State-of-the-art in orthopaedic surgical navigation with a focus on medical image modalities

Abstract: This paper presents a review of surgical navigation systems in orthopaedics and categorizes these systems according to the image modalities that are used for the visualization of surgical action. Medical images used to be an essential part of surgical education and documentation as well as diagnosis and operation planning over many years. With the recent introduction of navigation techniques in orthopaedic surgery, a new field of application has been opened. Today surgical navigation systems - also known as image-guided surgery systems - are available for various applications in orthopaedic surgery. They visualize the position and orientation of surgical instruments as graphical overlays onto a medical image of the operated anatomy on a computer monitor. Preoperative image data such as computed tomography scans or intra operatively generated images (for example, ultrasonic, endoscopic or fluoroscopic images) are suitable for this purpose. A new category of medical images termed 'surgeon-defined anatomy' has been developed that exclusively relies upon the usage of navigation technology. Points on the anatomy are digitized interactively by the surgeon and are used to build up an abstract geometrical model of the bony structures to be operated on. This technique may be used when no other image data is available or appropriate for a given application

state-of-the-art in orthopaed surgic navig with a focu on medic imag modal
 thi paper present a review of surgic navig system in orthopaed and categor these system accord to the imag modal that are use for the visual of surgic action . medic imag use to be an essenti part of surgic educ and document as well as diagnosi and oper plan over mani year . with the recent introduct of navig techniqu in orthopaed surgeri , a new field of applic ha been open . today surgic navig system - also known as image-guid surgeri system - are avail for variou applic in orthopaed surgeri . they visual the posit and orient of surgic instrument as graphic overlay onto a medic imag of the oper anatomi on a comput monitor . preoper imag data such as comput tomographi scan or intra oper gener imag ( for exampl , ultrason , endoscop or fluoroscop imag ) are suitabl for thi purpos . a new categori of medic imag term ' surgeon-defin anatomi ' ha been develop that exclus reli upon the usag of navig technolog . point on the anatomi are digit interact by the surgeon and are use to build up an abstract geometr model of the boni structur to be oper on . thi techniqu may be use when no other imag data is avail or appropri for a given applic

orthopaedic surgical navigation
medical image modalities
surgical education
image-guided surgery systems
surgical instruments
graphical overlays
computer monitor
computed tomography scans
intra operatively generated images
surgeon-defined anatomy
abstract geometrical model
bony structures
surgical action visualization
medical image processing
image registration


Inverse problems for a mathematical model of ion exchange in a compressible ion exchanger

Abstract: A mathematical model of ion exchange is considered, allowing for ion exchanger compression in the process of ion exchange. Two inverse problems are investigated for this model, unique solvability is proved, and numerical solution methods are proposed. The efficiency of the proposed methods is demonstrated by a numerical experiment

invers problem for a mathemat model of ion exchang in a compress ion exchang
 a mathemat model of ion exchang is consid , allow for ion exchang compress in the process of ion exchang . two invers problem are investig for thi model , uniqu solvabl is prove , and numer solut method are propos . the effici of the propos method is demonstr by a numer experi

inverse problems
mathematical model
ion exchange
compressible ion exchanger
ion exchanger compression
unique solvability
numerical solution methods


A comparison of computational color constancy Algorithms. II. Experiments with image data

Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol. 11, no.9, p.972-84 (2002). We test a number of the leading computational color constancy algorithms using a comprehensive set of images. These were of 33 different scenes under 11 different sources representative of common illumination conditions. The algorithms studied include two gray world methods, a version of the Retinex method, several variants of Forsyth's (1990) gamut-mapping method, Cardei et al.'s (2000) neural net method, and Finlayson et al.'s color by correlation method (Finlayson et al. 1997, 2001; Hubel and Finlayson 2000). We discuss a number of issues in applying color constancy ideas to image data, and study in depth the effect of different preprocessing strategies. We compare the performance of the algorithms on image data with their performance on synthesized data. All data used for this study are available online at http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~color/data, and implementations for most of the algorithms are also available (http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~color/code). Experiments with synthesized data (part one of this paper) suggested that the methods which emphasize the use of the input data statistics, specifically color by correlation and the neural net algorithm, are potentially the most effective at estimating the chromaticity of the scene illuminant. Unfortunately, we were unable to realize comparable performance on real images. Here exploiting pixel intensity proved to be more beneficial than exploiting the details of image chromaticity statistics, and the three-dimensional (3-D) gamut-mapping algorithms gave the best performance

a comparison of comput color constanc algorithm . ii . experi with imag data
 for pt . i see ibid . , vol . 11 , no.9 , p.972 - 84 ( 2002 ) . we test a number of the lead comput color constanc algorithm use a comprehens set of imag . these were of 33 differ scene under 11 differ sourc repres of common illumin condit . the algorithm studi includ two gray world method , a version of the retinex method , sever variant of forsyth 's ( 1990 ) gamut-map method , cardei et al . 's ( 2000 ) neural net method , and finlayson et al . 's color by correl method ( finlayson et al . 1997 , 2001 ; hubel and finlayson 2000 ) . we discuss a number of issu in appli color constanc idea to imag data , and studi in depth the effect of differ preprocess strategi . we compar the perform of the algorithm on imag data with their perform on synthes data . all data use for thi studi are avail onlin at http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~color/data , and implement for most of the algorithm are also avail ( http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~color/cod ) . experi with synthes data ( part one of thi paper ) suggest that the method which emphas the use of the input data statist , specif color by correl and the neural net algorithm , are potenti the most effect at estim the chromat of the scene illumin . unfortun , we were unabl to realiz compar perform on real imag . here exploit pixel intens prove to be more benefici than exploit the detail of imag chromat statist , and the three-dimension ( 3-d ) gamut-map algorithm gave the best perform


Solutions for cooperative games

Abstract: A new concept of the characteristic function is defined. It matches cooperative games far better than the classical characteristic function and is useful in reducing the number of decisions that can be used as the unique solution of a game

solut for cooper game
 a new concept of the characterist function is defin . it match cooper game far better than the classic characterist function and is use in reduc the number of decis that can be use as the uniqu solut of a game

cooperative games
characteristic function
decisions
unique solution
transferrable utility


Vendor qualifications for IT staff and networking

Abstract: In some cases, vendor-run accreditation schemes can offer an objective measure of a job applicant's skills, but they do not always indicate the true extent of practical abilities

vendor qualif for it staff and network
 in some case , vendor-run accredit scheme can offer an object measur of a job applic 's skill , but they do not alway indic the true extent of practic abil

IT staff
vendor-run accreditation schemes
job applicant
practical abilities
network administrators


Reaching for five nines: ActiveWatch and SiteSeer

Abstract: Every Web admin's dream is achieving the fabled five nines-99.999 percent uptime. To attain such availability, your Web site must be down no more than about five minutes per year. Technologies like RAID, clustering, and load balancing make this easier, but to actually track uptime, maintain auditable records, and discover patterns in failures to prevent downtime in the future, you'll need to set up external monitoring. Because your Internet connection is a key factor in measuring uptime, you must monitor your site from the Internet itself, beyond your firewall. You could monitor with custom software on remote hosts, or you could use one of the two reasonably priced services available: Mercury Interactive's ActiveWatch and Freshwater Software's SiteSeer. (Freshwater Software has been a subsidiary of Mercury Interactive for about a year now.) The two services offer a slightly different mix of features and target different markets. Both services offer availability and performance monitoring from several remote locations, alerts to email or pager, and periodic reports. They differ in what's most easily monitored, and in the way you interact with the services

reach for five nine : activewatch and sites
 everi web admin 's dream is achiev the fabl five nines-99.999 percent uptim . to attain such avail , your web site must be down no more than about five minut per year . technolog like raid , cluster , and load balanc make thi easier , but to actual track uptim , maintain audit record , and discov pattern in failur to prevent downtim in the futur , you 'll need to set up extern monitor . becaus your internet connect is a key factor in measur uptim , you must monitor your site from the internet itself , beyond your firewal . you could monitor with custom softwar on remot host , or you could use one of the two reason price servic avail : mercuri interact 's activewatch and freshwat softwar 's sites . ( freshwat softwar ha been a subsidiari of mercuri interact for about a year now . ) the two servic offer a slightli differ mix of featur and target differ market . both servic offer avail and perform monitor from sever remot locat , alert to email or pager , and period report . they differ in what 's most easili monitor , and in the way you interact with the servic

Web site
auditable records
downtime
external monitoring
Internet connection
performance monitoring
remote locations
periodic reports
uptime tracking
failure pattern discovery
Mercury Interactive ActiveWatch
Freshwater Software SiteSeer
availability monitoring
email alerts
pager alerts


Modeling self-consistent multi-class dynamic traffic flow

Abstract: In this study, we present a systematic self-consistent multiclass multilane traffic model derived from the vehicular Boltzmann equation and the traffic dispersion model. The multilane domain is considered as a two-dimensional space and the interaction among vehicles in the domain is described by a dispersion model. The reason we consider a multilane domain as a two-dimensional space is that the driving behavior of road users may not be restricted by lanes, especially motorcyclists. The dispersion model, which is a nonlinear Poisson equation, is derived from the car-following theory and the equilibrium assumption. Under the concept that all kinds of users share the finite section, the density is distributed on a road by the dispersion model. In addition, the dynamic evolution of the traffic flow is determined by the systematic gas-kinetic model derived from the Boltzmann equation. Multiplying Boltzmann equation by the zeroth, first- and second-order moment functions, integrating both side of the equation and using chain rules, we can derive continuity, motion and variance equation, respectively. However, the second-order moment function, which is the square of the individual velocity, is employed by previous researches does not have physical meaning in traffic flow

model self-consist multi-class dynam traffic flow
 in thi studi , we present a systemat self-consist multiclass multilan traffic model deriv from the vehicular boltzmann equat and the traffic dispers model . the multilan domain is consid as a two-dimension space and the interact among vehicl in the domain is describ by a dispers model . the reason we consid a multilan domain as a two-dimension space is that the drive behavior of road user may not be restrict by lane , especi motorcyclist . the dispers model , which is a nonlinear poisson equat , is deriv from the car-follow theori and the equilibrium assumpt . under the concept that all kind of user share the finit section , the densiti is distribut on a road by the dispers model . in addit , the dynam evolut of the traffic flow is determin by the systemat gas-kinet model deriv from the boltzmann equat . multipli boltzmann equat by the zeroth , first- and second-ord moment function , integr both side of the equat and use chain rule , we can deriv continu , motion and varianc equat , respect . howev , the second-ord moment function , which is the squar of the individu veloc , is employ by previou research doe not have physic mean in traffic flow

self-consistent multiclass dynamic traffic flow modeling


Recursive state estimation for multiple switching models with unknown transition probabilities

Abstract: This work considers hybrid systems with continuous-valued target states and discrete-valued regime variable. The changes (switches) of the regime variable are modeled by a finite state Markov chain with unknown and random transition probabilities following Dirichlet distributions. Our work analytically derives the marginal posterior distribution of the states and regime variables, the transition probabilities being integrated out. This leads to a variety of recursive hybrid state estimation schemes which are an appealing intuitive and straightforward extension of standard algorithms. Their performance is illustrated by a maneuvering target tracking example

recurs state estim for multipl switch model with unknown transit probabl
 thi work consid hybrid system with continuous-valu target state and discrete-valu regim variabl . the chang ( switch ) of the regim variabl are model by a finit state markov chain with unknown and random transit probabl follow dirichlet distribut . our work analyt deriv the margin posterior distribut of the state and regim variabl , the transit probabl be integr out . thi lead to a varieti of recurs hybrid state estim scheme which are an appeal intuit and straightforward extens of standard algorithm . their perform is illustr by a maneuv target track exampl

recursive state estimation
multiple switching models
unknown transition probabilities
hybrid systems
continuous-valued target states
discrete-valued regime variable
finite state Markov chain
random transition probabilities
Dirichlet distributions
marginal posterior distribution
maneuvering target tracking


Evaluation of combined dispatching and routeing strategies for a flexible manufacturing system

Abstract: This paper deals with the evaluation of combined dispatching and routeing strategies on the performance of a flexible manufacturing system. Three routeing policies - no alternative routings, alternative routeing dynamics and alternative routeing plans - are considered with four dispatching rules with finite buffer capacity. In addition, the effect of changing part mix ratios is also discussed. The performance measures considered are makespan, average machine utilization, average flow time and average delay at local input buffers. Simulation results indicate that the alternative routings dynamic policy gives the best results in three performance measures except for average delay at local input buffers. Further, the effect of changing part mix ratios is not significant

evalu of combin dispatch and rout strategi for a flexibl manufactur system
 thi paper deal with the evalu of combin dispatch and rout strategi on the perform of a flexibl manufactur system . three rout polici - no altern rout , altern rout dynam and altern rout plan - are consid with four dispatch rule with finit buffer capac . in addit , the effect of chang part mix ratio is also discuss . the perform measur consid are makespan , averag machin util , averag flow time and averag delay at local input buffer . simul result indic that the altern rout dynam polici give the best result in three perform measur except for averag delay at local input buffer . further , the effect of chang part mix ratio is not signific

flexible manufacturing system
alternative routings
dispatching rules
finite buffer capacity
part mix ratios
average flow time
FMS


Teaching psychology as a laboratory science in the age of the Internet

Abstract: For over 30 years, psychologists have relied on computers to teach experimental psychology. With the advent of experiment generators, students can create well-designed experiments and can test sophisticated hypotheses from the start of their undergraduate training. Characteristics of new Net-based experiment generators are discussed and compared with traditional stand-alone generators. A call is made to formally evaluate the instructional effectiveness of the wide range of experiment generators now available. Specifically, software should be evaluated in terms of known learning outcomes, using appropriate control groups. The many inherent differences between any two software programs should be made clear. The teacher's instructional method should be fully described and held constant between comparisons. Finally, the often complex interaction between the teacher's instructional method and the pedagogical details of the software must be considered

teach psycholog as a laboratori scienc in the age of the internet
 for over 30 year , psychologist have reli on comput to teach experiment psycholog . with the advent of experi gener , student can creat well-design experi and can test sophist hypothes from the start of their undergradu train . characterist of new net-bas experi gener are discuss and compar with tradit stand-alon gener . a call is made to formal evalu the instruct effect of the wide rang of experi gener now avail . specif , softwar should be evalu in term of known learn outcom , use appropri control group . the mani inher differ between ani two softwar program should be made clear . the teacher 's instruct method should be fulli describ and held constant between comparison . final , the often complex interact between the teacher 's instruct method and the pedagog detail of the softwar must be consid

laboratory science
Internet
computers
well-designed experiments
undergraduate training
Net-based experiment generators
stand-alone generators
instructional effectiveness
software
known learning outcomes
control groups
pedagogical details
experimental psychology teaching
hypothesis testing
teacher instructional method


Electronic signatures - much ado?

Abstract: Whilst the market may be having a crisis of confidence regarding the prospects for e-commerce, the EU and the Government continue apace to develop the legal framework. Most recently, this has resulted in the Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002. These Regulations were made on 13 February 2002 and came into force on 8 March 2002. The Regulations implement the European Electronic Signatures Directive (1999/93/EC). Critics may say that the Regulations were implemented too late (they were due to have been implemented by 19 July 2001), with too short a consultation period (25 January 2002 to 12 February 2002) and with an unconvincing case as to what they add to English law (as to which, read on). The author explains the latest development on e-signatures and the significance of Certification Service Providers (CSPs)

electron signatur - much ado ?
 whilst the market may be have a crisi of confid regard the prospect for e-commerc , the eu and the govern continu apac to develop the legal framework . most recent , thi ha result in the electron signatur regul 2002 . these regul were made on 13 februari 2002 and came into forc on 8 march 2002 . the regul implement the european electron signatur direct ( 1999/93 / ec ) . critic may say that the regul were implement too late ( they were due to have been implement by 19 juli 2001 ) , with too short a consult period ( 25 januari 2002 to 12 februari 2002 ) and with an unconvinc case as to what they add to english law ( as to which , read on ) . the author explain the latest develop on e-signatur and the signific of certif servic provid ( csp )


Flexibility analysis of complex technical systems under uncertainty

Abstract: An important problem in designing technical systems under partial uncertainty of the initial physical, chemical, and technological data is the determination of a design in which the technical system is flexible, i.e., its control system is capable of guaranteeing that the constraints hold even under changes in external and internal factors and application of fuzzy mathematical models in its design. Three flexibility problems, viz., the flexibility of a technical system of given structure, structural flexibility of a technical system, and the optimal design guaranteeing the flexibility of a technical system, are studied. Two approaches to these problems are elaborated. Results of a computation experiment are given

flexibl analysi of complex technic system under uncertainti
 an import problem in design technic system under partial uncertainti of the initi physic , chemic , and technolog data is the determin of a design in which the technic system is flexibl , i.e. , it control system is capabl of guarante that the constraint hold even under chang in extern and intern factor and applic of fuzzi mathemat model in it design . three flexibl problem , viz . , the flexibl of a technic system of given structur , structur flexibl of a technic system , and the optim design guarante the flexibl of a technic system , are studi . two approach to these problem are elabor . result of a comput experi are given

flexibility analysis
complex technical systems
partial uncertainty
control system
fuzzy mathematical models
structural flexibility
optimal design


Using the Web to answer legal reference questions

Abstract: In an effort to help non-law librarians with basic legal reference questions, the author highlights three basic legal Web sites and outlines useful subject-specific Web sites that focus on statutes and regulations, case law and attorney directories

use the web to answer legal refer question
 in an effort to help non-law librarian with basic legal refer question , the author highlight three basic legal web site and outlin use subject-specif web site that focu on statut and regul , case law and attorney directori

legal reference questions
case law
attorney directories
World Wide Web
nonlaw librarians


A PID standard: What, why, how?

Abstract: The paper is written for all who develop and use P&IDs. It will aid in solving the long existing and continuing problem of confusing information on P&IDs. The acronym P&ID is widely understood to mean the principal document used to define the details of how a process works and how it is controlled. The ISA Dictionary definition for P&ID tells what they do, "show the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on ISA-S5.1." In the paper the ISA standard is referred to as ISA-5.1. The article develops the concept of the "standard" and poses some of the questions that the "standard" can answer

a pid standard : what , whi , how ?
 the paper is written for all who develop and use p&id . it will aid in solv the long exist and continu problem of confus inform on p&id . the acronym p&id is wide understood to mean the princip document use to defin the detail of how a process work and how it is control . the isa dictionari definit for p&id tell what they do , " show the interconnect of process equip and the instrument use to control the process . in the process industri a standard set of symbol is use to prepar draw of process . the instrument symbol use in these draw are gener base on isa-s5.1 . " in the paper the isa standard is refer to as isa-5.1 . the articl develop the concept of the " standard " and pose some of the question that the " standard " can answer

principal document
ISA standard
ISA-5.1
P&ID standard
process controlled


Activity and location recognition using wearable sensors

Abstract: Using measured acceleration and angular velocity data gathered through inexpensive, wearable sensors, this dead-reckoning method can determine a user's location, detect transitions between preselected locations, and recognize and classify sitting, standing, and walking behaviors. Experiments demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness

activ and locat recognit use wearabl sensor
 use measur acceler and angular veloc data gather through inexpens , wearabl sensor , thi dead-reckon method can determin a user 's locat , detect transit between preselect locat , and recogn and classifi sit , stand , and walk behavior . experi demonstr the propos method 's effect

wearable sensors
measured acceleration
angular velocity
dead-reckoning method
user's location
transitions
sitting
preselected locations
standing
walking


General solution of a density functionally gradient piezoelectric cantilever and its applications

Abstract: We have used the plane strain theory of transversely isotropic bodies to study a piezoelectric cantilever. In order to find the general solution of a density functionally gradient piezoelectric cantilever, we have used the inverse method (i.e. the Airy stress function method). We have obtained the stress and induction functions in the form of polynomials as well as the general solution of the beam. Based on this general solution, we have deduced the solutions of the cantilever under different loading conditions. Furthermore, as applications of this general solution in engineering, we have studied the tip deflection and blocking force of a piezoelectric cantilever actuator. Finally, we have addressed a method to determine the density distribution profile for a given piezoelectric material

gener solut of a densiti function gradient piezoelectr cantilev and it applic
 we have use the plane strain theori of transvers isotrop bodi to studi a piezoelectr cantilev . in order to find the gener solut of a densiti function gradient piezoelectr cantilev , we have use the invers method ( i.e. the airi stress function method ) . we have obtain the stress and induct function in the form of polynomi as well as the gener solut of the beam . base on thi gener solut , we have deduc the solut of the cantilev under differ load condit . furthermor , as applic of thi gener solut in engin , we have studi the tip deflect and block forc of a piezoelectr cantilev actuat . final , we have address a method to determin the densiti distribut profil for a given piezoelectr materi

plane strain theory
transversely isotropic bodies
inverse method
Airy stress function
polynomials
loading conditions
piezoelectric cantilever actuator
density distribution profile
piezoelectric material


Mixture of experts classification using a hierarchical mixture model

Abstract: A three-level hierarchical mixture model for classification is presented that models the following data generation process: (1) the data are generated by a finite number of sources (clusters), and (2) the generation mechanism of each source assumes the existence of individual internal class-labeled sources (subclusters of the external cluster). The model estimates the posterior probability of class membership similar to a mixture of experts classifier. In order to learn the parameters of the model, we have developed a general training approach based on maximum likelihood that results in two efficient training algorithms. Compared to other classification mixture models, the proposed hierarchical model exhibits several advantages and provides improved classification performance as indicated by the experimental results

mixtur of expert classif use a hierarch mixtur model
 a three-level hierarch mixtur model for classif is present that model the follow data gener process : ( 1 ) the data are gener by a finit number of sourc ( cluster ) , and ( 2 ) the gener mechan of each sourc assum the exist of individu intern class-label sourc ( subclust of the extern cluster ) . the model estim the posterior probabl of class membership similar to a mixtur of expert classifi . in order to learn the paramet of the model , we have develop a gener train approach base on maximum likelihood that result in two effici train algorithm . compar to other classif mixtur model , the propos hierarch model exhibit sever advantag and provid improv classif perform as indic by the experiment result


An application of fuzzy linear regression to the information technology in Turkey

Abstract: Fuzzy set theory deals with the vagueness of human thought. A major contribution of fuzzy set theory is its capability of representing vague knowledge. Fuzzy set theory is very practical when sufficient and reliable data isn't available. Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of information in all its forms (auditory, pictorial, textual and numerical) through a combination of computers, telecommunication, networks and electronic devices. IT includes matters concerned with the furtherance of computer science and technology, design, development, installation and implementation of information systems and applications. In the paper, assuming that there are n independent variables and the regression function is linear, the possible levels of information technology (the sale levels of computer equipment) in Turkey are forecasted by using fuzzy linear regression. The independent variables assumed are the import level and the export level of computer equipment

an applic of fuzzi linear regress to the inform technolog in turkey
 fuzzi set theori deal with the vagu of human thought . a major contribut of fuzzi set theori is it capabl of repres vagu knowledg . fuzzi set theori is veri practic when suffici and reliabl data is n't avail . inform technolog ( it ) is the acquisit , process , storag and dissemin of inform in all it form ( auditori , pictori , textual and numer ) through a combin of comput , telecommun , network and electron devic . it includ matter concern with the further of comput scienc and technolog , design , develop , instal and implement of inform system and applic . in the paper , assum that there are n independ variabl and the regress function is linear , the possibl level of inform technolog ( the sale level of comput equip ) in turkey are forecast by use fuzzi linear regress . the independ variabl assum are the import level and the export level of comput equip

fuzzy linear regression
information technology
Turkey
IT
computers
telecommunication
electronic devices
computer science
information systems
regression function
vague knowledge representation
computer technology
computer equipment export level


Debugging Web applications

Abstract: The author considers how one can save time tracking down bugs in Web-based applications by arming yourself with the right tools and programming practices. A wide variety of debugging tools have been written with Web developers in mind

debug web applic
 the author consid how one can save time track down bug in web-bas applic by arm yourself with the right tool and program practic . a wide varieti of debug tool have been written with web develop in mind

programming
Web application debugging tools


Electrical facility construction work for information network structuring by the use of sewage conduits

Abstract: To confront the advent of the advanced information society, there has been a pressing demand for the adjustment of the communications infrastructure and the structuring of the information network by utilizing the sewage conduits. The City of Tokyo is promoting a project by the name of the sewer optical fiber teleway (SOFT) network plan. According to this plan, the total distance of the optical fiber network laid in the sewer conduits is scheduled to reach about 470 km by the end of March 2000. At the final stage, this distance will reach 800 km as a whole. We completed the construction work for the information control facilities scattered in 11 places inclusive of the Treatment Site S, with the intention to adjust and extend the information transmission network laid through the above-mentioned optical fiber network, to be used exclusively by the Bureau of Sewerage. This construction work is described in the paper

electr facil construct work for inform network structur by the use of sewag conduit
 to confront the advent of the advanc inform societi , there ha been a press demand for the adjust of the commun infrastructur and the structur of the inform network by util the sewag conduit . the citi of tokyo is promot a project by the name of the sewer optic fiber teleway ( soft ) network plan . accord to thi plan , the total distanc of the optic fiber network laid in the sewer conduit is schedul to reach about 470 km by the end of march 2000 . at the final stage , thi distanc will reach 800 km as a whole . we complet the construct work for the inform control facil scatter in 11 place inclus of the treatment site s , with the intent to adjust and extend the inform transmiss network laid through the above-ment optic fiber network , to be use exclus by the bureau of sewerag . thi construct work is describ in the paper

sewer optical fiber teleway network plan


New tuning method for PID controller

Abstract: In this paper, a tuning method for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and the performance assessment formulas for this method are proposed. This tuning method is based on a genetic algorithm based PID controller design method. For deriving the tuning formula, the genetic algorithm based design method is applied to design PID controllers for a variety of processes. The relationship between the controller parameters and the parameters that characterize the process dynamics are determined and the tuning formula is then derived. Using simulation studies, the rules for assessing the performance of a PID controller tuned by the proposed method are also given. This makes it possible to incorporate the capability to determine if the PID controller is well tuned or not into an autotuner. An autotuner based on this new tuning method and the corresponding performance assessment rules is also established. Simulations and real-time experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of these formulas

new tune method for pid control
 in thi paper , a tune method for proportional-integral-deriv ( pid ) control and the perform assess formula for thi method are propos . thi tune method is base on a genet algorithm base pid control design method . for deriv the tune formula , the genet algorithm base design method is appli to design pid control for a varieti of process . the relationship between the control paramet and the paramet that character the process dynam are determin and the tune formula is then deriv . use simul studi , the rule for assess the perform of a pid control tune by the propos method are also given . thi make it possibl to incorpor the capabl to determin if the pid control is well tune or not into an autotun . an autotun base on thi new tune method and the correspond perform assess rule is also establish . simul and real-tim experiment result are given to demonstr the effect and use of these formula


Real-time enterprise solutions for discrete manufacturing and consumer goods

Abstract: Customer satisfaction and a focus on core competencies have dominated the thinking of a whole host of industries in recent years. However, one outcome, the outsourcing of noncore activities, has made the production of goods-from order entry to final delivery-more and more complex. Suppliers, subsuppliers, producers and customers are therefore busy adopting a new, more collaborative approach. This is mainly taking the form of order-driven planning and scheduling of production, but it is also being steered by a need to reduce inventories and working capital as well as a desire to increase throughput and optimize production

real-tim enterpris solut for discret manufactur and consum good
 custom satisfact and a focu on core compet have domin the think of a whole host of industri in recent year . howev , one outcom , the outsourc of noncor activ , ha made the product of goods-from order entri to final delivery-mor and more complex . supplier , subsuppli , produc and custom are therefor busi adopt a new , more collabor approach . thi is mainli take the form of order-driven plan and schedul of product , but it is also be steer by a need to reduc inventori and work capit as well as a desir to increas throughput and optim product

real-time enterprise solutions
discrete manufacturing
consumer goods
customer satisfaction
core competencies
order-driven planning
production scheduling
working capital reduction
inventories reduction


A simple graphic approach for observer decomposition

Abstract: Based upon the proposition that the roles of inputs and outputs in a physical system and those in the corresponding output-injection observer do not really have to be consistent, a systematic procedure is developed in this work to properly divide a set of sparse system models and measurement models into a number of independent subsets with the help of a visual aid. Several smaller sub-observers can then be constructed accordingly to replace the original one. The size of each sub-observer may be further reduced by strategically selecting one or more appended states. These techniques are shown to be quite effective in relieving on-line computation load of the output-injection observers and also in identifying detectable sub-systems

a simpl graphic approach for observ decomposit
 base upon the proposit that the role of input and output in a physic system and those in the correspond output-inject observ do not realli have to be consist , a systemat procedur is develop in thi work to properli divid a set of spars system model and measur model into a number of independ subset with the help of a visual aid . sever smaller sub-observ can then be construct accordingli to replac the origin one . the size of each sub-observ may be further reduc by strateg select one or more append state . these techniqu are shown to be quit effect in reliev on-lin comput load of the output-inject observ and also in identifi detect sub-system

graphic approach
observer decomposition
output-injection observer
sparse system models
measurement models
independent subsets
sub-observers
online computation load
detectable subsystems


Three-dimensional geometrical optics code for indoor propagation

Abstract: This paper presents a program, GO 3D, for computing the fields of a transmitter in an indoor environment using geometrical optics. The program uses an "image tree" data structure to construct the images needed to compute all the rays carrying fields above a preset "threshold" value, no matter how many reflections are needed. The paper briefly describes the input file required to define wall construction, the floor plan, the transmitter, and the receiver locations. A case study consisting of a long corridor with a small room on one side is used to demonstrate the features of the GO 3D program

three-dimension geometr optic code for indoor propag
 thi paper present a program , go 3d , for comput the field of a transmitt in an indoor environ use geometr optic . the program use an " imag tree " data structur to construct the imag need to comput all the ray carri field abov a preset " threshold " valu , no matter how mani reflect are need . the paper briefli describ the input file requir to defin wall construct , the floor plan , the transmitt , and the receiv locat . a case studi consist of a long corridor with a small room on one side is use to demonstr the featur of the go 3d program

three-dimensional geometrical optics
indoor propagation
transmitter
wall construction
floor plan
receiver locations
3D geometrical optics code
image tree data structure
image construction
ray tracing
data visualisation


Discrete output feedback sliding mode control of second order systems - a moving switching line approach

Abstract: The sliding mode control systems (SMCS) for which the switching variable is designed independent of the initial conditions are known to be sensitive to parameter variations and extraneous disturbances during the reaching phase. For second order systems this drawback is eliminated by using the moving switching line technique where the switching line is initially designed to pass the initial conditions and is subsequently moved towards a predetermined switching line. In this paper, we make use of the above idea of moving switching line together with the reaching law approach to design a discrete output feedback sliding mode control. The main contributions of this work are such that we do not require to use system states as it makes use of only the output samples for designing the controller. and by using the moving switching line a low sensitivity system is obtained through shortening the reaching phase. Simulation results show that the fast output sampling feedback guarantees sliding motion similar to that obtained using state feedback

discret output feedback slide mode control of second order system - a move switch line approach
 the slide mode control system ( smc ) for which the switch variabl is design independ of the initi condit are known to be sensit to paramet variat and extran disturb dure the reach phase . for second order system thi drawback is elimin by use the move switch line techniqu where the switch line is initi design to pass the initi condit and is subsequ move toward a predetermin switch line . in thi paper , we make use of the abov idea of move switch line togeth with the reach law approach to design a discret output feedback slide mode control . the main contribut of thi work are such that we do not requir to use system state as it make use of onli the output sampl for design the control . and by use the move switch line a low sensit system is obtain through shorten the reach phase . simul result show that the fast output sampl feedback guarante slide motion similar to that obtain use state feedback

discrete output feedback
sliding mode control
moving switching line
switching variable
parameter variations
fast output sampling feedback
state feedback


Reachability sets of a class of multistep control processes: their design

Abstract: An upper estimate and an iterative "restriction" algorithm for the reachability set for determining the optimal control for a class of multistep control processes are designed

reachabl set of a class of multistep control process : their design
 an upper estim and an iter " restrict " algorithm for the reachabl set for determin the optim control for a class of multistep control process are design

reachability sets
multistep control processes
upper estimate
optimal control
discrete systems
iterative restriction algorithm


A new graphical user interface for fast construction of computation phantoms and MCNP calculations: application to calibration of in vivo measurement systems

Abstract: Reports on a new utility for development of computational phantoms for Monte Carlo calculations and data analysis for in vivo measurements of radionuclides deposited in tissues. The individual properties of each worker can be acquired for a rather precise geometric representation of his (her) anatomy, which is particularly important for low energy gamma ray emitting sources such as thorium, uranium, plutonium and other actinides. The software enables automatic creation of an MCNP input data file based on scanning data. The utility includes segmentation of images obtained with either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging by distinguishing tissues according to their signal (brightness) and specification of the source and detector. In addition, a coupling of individual voxels within the tissue is used to reduce the memory demand and to increase the calculational speed. The utility was tested for low energy emitters in plastic and biological tissues as well as for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning information

a new graphic user interfac for fast construct of comput phantom and mcnp calcul : applic to calibr of in vivo measur system
 report on a new util for develop of comput phantom for mont carlo calcul and data analysi for in vivo measur of radionuclid deposit in tissu . the individu properti of each worker can be acquir for a rather precis geometr represent of hi ( her ) anatomi , which is particularli import for low energi gamma ray emit sourc such as thorium , uranium , plutonium and other actinid . the softwar enabl automat creation of an mcnp input data file base on scan data . the util includ segment of imag obtain with either comput tomographi or magnet reson imag by distinguish tissu accord to their signal ( bright ) and specif of the sourc and detector . in addit , a coupl of individu voxel within the tissu is use to reduc the memori demand and to increas the calcul speed . the util wa test for low energi emitt in plastic and biolog tissu as well as for comput tomographi and magnet reson imag scan inform

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P U U U


Standard protocol for exchange of health-checkup data based on SGML: the Health-checkup Data Markup Language (HDML)

Abstract: The objectives are to develop a health/medical data interchange model for efficient electronic exchange of data among health-checkup facilities. A Health-checkup Data Markup Language (HDML) was developed on the basis of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), and a feasibility study carried out, involving data exchange between two health checkup facilities. The structure of HDML is described. The transfer of numerical lab data, summary findings and health status assessment was successful. HDML is an improvement to laboratory data exchange. Further work has to address the exchange of qualitative and textual data

standard protocol for exchang of health-checkup data base on sgml : the health-checkup data markup languag ( hdml )
 the object are to develop a health / medic data interchang model for effici electron exchang of data among health-checkup facil . a health-checkup data markup languag ( hdml ) wa develop on the basi of the standard gener markup languag ( sgml ) , and a feasibl studi carri out , involv data exchang between two health checkup facil . the structur of hdml is describ . the transfer of numer lab data , summari find and health statu assess wa success . hdml is an improv to laboratori data exchang . further work ha to address the exchang of qualit and textual data

SGML
Health-checkup Data Markup Language
data interchange model
numerical lab data
summary findings
health status assessment
health checkup data exchange


International library consortia: positive starts, promising futures

Abstract: Library consortia have grown substantially over the past ten years, both within North America and globally. As this resurgent consortial movement has begun to mature, and as publishers and vendors have begun to adapt to consortial purchasing models, consortia have expanded their agendas for action. The movement to globalize consortia is traced (including the development and current work of the International Coalition of Library Consortia-ICOLC). A methodology is explored to classify library consortia by articulating the key factors that affect and distinguish consortia as organizations within three major areas: strategic, tactical, and practical (or managerial) concerns. Common consortial values are examined, and a list of known international library consortia is presented

intern librari consortia : posit start , promis futur
 librari consortia have grown substanti over the past ten year , both within north america and global . as thi resurg consorti movement ha begun to matur , and as publish and vendor have begun to adapt to consorti purchas model , consortia have expand their agenda for action . the movement to global consortia is trace ( includ the develop and current work of the intern coalit of librari consortia-icolc ) . a methodolog is explor to classifi librari consortia by articul the key factor that affect and distinguish consortia as organ within three major area : strateg , tactic , and practic ( or manageri ) concern . common consorti valu are examin , and a list of known intern librari consortia is present

international library consortia
consortial purchasing models


Median partitioning: a novel method for the selection of representative subsets from large compound pools

Abstract: A method termed median partitioning (MP) has been developed to select diverse sets of molecules from large compound pools. Unlike many other methods for subset selection, the MP approach does not depend on pairwise comparison of molecules and can therefore be applied to very large compound collections. The only time limiting step is the calculation of molecular descriptors for database compounds. MP employs arrays of property descriptors with little correlation to divide large compound pools into partitions from which representative molecules can be selected. In each of n subsequent steps, a population of molecules is divided into subpopulations above and below the median value of a property descriptor until a desired number of 2/sup n/ partitions are obtained. For descriptor evaluation and selection, an entropy formulation was embedded in a genetic algorithm. MP has been applied to generate a subset of the Available Chemicals Directory, and the results have been compared with cell-based partitioning

median partit : a novel method for the select of repres subset from larg compound pool
 a method term median partit ( mp ) ha been develop to select divers set of molecul from larg compound pool . unlik mani other method for subset select , the mp approach doe not depend on pairwis comparison of molecul and can therefor be appli to veri larg compound collect . the onli time limit step is the calcul of molecular descriptor for databas compound . mp employ array of properti descriptor with littl correl to divid larg compound pool into partit from which repres molecul can be select . in each of n subsequ step , a popul of molecul is divid into subpopul abov and below the median valu of a properti descriptor until a desir number of 2 / sup n/ partit are obtain . for descriptor evalu and select , an entropi formul wa embed in a genet algorithm . mp ha been appli to gener a subset of the avail chemic directori , and the result have been compar with cell-bas partit

median partitioning
large compound pools
molecules
time limiting step
molecular descriptors
database compounds
entropy formulation
genetic algorithm
Available Chemicals Directory
cell-based partitioning
representative subset selection
property descriptor array


Generating code at run time with Reflection.Emit

Abstract: The .NET framework SDK includes several tools that convert source code into executable code-the C# and VB.NET compilers get most of the attention, but there are others. The Regex class (in the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace) has the ability to compile favorite regular expressions into a .NET assembly. In fact, the NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) contains a whole namespace full of classes to help us build assemblies, define types, and emit their implementations, all at run time. These classes, which comprise the System.Reflection.Emit namespace, are known collectively as Reflection. Emit

gener code at run time with reflect . emit
 the .net framework sdk includ sever tool that convert sourc code into execut code-th c # and vb.net compil get most of the attent , but there are other . the regex class ( in the system . text . regularexpress namespac ) ha the abil to compil favorit regular express into a .net assembl . in fact , the net common languag runtim ( clr ) contain a whole namespac full of class to help us build assembl , defin type , and emit their implement , all at run time . these class , which compris the system . reflect . emit namespac , are known collect as reflect . emit

Reflection.Emit
.NET framework SDK
Regex class
assemblies
types
System.Reflection.Emit namespace
runtime code generation
.NET Common Language Runtime


Multispectral color image capture using a liquid crystal tunable filter

Abstract: We describe the experimental setup of a multispectral color image acquisition system consisting of a professional monochrome CCD camera and a tunable filter in which the spectral transmittance can be controlled electronically. We perform a spectral characterization of the acquisition system taking into account the acquisition noise. To convert the camera output signals to device-independent color data, two main approaches are proposed and evaluated. One consists in applying regression methods to convert from the K camera outputs to a device-independent color space such as CIEXYZ or CIELAB. Another method is based on a spectral model of the acquisition system. By inverting the model using a principal eigenvector approach, we estimate the spectral reflectance of each pixel of the imaged surface

multispectr color imag captur use a liquid crystal tunabl filter
 we describ the experiment setup of a multispectr color imag acquisit system consist of a profession monochrom ccd camera and a tunabl filter in which the spectral transmitt can be control electron . we perform a spectral character of the acquisit system take into account the acquisit nois . to convert the camera output signal to device-independ color data , two main approach are propos and evalu . one consist in appli regress method to convert from the k camera output to a device-independ color space such as ciexyz or cielab . anoth method is base on a spectral model of the acquisit system . by invert the model use a princip eigenvector approach , we estim the spectral reflect of each pixel of the imag surfac

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P M


Time-varying properties of renal autoregulatory mechanisms

Abstract: In order to assess the possible time-varying properties of renal autoregulation, time-frequency and time-scaling methods were applied to renal blood flow under broad-band forced arterial blood pressure fluctuations and single-nephron renal blood flow with spontaneous oscillations obtained from normotensive (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans) rats, and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Time-frequency analyses of normotensive and hypertensive blood flow data obtained from either the whole kidney or the single-nephron show that indeed both the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanisms have time-varying characteristics. Furthermore, we utilized the Renyi entropy to measure the complexity of blood-flow dynamics in the time-frequency plane in an effort to discern differences between normotensive and hypertensive recordings. We found a clear difference in Renyi entropy between normotensive and hypertensive blood flow recordings at the whole kidney level for both forced (p < 0.037) and spontaneous arterial pressure fluctuations (p < 0.033), and at the single-nephron level (p < 0.008). Especially at the single-nephron level, the mean Renyi entropy is significantly larger for hypertensive than normotensive rats, suggesting more complex dynamics in the hypertensive condition. To further evaluate whether or not the separation of dynamics between normotensive and hypertensive rats is found in the prescribed frequency ranges of the myogenic and TGF mechanisms, we employed multiresolution wavelet transform. Our analysis revealed that exclusively over scale ranges corresponding to the frequency intervals of the myogenic and TGF mechanisms, the widths of the blood flow wavelet coefficients fall into disjoint sets for normotensive and hypertensive rats. The separation of the scales at the myogenic and TGF frequency ranges is distinct and obtained with 100% accuracy. However, this observation remains valid only for the whole kidney blood pressure/flow data. The results suggest that understanding of the time-varying properties of the two mechanisms is required for a complete description of renal autoregulation

time-vari properti of renal autoregulatori mechan
 in order to assess the possibl time-vari properti of renal autoregul , time-frequ and time-sc method were appli to renal blood flow under broad-band forc arteri blood pressur fluctuat and single-nephron renal blood flow with spontan oscil obtain from normotens ( sprague-dawley , wistar , and long-evan ) rat , and spontan hypertens rat . time-frequ analys of normotens and hypertens blood flow data obtain from either the whole kidney or the single-nephron show that inde both the myogen and tubuloglomerular feedback ( tgf ) mechan have time-vari characterist . furthermor , we util the renyi entropi to measur the complex of blood-flow dynam in the time-frequ plane in an effort to discern differ between normotens and hypertens record . we found a clear differ in renyi entropi between normotens and hypertens blood flow record at the whole kidney level for both forc ( p < 0.037 ) and spontan arteri pressur fluctuat ( p < 0.033 ) , and at the single-nephron level ( p < 0.008 ) . especi at the single-nephron level , the mean renyi entropi is significantli larger for hypertens than normotens rat , suggest more complex dynam in the hypertens condit . to further evalu whether or not the separ of dynam between normotens and hypertens rat is found in the prescrib frequenc rang of the myogen and tgf mechan , we employ multiresolut wavelet transform . our analysi reveal that exclus over scale rang correspond to the frequenc interv of the myogen and tgf mechan , the width of the blood flow wavelet coeffici fall into disjoint set for normotens and hypertens rat . the separ of the scale at the myogen and tgf frequenc rang is distinct and obtain with 100 % accuraci . howev , thi observ remain valid onli for the whole kidney blood pressur / flow data . the result suggest that understand of the time-vari properti of the two mechan is requir for a complet descript of renal autoregul


Decisions, decisions, decisions: a tale of special collections in the small academic library

Abstract: A case study of a special collections department in a small academic library and how its collections have been acquired and developed over the years is described. It looks at the changes that have occurred in the academic environment and what effect, if any, these changes may have had on the department and how it has adapted to them. It raises questions about development and acquisitions policies and procedures

decis , decis , decis : a tale of special collect in the small academ librari
 a case studi of a special collect depart in a small academ librari and how it collect have been acquir and develop over the year is describ . it look at the chang that have occur in the academ environ and what effect , if ani , these chang may have had on the depart and how it ha adapt to them . it rais question about develop and acquisit polici and procedur

special collections
small academic library
case study
acquisitions policies
out-of-print books
University library


Design and implementation of a 3-D mapping system for highly irregular shaped objects with application to semiconductor manufacturing

Abstract: The basic technology for a robotic system is developed to automate the packing of polycrystalline silicon nuggets into fragile fused silica crucible in Czochralski (melt pulling) semiconductor wafer production. The highly irregular shapes of the nuggets and the packing constraints make this a difficult and challenging task. It requires the delicate manipulation and packing of highly irregular polycrystalline silicon nuggets into a fragile fused silica crucible. For this application, a dual optical 3-D surface mapping system that uses active laser triangulation has been developed and successfully tested. One part of the system measures the geometry profile of a nugget being packed and the other the profile of the nuggets already in the crucible. A resolution of 1 mm with 15-KHz sampling frequency is achieved. Data from the system are used by the packing algorithm, which determines optimal nugget placement. The key contribution is to describe the design and implementation of an efficient and robust 3-D imaging system to map highly irregular shaped objects using conventional components in context of real commercial manufacturing processes

design and implement of a 3-d map system for highli irregular shape object with applic to semiconductor manufactur
 the basic technolog for a robot system is develop to autom the pack of polycrystallin silicon nugget into fragil fuse silica crucibl in czochralski ( melt pull ) semiconductor wafer product . the highli irregular shape of the nugget and the pack constraint make thi a difficult and challeng task . it requir the delic manipul and pack of highli irregular polycrystallin silicon nugget into a fragil fuse silica crucibl . for thi applic , a dual optic 3-d surfac map system that use activ laser triangul ha been develop and success test . one part of the system measur the geometri profil of a nugget be pack and the other the profil of the nugget alreadi in the crucibl . a resolut of 1 mm with 15-khz sampl frequenc is achiev . data from the system are use by the pack algorithm , which determin optim nugget placement . the key contribut is to describ the design and implement of an effici and robust 3-d imag system to map highli irregular shape object use convent compon in context of real commerci manufactur process

Czochralski semiconductor wafer production


Waiting for the wave to crest [wavelength services]

Abstract: Wavelength services have been hyped ad nauseam for years. But despite their quick turn-up time and impressive margins, such services have yet to live up to the industry's expectations. The reasons for this lukewarm reception are many, not the least of which is the confusion that still surrounds the technology, but most industry observers are still convinced that wavelength services with ultimately flourish

wait for the wave to crest [ wavelength servic ]
 wavelength servic have been hype ad nauseam for year . but despit their quick turn-up time and impress margin , such servic have yet to live up to the industri 's expect . the reason for thi lukewarm recept are mani , not the least of which is the confus that still surround the technolog , but most industri observ are still convinc that wavelength servic with ultim flourish

wavelength services
fiber optic networks
Looking Glass Networks
PointEast Research


An efficient retrieval selection algorithm for video servers with random duplicated assignment storage technique

Abstract: Random duplicated assignment (RDA) is an approach in which video data is stored by assigning a number of copies of each data block to different, randomly chosen disks. It has been shown that this approach results in smaller response times and lower disk and RAM costs compared to the well-known disk stripping techniques. Based on this storage approach, one has to determine, for each given batch of data blocks, from which disk each of the data blocks is to be retrieved. This is to be done in such a way that the maximum load of the disks is minimized. The problem is called the retrieval selection problem (RSP). In this paper, we propose a new efficient algorithm for RSP. This algorithm is based on the breadth-first search approach and is able to guarantee optimal solutions for RSP in O(n/sup 2/+mn), where m and n correspond to the number of data blocks and the number of disks, respectively. We show that our proposed algorithm has a lower time complexity than an existing algorithm, called the MFS algorithm

an effici retriev select algorithm for video server with random duplic assign storag techniqu
 random duplic assign ( rda ) is an approach in which video data is store by assign a number of copi of each data block to differ , randomli chosen disk . it ha been shown that thi approach result in smaller respons time and lower disk and ram cost compar to the well-known disk strip techniqu . base on thi storag approach , one ha to determin , for each given batch of data block , from which disk each of the data block is to be retriev . thi is to be done in such a way that the maximum load of the disk is minim . the problem is call the retriev select problem ( rsp ) . in thi paper , we propos a new effici algorithm for rsp . thi algorithm is base on the breadth-first search approach and is abl to guarante optim solut for rsp in o(n / sup 2/+mn ) , where m and n correspond to the number of data block and the number of disk , respect . we show that our propos algorithm ha a lower time complex than an exist algorithm , call the mf algorithm


Relevance of Web documents: ghosts consensus method

Abstract: The dominant method currently used to improve the quality of Internet search systems is often called "digital democracy." Such an approach implies the utilization of the majority opinion of Internet users to determine the most relevant documents: for example, citation index usage for sorting of search results (google.com) or an enrichment of a query with terms that are asked frequently in relation with the query's theme. "Digital democracy" is an effective instrument in many cases, but it has an unavoidable shortcoming, which is a matter of principle: the average intellectual and cultural level of Internet users is very low; everyone knows what kind of information is dominant in Internet query statistics. Therefore, when one searches the Internet by means of "digital democracy" systems, one gets answers that reflect an underlying assumption that the user's mind potential is very low, and that his cultural interests are not demanding. Thus, it is more correct to use the term "digital ochlocracy" to refer to Internet search systems with "digital democracy." Based on the well-known mathematical mechanism of linear programming, we propose a method to solve the indicated problem

relev of web document : ghost consensu method
 the domin method current use to improv the qualiti of internet search system is often call " digit democraci . " such an approach impli the util of the major opinion of internet user to determin the most relev document : for exampl , citat index usag for sort of search result ( google.com ) or an enrich of a queri with term that are ask frequent in relat with the queri 's theme . " digit democraci " is an effect instrument in mani case , but it ha an unavoid shortcom , which is a matter of principl : the averag intellectu and cultur level of internet user is veri low ; everyon know what kind of inform is domin in internet queri statist . therefor , when one search the internet by mean of " digit democraci " system , one get answer that reflect an underli assumpt that the user 's mind potenti is veri low , and that hi cultur interest are not demand . thu , it is more correct to use the term " digit ochlocraci " to refer to internet search system with " digit democraci . " base on the well-known mathemat mechan of linear program , we propos a method to solv the indic problem

ghosts consensus method
Internet search systems
digital democracy
majority opinion
citation index usage
search results
Internet query statistics
digital ochlocracy
linear programming
World Wide Web


Real-time implementation of a new low-memory SPIHT image coding algorithm using DSP chip

Abstract: Among all algorithms based on wavelet transform and zerotree quantization, Said and Pearlman's (1996) set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm is well-known for its simplicity and efficiency. This paper deals with the real-time implementation of SPIHT algorithm using DSP chip. In order to facilitate the implementation and improve the codec's performance, some relative issues are thoroughly discussed, such as the optimization of program structure to speed up the wavelet decomposition. SPIHT's high memory requirement is a major drawback for hardware implementation. In this paper, we modify the original SPIHT algorithm by presenting two new concepts-number of error bits and absolute zerotree. Consequently, the memory cost is significantly reduced. We also introduce a new method to control the coding process by number of error bits. Our experimental results show that the implementation meets common requirement of real-time video coding and is proven to be a practical and efficient DSP solution

real-tim implement of a new low-memori spiht imag code algorithm use dsp chip
 among all algorithm base on wavelet transform and zerotre quantiz , said and pearlman 's ( 1996 ) set partit in hierarch tree ( spiht ) algorithm is well-known for it simplic and effici . thi paper deal with the real-tim implement of spiht algorithm use dsp chip . in order to facilit the implement and improv the codec 's perform , some rel issu are thoroughli discuss , such as the optim of program structur to speed up the wavelet decomposit . spiht 's high memori requir is a major drawback for hardwar implement . in thi paper , we modifi the origin spiht algorithm by present two new concepts-numb of error bit and absolut zerotre . consequ , the memori cost is significantli reduc . we also introduc a new method to control the code process by number of error bit . our experiment result show that the implement meet common requir of real-tim video code and is proven to be a practic and effici dsp solut

real-time implementation
DSP chip
wavelet transform
zerotree quantization
set partitioning in hierarchical trees
SPIHT algorithm
codec
wavelet decomposition
absolute zerotree
number of error bits
video coding
memory cost reduction


Mathematical fundamentals of constructing fuzzy Bayesian inference techniques

Abstract: Problems and an associated technique for developing a Bayesian approach to decision-making in the case of fuzzy data are presented. The concept of fuzzy and pseudofuzzy quantities is introduced and main operations with pseudofuzzy quantities are considered. The basic relationships and the principal concepts of the Bayesian decision procedure based on the modus-ponens rule are proposed. Some problems concerned with the practical realization of the fuzzy Bayesian method are considered

mathemat fundament of construct fuzzi bayesian infer techniqu
 problem and an associ techniqu for develop a bayesian approach to decision-mak in the case of fuzzi data are present . the concept of fuzzi and pseudofuzzi quantiti is introduc and main oper with pseudofuzzi quantiti are consid . the basic relationship and the princip concept of the bayesian decis procedur base on the modus-ponen rule are propos . some problem concern with the practic realiz of the fuzzi bayesian method are consid

mathematical fundamentals
fuzzy Bayesian inference techniques
pseudofuzzy quantities
modus-ponens rule
decision making


Strong active solution in non-cooperative games

Abstract: For the non-cooperative games and the problems of accepting or rejecting a proposal, a new notion of equilibrium was proposed, its place among the known basic equilibria was established, and its application to the static and dynamic game problems was demonstrated

strong activ solut in non-coop game
 for the non-coop game and the problem of accept or reject a propos , a new notion of equilibrium wa propos , it place among the known basic equilibria wa establish , and it applic to the static and dynam game problem wa demonstr

strong active solution
dynamic game problems
noncooperative games
static game problems


Collective action in the age of the Internet: mass communication and online mobilization

Abstract: This article examines how the Internet transforms collective action. Current practices on the Web bear witness to thriving collective action ranging from persuasive to confrontational, individual to collective, undertakings. Even more influential than direct calls for action is the indirect mobilizing influence of the Internet's powers of mass communication, which is boosted by an antiauthoritarian ideology on the Web. Theoretically, collective action through the otherwise socially isolating computer is possible because people rely on internalized group memberships and social identities to achieve social involvement. Empirical evidence from an online survey among environmental activists and nonactivists confirms that online action is considered an equivalent alternative to offline action by activists and nonactivists alike. However, the Internet may slightly alter the motives underlying collective action and thereby alter the nature of collective action and social movements. Perhaps more fundamental is the reverse influence that successful collective action will have on the nature and function of the Internet

collect action in the age of the internet : mass commun and onlin mobil
 thi articl examin how the internet transform collect action . current practic on the web bear wit to thrive collect action rang from persuas to confront , individu to collect , undertak . even more influenti than direct call for action is the indirect mobil influenc of the internet 's power of mass commun , which is boost by an antiauthoritarian ideolog on the web . theoret , collect action through the otherwis social isol comput is possibl becaus peopl reli on intern group membership and social ident to achiev social involv . empir evid from an onlin survey among environment activist and nonactivist confirm that onlin action is consid an equival altern to offlin action by activist and nonactivist alik . howev , the internet may slightli alter the motiv underli collect action and therebi alter the natur of collect action and social movement . perhap more fundament is the revers influenc that success collect action will have on the natur and function of the internet

collective action
Internet
mass communication
online mobilization
antiauthoritarian ideology
group memberships
social identities
online survey
World Wide Web
anonymity
politics


Managing system risk

Abstract: Companies are increasingly required to provide assurance that their systems are secure and conform to commercial security standards. Senior business managers are ultimately responsible for the security of their corporate systems and for the implications in the event of a failure. Businesses will be exposed to unquantified security risks unless they have a formal risk management framework in place to enable risks to be identified, evaluated and managed. Failure to assess and manage risks can lead to a business suffering serious financial impacts, commercial embarrassment and fines or sanctions from regulators. This is both a key responsibility and opportunity for Management Services Practitioners

manag system risk
 compani are increasingli requir to provid assur that their system are secur and conform to commerci secur standard . senior busi manag are ultim respons for the secur of their corpor system and for the implic in the event of a failur . busi will be expos to unquantifi secur risk unless they have a formal risk manag framework in place to enabl risk to be identifi , evalu and manag . failur to assess and manag risk can lead to a busi suffer seriou financi impact , commerci embarrass and fine or sanction from regul . thi is both a key respons and opportun for manag servic practition

commercial security standards
risk management framework
IT projects


There is no optimal routing policy for the torus

Abstract: A routing policy is the method used to select a specific output channel for a message from among a number of acceptable output channels. An optimal routing policy is a policy that maximizes the probability of a message reaching its destination without delays. Optimal routing policies have been proposed for several regular networks, including the mesh and the hypercube. An open problem in interconnection network research has been the identification of an optimal routing policy for the torus. In this paper, we show that there is no optimal routing policy for the torus. Our result is demonstrated by presenting a detailed example in which the best choice of output channel is dependent on the probability of each channel being available. This result settles, in the negative, a conjecture by J. Wu (1996) concerning an optimal routing policy for the torus

there is no optim rout polici for the toru
 a rout polici is the method use to select a specif output channel for a messag from among a number of accept output channel . an optim rout polici is a polici that maxim the probabl of a messag reach it destin without delay . optim rout polici have been propos for sever regular network , includ the mesh and the hypercub . an open problem in interconnect network research ha been the identif of an optim rout polici for the toru . in thi paper , we show that there is no optim rout polici for the toru . our result is demonstr by present a detail exampl in which the best choic of output channel is depend on the probabl of each channel be avail . thi result settl , in the neg , a conjectur by j. wu ( 1996 ) concern an optim rout polici for the toru


The impact of the Internet on public library use: an analysis of the current consumer market for library and Internet services

Abstract: The potential impact of the Internet on the public's demand for the services and resources of public libraries is an issue of critical importance. The research reported in this article provides baseline data concerning the evolving relationship between the public's use of the library and its use of the Internet. The authors developed a consumer model of the American adult market for information services and resources, segmented by use (or nonuse) of the public library and by access (or lack of access) to, and use (or nonuse) of, the Internet. A national Random Digit Dialing telephone survey collected data to estimate the size of each of six market segments, and to describe their usage choices between the public library and the Internet. The analyses presented in this article provide estimates of the size and demographics of each of the market segments; describe why people are currently using the public library and the Internet; identify the decision criteria people use in their choices of which provider to use; identify areas in which libraries and the Internet appear to be competing and areas in which they appear to be complementary; and identify reasons why people choose not to use the public library and/or the Internet. The data suggest that some differentiation between the library and the Internet is taking place, which may very well have an impact on consumer choices between the two. Longitudinal research is necessary to fully reveal trends in these usage choices, which have implications for all types of libraries in planning and policy development

the impact of the internet on public librari use : an analysi of the current consum market for librari and internet servic
 the potenti impact of the internet on the public 's demand for the servic and resourc of public librari is an issu of critic import . the research report in thi articl provid baselin data concern the evolv relationship between the public 's use of the librari and it use of the internet . the author develop a consum model of the american adult market for inform servic and resourc , segment by use ( or nonus ) of the public librari and by access ( or lack of access ) to , and use ( or nonus ) of , the internet . a nation random digit dial telephon survey collect data to estim the size of each of six market segment , and to describ their usag choic between the public librari and the internet . the analys present in thi articl provid estim of the size and demograph of each of the market segment ; describ whi peopl are current use the public librari and the internet ; identifi the decis criteria peopl use in their choic of which provid to use ; identifi area in which librari and the internet appear to be compet and area in which they appear to be complementari ; and identifi reason whi peopl choos not to use the public librari and/or the internet . the data suggest that some differenti between the librari and the internet is take place , which may veri well have an impact on consum choic between the two . longitudin research is necessari to fulli reveal trend in these usag choic , which have implic for all type of librari in plan and polici develop


Spectral characteristics of the linear systems over a bounded time interval

Abstract: Consideration was given to the spectral characteristics of the linear dynamic systems over a bounded time interval. Singular characteristics of standard dynamic blocks, transcendental characteristic equations, and partial spectra of the singular functions were studied. Relationship between the spectra under study and the classical frequency characteristic was demonstrated

spectral characterist of the linear system over a bound time interv
 consider wa given to the spectral characterist of the linear dynam system over a bound time interv . singular characterist of standard dynam block , transcendent characterist equat , and partial spectra of the singular function were studi . relationship between the spectra under studi and the classic frequenc characterist wa demonstr

spectral characteristics
bounded time interval
linear dynamic systems
singular characteristics
standard dynamic blocks
transcendental characteristic equations
partial spectra
singular functions
frequency characteristic


The effects of asynchronous computer-mediated group interaction on group processes

Abstract: This article reports a study undertaken to investigate some of the social psychological processes underlying computer-supported group discussion in natural computer-mediated contexts. Based on the concept of deindividuation, it was hypothesized that personal identifiability and group identity would be important factors that affect the perceptions and behavior of members of computer-mediated groups. The degree of personal identifiability and the strength of group identity were manipulated across groups of geographically dispersed computer users who took part in e-mail discussions during a 2-week period. The results do not support the association between deindividuation and uninhibited behavior cited in much previous research. Instead, the data provide some support for a social identity perspective of computer-mediated communication, which explains the higher levels uninhibited in identifiable computer-mediated groups. However, predictions based on social identity theory regarding group polarization and group cohesion were not supported. Possible explanations for this are discussed and further research is suggested to resolve these discrepancies

the effect of asynchron computer-medi group interact on group process
 thi articl report a studi undertaken to investig some of the social psycholog process underli computer-support group discuss in natur computer-medi context . base on the concept of deindividu , it wa hypothes that person identifi and group ident would be import factor that affect the percept and behavior of member of computer-medi group . the degre of person identifi and the strength of group ident were manipul across group of geograph dispers comput user who took part in e-mail discuss dure a 2-week period . the result do not support the associ between deindividu and uninhibit behavior cite in much previou research . instead , the data provid some support for a social ident perspect of computer-medi commun , which explain the higher level uninhibit in identifi computer-medi group . howev , predict base on social ident theori regard group polar and group cohes were not support . possibl explan for thi are discuss and further research is suggest to resolv these discrep


Designing a new urban Internet

Abstract: The parallel between designing a Web site and the construction of a building is a familiar one, but how often do we think of the Internet as having parks and streets? It would be absurd to say that the Internet could ever take the place of real, livable communities; however, it is safe to say that the context for using the Internet is on a path of change. As the Internet evolves beyond a simple linkage of disparate Web sites and applications, the challenge for Information Architects is establishing a process by which to structure, organize, and design networked environments. The principles that guide New Urbanism can offer much insight into networked electronic environment design. At the core of every New Urbanism principle is the idea of "wholeness"-of making sure that neighborhoods and communities are knit together in a way that supports civic activities, economic development, efficient ecosystems, aesthetic beauty, and human interaction

design a new urban internet
 the parallel between design a web site and the construct of a build is a familiar one , but how often do we think of the internet as have park and street ? it would be absurd to say that the internet could ever take the place of real , livabl commun ; howev , it is safe to say that the context for use the internet is on a path of chang . as the internet evolv beyond a simpl linkag of dispar web site and applic , the challeng for inform architect is establish a process by which to structur , organ , and design network environ . the principl that guid new urban can offer much insight into network electron environ design . at the core of everi new urban principl is the idea of " wholeness"-of make sure that neighborhood and commun are knit togeth in a way that support civic activ , econom develop , effici ecosystem , aesthet beauti , and human interact

Internet
Web site
communities
information architects
networked environments
networked electronic environment design
private-public sector cooperation
global information networks


Adaptive image denoising using scale and space consistency

Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for image denoising with edge preservation, based on image multiresolution decomposition by a redundant wavelet transform. In our approach, edges are implicitly located and preserved in the wavelet domain, whilst image noise is filtered out. At each resolution level, the image edges are estimated by gradient magnitudes (obtained from the wavelet coefficients), which are modeled probabilistically, and a shrinkage function is assembled based on the model obtained. Joint use of space and scale consistency is applied for better preservation of edges. The shrinkage functions are combined to preserve edges that appear simultaneously at several resolutions, and geometric constraints are applied to preserve edges that are not isolated. The proposed technique produces a filtered version of the original image, where homogeneous regions appear separated by well-defined edges. Possible applications include image presegmentation, and image denoising

adapt imag denois use scale and space consist
 thi paper propos a new method for imag denois with edg preserv , base on imag multiresolut decomposit by a redund wavelet transform . in our approach , edg are implicitli locat and preserv in the wavelet domain , whilst imag nois is filter out . at each resolut level , the imag edg are estim by gradient magnitud ( obtain from the wavelet coeffici ) , which are model probabilist , and a shrinkag function is assembl base on the model obtain . joint use of space and scale consist is appli for better preserv of edg . the shrinkag function are combin to preserv edg that appear simultan at sever resolut , and geometr constraint are appli to preserv edg that are not isol . the propos techniqu produc a filter version of the origin imag , where homogen region appear separ by well-defin edg . possibl applic includ imag presegment , and imag denois

adaptive image denoising
space consistency
edge preservation
image multiresolution decomposition
redundant wavelet transform
image edges
gradient magnitudes
shrinkage function
scale consistency
geometric constraints
edge enhancement


Accelerated simulation of the steady-state availability of non-Markovian systems

Abstract: A general accelerated simulation method for evaluation of the steady-state availability of non-Markovian systems is proposed. It is applied to the investigation of a class of systems with repair. Numerical examples are given

acceler simul of the steady-st avail of non-markovian system
 a gener acceler simul method for evalu of the steady-st avail of non-markovian system is propos . it is appli to the investig of a class of system with repair . numer exampl are given

accelerated simulation
steady-state availability
non-Markovian systems
general accelerated simulation method
numerical examples


Organization design: The continuing influence of information technology

Abstract: Drawing from an information processing perspective, this paper examines how information technology (IT) has been a catalyst in the development of new forms of organizational structures. The article draws a historical linkage between the relative stability of an organization's task environment starting after the Second World War to the present environmental instability that now characterizes many industries. Specifically, the authors suggest that advances in IT have enabled managers to adapt existing forms and create new models for organizational design that better fit requirements of an unstable environment. Time has seemingly borne out this hypothesis as the bureaucratic structure evolved to the matrix to the network and now to the emerging shadow structure. IT has gone from a support mechanism to a substitute for organizational structures in the form of the shadow structure. The article suggests that the evolving and expanding role of IT will continue for organizations that face unstable environments

organ design : the continu influenc of inform technolog
 draw from an inform process perspect , thi paper examin how inform technolog ( it ) ha been a catalyst in the develop of new form of organiz structur . the articl draw a histor linkag between the rel stabil of an organ 's task environ start after the second world war to the present environment instabl that now character mani industri . specif , the author suggest that advanc in it have enabl manag to adapt exist form and creat new model for organiz design that better fit requir of an unstabl environ . time ha seemingli born out thi hypothesi as the bureaucrat structur evolv to the matrix to the network and now to the emerg shadow structur . it ha gone from a support mechan to a substitut for organiz structur in the form of the shadow structur . the articl suggest that the evolv and expand role of it will continu for organ that face unstabl environ

organization design
information technology
information processing perspective
organizational structures
environmental instability
organization task environment


The role of CAUL (Council of Australian Libraries) in consortial purchasing

Abstract: The Council of Australian University Librarians, constituted in 1965 for the purposes of cooperative action and the sharing of information, assumed the role of consortial purchasing agent in 1996 on behalf of its members and associate organisations in Australia and New Zealand. This role continues to grow in tandem with the burgeoning of electronic publication and the acceptance of publishers of the advantages of dealing with consortia. The needs of the Australian university community overlap significantly with consortia in North America and Europe, but important differences are highlighted

the role of caul ( council of australian librari ) in consorti purchas
 the council of australian univers librarian , constitut in 1965 for the purpos of cooper action and the share of inform , assum the role of consorti purchas agent in 1996 on behalf of it member and associ organis in australia and new zealand . thi role continu to grow in tandem with the burgeon of electron public and the accept of publish of the advantag of deal with consortia . the need of the australian univers commun overlap significantli with consortia in north america and europ , but import differ are highlight


Using molecular equivalence numbers to visually explore structural features that distinguish chemical libraries

Abstract: A molecular equivalence number (meqnum) classifies a molecule with respect to a class of structural features or topological shapes such as its cyclic system or its set of functional groups. Meqnums can be used to organize molecular structures into nonoverlapping, yet highly relatable classes. We illustrate the construction of some different types of meqnums and present via examples some methods of comparing diverse chemical libraries based on meqnums. In the examples we compare a library which is a random sample from the MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR) with a library which is a random sample from the Available Chemical Directory (ACD). In our analyses, we discover some interesting features of the topological shape of a molecule and its set of functional groups that are strongly linked with compounds occurring in the MDDR but not in the ACD. We also illustrate the utility of molecular equivalence indices in delineating the structural domain over which an SAR conclusion is valid

use molecular equival number to visual explor structur featur that distinguish chemic librari
 a molecular equival number ( meqnum ) classifi a molecul with respect to a class of structur featur or topolog shape such as it cyclic system or it set of function group . meqnum can be use to organ molecular structur into nonoverlap , yet highli relat class . we illustr the construct of some differ type of meqnum and present via exampl some method of compar divers chemic librari base on meqnum . in the exampl we compar a librari which is a random sampl from the mdl drug data report ( mddr ) with a librari which is a random sampl from the avail chemic directori ( acd ) . in our analys , we discov some interest featur of the topolog shape of a molecul and it set of function group that are strongli link with compound occur in the mddr but not in the acd . we also illustr the util of molecular equival indic in delin the structur domain over which an sar conclus is valid

molecular equivalence number
structural features
chemical libraries
topological shapes
cyclic system
functional groups
MDL Drug Data Report
Available Chemical Directory
molecular equivalence indices
molecule classification
nonoverlapping relatable classes


Absorption of long waves by nonresonant parametric microstructures

Abstract: Using simple acoustical and mechanical models, we consider the conceptual possibility of designing an active absorbing (nonreflecting) coating in the form of a thin layer with small-scale stratification and fast time modulation of parameters. Algorithms for space-time modulation of the controlled-layer structure are studied in detail for a one-dimensional boundary-value problem. These algorithms do not require wave-field measurements, which eliminates the self-excitation problem that is characteristic of active systems. The majority of the considered algorithms of parametric control transform the low-frequency incident wave to high-frequency waves of the technological band for which the waveguiding medium inside the layer is assumed to be opaque (absorbing). The efficient use conditions are found for all the algorithms. It is shown that the absorbing layer can be as thin as desired with respect to the minimum spatial scale of the incident wave and ensures efficient absorption in a wide frequency interval (starting from zero frequency) that is bounded from above only by a finite space-time resolution of the parameter-control operations. The structure of a three-dimensional parametric "'black" coating whose efficiency is independent of the angle of incidence of an incoming wave is developed on the basis of the studied one-dimensional problems. The general solution of the problem of diffraction of incident waves from such a coating is obtained. This solution is analyzed in detail for the case of a disk-shaped element

absorpt of long wave by nonreson parametr microstructur
 use simpl acoust and mechan model , we consid the conceptu possibl of design an activ absorb ( nonreflect ) coat in the form of a thin layer with small-scal stratif and fast time modul of paramet . algorithm for space-tim modul of the controlled-lay structur are studi in detail for a one-dimension boundary-valu problem . these algorithm do not requir wave-field measur , which elimin the self-excit problem that is characterist of activ system . the major of the consid algorithm of parametr control transform the low-frequ incid wave to high-frequ wave of the technolog band for which the waveguid medium insid the layer is assum to be opaqu ( absorb ) . the effici use condit are found for all the algorithm . it is shown that the absorb layer can be as thin as desir with respect to the minimum spatial scale of the incid wave and ensur effici absorpt in a wide frequenc interv ( start from zero frequenc ) that is bound from abov onli by a finit space-tim resolut of the parameter-control oper . the structur of a three-dimension parametr " ' black " coat whose effici is independ of the angl of incid of an incom wave is develop on the basi of the studi one-dimension problem . the gener solut of the problem of diffract of incid wave from such a coat is obtain . thi solut is analyz in detail for the case of a disk-shap element

mechanical models
thin layer
small-scale stratification
fast time modulation
space-time modulation
controlled-layer structure
one-dimensional boundary-value problem
parametric control
low-frequency incident wave
high-frequency waves
waveguiding medium
absorbing layer
angle of incidence
one-dimensional problems
diffraction
disk-shaped element
acoustical models
active absorbing coating
nonreflecting coating