The AliveCor KardiaBand, a sensor compatible with the Apple Watch, can detect dangerous levels of potassium in blood with 94 percent accuracy. Though the US Food and Drug Administration has not yet approved KardiaBand for this purpose, it’s an interesting step forward considering that, right now, the condition is usually caught using invasive blood tests that use needles. The KardiaBand by AliveCor is a sensor that snaps into a slot on the watchband. The user touches the sensor, which then takes a reading of the electrical activity of the heart, called an electrocardiogram (EKG). This reading can reveal abnormal heart rhythm and atrial fibrillation (AFib), and the sensor sends the information to an app. Yesterday, at the American College of Cardiology conference in Florida, AliveCor CEO Vic Gundotra presented research done with the Mayo Clinic showing that the same technology can detect too-high levels of potassium in the blood, called hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can be caused by, among other things, diabetes, dehydration, and chronic kidney disease. It can lead to kidney and heart failure and in general doesn’t cause obvious symptoms — meaning you could have the condition and not know it. Too much potassium interferes with the electrical activity of cells, including heart cells. This means that it’s dangerous for the heart — but it also means that high potassium levels change the electrical reading of the heart, which means that a certain EKG pattern can reveal the presence of too much potassium, according to Gundotra. AliveCor worked with the Mayo Clinic to develop a new algorithm for the KardiaBand that can analyze EKG data and detect whether the user has hyperkalemia. The dataset included 2 million EKGs linked to 4 million potassium values, which were collected over 23 years. To train AI with these data points, the team took the dataset and divided it into parts. They used some of the data to train the network. Basically, they told it which EKG reading patterns showed hyperkalemia, and let the AI learn for itself how to spot the pattern. Once the training was complete, the team tested the AI on a different part of the data to see if, given just the EKG, they could tell if it revealed hyperkalemia. It was about 90 to 94 percent accurate. Some previous research has suggested that EKGs may not be a good way to diagnose hyperkalemia, but, to be fair, that research was very limited and tested two human physicians. Another study suggested that EKG readings may not be sensitive enough to catch everyone with hyperkalemia and that the condition doesn’t always cause a different EKG reading. “We don’t know the number, but I can tell you that people do have hyperkalemia with a normal EKG,” says William J. Brady, a professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. But in general, he says, hyperkalemia will produce a clear abnormality in the ECG, and he has initiated treatments in patients based on the EKG before getting a blood test back to confirm. “In other words, I put a fair amount of trust and faith in the ECG in this regard,” he adds, though novice physicians or those unused to reading EKGs will of course find this type of interpretation more difficult. It’ll be a while before we see this new technology become common. Last November, the FDA cleared the KardiaBand as the first medical device that works with the Apple Watch, but Gundotra stresses that the results don’t mean that the KardiaBand is FDA cleared for diagnosing hyperkalemia yet. They’ll be working on that and building more clinical trials. Update March 12th, 5:30PM ET: This post has been updated to include context from William Brady, a professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.
A sensor that can be used on an Apple Watch could detect dangerous levels of potassium in the wearer’s blood. The AliveCor KardiaBand has yet to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration but could be used instead of blood tests. High potassium levels – hyperkalemia – can be caused by many conditions and can lead to heart and kidney failure without symptoms appearing first. “Hyperkalemias are a major public health problem for people with diabetes or other chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, renal failure, and more,” said Dr. David Katz, director The KardiaBand itself has already won FDA approval.