The spread of a disease that is decimating global bee populations is man-made and driven by European honeybee populations, new research has found. The study found that the European honeybee Apis mellifera is overwhelmingly the source of cases of the Deformed Wing Virus infecting hives worldwide. The finding suggests that the pandemic is man-made rather than naturally occurring - with human trade and transportation of bees for crop pollination driving the spread. Although separately they are not major threats to bee populations, when the Varroa mite carries the disease, the combination is deadly, and has wiped out millions of honeybees over recent decades. Varroa feed on bee larvae while the Deformed Wing Virus kills off bees, a devastating double blow to colonies. The situation is adding to fears over the future of global bee populations, with major implications for biodiversity, agricultural biosecurity, global economies, and human health. Lead author Dr Lena Wilfert, from the University of Exeter, said: "This is the first study to conclude that Europe is the backbone of the global spread of the bee-killing combination of Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa. "This demonstrates that the spread of this combination is largely man-made - if the spread was naturally occurring, we would expect to see transmission between countries that are close to each other, but we found that, for example, the New Zealand virus population originated in Europe. "This significantly strengthens the theory that human transportation of bees is responsible for the spread of this devastating disease. "We must now maintain strict limits on the movement of bees, whether they are known to carry Varroa or not. "It's also really important that beekeepers at all levels take steps to control Varroa in their hives, as this viral disease can also affect wild pollinators." Researchers analysed sequence data of Deformed Wing Virus samples across the globe from honeybees and Varroa mites, as well as the occurrence of Varroa. They used the information to reconstruct the spread of Deformed Wing Virus and found that the epidemic largely spread from Europe to North America, Australia and New Zealand. They found some two-way movement between Europe and Asia, but none between Asia and Australasia, despite their closer proximity. The team also looked at samples from other species suspected of transmitting the disease, including different species of honeybee, mite and bumblebees, but concluded that the European honeybee was the key transmitter. Professor Roger Butlin, Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of Sheffield, said: "Our study has found that the deformed wing virus is a major threat to honeybee populations across the world and this epidemic has been driven by the trade and movement of honeybee colonies. "Domesticated honeybee colonies are hugely important for our agriculture systems, but this study shows the risks of moving animals and plants around the world. "The consequences can be devastating, both for domestic animals and for wildlife. The risk of introducing viruses or other pathogens is just one of many potential dangers." The study, which was led by the University of Exeter and UC Berkeley and included contributions from the universities of Sheffield, Cambridge and Salford, is published in the journal Science.
The global trade in bees is driving a pandemic that threatens hives and wild bees, according to a new report in the Science journal; the deadly disease has spread via imports of infected honeybees and stricter controls are urgently needed to protect bees from other emerging diseases. The European honeybee is used worldwide for commercial pollination of crops such as nuts and fruits, as well as honey production. As we have previously noted, South Africa's fruit exports are now at risk due a decline in bees, the country's most important insect pollinators; and research the 12 months ending April 2015 revealed 42% of US honeybee colonies died in last month.