Who wants to see a $million error?

Abstract: Inspired by the popular television show "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", this case discusses the monetary decisions contestants face on a game consisting of 15 increasingly difficult multiple choice questions. Since the game continues as long as a contestant answers correctly, this case, at its core, is one of sequential decision analysis, amenable to analysis via stochastic dynamic programming. The case is also suitable for a course dealing with single decision analysis, allowing for discussion of utility theory and Bayesian probability revision. In developing a story line for the case, the author has sprinkled in much background material on probability and statistics. This material is placed in a historical context, illuminating some of the influential scholars involved in the development of these subjects as well as the birth of operations research and the management sciences

who want to see a $ million error ?
 inspir by the popular televis show " who want to be a millionair ? " , thi case discuss the monetari decis contest face on a game consist of 15 increasingli difficult multipl choic question . sinc the game continu as long as a contest answer correctli , thi case , at it core , is one of sequenti decis analysi , amen to analysi via stochast dynam program . the case is also suitabl for a cours deal with singl decis analysi , allow for discuss of util theori and bayesian probabl revis . in develop a stori line for the case , the author ha sprinkl in much background materi on probabl and statist . thi materi is place in a histor context , illumin some of the influenti scholar involv in the develop of these subject as well as the birth of oper research and the manag scienc

decision analysis
stochastic dynamic programming
statistics
operations research
game theory
educational course
probabilistic models


Adaptive filtering for noise reduction in hue saturation intensity color space

Abstract: Even though the hue saturation intensity (HSI) color model has been widely used in color image processing and analysis, the conversion formulas from the RGB color model to HSI are nonlinear and complicated in comparison with the conversion formulas of other color models. When an RGB image is degraded by random Gaussian noise, this nonlinearity leads to a nonuniform noise distribution in HSI, making accurate image analysis more difficult. We have analyzed the noise characteristics of the HSI color model and developed an adaptive spatial filtering method to reduce the magnitude of noise and the nonuniformity of noise variance in the HSI color space. With this adaptive filtering method, the filter kernel for each pixel is dynamically adjusted, depending on the values of intensity and saturation. In our experiments we have filtered the saturation and hue components and generated edge maps from color gradients. We have found that by using the adaptive filtering method, the minimum error rate in edge detection improves by approximately 15%

adapt filter for nois reduct in hue satur intens color space
 even though the hue satur intens ( hsi ) color model ha been wide use in color imag process and analysi , the convers formula from the rgb color model to hsi are nonlinear and complic in comparison with the convers formula of other color model . when an rgb imag is degrad by random gaussian nois , thi nonlinear lead to a nonuniform nois distribut in hsi , make accur imag analysi more difficult . we have analyz the nois characterist of the hsi color model and develop an adapt spatial filter method to reduc the magnitud of nois and the nonuniform of nois varianc in the hsi color space . with thi adapt filter method , the filter kernel for each pixel is dynam adjust , depend on the valu of intens and satur . in our experi we have filter the satur and hue compon and gener edg map from color gradient . we have found that by use the adapt filter method , the minimum error rate in edg detect improv by approxim 15 %

adaptive filtering
noise reduction
hue saturation intensity color space
saturation
intensity
color image processing
RGB color model
random Gaussian noise
nonuniform noise distribution
nonuniformity
accurate image analysis
adaptive spatial filtering method
noise variance
HSI color space
filter kernel
pixel
generated edge maps
color gradients
minimum error rate
edge detection
color image analysis

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P R


BioOne: a new model for scholarly publishing

Abstract: This article describes a unique electronic journal publishing project involving the University of Kansas, the Big 12 Plus Libraries Consortium, the American Institute of Biological Sciences, Allen Press, and SPARC, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition. This partnership has created BioOne, a database of 40 full-text society journals in the biological and environmental sciences, which was launched in April, 2001. The genesis and development of the project is described and financial, technical, and intellectual property models for the project are discussed. Collaborative strategies for the project are described

bioon : a new model for scholarli publish
 thi articl describ a uniqu electron journal publish project involv the univers of kansa , the big 12 plu librari consortium , the american institut of biolog scienc , allen press , and sparc , the scholarli publish and academ resourc coalit . thi partnership ha creat bioon , a databas of 40 full-text societi journal in the biolog and environment scienc , which wa launch in april , 2001 . the genesi and develop of the project is describ and financi , technic , and intellectu properti model for the project are discuss . collabor strategi for the project are describ

BioOne full-text society journal database


Information architecture: looking ahead

Abstract: It may be a bit strange to consider where the field of information architecture (IA) is headed. After all, many would argue that it's too new to be considered as a field at all, or that it is mislabeled, and by no means is there a widely accepted definition of what information architecture actually is. Practicing information architects probably number in the thousands, and this vibrant group is already building various forms of communal infrastructure, ranging from an IA journal and a self-organizing "library" of resources to a passel of local professional groups and degree-granting academic programs. So the profession has achieved a beachhead that will enable it to stabilize and perhaps even grow during these difficult times

inform architectur : look ahead
 it may be a bit strang to consid where the field of inform architectur ( ia ) is head . after all , mani would argu that it 's too new to be consid as a field at all , or that it is mislabel , and by no mean is there a wide accept definit of what inform architectur actual is . practic inform architect probabl number in the thousand , and thi vibrant group is alreadi build variou form of commun infrastructur , rang from an ia journal and a self-organ " librari " of resourc to a passel of local profession group and degree-gr academ program . so the profess ha achiev a beachhead that will enabl it to stabil and perhap even grow dure these difficult time

information architecture
information architects
communal infrastructure
local professional groups
degree-granting academic programs


Multilayered image representation: application to image compression

Abstract: The main contribution of this work is a new paradigm for image representation and image compression. We describe a new multilayered representation technique for images. An image is parsed into a superposition of coherent layers: piecewise smooth regions layer, textures layer, etc. The multilayered decomposition algorithm consists in a cascade of compressions applied successively to the image itself and to the residuals that resulted from the previous compressions. During each iteration of the algorithm, we code the residual part in a lossy way: we only retain the most significant structures of the residual part, which results in a sparse representation. Each layer is encoded independently with a different transform, or basis, at a different bitrate, and the combination of the compressed layers can always be reconstructed in a meaningful way. The strength of the multilayer approach comes from the fact that different sets of basis functions complement each others: some of the basis functions will give reasonable account of the large trend of the data, while others will catch the local transients, or the oscillatory patterns. This multilayered representation has a lot of beautiful applications in image understanding, and image and video coding. We have implemented the algorithm and we have studied its capabilities

multilay imag represent : applic to imag compress
 the main contribut of thi work is a new paradigm for imag represent and imag compress . we describ a new multilay represent techniqu for imag . an imag is pars into a superposit of coher layer : piecewis smooth region layer , textur layer , etc . the multilay decomposit algorithm consist in a cascad of compress appli success to the imag itself and to the residu that result from the previou compress . dure each iter of the algorithm , we code the residu part in a lossi way : we onli retain the most signific structur of the residu part , which result in a spars represent . each layer is encod independ with a differ transform , or basi , at a differ bitrat , and the combin of the compress layer can alway be reconstruct in a meaning way . the strength of the multilay approach come from the fact that differ set of basi function complement each other : some of the basi function will give reason account of the larg trend of the data , while other will catch the local transient , or the oscillatori pattern . thi multilay represent ha a lot of beauti applic in imag understand , and imag and video code . we have implement the algorithm and we have studi it capabl

image representation
image compression
multilayered representation
piecewise smooth regions layer
textures layer
multilayered decomposition algorithm
residual part
sparse representation
basis functions
wavelet transforms
cosine transforms
transform coding


Prospective on computer applications in power

Abstract: The so-called "deregulation" and restructuring of the electric power industry have made it very difficult to keep up with industry changes and have made it much more difficult to envision the future. In this article, current key issues and major developments of the past few years are reviewed to provide perspective, and prospects for future computer applications in power are suggested. Technology changes are occurring at an exponential rate. The interconnected bulk electric systems are becoming integrated with vast networked information systems. This article discusses the skills that will be needed by future power engineers to keep pace with these developments and trends

prospect on comput applic in power
 the so-cal " deregul " and restructur of the electr power industri have made it veri difficult to keep up with industri chang and have made it much more difficult to envis the futur . in thi articl , current key issu and major develop of the past few year are review to provid perspect , and prospect for futur comput applic in power are suggest . technolog chang are occur at an exponenti rate . the interconnect bulk electr system are becom integr with vast network inform system . thi articl discuss the skill that will be need by futur power engin to keep pace with these develop and trend

computer applications
technology changes
interconnected bulk electric systems
networked information systems
electric power industry deregulation
electricity industry restructuring


Internet-based psychological experimenting: five dos and five don'ts

Abstract: Internet-based psychological experimenting is presented as a method that needs careful consideration of a number of issues-from potential data corruption to revealing confidential information about participants. Ten issues are grouped into five areas of actions to be taken when developing an Internet experiment (dos) and five errors to be avoided (don'ts). Dos include: (a) utilizing dropout as a dependent variable, (b) the use of dropout to detect motivational confounding, (c) placement of questions for personal information, (d) using a collection of techniques, and (e) using Internet-based tools. Don'ts are about: (a) unprotected directories, (b) public access to confidential data, (c) revealing the experiment's structure, (d) ignoring the Internet's technical variance, and (e) improper use of form elements

internet-bas psycholog experi : five do and five don't
 internet-bas psycholog experi is present as a method that need care consider of a number of issues-from potenti data corrupt to reveal confidenti inform about particip . ten issu are group into five area of action to be taken when develop an internet experi ( do ) and five error to be avoid ( don't ) . do includ : ( a ) util dropout as a depend variabl , ( b ) the use of dropout to detect motiv confound , ( c ) placement of question for person inform , ( d ) use a collect of techniqu , and ( e ) use internet-bas tool . don't are about : ( a ) unprotect directori , ( b ) public access to confidenti data , ( c ) reveal the experi 's structur , ( d ) ignor the internet 's technic varianc , and ( e ) improp use of form element


Linear models of circuits based on the multivalued components

Abstract: Linearization and planarization of the circuit models is pivotal to the submicron technologies. On the other hand, the characteristics of the VLSI circuits can be sometimes improved by using the multivalued components. It was shown that any l-level circuit based on the multivalued components is representable as an algebraic model based on l linear arithmetic polynomials mapped correspondingly into l decision diagrams that are linear and planar by nature. Complexity of representing a circuit as the linear decision diagram was estimated as O(G) with G for the number of multivalued components in the circuit. The results of testing the LinearDesignMV algorithm on circuits of more than 8000 LGSynth 93 multivalued components were presented

linear model of circuit base on the multivalu compon
 linear and planar of the circuit model is pivot to the submicron technolog . on the other hand , the characterist of the vlsi circuit can be sometim improv by use the multivalu compon . it wa shown that ani l-level circuit base on the multivalu compon is represent as an algebra model base on l linear arithmet polynomi map correspondingli into l decis diagram that are linear and planar by natur . complex of repres a circuit as the linear decis diagram wa estim as o(g ) with g for the number of multivalu compon in the circuit . the result of test the lineardesignmv algorithm on circuit of more than 8000 lgsynth 93 multivalu compon were present

linearization
planarization
submicron technologies
VLSI circuits
linear arithmetic polynomials
LinearDesignMV algorithm
LGSynth 93 multivalued components
linear circuit model
linear planar decision diagrams
circuit representation complexity


Alien Rescue: a problem-based hypermedia learning environment for middle school science

Abstract: The article describes an innovative hypermedia product for sixth graders in space science: Alien Rescue. Using a problem-based learning approach that is highly interactive, Alien Rescue engages students in scientific investigations aimed at finding solutions to complex and meaningful problems. Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional strategy proven to be effective in medical and business fields, and it is increasingly popular in education. However, using PBL in K-12 classrooms is challenging and requires access to rich knowledge bases and cognitive tools. Alien Rescue is designed to provide such cognitive support for successful use of PBL in sixth-grade classrooms. The design and development of Alien Rescue is guided by current educational research. Research is an integral part of this project. Results of formative evaluation and research studies are being integrated into the development and improvement of the program. Alien Rescue is designed in accordance with the National Science Standards and the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for science. So far Alien Rescue has been field-tested by approximately 1400 sixth graders. More use in middle schools is in progress and more research on its use is planned

alien rescu : a problem-bas hypermedia learn environ for middl school scienc
 the articl describ an innov hypermedia product for sixth grader in space scienc : alien rescu . use a problem-bas learn approach that is highli interact , alien rescu engag student in scientif investig aim at find solut to complex and meaning problem . problem-bas learn ( pbl ) is an instruct strategi proven to be effect in medic and busi field , and it is increasingli popular in educ . howev , use pbl in k-12 classroom is challeng and requir access to rich knowledg base and cognit tool . alien rescu is design to provid such cognit support for success use of pbl in sixth-grad classroom . the design and develop of alien rescu is guid by current educ research . research is an integr part of thi project . result of form evalu and research studi are be integr into the develop and improv of the program . alien rescu is design in accord with the nation scienc standard and the texa essenti knowledg and skill ( tek ) for scienc . so far alien rescu ha been field-test by approxim 1400 sixth grader . more use in middl school is in progress and more research on it use is plan


Evicting orang utans from the office [electronic storage of legal files]

Abstract: Having espoused the principle of the paperless office some time ago, we decided to apply it to our stored files. First we consulted the Law Society rules governing storage of files on electronic media. The next step was for us to draw up a protocol for scanning the files. The benefits of the exercise have been significant. The area previously used for storage has been freed for other use. Files are now available online, instantaneously. When we have needed to send out files to the client or following a change of solicitor, we have been able to do so almost immediately, by E-mail, retaining a copy for our future reference. The files are protected from loss or deterioration, back-up copies having been taken which are stored off site. The complete stored file archive can be put in your pocket (in CD-ROM format) or on a laptop, facilitating remote working

evict orang utan from the offic [ electron storag of legal file ]
 have espous the principl of the paperless offic some time ago , we decid to appli it to our store file . first we consult the law societi rule govern storag of file on electron media . the next step wa for us to draw up a protocol for scan the file . the benefit of the exercis have been signific . the area previous use for storag ha been freed for other use . file are now avail onlin , instantan . when we have need to send out file to the client or follow a chang of solicitor , we have been abl to do so almost immedi , by e-mail , retain a copi for our futur refer . the file are protect from loss or deterior , back-up copi have been taken which are store off site . the complet store file archiv can be put in your pocket ( in cd-rom format ) or on a laptop , facilit remot work

electronic storage
legal files
paperless office
Law Society rules
file archive
CD-ROM
file scanning


The development of a mobile manipulator imaging system for bridge crack inspection

Abstract: A mobile manipulator imaging system is developed for the automation of bridge crack inspection. During bridge safety inspections, an eyesight inspection is made for preliminary evaluation and screening before a more precise inspection. The inspection for cracks is an important part of the preliminary evaluation. Currently, the inspectors must stand on the platform of a bridge inspection vehicle or a temporarily erected scaffolding to examine the underside of a bridge. However, such a procedure is risky. To help automate the bridge crack inspection process, we installed two CCD cameras and a four-axis manipulator system on a mobile vehicle. The parallel cameras are used to detect cracks. The manipulator system is equipped with binocular charge coupled devices (CCD) for examining structures that may not be accessible to the eye. The system also reduces the danger of accidents to the human inspectors. The manipulator system consists of four arms. Balance weights are placed at the ends of arms 2 and 4, respectively, to maintain the center of gravity during operation. Mechanically, arms 2 and 4 can revolve smoothly. Experiments indicated that the system could be useful for bridge crack inspections

the develop of a mobil manipul imag system for bridg crack inspect
 a mobil manipul imag system is develop for the autom of bridg crack inspect . dure bridg safeti inspect , an eyesight inspect is made for preliminari evalu and screen befor a more precis inspect . the inspect for crack is an import part of the preliminari evalu . current , the inspector must stand on the platform of a bridg inspect vehicl or a temporarili erect scaffold to examin the undersid of a bridg . howev , such a procedur is riski . to help autom the bridg crack inspect process , we instal two ccd camera and a four-axi manipul system on a mobil vehicl . the parallel camera are use to detect crack . the manipul system is equip with binocular charg coupl devic ( ccd ) for examin structur that may not be access to the eye . the system also reduc the danger of accid to the human inspector . the manipul system consist of four arm . balanc weight are place at the end of arm 2 and 4 , respect , to maintain the center of graviti dure oper . mechan , arm 2 and 4 can revolv smoothli . experi indic that the system could be use for bridg crack inspect

mobile manipulator
imaging system
bridge crack inspection
automation
eyesight inspection
CCD cameras
four-axis manipulator
parallel cameras
charge coupled devices
binocular CCD


Prospects for quantitative computed tomography imaging in the presence of foreign metal bodies using statistical image reconstruction

Abstract: X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of patients bearing metal intracavitary applicators or other metal foreign objects exhibit severe artifacts including streaks and aliasing. We have systematically evaluated via computer simulations the impact of scattered radiation, the polyenergetic spectrum, and measurement noise on the performance of three reconstruction algorithms: conventional filtered backprojection (FBP), deterministic iterative deblurring, and a new iterative algorithm, alternating minimization (AM), based on a CT detector model that includes noise, scatter, and polyenergetic spectra. Contrary to the dominant view of the literature, FBP streaking artifacts are due mostly to mismatches between FBP's simplified model of CT detector response and the physical process of signal acquisition. Artifacts on AM images are significantly mitigated as this algorithm substantially reduces detector-model mismatches. However, metal artifacts are reduced to acceptable levels only when prior knowledge of the metal object in the patient, including its pose, shape, and attenuation map, are used to constrain AM's iterations. AM image reconstruction, in combination with object-constrained CT to estimate the pose of metal objects in the patient, is a promising approach for effectively mitigating metal artifacts and making quantitative estimation of tissue attenuation coefficients a clinical possibility

prospect for quantit comput tomographi imag in the presenc of foreign metal bodi use statist imag reconstruct
 x-ray comput tomographi ( ct ) imag of patient bear metal intracavitari applic or other metal foreign object exhibit sever artifact includ streak and alias . we have systemat evalu via comput simul the impact of scatter radiat , the polyenerget spectrum , and measur nois on the perform of three reconstruct algorithm : convent filter backproject ( fbp ) , determinist iter deblur , and a new iter algorithm , altern minim ( am ) , base on a ct detector model that includ nois , scatter , and polyenerget spectra . contrari to the domin view of the literatur , fbp streak artifact are due mostli to mismatch between fbp 's simplifi model of ct detector respons and the physic process of signal acquisit . artifact on am imag are significantli mitig as thi algorithm substanti reduc detector-model mismatch . howev , metal artifact are reduc to accept level onli when prior knowledg of the metal object in the patient , includ it pose , shape , and attenu map , are use to constrain am 's iter . am imag reconstruct , in combin with object-constrain ct to estim the pose of metal object in the patient , is a promis approach for effect mitig metal artifact and make quantit estim of tissu attenu coeffici a clinic possibl


Web-based experiments controlled by JavaScript: an example from probability learning

Abstract: JavaScript programs can be used to control Web experiments. This technique is illustrated by an experiment that tested the effects of advice on performance in the classic probability-learning paradigm. Previous research reported that people tested via the Web or in the lab tended to match the probabilities of their responses to the probabilities that those responses would be reinforced. The optimal strategy, however, is to consistently choose the more frequent event; probability matching produces suboptimal performance. We investigated manipulations we reasoned should improve performance. A horse race scenario in which participants predicted the winner in each of a series of races between two horses was compared with an abstract scenario used previously. Ten groups of learners received different amounts of advice, including all combinations of (1) explicit instructions concerning the optimal strategy, (2) explicit instructions concerning a monetary sum to maximize, and (3) accurate information concerning the probabilities of events. The results showed minimal effects of horse race versus abstract scenario. Both advice concerning the optimal strategy and probability information contributed significantly to performance in the task. This paper includes a brief tutorial on JavaScript, explaining with simple examples how to assemble a browser-based experiment

web-bas experi control by javascript : an exampl from probabl learn
 javascript program can be use to control web experi . thi techniqu is illustr by an experi that test the effect of advic on perform in the classic probability-learn paradigm . previou research report that peopl test via the web or in the lab tend to match the probabl of their respons to the probabl that those respons would be reinforc . the optim strategi , howev , is to consist choos the more frequent event ; probabl match produc suboptim perform . we investig manipul we reason should improv perform . a hors race scenario in which particip predict the winner in each of a seri of race between two hors wa compar with an abstract scenario use previous . ten group of learner receiv differ amount of advic , includ all combin of ( 1 ) explicit instruct concern the optim strategi , ( 2 ) explicit instruct concern a monetari sum to maxim , and ( 3 ) accur inform concern the probabl of event . the result show minim effect of hors race versu abstract scenario . both advic concern the optim strategi and probabl inform contribut significantli to perform in the task . thi paper includ a brief tutori on javascript , explain with simpl exampl how to assembl a browser-bas experi

Web-based experiments
JavaScript
probability learning
probability
advice
explicit instructions
browser-based experiment
Internet-based research


Synthetic simultaneity - natural and artificial

Abstract: In control loops, each element introduces time delays. If those time delays are larger than the critical times for control of the system, a problem exists. I show a simple approach to mitigating this problem by basing the controller's decisions not on the observations themselves but on our projections as to what the observations will be at the time our controls reach the controlled system. Finally, I argue that synthetic simultaneity explains Libet's (1993) results better than Libet's explanation

synthet simultan - natur and artifici
 in control loop , each element introduc time delay . if those time delay are larger than the critic time for control of the system , a problem exist . i show a simpl approach to mitig thi problem by base the control 's decis not on the observ themselv but on our project as to what the observ will be at the time our control reach the control system . final , i argu that synthet simultan explain libet 's ( 1993 ) result better than libet 's explan

synthetic simultaneity
control loops
time delays
critical times
observations
controller decisions


Block truncation image bit plane coding

Abstract: Block truncation coding (BTC) is a successful image compression technique due to its simple and fast computational burden. The bit rate is fixed to 2.0 bits/pixel, whose performance is moderate in terms of compression ratio compared to other compression schemes such as discrete cosine transform (DCT), vector quantization (VQ), wavelet transform coding (WTC), etc. Two kinds of overheads are required for BTC coding: bit plane and quantization values, respectively. A new technique is presented to reduce the bit plane overhead. Conventional bit plane overhead is 1.0 bits/pixel; we decrease it to 0.734 bits/pixel while maintaining the same decoded quality as absolute moment BTC (AMBTC) does for the "Lena" image. Compared to other published bit plane coding strategies, the proposed method outperforms all of the existing methods

block truncat imag bit plane code
 block truncat code ( btc ) is a success imag compress techniqu due to it simpl and fast comput burden . the bit rate is fix to 2.0 bit / pixel , whose perform is moder in term of compress ratio compar to other compress scheme such as discret cosin transform ( dct ) , vector quantiz ( vq ) , wavelet transform code ( wtc ) , etc . two kind of overhead are requir for btc code : bit plane and quantiz valu , respect . a new techniqu is present to reduc the bit plane overhead . convent bit plane overhead is 1.0 bit / pixel ; we decreas it to 0.734 bit / pixel while maintain the same decod qualiti as absolut moment btc ( ambtc ) doe for the " lena " imag . compar to other publish bit plane code strategi , the propos method outperform all of the exist method

image bit plane coding
block truncation coding
image compression technique
bit rate
performance
compression ratio
quantization values
bit plane overhead
decoded quality
absolute moment BTC
AMBTC
Lena image


The influence of tollbooths on highway traffic

Abstract: We study the effects of tollbooths on the traffic flow. The highway traffic is simulated by the Nagel-Schreckenberg model. Various types of toll collection are examined, which can be characterized either by a waiting time or a reduced speed. A first-order phase transition is observed. The phase separation results a saturated flow, which is observed as a plateau region in the fundamental diagram. The effects of lane expansion near the tollbooth are examined. The full capacity of a highway can be restored. The emergence of vehicle queuing is studied. Besides the numerical results, we also obtain analytical expressions for various quantities. The numerical simulations can be well described by the analytical formulas. We also discuss the influence on the travel time and its variance. The tollbooth increases the travel time but decreases its variance. The differences between long- and short-distance travelers are also discussed

the influenc of tollbooth on highway traffic
 we studi the effect of tollbooth on the traffic flow . the highway traffic is simul by the nagel-schreckenberg model . variou type of toll collect are examin , which can be character either by a wait time or a reduc speed . a first-ord phase transit is observ . the phase separ result a satur flow , which is observ as a plateau region in the fundament diagram . the effect of lane expans near the tollbooth are examin . the full capac of a highway can be restor . the emerg of vehicl queu is studi . besid the numer result , we also obtain analyt express for variou quantiti . the numer simul can be well describ by the analyt formula . we also discuss the influenc on the travel time and it varianc . the tollbooth increas the travel time but decreas it varianc . the differ between long- and short-dist travel are also discuss

tollbooths
highway traffic
Nagel-Schreckenberg model
toll collection
waiting time
reduced speed
first-order phase transition
saturated flow
lane expansion
vehicle queuing
numerical simulations


Psychology and the Internet

Abstract: This article presents an overview of the way that the Internet is being used to assist psychological research and mediate psychological practice. It shows how psychologists are using the Internet to examine the interactions between people and computers, and highlights some of the ways that this research is important to the design and development of useable and acceptable computer systems. In particular, this introduction reviews the research presented at the International Conference on Psychology and the Internet held in the United Kingdom. The final part introduces the eight articles in this special edition. The articles are representative of the breadth of research being conducted on psychology and the Internet: there are two on methodological issues, three on group processes, one on organizational implications, and two on social implications of Internet use

psycholog and the internet
 thi articl present an overview of the way that the internet is be use to assist psycholog research and mediat psycholog practic . it show how psychologist are use the internet to examin the interact between peopl and comput , and highlight some of the way that thi research is import to the design and develop of useabl and accept comput system . in particular , thi introduct review the research present at the intern confer on psycholog and the internet held in the unit kingdom . the final part introduc the eight articl in thi special edit . the articl are repres of the breadth of research be conduct on psycholog and the internet : there are two on methodolog issu , three on group process , one on organiz implic , and two on social implic of internet use

psychology
Internet
psychological research
methodological issues
group processes
organizational implications
social implications
human-computer interactions
usability
online research


An object-oriented version of SIMLIB (a simple simulation package)

Abstract: This paper introduces an object-oriented version of SIMLIB (an easy-to-understand discrete-event simulation package). The object-oriented version is preferable to the original procedural language versions of SIMLIB in that it is easier to understand and teach simulation from an object point of view. A single-server queue simulation is demonstrated using the object-oriented SIMLIB

an object-ori version of simlib ( a simpl simul packag )
 thi paper introduc an object-ori version of simlib ( an easy-to-understand discrete-ev simul packag ) . the object-ori version is prefer to the origin procedur languag version of simlib in that it is easier to understand and teach simul from an object point of view . a single-serv queue simul is demonstr use the object-ori simlib

object-oriented version
SIMLIB
discrete-event simulation
teach simulation


Using Internet search engines to estimate word frequency

Abstract: The present research investigated Internet search engines as a rapid, cost-effective alternative for estimating word frequencies. Frequency estimates for 382 words were obtained and compared across four methods: (1) Internet search engines, (2) the Kucera and Francis (1967) analysis of a traditional linguistic corpus, (3) the CELEX English linguistic database (Baayen et al., 1995), and (4) participant ratings of familiarity. The results showed that Internet search engines produced frequency estimates that were highly consistent with those reported by Kucera and Francis and those calculated from CELEX, highly consistent across search engines, and very reliable over a 6 month period of time. Additional results suggested that Internet search engines are an excellent option when traditional word frequency analyses do not contain the necessary data (e.g., estimates for forenames and slang). In contrast, participants' familiarity judgments did not correspond well with the more objective estimates of word frequency. Researchers are advised to use search engines with large databases (e.g., AltaVista) to ensure the greatest representativeness of the frequency estimates

use internet search engin to estim word frequenc
 the present research investig internet search engin as a rapid , cost-effect altern for estim word frequenc . frequenc estim for 382 word were obtain and compar across four method : ( 1 ) internet search engin , ( 2 ) the kucera and franci ( 1967 ) analysi of a tradit linguist corpu , ( 3 ) the celex english linguist databas ( baayen et al . , 1995 ) , and ( 4 ) particip rate of familiar . the result show that internet search engin produc frequenc estim that were highli consist with those report by kucera and franci and those calcul from celex , highli consist across search engin , and veri reliabl over a 6 month period of time . addit result suggest that internet search engin are an excel option when tradit word frequenc analys do not contain the necessari data ( e.g. , estim for forenam and slang ) . in contrast , particip ' familiar judgment did not correspond well with the more object estim of word frequenc . research are advis to use search engin with larg databas ( e.g. , altavista ) to ensur the greatest repres of the frequenc estim

Internet search engines
linguistic corpus
CELEX English linguistic database
large databases
word frequency estimation
participant familiarity ratings


From revenue management concepts to software systems

Abstract: In 1999, after developing and installing over 170 revenue management (RM) systems for more than 70 airlines, PROS Revenue Management, Inc. had the opportunity to develop RM systems for three companies in nonairline industries. PROS research and design department designed the opportunity analysis study (OAS), a mix of OR/MS, consulting, and software development practices to determine the applicability of RM in new business situations. PROS executed OASs with the three companies. In all three cases, the OAS supported the value of RM and led to contracts for implementation of RM systems

from revenu manag concept to softwar system
 in 1999 , after develop and instal over 170 revenu manag ( rm ) system for more than 70 airlin , pro revenu manag , inc. had the opportun to develop rm system for three compani in nonairlin industri . pro research and design depart design the opportun analysi studi ( oa ) , a mix of or / ms , consult , and softwar develop practic to determin the applic of rm in new busi situat . pro execut oass with the three compani . in all three case , the oa support the valu of rm and led to contract for implement of rm system

revenue management concepts
software systems
PROS Revenue Management
RM systems
opportunity analysis study
OAS
OR/MS
software development practices
Inc
consulting practices


Using virtual reality to teach disability awareness

Abstract: A desktop virtual reality (VR) program was designed and evaluated to teach children about the accessibility and attitudinal barriers encountered by their peers with mobility impairments. Within this software, children sitting in a virtual wheelchair experience obstacles such as stairs, narrow doors, objects too high to reach, and attitudinal barriers such as inappropriate comments. Using a collaborative research methodology, 15 youth with mobility impairments assisted in developing and beta-testing the software. The effectiveness of the program was then evaluated with 60 children in Grades 4-6 using a controlled pretest/posttest design. The results indicated that the program was effective for increasing children's knowledge of accessibility barriers. Attitudes, grade level, familiarity with individuals with a disability, and gender were also investigated

use virtual realiti to teach disabl awar
 a desktop virtual realiti ( vr ) program wa design and evalu to teach children about the access and attitudin barrier encount by their peer with mobil impair . within thi softwar , children sit in a virtual wheelchair experi obstacl such as stair , narrow door , object too high to reach , and attitudin barrier such as inappropri comment . use a collabor research methodolog , 15 youth with mobil impair assist in develop and beta-test the softwar . the effect of the program wa then evalu with 60 children in grade 4 - 6 use a control pretest / posttest design . the result indic that the program wa effect for increas children 's knowledg of access barrier . attitud , grade level , familiar with individu with a disabl , and gender were also investig

virtual reality
children
accessibility
mobility impairments
virtual wheelchair
collaborative research methodology
gender
disability awareness teaching
software beta-testing
collaborative software development
computer aided instruction
software effectiveness


Layer-based machining: recent development and support structure design

Abstract: There is growing interest in additive and subtractive shaping theories that are synthesized to integrate the layered manufacturing process and material removal process. Layer-based machining has emerged as a promising method for integrated additive and subtractive shaping theory. In the paper, major layer-based machining systems are reviewed and compared according to characteristics of stock layers, numerical control machining configurations, stacking operations, input format and raw materials. Support structure, a major issue in machining-based systems which has seldom been addressed in previous research, is investigated in the paper with considerations of four situations: floating overhang, cantilever, vaulted overhang and ceiling. Except for the floating overhang where a support structure should not be overlooked, the necessity for support structures for the other three situations is determined by stress and deflection analysis. This is demonstrated by the machining of a large castle model

layer-bas machin : recent develop and support structur design
 there is grow interest in addit and subtract shape theori that are synthes to integr the layer manufactur process and materi remov process . layer-bas machin ha emerg as a promis method for integr addit and subtract shape theori . in the paper , major layer-bas machin system are review and compar accord to characterist of stock layer , numer control machin configur , stack oper , input format and raw materi . support structur , a major issu in machining-bas system which ha seldom been address in previou research , is investig in the paper with consider of four situat : float overhang , cantilev , vault overhang and ceil . except for the float overhang where a support structur should not be overlook , the necess for support structur for the other three situat is determin by stress and deflect analysi . thi is demonstr by the machin of a larg castl model


Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital holography

Abstract: A simple method to suppress the zero-order diffraction in the reconstructed image of digital holography is presented. In this method, the Laplacian of a detected hologram is used instead of the hologram itself for numerical reconstruction by computing the discrete Fresnel integral. This method can significantly improve the image quality and give better resolution and higher accuracy of the reconstructed image. The main advantages of this method are its simplicity in experimental requirements and convenience in data processing

elimin of zero-ord diffract in digit holographi
 a simpl method to suppress the zero-ord diffract in the reconstruct imag of digit holographi is present . in thi method , the laplacian of a detect hologram is use instead of the hologram itself for numer reconstruct by comput the discret fresnel integr . thi method can significantli improv the imag qualiti and give better resolut and higher accuraci of the reconstruct imag . the main advantag of thi method are it simplic in experiment requir and conveni in data process

digital holography
reconstructed image
Laplacian
detected hologram
discrete Fresnel integral
image quality
accuracy
data processing
zero-order diffraction suppression
numerical image reconstruction
image resolution
image. processing


Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates

Abstract: This paper presents a brain-computer interface (BCI) that can help users to input phone numbers. The system is based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). Twelve buttons illuminated at different rates were displayed on a computer monitor. The buttons constituted a virtual telephone keypad, representing the ten digits 0-9, BACKSPACE, and ENTER. Users could input phone number by gazing at these buttons. The frequency-coded SSVEP was used to judge which button the user desired. Eight of the thirteen subjects succeeded in ringing the mobile phone using the system. The average transfer rate over all subjects was 27.15 bits/min. The attractive features of the system are noninvasive signal recording, little training required for use, and high information transfer rate. Approaches to improve the performance of the system are discussed

design and implement of a brain-comput interfac with high transfer rate
 thi paper present a brain-comput interfac ( bci ) that can help user to input phone number . the system is base on the steady-st visual evok potenti ( ssvep ) . twelv button illumin at differ rate were display on a comput monitor . the button constitut a virtual telephon keypad , repres the ten digit 0 - 9 , backspac , and enter . user could input phone number by gaze at these button . the frequency-cod ssvep wa use to judg which button the user desir . eight of the thirteen subject succeed in ring the mobil phone use the system . the averag transfer rate over all subject wa 27.15 bit / min . the attract featur of the system are noninvas signal record , littl train requir for use , and high inform transfer rate . approach to improv the perform of the system are discuss


Cyberobscenity and the ambit of English criminal law

Abstract: The author looks at a recent case and questions the Court of Appeal's approach. In the author's submission, the Court of Appeal's decision in Perrin was wrong. P published no material in England and Wales, and should not have been convicted of any offence under English law, even if it were proved that he sought to attract English subscribers to his site. That may be an unpalatable conclusion but, if the content of foreign-hosted Internet sites is to be controlled, the only sensible way forward is through international agreement and cooperation. The Council of Europe's Cybercrime Convention provides some indication of the limited areas over which widespread international agreement might be achieved

cyberobscen and the ambit of english crimin law
 the author look at a recent case and question the court of appeal 's approach . in the author 's submiss , the court of appeal 's decis in perrin wa wrong . p publish no materi in england and wale , and should not have been convict of ani offenc under english law , even if it were prove that he sought to attract english subscrib to hi site . that may be an unpalat conclus but , if the content of foreign-host internet site is to be control , the onli sensibl way forward is through intern agreement and cooper . the council of europ 's cybercrim convent provid some indic of the limit area over which widespread intern agreement might be achiev

cyberobscenity
criminal law
Court of Appeal
England
Internet sites
international agreement
Council of Europe
Cybercrime Convention


Design of PID-type controllers using multiobjective genetic algorithms

Abstract: The design of a PID controller is a multiobjective problem. A plant and a set of specifications to be satisfied are given. The designer has to adjust the parameters of the PID controller such that the feedback interconnection of the plant and the controller satisfies the specifications. These specifications are usually competitive and any acceptable solution requires a tradeoff among them. An approach for adjusting the parameters of a PID controller based on multiobjective optimization and genetic algorithms is presented in this paper. The MRCD (multiobjective robust control design) genetic algorithm has been employed. The approach can be easily generalized to design multivariable coupled and decentralized PID loops and has been successfully validated for a large number of experimental cases

design of pid-typ control use multiobject genet algorithm
 the design of a pid control is a multiobject problem . a plant and a set of specif to be satisfi are given . the design ha to adjust the paramet of the pid control such that the feedback interconnect of the plant and the control satisfi the specif . these specif are usual competit and ani accept solut requir a tradeoff among them . an approach for adjust the paramet of a pid control base on multiobject optim and genet algorithm is present in thi paper . the mrcd ( multiobject robust control design ) genet algorithm ha been employ . the approach can be easili gener to design multivari coupl and decentr pid loop and ha been success valid for a larg number of experiment case

PID-type controllers
multiobjective genetic algorithms
feedback interconnection
multiobjective robust control design
decentralized PID loops
multivariable coupled PID loops
tuning methods


An efficient parallel algorithm for the calculation of canonical MP2 energies

Abstract: We present the parallel version of a previous serial algorithm for the efficient calculation of canonical MP2 energies. It is based on the Saebo-Almlof direct-integral transformation, coupled with an efficient prescreening of the AO integrals. The parallel algorithm avoids synchronization delays by spawning a second set of slaves during the bin-sort prior to the second half-transformation. Results are presented for systems with up to 2000 basis functions. MP2 energies for molecules with 400-500 basis functions can be routinely calculated to microhartree accuracy on a small number of processors (6-8) in a matter of minutes with modern PC-based parallel computers

an effici parallel algorithm for the calcul of canon mp2 energi
 we present the parallel version of a previou serial algorithm for the effici calcul of canon mp2 energi . it is base on the saebo-almlof direct-integr transform , coupl with an effici prescreen of the ao integr . the parallel algorithm avoid synchron delay by spawn a second set of slave dure the bin-sort prior to the second half-transform . result are present for system with up to 2000 basi function . mp2 energi for molecul with 400 - 500 basi function can be routin calcul to microhartre accuraci on a small number of processor ( 6 - 8) in a matter of minut with modern pc-base parallel comput


Modeling privacy control in context-aware systems

Abstract: Significant complexity issues challenge designers of context-aware systems with privacy control. Information spaces provide a way to organize information, resources, and services around important privacy-relevant contextual factors. In this article, we describe a theoretical model for privacy control in context-aware systems based on a core abstraction of information spaces. We have previously focused on deriving socially based privacy objectives in pervasive computing environments. Building on Ravi Sandhu's four-layer OM-AM (objectives, models, architectures, and mechanisms) idea, we aim to use information spaces to construct a model for privacy control that supports our socially based privacy objectives. We also discuss how we can introduce decentralization, a desirable property for many pervasive computing systems, into our information space model, using unified privacy tagging

model privaci control in context-awar system
 signific complex issu challeng design of context-awar system with privaci control . inform space provid a way to organ inform , resourc , and servic around import privacy-relev contextu factor . in thi articl , we describ a theoret model for privaci control in context-awar system base on a core abstract of inform space . we have previous focus on deriv social base privaci object in pervas comput environ . build on ravi sandhu 's four-lay om-am ( object , model , architectur , and mechan ) idea , we aim to use inform space to construct a model for privaci control that support our social base privaci object . we also discuss how we can introduc decentr , a desir properti for mani pervas comput system , into our inform space model , use unifi privaci tag

privacy
privacy control
context-aware systems
pervasive computing
smart office


Measuring keyboard response delays by comparing keyboard and joystick inputs

Abstract: The response characteristics of PC keyboards have to be identified when they are used as response devices in psychological experiments. In the past, the proposed method has been to check the characteristics independently by means of external measurement equipment. However, with the availability of different PC models and the rapid pace of model change, there is an urgent need for the development of convenient and accurate methods of checking. The method proposed consists of raising the precision of the PC's clock to the microsecond level and using a joystick connected to the MIDI terminal of a sound board to give the PC an independent timing function. Statistical processing of the data provided by this method makes it possible to estimate accurately the keyboard scanning interval time and the average keyboard delay time. The results showed that measured keyboard delay times varied from 11 to 73 msec, depending on the keyboard model, with most values being less than 30 msec

measur keyboard respons delay by compar keyboard and joystick input
 the respons characterist of pc keyboard have to be identifi when they are use as respons devic in psycholog experi . in the past , the propos method ha been to check the characterist independ by mean of extern measur equip . howev , with the avail of differ pc model and the rapid pace of model chang , there is an urgent need for the develop of conveni and accur method of check . the method propos consist of rais the precis of the pc 's clock to the microsecond level and use a joystick connect to the midi termin of a sound board to give the pc an independ time function . statist process of the data provid by thi method make it possibl to estim accur the keyboard scan interv time and the averag keyboard delay time . the result show that measur keyboard delay time vari from 11 to 73 msec , depend on the keyboard model , with most valu be less than 30 msec

joystick inputs
PC keyboards
psychological experiments
checking
model change
MIDI terminal
sound board
independent timing function
keyboard scanning interval time
average keyboard delay time
keyboard response delay measurement
keyboard inputs
PC clock precision
statistical data processing


Using the Small Business Innovation Research Program to turn your ideas into products

Abstract: The US Government's Small Business Innovation Research Program helps small businesses transform new ideas into commercial products. The program provides an ideal means for businesses and universities to obtaining funding for cooperative projects. Rules and information for the program are readily available, and I will give a few helpful hints to provide guidance

use the small busi innov research program to turn your idea into product
 the us govern 's small busi innov research program help small busi transform new idea into commerci product . the program provid an ideal mean for busi and univers to obtain fund for cooper project . rule and inform for the program are readili avail , and i will give a few help hint to provid guidanc


A survey of interactive mesh-cutting techniques and a new method for implementing generalized interactive mesh cutting using virtual tools

Abstract: In our experience, mesh-cutting methods can be distinguished by how their solutions address the following major issues: definition of the cut path, primitive removal and re-meshing, number of new primitives created, when re-meshing is performed, and representation of the cutting tool. Many researchers have developed schemes for interactive mesh cutting with the goals of reducing the number of new primitives created, creating new primitives with good aspect ratios, avoiding a disconnected mesh structure between primitives in the cut path, and representing the path traversed by the tool as accurately as possible. The goal of this paper is to explain how, by using a very simple framework, one can build a generalized cutting scheme. This method allows for any arbitrary cut to be made within a virtual object, and can simulate cutting surface, layered surface or tetrahedral objects using a virtual scalpel, scissors, or loop cautery tool. This method has been implemented in a real-time, haptic-rate surgical simulation system allowing arbitrary cuts to be made on high-resolution patient-specific models

a survey of interact mesh-cut techniqu and a new method for implement gener interact mesh cut use virtual tool
 in our experi , mesh-cut method can be distinguish by how their solut address the follow major issu : definit of the cut path , primit remov and re-mesh , number of new primit creat , when re-mesh is perform , and represent of the cut tool . mani research have develop scheme for interact mesh cut with the goal of reduc the number of new primit creat , creat new primit with good aspect ratio , avoid a disconnect mesh structur between primit in the cut path , and repres the path travers by the tool as accur as possibl . the goal of thi paper is to explain how , by use a veri simpl framework , one can build a gener cut scheme . thi method allow for ani arbitrari cut to be made within a virtual object , and can simul cut surfac , layer surfac or tetrahedr object use a virtual scalpel , scissor , or loop cauteri tool . thi method ha been implement in a real-tim , haptic-r surgic simul system allow arbitrari cut to be made on high-resolut patient-specif model

generalized interactive mesh cutting
virtual tools
re-meshing
cutting tool
disconnected mesh structure
virtual object
layered surface
tetrahedral objects
haptic-rate surgical simulation system
high-resolution patient-specific models
cut path definition
real-time system
rendering
haptic interfaces


Automation of the recovery of efficiency of complex structure systems

Abstract: Basic features are set forth of the method for automation of the serviceability recovery of systems of complex structures in real time without the interruption of operation. Specific features of the method are revealed in an important example of the system of control of hardware components of ships

autom of the recoveri of effici of complex structur system
 basic featur are set forth of the method for autom of the servic recoveri of system of complex structur in real time without the interrupt of oper . specif featur of the method are reveal in an import exampl of the system of control of hardwar compon of ship

complex structure systems
serviceability recovery
hardware components
ships
efficiency recovery


Industrial/sup IT/ for performance buildings

Abstract: ABB has taken a close look at how buildings are used and has come up with a radical solution for the technical infrastructure that places the end-user's processes at the center and integrates all the building's systems around their needs. The new solution is based on the realization that tasks like setting up an office meeting, registering a hotel guest or moving a patient in a hospital, can all benefit from the same Industrial IT concepts employed by ABB to optimize manufacturing, for example in the automotive industry

industri / sup it/ for perform build
 abb ha taken a close look at how build are use and ha come up with a radic solut for the technic infrastructur that place the end-us 's process at the center and integr all the build 's system around their need . the new solut is base on the realiz that task like set up an offic meet , regist a hotel guest or move a patient in a hospit , can all benefit from the same industri it concept employ by abb to optim manufactur , for exampl in the automot industri

Industrial/sup IT/
ABB
technical infrastructure
industrial IT concepts
building management system
building systems integration


A friction compensator for pneumatic control valves

Abstract: A procedure that compensates for static friction (stiction) in pneumatic control valves is presented. The compensation is obtained by adding pulses to the control signal. The characteristics of the pulses are determined from the control action. The compensator is implemented in industrial controllers and control systems, and the industrial experiences show that the procedure reduces the control error during stick-slip motion significantly compared to standard control without stiction compensation

a friction compens for pneumat control valv
 a procedur that compens for static friction ( stiction ) in pneumat control valv is present . the compens is obtain by ad puls to the control signal . the characterist of the puls are determin from the control action . the compens is implement in industri control and control system , and the industri experi show that the procedur reduc the control error dure stick-slip motion significantli compar to standard control without stiction compens

friction compensator
pneumatic control valves
industrial controllers
stick-slip motion
standard control
stiction compensation
static friction compensation
control error reduction


Stock market dynamics

Abstract: We elucidate on several empirical statistical observations of stock market returns. Moreover, we find that these properties are recurrent and are also present in invariant measures of low-dimensional dynamical systems. Thus, we propose that the returns are modeled by the first Poincare return time of a low-dimensional chaotic trajectory. This modeling, which captures the recurrent properties of the return fluctuations, is able to predict well the evolution of the observed statistical quantities. In addition, it explains the reason for which stocks present simultaneously dynamical properties and high uncertainties. In our analysis, we use data from the S&P 500 index and the Brazilian stock Telebras

stock market dynam
 we elucid on sever empir statist observ of stock market return . moreov , we find that these properti are recurr and are also present in invari measur of low-dimension dynam system . thu , we propos that the return are model by the first poincar return time of a low-dimension chaotic trajectori . thi model , which captur the recurr properti of the return fluctuat , is abl to predict well the evolut of the observ statist quantiti . in addit , it explain the reason for which stock present simultan dynam properti and high uncertainti . in our analysi , we use data from the s&p 500 index and the brazilian stock telebra

empirical statistical observations
stock market returns
invariant measures
low-dimensional dynamical systems
first Poincare return time
low-dimensional chaotic trajectory
statistical quantities
Brazilian stock
econophysics


Option pricing from path integral for non-Gaussian fluctuations. Natural martingale and application to truncated Levy distributions

Abstract: Within a path integral formalism for non-Gaussian price fluctuations, we set up a simple stochastic calculus and derive a natural martingale for option pricing from the wealth balance of options, stocks, and bonds. The resulting formula is evaluated for truncated Levy distributions

option price from path integr for non-gaussian fluctuat . natur martingal and applic to truncat levi distribut
 within a path integr formal for non-gaussian price fluctuat , we set up a simpl stochast calculu and deriv a natur martingal for option price from the wealth balanc of option , stock , and bond . the result formula is evalu for truncat levi distribut

option pricing
path integrals
natural martingale
truncated Levy distributions
stochastic calculus
stocks
bonds
nonGaussian fluctuations


K-12 instruction and digital access to archival materials

Abstract: Providing K-12 schools with digital access to archival materials can strengthen both student learning and archival practice, although it cannot replace direct physical access to records. The article compares a variety of electronic and nonelectronic projects to promote teaching with primary source materials. The article also examines some of the different historiographical and pedagogical approaches used in archival Web sites geared for K-12 instruction, focusing on differences between the educational sites sponsored by the Library of Congress and the National Archives and Records Administration

k-12 instruct and digit access to archiv materi
 provid k-12 school with digit access to archiv materi can strengthen both student learn and archiv practic , although it can not replac direct physic access to record . the articl compar a varieti of electron and nonelectron project to promot teach with primari sourc materi . the articl also examin some of the differ historiograph and pedagog approach use in archiv web site gear for k-12 instruct , focus on differ between the educ site sponsor by the librari of congress and the nation archiv and record administr


The role of speech input in wearable computing

Abstract: Speech recognition seems like an attractive input mechanism for wearable computers, and as we saw in this magazine's first issue, several companies are promoting products that use limited speech interfaces for specific tasks. However, we must overcome several challenges to using speech recognition in more general contexts, and interface designers must be wary of applying the technology to situations where speech is inappropriate

the role of speech input in wearabl comput
 speech recognit seem like an attract input mechan for wearabl comput , and as we saw in thi magazin 's first issu , sever compani are promot product that use limit speech interfac for specif task . howev , we must overcom sever challeng to use speech recognit in more gener context , and interfac design must be wari of appli the technolog to situat where speech is inappropri

speech input
wearable computing
wearable computing
speech recognition
speech interfaces
wearable computer
speech recognizers
mobile speech recognition
background noise


Online masquerade: whose e-mail is it?

Abstract: E-mails carrying viruses like the recent Klez worm use deceptively simple techniques and known vulnerabilities to spread from one computer to another with ease

onlin masquerad : whose e-mail is it ?
 e-mail carri virus like the recent klez worm use decept simpl techniqu and known vulner to spread from one comput to anoth with eas

e-mail
viruses
Klez worm
vulnerabilities


Improvements and critique on Sugeno's and Yasukawa's qualitative modeling

Abstract: Investigates Sugeno's and Yasukawa's (1993) qualitative fuzzy modeling approach. We propose some easily implementable solutions for the unclear details of the original paper, such as trapezoid approximation of membership functions, rule creation from sample data points, and selection of important variables. We further suggest an improved parameter identification algorithm to be applied instead of the original one. These details are crucial concerning the method's performance as it is shown in a comparative analysis and helps to improve the accuracy of the built-up model. Finally, we propose a possible further rule base reduction which can be applied successfully in certain cases. This improvement reduces the time requirement of the method by up to 16% in our experiments

improv and critiqu on sugeno 's and yasukawa 's qualit model
 investig sugeno 's and yasukawa 's ( 1993 ) qualit fuzzi model approach . we propos some easili implement solut for the unclear detail of the origin paper , such as trapezoid approxim of membership function , rule creation from sampl data point , and select of import variabl . we further suggest an improv paramet identif algorithm to be appli instead of the origin one . these detail are crucial concern the method 's perform as it is shown in a compar analysi and help to improv the accuraci of the built-up model . final , we propos a possibl further rule base reduct which can be appli success in certain case . thi improv reduc the time requir of the method by up to 16 % in our experi

qualitative modeling
fuzzy modeling
trapezoid approximation
membership functions
rule creation
parameter identification algorithm
rule base reduction
Sugeno-Yasukawa method


A universal decomposition of the integration range for exponential functions

Abstract: The problem of determining the independent constants for decomposition of the integration range of exponential functions was solved on the basis of a similar approach to polynomials. The constants obtained enable one to decompose the integration range in two so that the integrals over them are equal independently of the function parameters. For the nontrigonometrical polynomials of even functions, an alternative approach was presented

a univers decomposit of the integr rang for exponenti function
 the problem of determin the independ constant for decomposit of the integr rang of exponenti function wa solv on the basi of a similar approach to polynomi . the constant obtain enabl one to decompos the integr rang in two so that the integr over them are equal independ of the function paramet . for the nontrigonometr polynomi of even function , an altern approach wa present

integration range universal decomposition


Outlier resistant adaptive matched filtering

Abstract: Robust adaptive matched filtering (AMF) whereby outlier data vectors are censored from the covariance matrix estimate is considered in a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) setting. It is known that outlier data vectors whose steering vector is highly correlated with the desired steering vector, can significantly degrade the performance of AMF algorithms such as sample matrix inversion (SMI) or fast maximum likelihood (FML). Four new algorithms that censor outliers are presented which are derived via approximation to the MLE solution. Two algorithms each are related to using the SMI or the FML to estimate the unknown underlying covariance matrix. Results are presented using computer simulations which demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the four algorithms versus each other and also versus the SMI and FML algorithms in the presence of outliers and no outliers. It is shown that one of the censoring algorithms, called the reiterative censored fast maximum likelihood (CFML) technique is significantly superior to the other three censoring methods in stressful outlier scenarios

outlier resist adapt match filter
 robust adapt match filter ( amf ) wherebi outlier data vector are censor from the covari matrix estim is consid in a maximum likelihood estim ( mle ) set . it is known that outlier data vector whose steer vector is highli correl with the desir steer vector , can significantli degrad the perform of amf algorithm such as sampl matrix invers ( smi ) or fast maximum likelihood ( fml ) . four new algorithm that censor outlier are present which are deriv via approxim to the mle solut . two algorithm each are relat to use the smi or the fml to estim the unknown underli covari matrix . result are present use comput simul which demonstr the rel effect of the four algorithm versu each other and also versu the smi and fml algorithm in the presenc of outlier and no outlier . it is shown that one of the censor algorithm , call the reiter censor fast maximum likelihood ( cfml ) techniqu is significantli superior to the other three censor method in stress outlier scenario

outlier resistant adaptive matched filtering


Optimal linear control in stabilizer design

Abstract: The most common method of improving stability of the power system is the synthesis of the turbine and generator control systems, because of the high effectiveness and relatively low cost of these elements. The synthesis and construction of the effective synchronous generator and turbine controller is a very difficult task. This paper describes the seven step mu -synthesis approach to PSS design enabling the synchronous generator to remain stable over a wide range of system operating conditions

optim linear control in stabil design
 the most common method of improv stabil of the power system is the synthesi of the turbin and gener control system , becaus of the high effect and rel low cost of these element . the synthesi and construct of the effect synchron gener and turbin control is a veri difficult task . thi paper describ the seven step mu -synthesi approach to pss design enabl the synchron gener to remain stabl over a wide rang of system oper condit

synchronous generator control system synthesis


Information security policy - what do international information security standards say?

Abstract: One of the most important information security controls, is the information security policy. This vital direction-giving document is, however, not always easy to develop and the authors thereof battle with questions such as what constitutes a policy. This results in the policy authors turning to existing sources for guidance. One of these sources is the various international information security standards. These standards are a good starting point for determining what the information security policy should consist of, but should not be relied upon exclusively for guidance. Firstly, they are not comprehensive in their coverage and furthermore, tending to rather address the processes needed for successfully implementing the information security policy. It is far more important the information security policy must fit in with the organisation's culture and must therefore be developed with this in mind

inform secur polici - what do intern inform secur standard say ?
 one of the most import inform secur control , is the inform secur polici . thi vital direction-giv document is , howev , not alway easi to develop and the author thereof battl with question such as what constitut a polici . thi result in the polici author turn to exist sourc for guidanc . one of these sourc is the variou intern inform secur standard . these standard are a good start point for determin what the inform secur polici should consist of , but should not be reli upon exclus for guidanc . firstli , they are not comprehens in their coverag and furthermor , tend to rather address the process need for success implement the inform secur polici . it is far more import the inform secur polici must fit in with the organis 's cultur and must therefor be develop with thi in mind


The congenial talking philosophers problem in computer networks

Abstract: Group mutual exclusion occurs naturally in situations where a resource can be shared by processes of the same group, but not by processes of different groups. For example, suppose data is stored in a CD-jukebox. Then, when a disc is loaded for access, users that need data on the disc can concurrently access the disc, while users that need data on a different disc have to wait until the current disc is unloaded. The design issues for group mutual exclusion have been modeled as the Congenial Talking Philosophers problem, and solutions for shared memory models have been proposed (Y.-J. Young, 2000; P. Keane and M. Moir, 1999). As in ordinary mutual exclusion and many other problems in distributed systems, however, techniques developed for shared memory do not necessarily apply to message passing (and vice versa). We investigate solutions for Congenial Talking Philosophers in computer networks where processes communicate by asynchronous message passing. We first present a solution that is a straightforward adaptation from G. Ricart and A.K. Agrawala's (1981) algorithm for ordinary mutual exclusion. Then we show that the simple modification suffers a severe performance degradation that could cause the system to behave as though only one process of a group can be in the critical section at a time. We then present a more efficient and highly concurrent distributed algorithm for the problem, the first such solution in computer networks

the congeni talk philosoph problem in comput network
 group mutual exclus occur natur in situat where a resourc can be share by process of the same group , but not by process of differ group . for exampl , suppos data is store in a cd-jukebox . then , when a disc is load for access , user that need data on the disc can concurr access the disc , while user that need data on a differ disc have to wait until the current disc is unload . the design issu for group mutual exclus have been model as the congeni talk philosoph problem , and solut for share memori model have been propos ( y.-j. young , 2000 ; p. kean and m. moir , 1999 ) . as in ordinari mutual exclus and mani other problem in distribut system , howev , techniqu develop for share memori do not necessarili appli to messag pass ( and vice versa ) . we investig solut for congeni talk philosoph in comput network where process commun by asynchron messag pass . we first present a solut that is a straightforward adapt from g. ricart and a.k. agrawala 's ( 1981 ) algorithm for ordinari mutual exclus . then we show that the simpl modif suffer a sever perform degrad that could caus the system to behav as though onli one process of a group can be in the critic section at a time . we then present a more effici and highli concurr distribut algorithm for the problem , the first such solut in comput network

congenial talking philosophers problem
computer networks
group mutual exclusion
distributed systems
process communication
asynchronous message passing
critical section
concurrent distributed algorithm
resource sharing
shared-memory models


Estimation of error in curvature computation on multi-scale free-form surfaces

Abstract: A novel technique for multi-scale curvature computation on a free-form 3-D surface is presented. This is achieved by convolving local parametrisations of the surface with 2-D Gaussian filters iteratively. In our technique, semigeodesic coordinates are constructed at each vertex of the mesh. Smoothing results are shown for 3-D surfaces with different shapes indicating that surface noise is eliminated and surface details are removed gradually. A number of evolution properties of 3-D surfaces are described. Next, the surface Gaussian and mean curvature values are estimated accurately at multiple scales which are then mapped to colours and displayed directly on the surface. The performance of the technique when selecting different directions as an arbitrary direction for the geodesic at each vertex are also presented. The results indicate that the error observed for the estimation of Gaussian and mean curvatures is quite low after only one iteration. Furthermore, as the surface is smoothed iteratively, the error is further reduced. The results also show that the estimation error of Gaussian curvature is less than that of mean curvature. Our experiments demonstrate that estimation of smoothed surface curvatures are very accurate and not affected by the arbitrary direction of the first geodesic line when constructing semigeodesic coordinates. Our technique is independent of the underlying triangulation and is also more efficient than volumetric diffusion techniques since 2-D rather than 3-D convolutions are employed. Finally, the method presented here is a generalisation of the Curvature Scale Space method for 2-D contours. The CSS method has outperformed comparable techniques within the MPEG-7 evaluation framework. As a result, it has been selected for inclusion in the MPEG-7 package of standards

estim of error in curvatur comput on multi-scal free-form surfac
 a novel techniqu for multi-scal curvatur comput on a free-form 3-d surfac is present . thi is achiev by convolv local parametris of the surfac with 2-d gaussian filter iter . in our techniqu , semigeodes coordin are construct at each vertex of the mesh . smooth result are shown for 3-d surfac with differ shape indic that surfac nois is elimin and surfac detail are remov gradual . a number of evolut properti of 3-d surfac are describ . next , the surfac gaussian and mean curvatur valu are estim accur at multipl scale which are then map to colour and display directli on the surfac . the perform of the techniqu when select differ direct as an arbitrari direct for the geodes at each vertex are also present . the result indic that the error observ for the estim of gaussian and mean curvatur is quit low after onli one iter . furthermor , as the surfac is smooth iter , the error is further reduc . the result also show that the estim error of gaussian curvatur is less than that of mean curvatur . our experi demonstr that estim of smooth surfac curvatur are veri accur and not affect by the arbitrari direct of the first geodes line when construct semigeodes coordin . our techniqu is independ of the underli triangul and is also more effici than volumetr diffus techniqu sinc 2-d rather than 3-d convolut are employ . final , the method present here is a generalis of the curvatur scale space method for 2-d contour . the css method ha outperform compar techniqu within the mpeg-7 evalu framework . as a result , it ha been select for inclus in the mpeg-7 packag of standard

multi-scale curvature computation
local parametrisations
semigeodesic coordinates
surface noise
evolution properties
mean curvature values
underlying triangulation
volumetric diffusion techniques
convolutions
Curvature Scale Space method
MPEG-7 evaluation framework
free-form 3D surface
2D Gaussian filters
surface Gaussian values


Compatibility of systems of linear constraints over the set of natural numbers

Abstract: Criteria of compatibility of a system of linear Diophantine equations, strict inequations, and nonstrict inequations are considered. Upper bounds for components of a minimal set of solutions and algorithms of construction of minimal generating sets of solutions for all types of systems are given. These criteria and the corresponding algorithms for constructing a minimal supporting set of solutions can be used in solving all the considered types of systems and systems of mixed types

compat of system of linear constraint over the set of natur number
 criteria of compat of a system of linear diophantin equat , strict inequ , and nonstrict inequ are consid . upper bound for compon of a minim set of solut and algorithm of construct of minim gener set of solut for all type of system are given . these criteria and the correspond algorithm for construct a minim support set of solut can be use in solv all the consid type of system and system of mix type

linear constraints
set of natural numbers
linear Diophantine equations
strict inequations
nonstrict inequations
upper bounds
minimal generating sets


Causes of the decline of the business school management science course

Abstract: The business school management science course is suffering serious decline. The traditional model- and algorithm-based course fails to meet the needs of MBA programs and students. Poor student mathematical preparation is a reality, and is not an acceptable justification for poor teaching outcomes. Management science Ph.D.s are often poorly prepared to teach in a general management program, having more experience and interest in algorithms than management. The management science profession as a whole has focused its attention on algorithms and a narrow subset of management problems for which they are most applicable. In contrast, MBA's rarely encounter problems that are suitable for straightforward application of management science tools, living instead in a world where problems are ill-defined, data is scarce, time is short, politics is dominant, and rational "decision makers" are non-existent. The root cause of the profession's failure to address these issues seems to be (in Russell Ackoff's words) a habit of professional introversion that caused the profession to be uninterested in what MBA's really do on the job and how management science can help them

caus of the declin of the busi school manag scienc cours
 the busi school manag scienc cours is suffer seriou declin . the tradit model- and algorithm-bas cours fail to meet the need of mba program and student . poor student mathemat prepar is a realiti , and is not an accept justif for poor teach outcom . manag scienc ph . d. are often poorli prepar to teach in a gener manag program , have more experi and interest in algorithm than manag . the manag scienc profess as a whole ha focus it attent on algorithm and a narrow subset of manag problem for which they are most applic . in contrast , mba 's rare encount problem that are suitabl for straightforward applic of manag scienc tool , live instead in a world where problem are ill-defin , data is scarc , time is short , polit is domin , and ration " decis maker " are non-exist . the root caus of the profess 's failur to address these issu seem to be ( in russel ackoff 's word ) a habit of profession introvers that caus the profess to be uninterest in what mba 's realli do on the job and how manag scienc can help them


Scale-invariant segmentation of dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MR images with inherent scale selection

Abstract: Selection of the best set of scales is problematic when developing signal-driven approaches for pixel-based image segmentation. Often, different possibly conflicting criteria need to be fulfilled in order to obtain the best trade-off between uncertainty (variance) and location accuracy. The optimal set of scales depends on several factors: the noise level present in the image material, the prior distribution of the different types of segments, the class-conditional distributions associated with each type of segment as well as the actual size of the (connected) segments. We analyse, theoretically and through experiments, the possibility of using the overall and class-conditional error rates as criteria for selecting the optimal sampling of the linear and morphological scale spaces. It is shown that the overall error rate is optimized by taking the prior class distribution in the image material into account. However, a uniform (ignorant) prior distribution ensures constant class-conditional error rates. Consequently, we advocate for a uniform prior class distribution when an uncommitted, scale-invariant segmentation approach is desired. Experiments with a neural net classifier developed for segmentation of dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) images, acquired with a paramagnetic tracer, support the theoretical results. Furthermore, the experiments show that the addition of spatial features to the classifier, extracted from the linear or morphological scale spaces, improves the segmentation result compared to a signal-driven approach based solely on the dynamic MR signal. The segmentation results obtained from the two types of features are compared using two novel quality measures that characterize spatial properties of labelled images

scale-invari segment of dynam contrast-enhanc perfus mr imag with inher scale select
 select of the best set of scale is problemat when develop signal-driven approach for pixel-bas imag segment . often , differ possibl conflict criteria need to be fulfil in order to obtain the best trade-off between uncertainti ( varianc ) and locat accuraci . the optim set of scale depend on sever factor : the nois level present in the imag materi , the prior distribut of the differ type of segment , the class-condit distribut associ with each type of segment as well as the actual size of the ( connect ) segment . we analys , theoret and through experi , the possibl of use the overal and class-condit error rate as criteria for select the optim sampl of the linear and morpholog scale space . it is shown that the overal error rate is optim by take the prior class distribut in the imag materi into account . howev , a uniform ( ignor ) prior distribut ensur constant class-condit error rate . consequ , we advoc for a uniform prior class distribut when an uncommit , scale-invari segment approach is desir . experi with a neural net classifi develop for segment of dynam magnet reson ( mr ) imag , acquir with a paramagnet tracer , support the theoret result . furthermor , the experi show that the addit of spatial featur to the classifi , extract from the linear or morpholog scale space , improv the segment result compar to a signal-driven approach base sole on the dynam mr signal . the segment result obtain from the two type of featur are compar use two novel qualiti measur that character spatial properti of label imag


Modeling the labor market as an evolving institution: model ARTEMIS

Abstract: A stylized French labor market is modeled as an endogenously evolving institution. Boundedly rational firms and individuals strive to decrease the cost or increase utility. The labor market is coordinated by a search process and decentralized setting of hiring standards, but intermediaries can speed up matching. The model reproduces the dynamics of the gross flows and spectacular changes in mobility patterns of some demographic groups when the oil crisis in the 1970's occurred, notably the sudden decline of the integration in good jobs. The internal labor markets of large firms are shown to increase unemployment if the secondary (temporary or bad) jobs do not exist

model the labor market as an evolv institut : model artemi
 a styliz french labor market is model as an endogen evolv institut . boundedli ration firm and individu strive to decreas the cost or increas util . the labor market is coordin by a search process and decentr set of hire standard , but intermediari can speed up match . the model reproduc the dynam of the gross flow and spectacular chang in mobil pattern of some demograph group when the oil crisi in the 1970 's occur , notabl the sudden declin of the integr in good job . the intern labor market of larg firm are shown to increas unemploy if the secondari ( temporari or bad ) job do not exist

French labor market
endogenously evolving institution
spectacular changes
mobility patterns
demographic groups
jobs
ARTEMIS model
simulation model
endogenous intermediary


Global stability of the attracting set of an enzyme-catalysed reaction system

Abstract: The essential feature of enzymatic reactions is a nonlinear dependency of reaction rate on metabolite concentration taking the form of saturation kinetics. Recently, it has been shown that this feature is associated with the phenomenon of "loss of system coordination" (Liu, 1999). In this paper, we study a system of ordinary differential equations representing a branched biochemical system of enzyme-mediated reactions. We show that this system can become very sensitive to changes in certain maximum enzyme activities. In particular, we show that the system exhibits three distinct responses: a unique, globally-stable steady-state, large amplitude oscillations, and asymptotically unbounded solutions, with the transition between these states being almost instantaneous. It is shown that the appearance of large amplitude, stable limit cycles occurs due to a "false" bifurcation or canard explosion. The subsequent disappearance of limit cycles corresponds to the collapse of the domain of attraction of the attracting set for the system and occurs due to a global bifurcation in the flow, namely, a saddle connection. Subsequently, almost all nonnegative data become unbounded under the action of the dynamical system and correspond exactly to loss of system coordination. We discuss the relevance of these results to the possible consequences of modulating such systems

global stabil of the attract set of an enzyme-catalys reaction system
 the essenti featur of enzymat reaction is a nonlinear depend of reaction rate on metabolit concentr take the form of satur kinet . recent , it ha been shown that thi featur is associ with the phenomenon of " loss of system coordin " ( liu , 1999 ) . in thi paper , we studi a system of ordinari differenti equat repres a branch biochem system of enzyme-medi reaction . we show that thi system can becom veri sensit to chang in certain maximum enzym activ . in particular , we show that the system exhibit three distinct respons : a uniqu , globally-st steady-st , larg amplitud oscil , and asymptot unbound solut , with the transit between these state be almost instantan . it is shown that the appear of larg amplitud , stabl limit cycl occur due to a " fals " bifurc or canard explos . the subsequ disappear of limit cycl correspond to the collaps of the domain of attract of the attract set for the system and occur due to a global bifurc in the flow , name , a saddl connect . subsequ , almost all nonneg data becom unbound under the action of the dynam system and correspond exactli to loss of system coordin . we discuss the relev of these result to the possibl consequ of modul such system

enzymatic reactions
nonlinear dependency
metabolite concentration
saturation kinetics
ordinary differential equations
biochemical system
enzyme-mediated reactions
stable limit cycles
bifurcation
saddle connection


Toward an Experimental Timing Standards Lab: benchmarking precision in the real world

Abstract: Much discussion has taken place over the relative merits of various platforms and operating systems for real-time data collection. Most would agree that, provided great care is taken, many are capable of millisecond timing precision. However, to date, much of this work has focused on the theoretical aspects of raw performance. It is our belief that researchers would be better informed if they could place confidence limits on their own specific paradigms in situ and without modification. To this end, we have developed a millisecond precision test rig that can control and time experiments on a second presentation machine. We report on the specialist hardware and software used. We elucidate the importance of the approach in relation to real-world experimentation

toward an experiment time standard lab : benchmark precis in the real world
 much discuss ha taken place over the rel merit of variou platform and oper system for real-tim data collect . most would agre that , provid great care is taken , mani are capabl of millisecond time precis . howev , to date , much of thi work ha focus on the theoret aspect of raw perform . it is our belief that research would be better inform if they could place confid limit on their own specif paradigm in situ and without modif . to thi end , we have develop a millisecond precis test rig that can control and time experi on a second present machin . we report on the specialist hardwar and softwar use . we elucid the import of the approach in relat to real-world experiment

Experimental Timing Standards Lab
benchmarking precision
operating systems
real-time data collection
millisecond timing precision
performance evaluation
Event Generation software


A study on meaning processing of dialogue with an example of development of travel consultation system

Abstract: This paper describes an approach to processing meaning instead of processing information in computing. Human intellectual activity is supported by linguistic activities in the brain. Therefore, processing the meaning of language instead of processing information should allow us to realize human intelligence on a computer. As an example of the proposed framework for processing meaning, we build a travel consultation dialogue system which can understand utterance by a user and retrieve information through dialogue. Through a simulation example of the system, we show that both information processing and language processing are integrated

a studi on mean process of dialogu with an exampl of develop of travel consult system
 thi paper describ an approach to process mean instead of process inform in comput . human intellectu activ is support by linguist activ in the brain . therefor , process the mean of languag instead of process inform should allow us to realiz human intellig on a comput . as an exampl of the propos framework for process mean , we build a travel consult dialogu system which can understand utter by a user and retriev inform through dialogu . through a simul exampl of the system , we show that both inform process and languag process are integr

meaning processing
human intellectual activity
linguistic activities
travel consultation dialogue system
information processing
language processing
user utterance understanding
information retrieval