a friend steal a belt from a local shop. He had learned a day earlier of a friend's death, and he said those events were the last straws in a series of emotional blows that included the deaths of family members, a stabbing by his former fiancée, a 60-day confinement for other alleged offenses and personal problems within his unit.
Caldwell said after he was patched up and put in the brig, he was surprised to learn he would be charged with self-injury. "I thought it was unfair and I thought it was just kind of morally wrong to punish somebody for something of that nature," Caldwell said.
The bad-conduct discharge made him ineligible for certain benefits, though, so Caldwell, who has since married an active-duty Marine, said he's getting no mental health treatment.
Eugene Fidell, who teaches military justice at Yale Law School, said the case raises fundamental questions about the purpose of military justice, which allows for prosecution of some acts that wouldn't be crimes in the civilian world.
"One would have to assume that the pre-trial investigating officer and the convening authority would have given long and prayerful consideration to the wisdom of pursuing such a case."


I'm seeking feedback on the time statement requirement for hospital discharge code 99238. I interpret the guideline to state that time must be documented for BOTH 99238 and 99239. However, I have a co-worker that states that guideline only requires the time statement (30 minutes or greater) when billing the 99239. After providing reference to the guideline below, I'm told that if no time is documented, we can automatically assume it was less than 30 minutes and bill a 99238.
Whereas, another co-worker asked if time is not documented for a 99238/99239, can a daily round (99231-99233 or 99224-9226) be billed if documentation supports the required components for this category?
As a practical matter, time does not need to be documented for 99238.
I have spoken to multiple physicians of many specialties and all of them say the same thing: they ALWAYS spend 31+ minutes when discharging a patient and reading their notes it's obvious that they have with all that is needed to be documented.
It would be nice for the physician to always document the amount of time spent, but that does not always happen.
Because these two codes are based on time only, if time is not documented, the doc gets the lesser of the two codes as a practical matter. And if they have not documented any time, by the time you see it, they will have seen so many other patients that there is no way for them to go back and document the approximate amount of time.
Since these codes are based on time, you cannot use another code with the three key components. You have to bill a discharge code.
If they don't dictate the time, they get the lesser of two codes.


Zeitgeist: Moving Forward is a great movie, and great movie makes great mistakes. I�m going to summarize them into a top ten list for your pondering.
The movie was made by Peter Joseph. The 2007 movie was mainly about 9-1-1 Conspiracy which won�t be covered in this review. The 2011 Zeitgeist: Moving Forward is a documentary about building sustainable modern economic, new way of living, criticism of consumerism and monetary policy, preservation and all the good stuff that�s similar to ideology of the recent Occupy Wall Street movement, It makes many interesting points, some I agreed, some I don�t, So let�s see the top 10 list, shall we?
Yes, our society does not economize most efficiently, but that's different to say we don't economize at all.
Just because Tiger Wood is not the best golf player of all time, can you accuse him of not knowing how to play golf?
That fits the very meaning of economize, to do more with less.
I know we still feel like we are poor. That�s because we don�t compare our living standard with our forefathers We only compare it with our contemporary peers.
Money does not bring happiness, that again, I agreed with the movie.
Don't blame the corruption of the powerful people for the stupidity of the common men.
62 million people elected George Bush for a second time on 2004, Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
Fox news was the most popular news channel in the media. Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
70% Americans believed in WMD. Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
Y2K which predicted the meltdown of civilization. Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
Airport security, many nail clippers and bottle water were missed, yet people could still bring explosives to the plane. Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
It is not the conspiracy of the powerful people, but it�s the inadequacy of the common mind.
Is the rich our enemies and the poor our friends?
Warren Buffett. The 2nd richest man in the world. Is he not rich enough, is he not powerful enough. Yet he complained the tax for rich people is too low.
So this poor guy, Joe the Plumber who later said he made less than 250 thousands a year is worrying about a tax increase that is specifically targeted for the 250 thousands. So this guy want Warren Buffett and Bill gate to pay less tax�. Is that stupidity or conspiracy.
Now look at those poor folks... say Joe the Plumber, who claimed he didn�t make much money, yet he complained the tax for rich people was too high. The rich people complained their tax too high, yet the poor people wanted the rich to have lower tax? What kind of world we live in?
And look at the poor grass root followers of Sarah Palin, they walked out the meeting chanting �Drill baby drill�, They didn�t look like the CEO of the big oil companies yet they care more about the welfare of the rich than their own. Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
The rich folk like Bill Gate spent half of his wealth on charity, probably thinking he has more money than he knows how to spend. Yet the poor people from the tea party complained that these �job-creators� were punished by high tax... Is that conspiracy or stupidity?
Occam�s razor, why blame conspiracy when all these can be easily explained by the stupidity of common men? It�s not the rich and powerful people who conspire against us, it�s the stupidity of the common mind that conspire against us.
Different but similar. I will give more solid evidence below.
Blaming money for all the evil, is like blaming the messenger for the war.
The problem is not money itself but the distribution of money.
Just like in the old soviet, which tried to get rid of money but instead replace it with different sort of coupons.
The only way to change is to change the government who controls money but not money itself.
Who is going to do the governing job? Who is going to do the mundane job? Avoiding the question by saying a robot or a super computer will take care of that is like saying God will take care of everything. Different name, same excuse.
I don�t think it�s impossible; it�s just not in the near future. Eventually we will reach that state, if we don�t destroy ourselves before then.
But according to the movie, after abolishing money, each person should be allocated resources according to his needs.
Tried and failed. Small community like Sontula in Vancouver Island. Big empire like the soviet union. Ancient country like China. All tried these before and failed.
The problem is who is going to decides who need more?
According to the movie, it will be a super computer, but who is going to decide the algorithm of that computer? How to resolve the disputes? What will decide this man deserve an iPhone more than the other guy?
Better stay with what we have and improve and optimize our current system. We don�t need revolution, we just need evolution.
From 1970 to 2010, Poverty doubled?
In reality poverty dropped by 80% from 1970 to 2010, mainly because of the modernization of China and India.
It is true the LDC (Least Developed Countries) becomes poorer, but the poverty of those countries were mainly due to political, religion, and civil wars, not monetary policy or conspiracy.
For someone to be in debt, someone else has to own the debt.
A Ponzi scheme does not involve increase in productivity.
Stock market is more than that, it�s keeping the money in circulation.
Just like the water in the fish tank, it has to circulate through the water tank to refresh the oxygen in the water. If you keep the water still, all you get will be a tank of dead fish.
Besides, it also act like kind of social service. People gamble with their money but the money is not really lost, it was built into infrastructure (like optical fibre) or providing free services on the internet. The company may go bankrupt but the infrastructure it built persist.
Unless everyone is going to die tomorrow, it won�t happen, and if everyone do die tomorrow, we don�t care.
Human don�t live for today, we always save for tomorrow, in the forms of goods, assets or money.
Yes we consume as we do now, we will run into trouble like the movie said, but again, it needs improvement upon current system. Evolution, not revolution.
We need to battle our own irrationality, modify the way we consume and vote.
The battle is within ourselves, and not some hidden sneaky powerful people.
Change ourselves before we change others.
That�s my message, thank you for listening.
We maybe living at the end of the golden-age, which was brought about by the advancement of science and technology and the information age.
The cause of such downfall is the exhaustion of critical resources i.e. oil, food and water, the monetary policy need a lot of improvements (i.e. not to reward failures with bonuses) but not the total abolishment, and also of human irrationality.
What we need is Evolution not revolution.


The attached photographs are referred. This is a one way floor slab with banded beam spanning from column to column (not post tension).
The crack appears on the same location, on all 4 floors, on the same section of the building.
What could be the possible reason for these cracks? This place is not an earthquake prone area.


The mother of Savannah Spurlock is still searching for answers in her daughter’s mysterious disappearance in Kentucky earlier this month. "Somebody knows something and I want that person to think about what they are doing to all these people who are devastated by Savannah's disappearance,” Ellen Spurlock, 47, said. “She has four babies that need her, that want her home." Her comments came during an interview Friday with WKYT-TV, the three-week anniversary of the disappearance. At the same time, Ellen released a new photo of her daughter that was taken just before she disappeared.
Savannah Spurlock a Kentucky mother of four, including two newborn Kentucky mom of newborn twins missing for more than 2 weeks. Her aunt, Elaine Moore, said that the men seen with her niece told police Spurlock left one of their homes in Garrard County on foot the morning she vanished.
On a day when her family thought they'd be celebrating Savannah Spurlock's 23rd birthday, those close to the missing Kentucky mom instead waited Tuesday for news from the search crews combing corn fields and a bridge near the home where the mother of four was last tracked.
The Cajun Coast Search and Rescue crew's focus on the deserted areas in Garrard County comes on the heels of Sunday's revelation by police in an exclusive interview with Fox News. Authorities said Spurlock was taken to a home in Garrard by the three men with whom she was last seen.
"I've been in an investigative position with this agency for three years now, and this is the first time we've had a missing juvenile go to this level," the county sheriff said.
Police seized a car and executed a search warrant as part of the ongoing investigation to find missing Kentucky mother Savannah Spurlock ; Matt Finn reports.
Nearly four weeks after Kentucky mother Savannah Spurlock was last spotted, leaving a bar with two men, authorities have Police in Richmond, Ky., said officers and Garrard County Emergency Management were conducting a search Thursday for Spurlock in “specific areas” in Garrard County .
A search at the Kentucky River was set to resume on Thursday, crews told Fox News.
Spurlock, who gave birth to twins in December, was last seen on surveillance video Jan. 4 after leaving the Other Bar in Lexington with three men. Lt. Col. Rodney Richardson, assistant chief of police with the Richmond Police Department, told Fox News that Spurlock’s last known location was at a home in Garrard County – located some 40 miles from the bar. Richardson said the three men did not know Spurlock before meeting her at the establishment that night.
Though one of the men reportedly told police Spurlock departed the home in the morning, Richardson said investigators have not been able to verify that she left.
The family of a 14-year-old girl who vanished from her Tennessee home two weeks ago says her disappearance is like “having your soul ripped from your body.” Savannah Leigh Pruitt was last seen in her Madisonville house on Jan. 13 and her cellphone last pinged two days later — 139 miles away in Corbin, Kentucky, and was then turned off, Monroe County Sheriff’s Office detectives said last week. “At this point in time, we truly need the eyes and ears of the community,” the police agency said in a statement. The 5-foot-3 blond teen and her family had moved back to Tennessee from Georgia in December.
Investigators say they have identified and spoken to the men seen leaving a Lexington bar with 22-year-old Savannah Spurlock . Search underway for Savannah Spurlock , missing Kentucky mother.
Spurlock’s mother, Ellen, told the Lexington Herald-Leader she believed the three men were not telling authorities everything they knew.
Ellen Spurlock recalled that, on the day her daughter vanished, Savannah had been looking forward to going out after recently giving birth to twins.
“I thought she needed a little break. She hadn’t done anything for months since she just had the twins,” Ellen said.
She urged the men to tell police anything else they knew about Spurlock.
“I would say, ‘Please, I’m begging you, tell everything to police you know. If you’re hiding something, which I think you are, please come forth and think about if one of your loved ones was missing,” she said.
Ellen said it would be “difficult” if her daughter isn’t found Tuesday.
No charges have been filed against the three men who were questioned and police have not officially identified any suspects in Spurlock’s disappearance.
Fox News’ Cristina Corbin contributed to this report.
Savannah Spurlock’s dad says her son doesn’t know she’s missing.
In an exclusive interview with Fox News, Savannah Spurlock’s father said her oldest son, who is 4, doesn’t know his mother is missing. Cecil Spurlock, 54, told Fox News he’s been taking care of Savannah’s oldest son, Noah, 4, for about two months. “I’ve got to maintain because I’ve got a little boy that doesn’t know about his mom yet,” Cecil said. “Noah goes to counseling on Thursday to tell him about his mom. He’s a super happy boy. I’ve got to maintain around him. I can’t lose it. He actually helps me.
Search underway for Savannah Spurlock , missing Kentucky mother. Savannah Spurlock , the 22-year-old mother who vanished last month, was taken to a home in Kentucky by the three men with whom she was last seen, police revealed Sunday in an exclusive interview with Fox News.


The Map feature allows you to see all available businesses on an interactive map, giving you a clear visual of potential go-to spots. To explore this feature in more detail, follow the steps below.
1. Tap on the search icon.
2. Enter the location. Then, make the selection below.
4. You'll be able to see all of the businesses closest to your location. Just tap on a balloon to get more information about a specific business.
5. Tap on the business name. This action will take you to the business' booking page.
6. Tap Book to make a booking with the business.
1. Select the location and service. Selecting the service is optional.
2. Select the date. Then, click Search.
3. Click on a balloon to view the name of the business. Notice you also can zoom in and out on the screen by clicking on the plus and minus signs, respectively.
4. Click on the business to view its website and make a booking.
5. Click Book Now to book with the business.


Anything that can be written in Python can be written in 1 line, it might look silly sometimes though.
Hashed, not encrypted. It could be encrypted, though that's almost as bad as plain text. Yes, many website store your last X passwords so you can't reuse them. They're still hashed and if they're not your current password that shouldn't be a problem.
std::deques have tons of overhead and are inefficient in how they store data compared to a std::vector. For a smallish program like you'll never be able to notice the difference but it's something to keep in mind for other things. std containers have constructors that can do this work for you. std::deque<std::string> uMathCont(std::cbegin(uMathInput), std::cend(uMathInput)); However when you iterate over the input string you're iterating over characters not strings, so it should really be std::deque<char>. edit: if you're using a c++17 compatible compiler (which you should be!) you can let the compiler figure that out for you and just write std::deque deq(std::cbegin(uMathInput), std::cend(uMathInput)); std::endl isn't just a way to write a newline character, it also forces a flush which can have a huge impact on performance (again not really noticeable in a small program like this.) For more a bit more info on that you can check out these 2 videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMqQOEZYVJQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHGR_kH0PNA Lastly when posting code please copy/paste into code tags instead of taking a picture.
Check out java.util.function, they have ways of doing the same thing. There's not really anything "non OOP" about storing then calling a function pointer.
What language do you usually use? Pretty much every popular language has some kind of function pointer like thing that works just like this.
object.bar is just a normal object. It has a __call__ member function that gets invoked when you call object.bar(). So object.bar() calls the object.bar object. Libraries like pyqt need the reference to the object so they are able to invoke it whenever they need to. If you try passing object.bar() to set a listener your giving qt whatever the bar() method returns instead of the bar object itself.
You can get the input as a string and convert it yourself using the stoi function or using a stringstream to convert it in a way similar to cin.
Don't mix input methods. Use getline everywhere.
Without seeing your code we can't really help. But I'm guessing you're using std::cin >> for input which will only read input up to a space character. You can use std::getline to get around that.
You need to import time. If you open a command window / terminal and run it from there the window will stay open and you can see what error you're getting.
C++ help - shouldn't be too hard.
The eof flag gets set when something tries to read past the end of file, because of how the getline and >> functions work this will never happen. You need to use .good() or cast to bool instead of .eof().
The sample code is written in Python 2 where '/' is integer division. To accomplish the same thing in Python 3 you can use '//'.
If you use vcpkg you shouldn't need to do anything but the last step from that tutorial to set the subsystem (if you want something besides the default.) And I use dark theme so purple is just a normal color for me so I have no idea what that might mean.
I just followed the quick start section on the github page then googled if I couldn't figure something out. There is no linking to VS, the program edits some internal VS files to make things available in any project (if you did the integrate step in the guide.) vcpkg install sdl2 curl installs the 32bit dynamically linked versions of the libraries so make sure your project is set to x86 if you want to get the 64 bit version use vcpkg install sdl2:x64-windows and for statically linked (if the library supports it, I don't know if sdl or curl do) vcpkg install sdl2:x86-windows-static for 32bit or vcpkg install sdl2:x64-windows-static for 64bit After installing you should be able to just #include <SDL2/sdl.h> and everything should work automatically.
For using 3rd party libraries like SDL in Visual Studio you can use VCPKG. You tell it which version of the library to install (32 or 64 bit, static or dynamically linked) and it will automatically download, build and add the proper compiler and linker options for you to use the libraries in your projects. Not every library will be available but a ton are.
Visual Studio's compiler doesn't support standard C and it never will. If you want to write straight C code you shouldn't be using VS.
Nope, I just used the docs when I was messing around with it.
This is a problem with the SDL library. SDL defines its own entry point so must either tell VS where that entry point is by setting the subsystem to console then in project properties > linker > advanced, setting the entry point to whatever SDL calls its main function (I can't remember the name sorry.) Or add a define for SDL_MAIN_HANDLED before #including SDL.h to tell SDL you want to use your own entry point.


Australia: The Fairness in Franchising Report: What are the key recommendations?
The Report recognised that the reference to a 'marketing fund' in clause 15 of the Code and 'marketing and advertising fees' in clause 31 created a loophole for franchisors to avoid the obligations under clause 15, by claiming that they did not operate a 'marketing fund' as such.
The current penalty for a breach of the Code is capped at 300 penalty units (or $63,000). In the Committee's view, this penalty is too low, and is often treated as a cost of doing business.
The Report condemned the practice of 'churning and burning' � 'churning' being the perpetual sale of a single, underperforming franchise and 'burning' being the opening of unviable new outlets to profit from upfront fees.
The Government, which has yet to comment on the Report, has been urged by the Committee to act quickly and to establish a 'Franchising Taskforce' to investigate how to best implement a number of its recommendations.
The Report no doubt comes as a warning to big players in Australia's franchising industry, with the Committee recommending various government agencies conduct investigations into Retail Food Group for a number of different breaches.


A pacifist is generally defined as a person who is opposed to the use of violence for any reason. According to this definition, Jesus could not be defined as a pacifist.
Why not? First, Matthew 10:34-36 teaches, "Do not think that I have come to bring peace to the earth. I have not come to bring peace, but a sword. For I have come to set a man against his father, and a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law. And a person's enemies will be those of his own household." Jesus clearly taught His role would include conflict.
Second, Jesus personally expressed the fact that war would take place until the end. He accepted the reality of war despite His peaceful role on earth. Matthew 24:6 notes, "you will hear of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not alarmed, for this must take place, but the end is not yet." This appears to confirm other biblical passages, such as Ecclesiastes 3:8: "a time for war, and a time for peace."
Third, Jesus is seen as a warrior upon His next return to earth when He will defeat Satan and those who oppose Him in the Battle of Armageddon and at the end of the millennium (Revelation 20:7-10). Only after this time will there be a new heaven and new earth in which there is total peace and no need for conflict or war.
In contrast, some have seen Jesus as a peacemaker who stands opposed to all wars or violence. Reference is made to Jesus as the Prince of Peace or to the account where Jesus tells Peter to put away His sword as evidence of this view. Others argue that no one can love their neighbor as themselves or love their enemies as Jesus taught and still be involved in armed conflict. While these are important discussions that highlight the emphasis of Jesus to live at peace with others whenever possible (Romans 12:18), they do not remove the important facts that Jesus teaches about conflict in this world.
Paul taught, "Repay no one evil for evil, but give thought to do what is honorable in the sight of all. If possible, so far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all. Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave it to the wrath of God, for it is written, 'Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord'" (Romans 12:17-19). Paul was clear some people do evil things and that believers are to live peaceably whenever possible, leaving vengeance to God. The Lord will right every wrong in the end. Yet until then we will continue to live in a world that includes violence and sometimes involves even Christians in conflicts.
It is evident from Scripture that Jesus was not a pacifist in the traditional sense. He lived peaceably on earth, yet spoke directly regarding the conflicts and wars that will take place until God restores all things in the end. While we long for peace and support it whenever possible, true peace will only be achieved when Jesus Christ rules in the new heavens and new earth.


Can the concurrence be calculated in terms of the entanglement of formation?
Timelike entanglement may be regarded as a non-classical resource in a manner analogous to the spacelike entanglement that is often studied in the Minkowski vacuum, since any quantum information theoretic protocol may utilize conversion of timelike entanglement to spacelike entanglement as a step in the protocol.
What does "this result" in _What does this result really mean?_ mean? Do you mean the concept of "timelike entanglement" or sth else?
Piotr - yes, by "this result" I mean the general concept of timeline entanglement (particles at different times can be entangled just like particles at different locations at a given time), and the specific conclusion of Olson and Ralph:"timelike entanglement may be regarded as a non-classical resource in a manner analogous to the spacelike entanglement that is often studied in the Minkowski vacuum, since any quantum information theoretic protocol may utilize conversion of timelike entanglement to spacelike entanglement as a step in the protocol."
I would venture that the paper is less significant than it seems, since in a universe with special relativity, what looks like a successful experimental proof of spatial entanglement to one observer will always look like a mix of space and time entanglement to another one.
Thanks Terry. If "a successful experimental proof of spatial entanglement" is defined as experimental confirmation of entanglement between two particles out of each other's light cone (in other words, if there is not enough time for the particles to have exchanged signals at the speed of light), which is an invariant, then a successful experimental proof of spatial entanglement will look the same to all observers.
Giulio: I need a diagram for this, but here goes: An entangled event has two classical terminators that within a single light cone that radiates from the point of entanglement. Both origin-to-terminator paths must remain causally isolated from the rest of the universe. One short path and one long path gives time-like separation; same-length paths gives space-like separation. _Neither case differs_ when defining the consistency relationship between the terminus points. However, to classical observers the cases are different, with time-like akin to capturing half a Stern-Gerlach population.


A woman was impaled Sunday in Ocean City, Md., by a beach umbrella in what appeared to be a freak accident, according to a spokeswoman for the resort town.
The 36-year-old woman was conscious when taken to a hospital but her condition was not immediately known, said the spokeswoman, Jessica Waters. She was thought to be a beach visitor but was not otherwise identified, Waters said.
"Witnesses said one gust lifted the umbrella," Waters said.
She said the sharper end the umbrella shaft, which is used to plant it into the ground, impaled the woman in the chest. It was not clear how deep a wound it caused.
Waters said paramedics cut off part of the shaft to facilitate transportation to a hospital.
She said the beach patrol tries to inform visitors of the importance of not leaving the umbrellas unattended.


NEW YORK — They were honoring stars of Hollywood, the media and literature, but it was longtime activist and MeToo founder Tarana Burke — a name unknown to most people until six months ago — who got the biggest ovation at Variety's annual Power of Women event on Friday.
Burke, who founded the MeToo movement 12 years ago and runs it out of the Brooklyn, New York, offices of Girls for Gender Equity, said she wanted people to recognize its deeper purpose — working with survivors of sexual assault, and not simply bringing down powerful abusers.
"Folks think it's about naming and shaming, about taking down powerful men. But they're wrong," Burke said. She noted that she was "desperate to change the narrative about the MeToo movement before it's too late."
Another misconception, according to Burke: that the current cultural reckoning is a "moment."
"It is a mistake to think of this as a moment," she said. "Movements are long, and they are built over time. Movements are made from moments."
Burke added that the past six months have been "like something out of a movie," and that she had never imagined that one day she would see the country involved in a sustained national dialogue about sexual violence.
In order to keep momentum going, Burke explained, funds are needed. She said former tennis star Billie Jean King — who famously fought for equal pay for women on the tennis tour — had recently pledged to not only give $100,000 herself, but to help find nine more people to do that.
Burke was honored along with six other high-profile women, all for their work with various charities.
Emily Blunt was cited for her work with the Malala Fund, named for Pakistani activist Malala Yousafazi, in promoting education for girls around the world. She spoke of how education was helping her older daughter, who is only four, thrive. Author Margaret Atwood, honored for her work with the Canadian Women's Foundation, spoke of how much her famous 1985 novel, "The Handmaid's Tale," now a major TV series, had unexpected resonance in current times, and she jokingly invited Americans unhappy with the current political state of the country up to Canada, where she said they would find a hot cup of tea and a mattress to sleep on.
Singer Alicia Keys was honored for her work with Keep A Child Alive, an AIDS charity, and spoke extensively about social justice and gender equality — even calling out the makers of the Netflix series "The Crown" for paying Claire Foy, who portrayed Queen Elizabeth, less than her costar Matt Smith, who played Prince Philip. Tina Fey was honored for her work with a charity that promotes literacy, Reading is Fundamental. She spoke of her commitment to hiring and promoting women in her own career, and how she resolved, in early years as a writer when she was the only woman in the room, not "to be a cappuccino machine." She also spoke fondly of childhood books like the Babar series, quipping that she still thinks elephants can drive cars.
TV host Padma Lakshmi was honored for her work at the Endometriosis Foundation of America, telling the room how she suffered from the debilitating condition for years — spending up to a week every month confined to bed — and even had several operations before anyone told her what might be causing her pain. And journalist Tamron Hall spoke emotionally about her efforts to fight domestic violence after the murder of her sister, Renate, in Houston in 2004. Hall was honored for her charity helping domestic violence victims, the Tamron (Heart) Renate Fund.
The event, hosted by comedian and late-night TV host Samantha Bee, also featured remarks from Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, who urged more women to run for political office and spoke of the need to achieve gender parity in the U.S. Congress. She also urged the Senate to move on legislation to reform how sexual harassment is dealt with on Capitol Hill.
"Time's Up, U.S. Senate!" she said.
The Democrat from New York did not, however, make the announcement that host Bee had earlier quipped she was hoping for — a presidential run in 2020.


Please enter ounces uk (fl oz) value of volume unit to convert ounces uk to milliliter.
How Many Milliliter in a Ounce UK?
There are 28.413075003383 milliliter in a ounce uk.
1 Ounce UK is equal to 28.413075003383 Milliliter.
This is a very easy to use ounces uk to milliliter converter. First of all just type the ounces uk (fl oz) value in the text field of the conversion form to start converting fl oz to mL, then select the decimals value and finally hit convert button if auto calculation didn't work. Milliliter value will be converted automatically as you type.
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The subject and practice of compulsory military service was once something that was instituted by the majority of countries around the world, but in the last fifty years a significant portion of those participating countries have since ceased to operate the compulsory call ups for young men and women. It is quite common in some countries for members of the older generation to bemoan the absence of national service training, with the consensus appearing to be that these older generations believe that younger generations have lost the respect and discipline that military service can provide. So, taking both sides of the argument into account, should military service be reinstated in all countries as a mandatory coming of age requirement?
Those who are in favor of making military service mandatory often cite reasons that include valuable growing experience, a good deed done for your country, and the fact that the experience gives young people a more profound connection to their country and what it means to be part of their particular nationality. Taking part in national military service does not necessarily mean that young people will be forced to enter war zones against their will, but the program is generally more guided towards getting new recruits to help in areas that make it easier for the senior, fully trained and veteran toured members of the services to be able to carry out more important work. And, of course, mandatory military service gives significant help to a country if there should ever be a scenario where large numbers of recruits are required at any given time. With their national service already completed, civilians will have the basic skills to be able to contribute within a short period of notice.
On the other hand, there are many people who believe that mandatory military service is nothing but a bad thing. Their argument includes the crux point that to become part of the military is something that no person should take lightly, it requires an extraordinary level of commitment and desire to serve, and some would argue that forcing a group of unwilling participants to take part in the exercise hinders the military process instead of helping it. There are many citizens of the world who are incredibly opposed to military violence and operations of any kind, and forcing such people to go through a mandatory period of the thing they hate the most will not breed positivity and patriotism.
Ultimately, the question of whether military service should be mandatory or not is one that will never be settled in a nice and simple succinct answer. There are strong and valid sides to the argument from each different direction, but I personally believe that the best way to build a military force is to fill it with recruits that have chosen to be there rather than a group of mandatory participants that do not believe in the cause and are not willing to put their bodies on the line.


The question is often discussed whether spaces in the VMS are real spaces or not.
In his You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Bennett specifies that space is the most frequent character in the languages that are considered there (Western European languages mostly). Interestingly, I have never thought of a space in that way before reading the book.
I decided to check whether this is true for Voynichese. I did a very brief check (less than 600 character long - first and fourth paragraphs of You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. in Takahashi's transcription) for a trial indication - and it seems that it is. The space (represented by the dot in the transcription) is ranked first, accounting for 17 and 16% of the total, respectively. I added a space to the end of each line except the last line of a paragraph. I also included "titles" in the count.
I suspect this is the sort of a check that must have been performed before me. Are there results for a more solid body of the text than two paragraphs? D'Imperio does not count spaces, and neither does the "Voynich Reader" tool.
Well, if you count line breaks as spaces, then a block of text with n words will contain n-1 spaces, which means you have approximately one space per word in the larger blocks of text. Labels, on the other hand, will have few to no spaces (unless we count the divisions between labels as spaces).
So, in order for a letter to be more frequent than a space in the main text, it would have to occur more than once per word on average.
I could imagine that if you had a language with many long words and a relatively low number of phonemes that you might be able to find a character more frequent than a space (assuming 1 character = 1 segmental phoneme), though I don't know if such a language exists.
If you don't require that one character represents a phoneme, then it would be easy to come up with a contrived system that would have characters more common than spaces. For instance, if you were to replace every instance of o in the VMS with ooo, then o would probably be more common than a space.
Yes, that's quite obvious. But what about Voynichese? Suppose there are no "real spaces" there at all (i.e. the plain text was prepared for encoding without spaces), or the "real spaces" are represented by some glyph, while the "observed spaces" are just fakes. Does the fact that the "observed space" is the most frequent character disprove such assumptions?
Well... I suppose not... since like I said it's not hard to imagine a system in which a certain letter is more common than a space, but I don't think this is really the most useful way to determine whether the spaces are meaningful or not.
Really, I don't see why this issue is controversial. Just about everyone will agree that letters have certain places within words where they appear. q goes at the beginning, n goes at the end, etc. Since spaces are precisely that which define and delimit words, it follows directly from this that the spaces are meaningful. E.g. saying "q only appears at the beginning of a word" is functionally the same as saying "q only follows a space". And then of course the one-word labels confirm that this is correct.
Actually not that simple, because we are not sure that vords are words. Suppose the Voynichese text is just a scrambled sequence of characters, where even characters within words are scrambled (yes there are labels, but let's leave them apart).
You see, even without scrambling, I substituted "4" for real spaces and introduced fake spaces (so that their count is larger than the count of "4"). I did that without any reversibility of the procedure, just to illustrate what I mean.
(08-11-2016, 11:37 PM)Anton Wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. Actually not that simple, because we are not sure that vords are words. Suppose the Voynichese text is just a scrambled sequence of characters, where even characters within words are scrambled (yes there are labels, but let's leave them apart).
Well, your example doesn't address the point I made at all.
This "Voynich Manuscript similarity sorted EVA-transcription analysis by Joachim Dathe" (or a similarly sorted list of words) may be useful for identifying potentially fake spaces.
On the other hand, missing spaces may be the real issue. Some spaces may have been omitted in order to obfuscate and shorten the resulting text.
So for the whole VM, adding spaces to the end of each line I get 16,4%. Without spaces at the end of lines I get 14,7%.
It's hard to say which is the "right" number with all the labels and we can't really see what sentences are, so we don't know whether there should be an implicit space at the end of a line or not. I'm leaning towards 16% as a point of reference.
For a modern Dutch novel I get 18,3% spaces, and 16,8% without end of line spaces (though again this is somewhat arbitrary).
I guess the difference may be explained by the fact that Voynichese lacks really short words.
Part of the difference may be what you're counting as a glyph. Is aiiin one glyph or five?


Creating drop boxes or buy a premium?
I want to change my site so the buttons for each page turn into drop down boxes. Is there a way to do this or is there a premium that I can buy that does it already?
It is possible to create dropdown boxes for your site navigation.
What you will need to do, is to create all your pages as sub-pages. We have an online tutorial here : Tutorial: creating sub-pages. Your sub-pages will not show up in the navigation.
To create your own menu, using drop-down buttons, you can add drop-down boxes for your pages.
You could make use of an HTML generator to create the code for your drop-down boxes.
Here is one that will do it for you: Create a dropdown menu. This website gives you a form to fill in, which you will add to each of your pages. You will have to include the text you want to add for your links.
1) Create all your pages and publish your site.
2) Then go to your published site and copy the URL from your browser window for each page.
1) Drag and drop an HTML Widget onto your page where you want your menu to show up. You'll find it in the Widgets Sidebar, under "Basics".
2) Paste the code from htmlbasix into the HTML Editor and then click "Save".
You will then have your own drop-down menu on your page.
Please note that you will have to do this to each webpage you create. If you delete, add or rename any pages, you will have to edit each of your pages accordingly.
We have teamed up with HP Logoworks, who can create your website, as they are professional web designers. If you would like to take advantage of our Yola Premier service, you can read more about it on our website.
I hope you find this information useful. Please let us know if you have any other questions.
You can also contact us on support@yola.com.
Good luck with building your site!
1. First, click "Edit Navigation"
2. Then, move all of your pages out of the navigation (Drag the pages into the other box that says "Pages out of the navigation" or similar.
3. Now, you need to register before you create your menu so you can save it and get the codes.
4. After you have done that, go to http://purecssmenu.com/ and login and then create your menu. You can also watch the video tutorial on how to use the generator here: Video Tutorial on the Pure CSS Menu Creator.
4. Then, when you are done, save it and get the code.
5. Go to Yola site builder and drag and drop an HTML widget at the very top of the page before all of the other content.
6. Then, paste the code from Pure CSS Menu into that and click "Save"
7. Save and then preview the page.
8. If you like it, then you have successfully created a drop down menu!
I like this option, but I'm having a hard time getting the arrows and things to come up on it. Any suggestions? Thanks!!
What do you mean when you say that you can't get the arrows to come up? Do you mean on the purecssmenu maker? If it's to do with that, you may just want to contact that company and maybe they'll have answers for you. I haven't used it yet. But, I did look at it. Can you describe your problem a little more? Thanks!
Thanks Nathan for stepping in to help Amy!
Yes it was. Yola is the best!!! I made it for my brother-inlaw. Thanks for the nice comment.


It is one of the most famous phrases in history - and now experts have proven that Neil Armstrong got it wrong.
On returning home after the Moon landing, Armstrong claimed he thought he had uttered the 'a' in the sentence.
Researchers claimed perhaps the 'a' was lost in transmission, or that it simply could not be heard because of his Ohio accent.
Dr Chris Riley, author of the new Haynes book Apollo 11, An Owner's Manual, and forensic linguist John Olsson concluded that Armstrong does pronounce his 'a's in a unique way - but that he definitely did not utter the sound during the Moon landing.
Instead, their analysis of a voice print spectograph showed the 'r' of 'for' and the 'm' of 'man' running together - proving, they told the BBC, that there was simply no room for an 'a'.
The pair claimed that the tone of Armstrong's voice indicated that he did intend to say the 'a', however.
They said they heard a rising pitch in the word 'man' and a falling pitch in the word 'mankind'.
Taking into account the circumstances and context of the speech, the pair concluded that for someone who had a large workload at the time, it is 'not surprising' that the 'a' might not have been enunciated.
The finding disputes a 2006 Australian finding that claimed Armstrong did utter the 'a'. Riled and Olsson theorised that the Australian researchers may also have been fooled by his accent as he drawled the word 'for' into 'ferrrr'.
They pair made their findings using archive material of Armstrong speaking, recorded throughout and after the mission, as well as the best recordings of the Apollo 11 mission audio ever released by Nasa.
They admitted Armstrong may have made the mistake because he was under a bit of pressure at the time.
And they say that the gaffe may even have improved the rhythm of the sentence, making it a poetic snapshot of an epic moment in history.
Had he included the 'a', they said, it would have altered the sound of the phrase entirely.
The pair will present their findings at the Cheltenham Science Festival this week.
New evidence also shows that Armstrong spoke spontaneously, despite speculation he was repeating a line written for him by the U.S. Government, they claimed.
'When you look at the pictures, you see that he's moving as he is speaking,' Mr Olsson said.
'He says his first word 'that's' at the moment he puts his foot on the ground. When he says 'one giant leap for mankind', he moves his body.


2. Unroll the refrigerated Flatbread Dough onto baking sheet keeping parchment paper intact below dough. Bake for 15 minutes.
3. While dough is cooking, mix goat cheese and mascarpone cheese together.
4. Remove flatbread from oven and allow to cool briefly. Top with cheese and spread evenly, leaving a crust on all sides.
5. Spread bacon jam evenly over cheese and then top with spinach.
6. Place back in warm oven for 2 minutes to slightly wilt the spinach. Drizzle with olive oil, cut, and serve.
Bacon Jam: Cook bacon in a cast iron pot over medium heat until all fat is cooked out and bacon is crisp. Remove bacon and all but 2 tsp. bacon fat from pan. Add onion to pan along with salt and pepper. Cook until onion is soft, about 8 minutes. Add brown sugar, apple cider vinegar and continue to cook for several minutes. Add bacon back in along with ¼ cup water and continue to cook, stirring frequently, until thick and jam-like. Add balsamic vinegar and remove from the heat. Serve.
Unroll the refrigerated Flatbread Dough onto baking sheet keeping parchment paper intact below dough. Bake for 15 minutes.
While dough is cooking, mix goat cheese and mascarpone cheese together.
Remove flatbread from oven and allow to cool briefly. Top with cheese and spread evenly, leaving a crust on all sides.
Spread bacon jam evenly over cheese and then top with spinach.
Place back in warm oven for 2 minutes to slightly wilt the spinach. Drizzle with olive oil, cut, and serve.


Colleen Green's debut LP for Hardly Art inevitably invites comparisons to Vivian Girls, Best Coast and Dum Dum Girls, as if all lo-fi, California-indebted, female-fronted groups are the same. Sure, 'Sock it to Me' bears the same punk influences that shine through in all those bands, but Green uses the language of New Wave, post-punk and even twee to inform her compositions -- which also reveal an excellent ear for hooks.
Unfortunately, the albums raises many questions. Why does Green write lyrics that seem to say so little? Why does she insist that her guitar sounds like it's coming from a practice amp with the distortion knob turned to 10? Why are there so many directions explored on one album, but all so shallowly?
Green is undoubtedly talented, and her ability to write original, deceptively simple melodies can't be discounted. Likewise, she uses her long history of recording with limited resources as an asset rather than a liability, opting for production that's impressively non-polished. It might have been tempting to go the opposite route, considering the higher profile of this LP.
Both her melodic sense and production skills come into play on the the album's highlight, 'Time in the World,' as Green's love of the Tom Tom Club combines effortlessly with her fuzzed-out signature aesthetic, resulting in a special song that truly stands out -- to the extent that it becomes a distraction. You hope she'll explore a similar direction further on the album, but sadly, she doesn't.
Instead, Green devotes a portion of 'Sock it to Me' to paying tribute to Young Marble Giants and Missing Persons, and on a compositional level, her songs are too close to the source material to be enjoyed as anything more than strong homages. She presents 'Close to You,' 'Every Boy Wants Every Girl' and the title track with the belief that her sonic tics are enough to differentiate them from their influences, but more than anything, they give you the urge to dig out your copy of 'Colossal Youth,' the Marble Giants' lone full-length.
Worse is the decision to lead the album with 'Does He Tell Me,' a showcase for shallow lyrics centered on how Green "really loves her boyfriend." On an album where words function best when they don't demand attention, these particular lyrics are nearly infuriating, and Green's use of the most cringe-worthy lines as the album's first impression is a fatal flaw.
When your songs rely on the personalities of your influences, having so little to contribute lyrically makes the whole project seem pointless, to the extent that next time Green asks listeners to "sock it to her," the likely response will be "why?"