Researchers from the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) and the renowned Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) have collaborated on a new technique for the creation of perovskite solar cell materials. The technique replaces traditional solvent based processes with steel ball mill grinding. A group of chemists from two leading institutions have demonstrated a perovskite solar cell with a reduced number of structural defects. The cells were produced using ‘mechanochemistry’, whereby reactions between solid compounds are activated by mechanical force – essentially the same concept as grinding ingredients in a mortar. The group worked with polycrystalline halide perovskites, comprised of methylammonium, lead and iodide. The researchers state that their process could also be used to create other perovskite structured materials for specific applications. The process is described as follows: “Two powders, e.g. white methylammonium iodide CH3NH3I and yellow lead iodide PbI2, are placed in a mill equipped with a few steel balls. Then, we grind them for several dozen minutes and… we pour out a homogeneous black powder of the perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3, which can be directly used for the construction of photovoltaic cells. The PAS researchers were keen to point out the simplicity of the process and its potential for low cost application: “You do not need to use high temperature, organic solvents, or worry about waste,” explains Marcin Saski, a PhD student at PAS. “The whole process is really fast and efficient. It is green chemistry,” The materials produced by PAS were assembled and tested at EPFL in the laboratory of renowned chemist Michael Grätzel. Scientists were able to produce a perovskite layer just 300nm thick. Results published in the journal Applied Materials & Interfaces show that their best device peaked at 17.5% efficiency, stabilizing at 16.8%. The steel ball mill process produced a highly homogenous perovskite layer, with fewer defects that are seen in many previous perovskite devices. This could lead to better reliability, and eventually a solution to some of perovskite’s issues with swift degradation. “An important property characterizing the quality of a photovoltaic cell is the amount of electrical charge accumulating at the boundary of individual cell layers. If there is too much, the cell undergoes degradation more rapidly,” explains EPFL’s Daniel Prochowicz. “Perovskites obtained by mechanochemistry formed a very homogeneous layer, which reduced the number of defects in the structure impairing the work of the cell and reduced the amount of charge deposited on the surface.” So far the researchers have been unable to fully explain why the mechanochemical process worked better. The most likely explanation, it seem, is the absence of a solvent, which in other processes can become incorporated into the structure and leave a defect-causing residue.
Researchers have found a way to improve the performance of an experimental type of solar cell that is thought to hold the key to cheaper and better energy production and storage . The Institute of Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne found that grinding the materials for so - called perovskite cells , instead of using a solvent , enabled their production at lower cost and with fewer defects , leading to higher reliability . The so - called " mechanochemistry " technique produced cells with a performance efficiency that peaked at 20 % , before stabilising at 16.8 % .