The rush to apply AI techniques to medicine and drug development is partly driven by the emergence of powerful new algorithms, but also by cost-effective new ways of sequencing whole genomes, the entire readout of a person’s DNA. “There’s an opening of a new era of data-rich, information-based medicine,” Frey says. “There’s a lot of different kinds of data you can obtain. And the best technology we have for dealing with large amounts of data is machine learning and artificial intelligence.” Deep learning has emerged in recent years as a very powerful way to find abstract patterns using large amounts of training data. It has proved especially valuable for speech recognition and for classification (see “10 Breakthrough Technologies 2013: Deep Learning”). The approach is now rapidly finding new uses in fields including medicine, where it offers a way to spot signs of disease in medical images and has shown potential for predicting disease from patient records. Frey, who trained as a computer scientist and studied at the University of Toronto under Geoffrey Hinton, a key figure in the development of deep learning, says Deep Genomics will seek to partner with a pharma company on drug development. But he adds that the company offers key expertise. “There’s going to be this really massive shake-up of pharmaceuticals,” Frey says. “In five years or so, the pharmaceutical companies that are going to be successful are going to have a culture of using these AI tools.” Deep Genomics has also specialized in finding elusive and less direct disease triggers in a person’s genome. The company has, for example, published work showing how deep learning can help identify patterns in DNA that might contribute to diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy and nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Stephan Sanders, an assistant professor at UCSF School of Medicine in San Francisco who specializes in using genomics and bioinformatics to study disease, says deep learning could help with drug development by finding patterns in sparse pathology data combined with large genomic data sets. “We have vast amounts of data; three billion data points per individual,” Sanders says. “What we have less of is the other end: clean data of phenotypes or outcomes.” Several other companies are seeking to apply machine learning to drug development. These include BenevolentAI, a British AI company, and Calico, a subsidiary of Alphabet.
Genome machine learning company Deep Genomics is using artificial intelligence to develop drugs to tackle diseases related to gene defects. The company analyses genomic data using algorithms to identify the genes intrinsic to particular illnesses, making it an ideal for developing highly-targeted drugs. DeepMind has already developed a drug that targets mutations in one of the most common genetic disorders affecting children, called Batten disease.