The creation of a high-fidelity finite element model of the kidney for use in trauma research

Abstract: A detailed finite element model of the human kidney for trauma research has been created directly from the National Library of Medicine Visible Human Female (VHF) Project data set. An image segmentation and organ reconstruction software package has been developed and employed to transform the 2D VHF images into a 3D polygonal representation. Nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces were then mapped to the polygonal surfaces, and were finally utilized to create a robust 3D hexahedral finite element mesh within a commercially available meshing software. The model employs a combined viscoelastic and hyperelastic material model to successfully simulate the behaviour of biological soft tissues. The finite element model was then validated for use in biomechanical research

the creation of a high-fidel finit element model of the kidney for use in trauma research
 a detail finit element model of the human kidney for trauma research ha been creat directli from the nation librari of medicin visibl human femal ( vhf ) project data set . an imag segment and organ reconstruct softwar packag ha been develop and employ to transform the 2d vhf imag into a 3d polygon represent . nonuniform ration b-spline ( nurb ) surfac were then map to the polygon surfac , and were final util to creat a robust 3d hexahedr finit element mesh within a commerci avail mesh softwar . the model employ a combin viscoelast and hyperelast materi model to success simul the behaviour of biolog soft tissu . the finit element model wa then valid for use in biomechan research

high-fidelity finite element model
kidney
trauma research
National Library of Medicine
image segmentation
organ reconstruction
software package
2D VHF images
3D polygonal representation
NURBS
polygonal surfaces
3D hexahedral finite element mesh
hyperelastic material model
biological soft tissues
biomechanical research
Visible Human Female project
medical data set
physically based animation
nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces
viscoelastic model


Hybrid simulation of space plasmas: models with massless fluid representation of electrons. IV. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

Abstract: For pt.III. see Prikl. Mat. Informatika, MAKS Press, no. 4, p. 5-56 (2000). This is a survey of the literature on hybrid simulation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We start with a brief review of the theory: the simplest model of the instability - a transition layer in the form of a tangential discontinuity; compressibility of the medium; finite size of the velocity shear region; pressure anisotropy. We then describe the electromagnetic hybrid model (ions as particles and electrons as a massless fluid) and the main numerical schemes. We review the studies on two-dimensional and three-dimensional hybrid simulation of the process of particle mixing across the magnetopause shear layer driven by the onset of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The article concludes with a survey of literature on hybrid simulation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in finite-size objects: jets moving across the magnetic field in the middle of the field reversal layer; interaction between a magnetized plasma flow and a cylindrical plasma source with zero own magnetic field

hybrid simul of space plasma : model with massless fluid represent of electron . iv . kelvin-helmholtz instabl
 for pt . iii . see prikl . mat . informatika , mak press , no . 4 , p. 5 - 56 ( 2000 ) . thi is a survey of the literatur on hybrid simul of the kelvin-helmholtz instabl . we start with a brief review of the theori : the simplest model of the instabl - a transit layer in the form of a tangenti discontinu ; compress of the medium ; finit size of the veloc shear region ; pressur anisotropi . we then describ the electromagnet hybrid model ( ion as particl and electron as a massless fluid ) and the main numer scheme . we review the studi on two-dimension and three-dimension hybrid simul of the process of particl mix across the magnetopaus shear layer driven by the onset of a kelvin-helmholtz instabl . the articl conclud with a survey of literatur on hybrid simul of the kelvin-helmholtz instabl in finite-s object : jet move across the magnet field in the middl of the field revers layer ; interact between a magnet plasma flow and a cylindr plasma sourc with zero own magnet field

hybrid simulation
space plasmas
massless fluid representation
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
transition layer
tangential discontinuity
pressure anisotropy
electromagnetic hybrid model
three-dimensional hybrid simulation
magnetopause shear layer
field reversal layer
magnetized plasma flow
cylindrical plasma source


On-line Homework/Quiz/Exam applet: freely available Java software for evaluating performance on line

Abstract: The Homework/Quiz/Exam applet is a freely available Java program that can be used to evaluate student performance on line for any content authored by a teacher. It has database connectivity so that student scores are automatically recorded. It allows several different types of questions. Each question can be linked to images and detailed story problems. Three levels of feedback are provided to student responses. It allows teachers to randomize the sequence of questions and to randomize which of several options is the correct answer in multiple-choice questions. The creation and editing of questions involves menu selections, button presses, and the typing of content; no programming knowledge is required. The code is open source in order to encourage modifications that will meet individual pedagogical needs

on-lin homework / quiz / exam applet : freeli avail java softwar for evalu perform on line
 the homework / quiz / exam applet is a freeli avail java program that can be use to evalu student perform on line for ani content author by a teacher . it ha databas connect so that student score are automat record . it allow sever differ type of question . each question can be link to imag and detail stori problem . three level of feedback are provid to student respons . it allow teacher to random the sequenc of question and to random which of sever option is the correct answer in multiple-choic question . the creation and edit of question involv menu select , button press , and the type of content ; no program knowledg is requir . the code is open sourc in order to encourag modif that will meet individu pedagog need

freely available Java software
database connectivity
images
detailed story problems
feedback
multiple-choice questions
menu selections
button presses
individual pedagogical needs
online Homework/Quiz/Exam applet
online student performance evaluation
teacher authored content
automatic student score recording
randomized question sequence
question editing
question creation
typing content


A conceptual framework for evaluation of information technology investments

Abstract: The decision to acquire a new information technology poses a number of serious evaluation and selection problems to technology managers, because the new system must not only meet current information requirements of the organisation, but also the needs for future expansion. Tangible and intangible benefits factors, as well as risks factors, must be identified and evaluated. The paper provides a review of ten major evaluation categories and available models, which fall under each category, showing their advantages and disadvantages in handling the above difficulties. This paper describes strategic implications involved in the selection decision, and the inherent difficulties in: (1) choosing or developing a model, (2) obtaining realistic inputs for the model, and (3) making tradeoffs among the conflicting factors. It proposes a conceptual framework to help the decision maker in choosing the most appropriate methodology in the evaluation process. It also offers a new model, called GAHP, for the evaluation problem combining integer goal linear programming and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a single hybrid multiple objective multi-criteria model. A goal programming methodology, with zero-one integer variables and mixed integer constraints, is used to set goal target values against which information technology alternatives are evaluated and selected. AHP is used to structure the evaluation process providing pairwise comparison mechanisms to quantify subjective, nonmonetary, intangible benefits and risks factors, in deriving data for the model. A case illustration is provided showing how GAHP can be formulated and solved

a conceptu framework for evalu of inform technolog invest
 the decis to acquir a new inform technolog pose a number of seriou evalu and select problem to technolog manag , becaus the new system must not onli meet current inform requir of the organis , but also the need for futur expans . tangibl and intang benefit factor , as well as risk factor , must be identifi and evalu . the paper provid a review of ten major evalu categori and avail model , which fall under each categori , show their advantag and disadvantag in handl the abov difficulti . thi paper describ strateg implic involv in the select decis , and the inher difficulti in : ( 1 ) choos or develop a model , ( 2 ) obtain realist input for the model , and ( 3 ) make tradeoff among the conflict factor . it propos a conceptu framework to help the decis maker in choos the most appropri methodolog in the evalu process . it also offer a new model , call gahp , for the evalu problem combin integ goal linear program and analyt hierarchi process ( ahp ) in a singl hybrid multipl object multi-criteria model . a goal program methodolog , with zero-on integ variabl and mix integ constraint , is use to set goal target valu against which inform technolog altern are evalu and select . ahp is use to structur the evalu process provid pairwis comparison mechan to quantifi subject , nonmonetari , intang benefit and risk factor , in deriv data for the model . a case illustr is provid show how gahp can be formul and solv


Aim for the enterprise: Microsoft Project 2002

Abstract: A long-time favorite of project managers, Microsoft Project 2002 is making its enterprise debut. Its new Web-based collaboration tools and improved scalability with OLAP support make it much easier to manage multiple Web projects with disparate workgroups and budgets

aim for the enterpris : microsoft project 2002
 a long-tim favorit of project manag , microsoft project 2002 is make it enterpris debut . it new web-bas collabor tool and improv scalabl with olap support make it much easier to manag multipl web project with dispar workgroup and budget

Microsoft Project 2002
Web-based collaboration tools
scalability
OLAP support
workgroups
budgets
multiple Web project management


Quality image metrics for synthetic images based on perceptual color differences

Abstract: Due to the improvement of image rendering processes, and the increasing importance of quantitative comparisons among synthetic color images, it is essential to define perceptually based metrics which enable to objectively assess the visual quality of digital simulations. In response to this need, this paper proposes a new methodology for the determination of an objective image quality metric, and gives an answer to this problem through three metrics. This methodology is based on the LLAB color space for perception of color in complex images, a modification of the CIELab1976 color space. The first metric proposed is a pixel by pixel metric which introduces a local distance map between two images. The second metric associates, to a pair of images, a global value. Finally, the third metric uses a recursive subdivision of the images to obtain an adaptative distance map, rougher but less expensive to compute than the first method

qualiti imag metric for synthet imag base on perceptu color differ
 due to the improv of imag render process , and the increas import of quantit comparison among synthet color imag , it is essenti to defin perceptu base metric which enabl to object assess the visual qualiti of digit simul . in respons to thi need , thi paper propos a new methodolog for the determin of an object imag qualiti metric , and give an answer to thi problem through three metric . thi methodolog is base on the llab color space for percept of color in complex imag , a modif of the cielab1976 color space . the first metric propos is a pixel by pixel metric which introduc a local distanc map between two imag . the second metric associ , to a pair of imag , a global valu . final , the third metric use a recurs subdivis of the imag to obtain an adapt distanc map , rougher but less expens to comput than the first method

quality image metrics
synthetic images
perceptual color differences
image rendering
color images
perceptually based metrics
visual quality
digital simulations
LLAB color space
CIELab1976 color space
pixel by pixel metric
local distance map
global value
recursive subdivision
adaptative distance map


More constructions for Boolean algebras

Abstract: We construct Boolean algebras with prescribed behaviour concerning depth for the free product of two Boolean algebras over a third, in ZFC using pcf; assuming squares we get results on ultraproducts. We also deal with the family of cardinalities and topological density of homomorphic images of Boolean algebras (you can translate it to topology-on the cardinalities of closed subspaces); and lastly we deal with inequalities between cardinal invariants, mainly d(B)/sup kappa /<|B| implies ind(B)>/sup kappa /V Depth(B)>or=log(|B|)

more construct for boolean algebra
 we construct boolean algebra with prescrib behaviour concern depth for the free product of two boolean algebra over a third , in zfc use pcf ; assum squar we get result on ultraproduct . we also deal with the famili of cardin and topolog densiti of homomorph imag of boolean algebra ( you can translat it to topology-on the cardin of close subspac ) ; and lastli we deal with inequ between cardin invari , mainli d(b)/sup kappa /<|b| impli ind(b)>/sup kappa /v depth(b)>or = log(|b| )

Boolean algebras
prescribed behaviour
free product
ZFC
ultraproducts
homomorphic images
cardinal invariants


System embedding. Polynomial equations

Abstract: The class of solutions of the polynomial equations including their generalizations in the form of the Bezout matrix identities was constructed analytically using the technology of constructive system embedding. The structure of a solution depends on the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm and is obtained explicitly by appropriate substitutions. Illustrative and descriptive examples are presented

system embed . polynomi equat
 the class of solut of the polynomi equat includ their gener in the form of the bezout matrix ident wa construct analyt use the technolog of construct system embed . the structur of a solut depend on the number of step of the euclidean algorithm and is obtain explicitli by appropri substitut . illustr and descript exampl are present

polynomial equations
Bezout matrix identities
constructive system embedding
Euclidean algorithm
determinate systems


MEMS applications in computer disk drive dual-stage servo systems

Abstract: We present a decoupled discrete time pole placement design method, which can be combined with a self-tuning scheme to compensate variations in the microactuator's (MA's) resonance mode. Section I of the paper describes the design and fabrication of a prototype microactuator with an integrated gimbal structure. Section II presents a decoupled track-following controller design and a self-tuning control scheme to compensate for the MA's resonance mode variations

mem applic in comput disk drive dual-stag servo system
 we present a decoupl discret time pole placement design method , which can be combin with a self-tun scheme to compens variat in the microactu 's ( ma 's ) reson mode . section i of the paper describ the design and fabric of a prototyp microactu with an integr gimbal structur . section ii present a decoupl track-follow control design and a self-tun control scheme to compens for the ma 's reson mode variat


Dynamical transition to periodic motions of a recurrent bus induced by nonstops

Abstract: We study the dynamical behavior of a recurrent bus on a circular route with many bus stops when the recurrent bus passes some bus stops without stopping. The recurrent time (one period) is described in terms of a nonlinear map. It is shown that the recurrent bus exhibits the complex periodic behaviors. The dynamical transitions to periodic motions occur by increasing nonstops. The periodic motions depend on the property of an attractor of the nonlinear map. The period n of the attractor varies sensitively with the number of nonstops

dynam transit to period motion of a recurr bu induc by nonstop
 we studi the dynam behavior of a recurr bu on a circular rout with mani bu stop when the recurr bu pass some bu stop without stop . the recurr time ( one period ) is describ in term of a nonlinear map . it is shown that the recurr bu exhibit the complex period behavior . the dynam transit to period motion occur by increas nonstop . the period motion depend on the properti of an attractor of the nonlinear map . the period n of the attractor vari sensit with the number of nonstop

dynamical transition
periodic motions
recurrent bus
nonstops
circular route
recurrent time
nonlinear map
complex periodic behaviors
attractor


Rapid microwell polymerase chain reaction with subsequent ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis of DNA

Abstract: Large-scale genotyping, mapping and expression profiling require affordable, fully automated high-throughput devices enabling rapid, high-performance analysis using minute quantities of reagents. In this paper, we describe a new combination of microwell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based DNA amplification technique with automated ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis analysis of the resulting products. This technique decreases the reagent consumption (total reaction volume 0.75-1 mu L), the time requirement of the PCR (15-20 min) and subsequent ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis based fragment analysis (5 min) by automating the current manual procedure and reducing the human intervention using sample loading robots and computerized real time data analysis. Small aliquots (0.2 mu L) of the submicroliter size PCR reaction were transferred onto loading membranes and analyzed by ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis which is a novel, high-performance and automated microseparation technique. This system employs integrated scanning laser-induced fluorescence-avalanche photodiode detection and combines the advantages of conventional slab and capillary gel electrophoresis. Visualization of the DNA fragments was accomplished by "in migratio" complexation with ethidium bromide during the electrophoresis process also enabling real time imaging and data analysis

rapid microwel polymeras chain reaction with subsequ ultrathin-lay gel electrophoresi of dna
 large-scal genotyp , map and express profil requir afford , fulli autom high-throughput devic enabl rapid , high-perform analysi use minut quantiti of reagent . in thi paper , we describ a new combin of microwel polymeras chain reaction ( pcr ) base dna amplif techniqu with autom ultrathin-lay gel electrophoresi analysi of the result product . thi techniqu decreas the reagent consumpt ( total reaction volum 0.75 - 1 mu l ) , the time requir of the pcr ( 15 - 20 min ) and subsequ ultrathin-lay gel electrophoresi base fragment analysi ( 5 min ) by autom the current manual procedur and reduc the human intervent use sampl load robot and computer real time data analysi . small aliquot ( 0.2 mu l ) of the submicrolit size pcr reaction were transfer onto load membran and analyz by ultrathin-lay gel electrophoresi which is a novel , high-perform and autom microsepar techniqu . thi system employ integr scan laser-induc fluorescence-avalanch photodiod detect and combin the advantag of convent slab and capillari gel electrophoresi . visual of the dna fragment wa accomplish by " in migratio " complex with ethidium bromid dure the electrophoresi process also enabl real time imag and data analysi

rapid microwell polymerase chain reaction


Virtual borders, real laws [Internet activity and treaties]

Abstract: National governments are working to tame activity on the Internet. They have worked steadily to extend control over online activities that they believe affect their interests, even when the activities occur outside their borders. These usually involve what governments regard as their domain: protecting public order, enforcing commercial laws, and, occasionally, protecting consumer interests. Methods have included assertions or legal jurisdiction based on where material is accessible instead of where it originates, and the blocking of sites, service providers, or entire high level domains from access by citizens. Such instances are mentioned in this article. Whilst larger companies are able to defend themselves against overseas lawsuits, individuals and smaller organizations lack the resources to defend what are often normal business activities at home, but could violate the laws of local jurisdictions in countries around the world. The problems of libel are discussed as are the blocking of certain sites by certain countries. Efforts to draw up Internet treaties are also mentioned

virtual border , real law [ internet activ and treati ]
 nation govern are work to tame activ on the internet . they have work steadili to extend control over onlin activ that they believ affect their interest , even when the activ occur outsid their border . these usual involv what govern regard as their domain : protect public order , enforc commerci law , and , occasion , protect consum interest . method have includ assert or legal jurisdict base on where materi is access instead of where it origin , and the block of site , servic provid , or entir high level domain from access by citizen . such instanc are mention in thi articl . whilst larger compani are abl to defend themselv against oversea lawsuit , individu and smaller organ lack the resourc to defend what are often normal busi activ at home , but could violat the law of local jurisdict in countri around the world . the problem of libel are discuss as are the block of certain site by certain countri . effort to draw up internet treati are also mention

Internet activity
national governments
online activities
legal jurisdiction
lawsuits
Internet treaties
public order protection
commercial laws enforcement
consumer interests protection
Internet sites blocking


Managing safety and strategic stocks to improve materials requirements planning performance

Abstract: This paper provides a methodology for managing safety and strategic stocks in materials requirements planning (MRP) environments to face uncertainty in market demand. A set of recommended guidelines suggest where to position, how to dimension and when to replenish both safety and strategic stocks. Trade-offs between stock positioning and dimensioning and between stock positioning and replenishment order triggering are outlined. The study reveals also that most of the decisions are system specific, so that they should be evaluated in a quantitative manner through simulation. A case study is reported, where the benefits from adopting the new proposed methodology lie in achieving the target service level even under peak demand conditions, with the value of safety stocks as a whole growing only by about 20 per cent

manag safeti and strateg stock to improv materi requir plan perform
 thi paper provid a methodolog for manag safeti and strateg stock in materi requir plan ( mrp ) environ to face uncertainti in market demand . a set of recommend guidelin suggest where to posit , how to dimens and when to replenish both safeti and strateg stock . trade-off between stock posit and dimens and between stock posit and replenish order trigger are outlin . the studi reveal also that most of the decis are system specif , so that they should be evalu in a quantit manner through simul . a case studi is report , where the benefit from adopt the new propos methodolog lie in achiev the target servic level even under peak demand condit , with the valu of safeti stock as a whole grow onli by about 20 per cent

strategic stocks
materials requirements planning
MRP
market demand
service level
peak demand
safety stocks
inventory management
variance control
stock replenishment


Fresh voices, big ideas [IBM internship program]

Abstract: IBM is matching up computer-science and MBA students with its business managers in an 11-week summer internship program and challenging them to develop innovative technology ideas

fresh voic , big idea [ ibm internship program ]
 ibm is match up computer-sci and mba student with it busi manag in an 11-week summer internship program and challeng them to develop innov technolog idea

internship program
IBM business managers
MBA college students
computer-science students
patents


Randomized two-process wait-free test-and-set

Abstract: We present the first explicit, and currently simplest, randomized algorithm for two-process wait-free test-and-set. It is implemented with two 4-valued single writer single reader atomic variables. A test-and-set takes at most 11 expected elementary steps, while a reset takes exactly 1 elementary step. Based on a finite-state analysis, the proofs of correctness and expected length are compressed into one table

random two-process wait-fre test-and-set
 we present the first explicit , and current simplest , random algorithm for two-process wait-fre test-and-set . it is implement with two 4-valu singl writer singl reader atom variabl . a test-and-set take at most 11 expect elementari step , while a reset take exactli 1 elementari step . base on a finite-st analysi , the proof of correct and expect length are compress into one tabl

randomized two-process wait-free test-and-set


Online auctions: dynamic pricing and the lodging industry

Abstract: The traditional channels of distribution for overnight accommodation are rapidly being displaced by Web site scripting, online intermediaries, and specialty brokers. Businesses that pioneered Internet usage relied on it as a sales and marketing alternative to predecessor product distribution channels. As such, Web sites replace the traditional trading model to the Internet. Web-enabled companies are popular because the medium renders the process faster, less costly, highly reliable, and secure. Auction-based models impact business models by converting the price setting mechanism from supplier-centric to market-centric and transforming the trading model from "one to many" to "many to many." Historically, pricing was based on the cost of production plus a margin of profit. Traditionally, as products and services move through the supply chain, from the producer to the consumer, various intermediaries added their share of profit to the price. As Internet based mediums of distribution become more prevalent, traditional pricing models are being supplanted with dynamic pricing. A dynamic pricing model represents a flexible system that changes prices not only from product to product, but also from customer to customer and transaction to transaction. Many industry leaders are skeptical of the long run impact of online auctions on lodging industry profit margins, despite the fact pricing theory suggests that an increase in the flow of information results in efficient market pricing. The future of such endeavors remains promising, but controversial

onlin auction : dynam price and the lodg industri
 the tradit channel of distribut for overnight accommod are rapidli be displac by web site script , onlin intermediari , and specialti broker . busi that pioneer internet usag reli on it as a sale and market altern to predecessor product distribut channel . as such , web site replac the tradit trade model to the internet . web-en compani are popular becaus the medium render the process faster , less costli , highli reliabl , and secur . auction-bas model impact busi model by convert the price set mechan from supplier-centr to market-centr and transform the trade model from " one to mani " to " mani to mani . " histor , price wa base on the cost of product plu a margin of profit . tradit , as product and servic move through the suppli chain , from the produc to the consum , variou intermediari ad their share of profit to the price . as internet base medium of distribut becom more preval , tradit price model are be supplant with dynam price . a dynam price model repres a flexibl system that chang price not onli from product to product , but also from custom to custom and transact to transact . mani industri leader are skeptic of the long run impact of onlin auction on lodg industri profit margin , despit the fact price theori suggest that an increas in the flow of inform result in effici market price . the futur of such endeavor remain promis , but controversi

online auctions
dynamic pricing
lodging industry
overnight accommodations
Web site scripting
online intermediaries
specialty brokers
Internet usage
sales
marketing
trading model
business models
price setting mechanism
supply chain


Nonlinear extrapolation algorithm for realization of a scalar random process

Abstract: A method of construction of a nonlinear extrapolation algorithm is proposed. This method makes it possible to take into account any nonlinear random dependences that exist in an investigated process and are described by mixed central moment functions. The method is based on the V. S. Pugachev canonical decomposition apparatus. As an example, the problem of nonlinear extrapolation is solved for a moment function of third order

nonlinear extrapol algorithm for realiz of a scalar random process
 a method of construct of a nonlinear extrapol algorithm is propos . thi method make it possibl to take into account ani nonlinear random depend that exist in an investig process and are describ by mix central moment function . the method is base on the v. s. pugachev canon decomposit apparatu . as an exampl , the problem of nonlinear extrapol is solv for a moment function of third order

nonlinear extrapolation algorithm
scalar random process
nonlinear random dependences
mixed central moment functions
moment function
canonical decomposition apparatus


Trusted...or...trustworthy: the search for a new paradigm for computer and network security

Abstract: This paper sets out a number of major questions and challenges which include: (a) just what is meant by `trusted' or `trustworthy' systems after 20 years of experience, or more likely, lack of business level experience, with the 'trusted computer system' criteria anyway; (b) does anyone really care about the adoption of international standards for computer system security evaluation by IT product and system manufacturers and suppliers (IS 15408) and, if so, how does it all relate to business risk management anyway (IS 17799); (c) with the explosion of adoption of the microcomputer and personal computer some 20 years ago, has the industry abandoned all that it learnt about security during the `mainframe era'; or - `whatever happened to MULTICS' and its lessons; (d) has education kept up with security requirements by industry and government alike in the need for safe and secure operation of large scale and networked information systems on national and international bases, particularly where Web or Internet-based information services are being proposed as the major `next best thing' in the IT industry; (e) has the `fourth generation' of computer professionals inherited the spirit of information systems management and control that resided by necessity with the last `generation', the professionals who developed and created the applications for shared mainframe and minicomputer systems?

trust ... or ... trustworthi : the search for a new paradigm for comput and network secur
 thi paper set out a number of major question and challeng which includ : ( a ) just what is meant by ` trust ' or ` trustworthi ' system after 20 year of experi , or more like , lack of busi level experi , with the ' trust comput system ' criteria anyway ; ( b ) doe anyon realli care about the adopt of intern standard for comput system secur evalu by it product and system manufactur and supplier ( is 15408 ) and , if so , how doe it all relat to busi risk manag anyway ( is 17799 ) ; ( c ) with the explos of adopt of the microcomput and person comput some 20 year ago , ha the industri abandon all that it learnt about secur dure the ` mainfram era ' ; or - ` whatev happen to multic ' and it lesson ; ( d ) ha educ kept up with secur requir by industri and govern alik in the need for safe and secur oper of larg scale and network inform system on nation and intern base , particularli where web or internet-bas inform servic are be propos as the major ` next best thing ' in the it industri ; ( e ) ha the ` fourth gener ' of comput profession inherit the spirit of inform system manag and control that resid by necess with the last ` gener ' , the profession who develop and creat the applic for share mainfram and minicomput system ?

fourth generation computer professionals


The social impact of Internet gambling

Abstract: Technology has always played a role in the development of gambling practices and continues to provide new market opportunities. One of the fastest growing areas is that of Internet gambling. The effect of such technologies should not be accepted uncritically, particularly as there may be areas of potential concern based on what is known about problem gambling offline. This article has three aims. First, it overviews some of the main social concerns about the rise of Internet gambling. Second, it looks at the limited research that has been carried out in this area. Third, it examines whether Internet gambling is doubly addictive, given research that suggests that the Internet can be addictive itself. It is concluded that technological developments in Internet gambling will increase the potential for problem gambling globally, but that many of the ideas and speculations outlined in this article need to be addressed further by large-scale empirical studies

the social impact of internet gambl
 technolog ha alway play a role in the develop of gambl practic and continu to provid new market opportun . one of the fastest grow area is that of internet gambl . the effect of such technolog should not be accept uncrit , particularli as there may be area of potenti concern base on what is known about problem gambl offlin . thi articl ha three aim . first , it overview some of the main social concern about the rise of internet gambl . second , it look at the limit research that ha been carri out in thi area . third , it examin whether internet gambl is doubli addict , given research that suggest that the internet can be addict itself . it is conclud that technolog develop in internet gambl will increas the potenti for problem gambl global , but that mani of the idea and specul outlin in thi articl need to be address further by large-scal empir studi

social impact
Internet gambling
market opportunities
addiction
technological developments
electronic cash
psychology


Industry insiders loading up on cheap company stock

Abstract: A surge of telecom executives and directors purchasing their own companies, stock in the last two months points toward a renewed optimism in the beleaguered sector, say some observers, who view the rash of insider buying as a vote of confidence from management. Airgate PCS, Charter Communications, Cox Communications, Crown Castle International, Nextel Communications and Nortel Networks all have seen infusions of insider investment this summer, echoing trends in both the telecom industry and the national economy

industri insid load up on cheap compani stock
 a surg of telecom execut and director purchas their own compani , stock in the last two month point toward a renew optim in the beleagu sector , say some observ , who view the rash of insid buy as a vote of confid from manag . airgat pc , charter commun , cox commun , crown castl intern , nextel commun and nortel network all have seen infus of insid invest thi summer , echo trend in both the telecom industri and the nation economi


Fault-tolerant Hamiltonian laceability of hypercubes

Abstract: It is known that every hypercube Q/sub n/ is a bipartite graph. Assume that n>or=2 and F is a subset of edges with |F|<or=n-2. We prove that there exists a Hamiltonian path in Q/sub n/-F between any two vertices of different partite sets. Moreover, there exists a path of length 2/sup n/-2 between any two vertices of the same partite set. Assume that n>or=3 and F is a subset of edges with |F|<or=n-3. We prove that there exists a Hamiltonian path in Q/sub n/-{v}-F between any two vertices in the partite set without v. Furthermore, all bounds are tight

fault-toler hamiltonian laceabl of hypercub
 it is known that everi hypercub q / sub n/ is a bipartit graph . assum that n > or=2 and f is a subset of edg with |f|<or = n-2 . we prove that there exist a hamiltonian path in q / sub n/-f between ani two vertic of differ partit set . moreov , there exist a path of length 2 / sup n/-2 between ani two vertic of the same partit set . assum that n > or=3 and f is a subset of edg with |f|<or = n-3 . we prove that there exist a hamiltonian path in q / sub n/-{v}-f between ani two vertic in the partit set without v. furthermor , all bound are tight

fault-tolerant Hamiltonian laceability
hypercubes
bipartite graph
Hamiltonian path
vertices
partite sets
edge subset
tight bounds


Information architecture without internal theory: an inductive design process

Abstract: This article suggests that Information Architecture (IA) design is primarily an inductive process. Although top-level goals, user attributes and available content are periodically considered, the process involves bottom-up design activities. IA is inductive partly because it lacks internal theory, and partly because it is an activity that supports emergent phenomena (user experiences) from basic design components. The nature of IA design is well described by Constructive Induction (CI), a design process that involves locating the best representational framework for the design problem, identifying a solution within that framework and translating it back to the design problem at hand. The future of IA, if it remains inductive or develops a body of theory (or both), is considered

inform architectur without intern theori : an induct design process
 thi articl suggest that inform architectur ( ia ) design is primarili an induct process . although top-level goal , user attribut and avail content are period consid , the process involv bottom-up design activ . ia is induct partli becaus it lack intern theori , and partli becaus it is an activ that support emerg phenomena ( user experi ) from basic design compon . the natur of ia design is well describ by construct induct ( ci ) , a design process that involv locat the best represent framework for the design problem , identifi a solut within that framework and translat it back to the design problem at hand . the futur of ia , if it remain induct or develop a bodi of theori ( or both ) , is consid

internal theory
inductive design process
bottom-up design activities
emergent phenomena
user experiences
constructive induction
information architecture design


Nissan v. Nissan [trademark dispute]

Abstract: Is a trademark dispute a case of David v. Goliath or a corporation fending off a greedy opportunist? This paper discusses the case of Uzi Nissan, who is locked in a multimillion-dollar legal battle over whether or not his use of the nissan.com Internet domain name infringes upon Japan's Nissan Motor Co.'s trademark. At the heart of the matter is the impact of the global Internet on trademark law, which traditionally has been strongly influenced by geographic considerations. The paper discusses the background to the case from both sides and the issues involved

nissan v. nissan [ trademark disput ]
 is a trademark disput a case of david v. goliath or a corpor fend off a greedi opportunist ? thi paper discuss the case of uzi nissan , who is lock in a multimillion-dollar legal battl over whether or not hi use of the nissan.com internet domain name infring upon japan 's nissan motor co. 's trademark . at the heart of the matter is the impact of the global internet on trademark law , which tradit ha been strongli influenc by geograph consider . the paper discuss the background to the case from both side and the issu involv

trademark dispute
Uzi Nissan
nissan.com Internet domain name
global Internet
trademark law
Nissan Motor Company trademark


A digital-to-analog converter based on differential-quad switching

Abstract: A high-conversion-rate high-resolution oversampling digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for direct digital modulation is addressed in this paper. A new type of switching scheme, called differential-quad switching, is presented. To verify the feasibility of this scheme, essential parts with some auxiliary circuitry for interfacing were fabricated in a 0.8- mu m CMOS technology. Measured results show that the switching scheme provides 11-b resolution at 100 MSamples/s and 6-b at 1 GSamples/s. The degradation in signal-to-noise ratio is not observed for the variation of the supply voltage down to 1.5 V, which means the proposed scheme is suitable for low-voltage applications

a digital-to-analog convert base on differential-quad switch
 a high-conversion-r high-resolut oversampl digital-to-analog convert ( dac ) for direct digit modul is address in thi paper . a new type of switch scheme , call differential-quad switch , is present . to verifi the feasibl of thi scheme , essenti part with some auxiliari circuitri for interfac were fabric in a 0.8- mu m cmo technolog . measur result show that the switch scheme provid 11-b resolut at 100 msampl / s and 6-b at 1 gsampl / s. the degrad in signal-to-nois ratio is not observ for the variat of the suppli voltag down to 1.5 v , which mean the propos scheme is suitabl for low-voltag applic

digital-to-analog converter
differential-quad switching
direct digital modulation
CMOS technology
signal-to-noise ratio
1.5 V
high-conversion-rate DAC
high-resolution DAC
oversampling DAC
SNR
0.8 micron


Diffraction limit for a circular mask with a periodic rectangular apertures array

Abstract: A mask with periodic apertures imaging system is adopted very widely and plays a leading role in modern technology for uses such as pinhole cameras, coded imaging systems, optical information processing, etc. because of its high resolution, its infinite depth of focus, and its usefulness over a broad frequency spectra ranging from visible light to X-rays and gamma rays. While the masks with periodic apertures investigated in the literature are limited only to far-field diffraction, they do not take the shift of apertures within the mask into consideration. Therefore the derivation of the far-field diffraction for a single aperture cannot be applied to a mask with periodic apertures. The far-field diffraction formula modified for a multiaperture mask has been proposed in the past, the analysis remains too complicated to offer some practical guidance for mask design. We study a circular mask with periodic rectangular apertures and develop an easier way to interpret it. First, the near-field diffraction intensity of a circular aperture is calculated by means of Lommel's function. Then the convolution of the circular mask diffraction with periodic rectangular apertures is put together, and we can present a simple mathematical tool to analyze the mask properties including the intensity distribution, blurring aberration, and the criterion of defining the far- or near-field diffraction. This concept can also be expanded to analyze different types of masks with the arbitrarily shaped apertures

diffract limit for a circular mask with a period rectangular apertur array
 a mask with period apertur imag system is adopt veri wide and play a lead role in modern technolog for use such as pinhol camera , code imag system , optic inform process , etc . becaus of it high resolut , it infinit depth of focu , and it use over a broad frequenc spectra rang from visibl light to x-ray and gamma ray . while the mask with period apertur investig in the literatur are limit onli to far-field diffract , they do not take the shift of apertur within the mask into consider . therefor the deriv of the far-field diffract for a singl apertur can not be appli to a mask with period apertur . the far-field diffract formula modifi for a multiapertur mask ha been propos in the past , the analysi remain too complic to offer some practic guidanc for mask design . we studi a circular mask with period rectangular apertur and develop an easier way to interpret it . first , the near-field diffract intens of a circular apertur is calcul by mean of lommel 's function . then the convolut of the circular mask diffract with period rectangular apertur is put togeth , and we can present a simpl mathemat tool to analyz the mask properti includ the intens distribut , blur aberr , and the criterion of defin the far- or near-field diffract . thi concept can also be expand to analyz differ type of mask with the arbitrarili shape apertur

diffraction limit
circular mask
mask
periodic rectangular apertures array
periodic rectangular apertures
periodic apertures
pinhole cameras
coded imaging systems
optical information processing
high resolution
infinite depth of focus
broad frequency spectra
visible light
gamma rays
far-field diffraction
single aperture
far-field diffraction formula
multiaperture mask
near-field diffraction
convolution
circular mask diffraction
arbitrarily shaped apertures
x rays

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P M


Model intestinal microflora in computer simulation: a simulation and modeling package for host-microflora interactions

Abstract: The ecology of the human intestinal microflora and its interaction with the host are poorly understood. Though more and more data are being acquired, in part using modern molecular methods, development of a quantitative theory has not kept pace with this increase in observing power. This is in part due to the complexity of the system and to the lack of simulation environments in which to test what the ecological effect of a hypothetical mechanism of interaction would be, before resorting to laboratory experiments. The MIMICS project attempts to address this through the development of a cellular automaton for simulation of the intestinal microflora. In this paper, the design and evaluation of this simulator is discussed

model intestin microflora in comput simul : a simul and model packag for host-microflora interact
 the ecolog of the human intestin microflora and it interact with the host are poorli understood . though more and more data are be acquir , in part use modern molecular method , develop of a quantit theori ha not kept pace with thi increas in observ power . thi is in part due to the complex of the system and to the lack of simul environ in which to test what the ecolog effect of a hypothet mechan of interact would be , befor resort to laboratori experi . the mimic project attempt to address thi through the develop of a cellular automaton for simul of the intestin microflora . in thi paper , the design and evalu of thi simul is discuss

intestinal microflora
host-microflora interactions
human intestines
molecular methods
quantitative theory
observing power
MIMICS project
system complexity
microbial ecology
parallel computing
complex microbial ecosystem


Product and process innovations in the life cycle of an industry

Abstract: Filson (2001) uses industry-level data on firm numbers, price, quantity and quality along with an equilibrium model of industry evolution to estimate the nature and effects of quality and cost improvements in the personal computer industry and four other new industries. This paper studies the personal computer industry in more detail and shows that the model explains some peculiar patterns that cannot be explained by previous life-cycle models. The model estimates are evaluated using historical studies of the evolution of the personal computer industry and patterns that require further model development are described

product and process innov in the life cycl of an industri
 filson ( 2001 ) use industry-level data on firm number , price , quantiti and qualiti along with an equilibrium model of industri evolut to estim the natur and effect of qualiti and cost improv in the person comput industri and four other new industri . thi paper studi the person comput industri in more detail and show that the model explain some peculiar pattern that can not be explain by previou life-cycl model . the model estim are evalu use histor studi of the evolut of the person comput industri and pattern that requir further model develop are describ

equilibrium model
industry evolution
life-cycle models
technological change
industry dynamics
personal computer market
microelectronics
PC industry
production cost


A formal model of computing with words

Abstract: Classical automata are formal models of computing with values. Fuzzy automata are generalizations of classical automata where the knowledge about the system's next state is vague or uncertain. It is worth noting that like classical automata, fuzzy automata can only process strings of input symbols. Therefore, such fuzzy automata are still (abstract) devices for computing with values, although a certain vagueness or uncertainty are involved in the process of computation. We introduce a new kind of fuzzy automata whose inputs are instead strings of fuzzy subsets of the input alphabet. These new fuzzy automata may serve as formal models of computing with words. We establish an extension principle from computing with values to computing with words. This principle indicates that computing with words can be implemented with computing with values with the price of a big amount of extra computations

a formal model of comput with word
 classic automata are formal model of comput with valu . fuzzi automata are gener of classic automata where the knowledg about the system 's next state is vagu or uncertain . it is worth note that like classic automata , fuzzi automata can onli process string of input symbol . therefor , such fuzzi automata are still ( abstract ) devic for comput with valu , although a certain vagu or uncertainti are involv in the process of comput . we introduc a new kind of fuzzi automata whose input are instead string of fuzzi subset of the input alphabet . these new fuzzi automata may serv as formal model of comput with word . we establish an extens principl from comput with valu to comput with word . thi principl indic that comput with word can be implement with comput with valu with the price of a big amount of extra comput

formal model
computing with words
fuzzy automata
fuzzy subsets
input alphabet
extension principle
pushdown automata


Noise effect on memory recall in dynamical neural network model of hippocampus

Abstract: We investigate some noise effect on a neural network model proposed by Araki and Aihara (1998) for the memory recall of dynamical patterns in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex; the noise effect is important since the release of transmitters at synaptic clefts, the operation of gate of ion channels and so on are known as stochastic phenomena. We consider two kinds of noise effect due to a deterministic noise and a stochastic noise. By numerical simulations, we find that reasonable values of noise give better performance on the memory recall of dynamical patterns. Furthermore we investigate the effect of the strength of external inputs on the memory recall

nois effect on memori recal in dynam neural network model of hippocampu
 we investig some nois effect on a neural network model propos by araki and aihara ( 1998 ) for the memori recal of dynam pattern in the hippocampu and the entorhin cortex ; the nois effect is import sinc the releas of transmitt at synapt cleft , the oper of gate of ion channel and so on are known as stochast phenomena . we consid two kind of nois effect due to a determinist nois and a stochast nois . by numer simul , we find that reason valu of nois give better perform on the memori recal of dynam pattern . furthermor we investig the effect of the strength of extern input on the memori recal

noise effect
memory recall
dynamical neural network model
hippocampus
dynamical patterns
entorhinal cortex
synaptic clefts
gate of ion channels
stochastic phenomena
deterministic noise
stochastic noise
numerical simulations
brain functions
synaptic strength
inhibitory connection


Strategies for high throughput, templated zeolite synthesis

Abstract: The design and redesign of high throughput experiments for zeolite synthesis are addressed. A model that relates materials function to the chemical composition of the zeolite and the structure directing agent is introduced. Using this model, several Monte Carlo-like design protocols are evaluated. Multi-round protocols are bound to be effective, and strategies that use a priori information about the structure-directing libraries are found to be the best

strategi for high throughput , templat zeolit synthesi
 the design and redesign of high throughput experi for zeolit synthesi are address . a model that relat materi function to the chemic composit of the zeolit and the structur direct agent is introduc . use thi model , sever mont carlo-lik design protocol are evalu . multi-round protocol are bound to be effect , and strategi that use a priori inform about the structure-direct librari are found to be the best

phase-dependent random Gaussian variables

P P P P P P P R U U M U M M M M U U U M U


Writing the fulfillment RFP [publishing]

Abstract: For the uninitiated, writing a request for proposal can seem both mysterious and daunting. Here's a format that will make you look like a pro the first time out

write the fulfil rfp [ publish ]
 for the uniniti , write a request for propos can seem both mysteri and daunt . here 's a format that will make you look like a pro the first time out

fulfillment
publisher
request for proposal


MTD-PLS: a PLS-based variant of the MTD method. II. Mapping ligand-receptor interactions. Enzymatic acetic acid esters hydrolysis

Abstract: The PLS variant of the MTD method (T.I. Oprea et al., SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2001, 12, 75-92) was applied to a series of 25 acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis substrates. Statistically significant MTD-PLS models (q/sup 2/ between 0.7 and 0.8) are in agreement with previous MTD models, with the advantage that local contributions are understood beyond the occupancy/nonoccupancy interpretation in MTD. A "chemically intuitive" approach further forces MTD-PLS coefficients to assume only negative (or zero) values for fragmental volume descriptors and positive (or zero) values for fragmental hydrophobicity descriptors. This further separates the various kinds of local interactions at each vertex of the MTD hypermolecule, making this method suitable for medicinal chemistry synthesis planning

mtd-pl : a pls-base variant of the mtd method . ii . map ligand-receptor interact . enzymat acet acid ester hydrolysi
 the pl variant of the mtd method ( t.i. oprea et al . , sar qsar environ . re . 2001 , 12 , 75 - 92 ) wa appli to a seri of 25 acetylcholinesteras hydrolysi substrat . statist signific mtd-pl model ( q / sup 2/ between 0.7 and 0.8 ) are in agreement with previou mtd model , with the advantag that local contribut are understood beyond the occup / nonoccup interpret in mtd . a " chemic intuit " approach further forc mtd-pl coeffici to assum onli neg ( or zero ) valu for fragment volum descriptor and posit ( or zero ) valu for fragment hydrophob descriptor . thi further separ the variou kind of local interact at each vertex of the mtd hypermolecul , make thi method suitabl for medicin chemistri synthesi plan


One-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit adder using an incoherent correlator based on a shared content-addressable memory

Abstract: An efficient one-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit (MSD) adder based on symbolic substitution is presented. In this technique, carry propagation is avoided by introducing reference digits to restrict the intermediate carry and sum digits to {1,0} and {0,1}, respectively. The proposed technique requires significantly fewer minterms and simplifies system complexity compared to the reported one-step MSD addition techniques. An incoherent correlator based on an optoelectronic shared content-addressable memory processor is suggested to perform the addition operation. In this technique, only one set of minterms needs to be stored, independent of the operand length

one-step digit-set-restrict modifi signed-digit adder use an incoher correl base on a share content-address memori
 an effici one-step digit-set-restrict modifi signed-digit ( msd ) adder base on symbol substitut is present . in thi techniqu , carri propag is avoid by introduc refer digit to restrict the intermedi carri and sum digit to { 1,0 } and { 0,1 } , respect . the propos techniqu requir significantli fewer minterm and simplifi system complex compar to the report one-step msd addit techniqu . an incoher correl base on an optoelectron share content-address memori processor is suggest to perform the addit oper . in thi techniqu , onli one set of minterm need to be store , independ of the operand length

one-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit adder


Convolution-based global simulation technique for millimeter-wave photodetector and photomixer circuits

Abstract: A fast convolution-based time-domain approach to global photonic-circuit simulation is presented that incorporates a physical device model in the complete detector or mixer circuit. The device used in the demonstration of this technique is a GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector that offers a high response speed for the detection and generation of millimeter waves. Global simulation greatly increases the accuracy in evaluating the complete circuit performance because it accounts for the effects of the millimeter-wave embedding circuit. Device and circuit performance are assessed by calculating optical responsivity and bandwidth. Device-only simulations using GaAs MSMs are compared with global simulations that illustrate the strong interdependence between device and external circuit

convolution-bas global simul techniqu for millimeter-wav photodetector and photomix circuit
 a fast convolution-bas time-domain approach to global photonic-circuit simul is present that incorpor a physic devic model in the complet detector or mixer circuit . the devic use in the demonstr of thi techniqu is a gaa metal-semiconductor-met ( msm ) photodetector that offer a high respons speed for the detect and gener of millimet wave . global simul greatli increas the accuraci in evalu the complet circuit perform becaus it account for the effect of the millimeter-wav embed circuit . devic and circuit perform are assess by calcul optic respons and bandwidth . device-onli simul use gaa msm are compar with global simul that illustr the strong interdepend between devic and extern circuit

convolution-based global simulation
millimeter-wave photodetector
photomixer
convolution-based time-domain approach
global photonic-circuit simulation
physical device model
GaAs
optical responsivity
bandwidth
GaAs MSM photodetector
MM-wave embedding circuit


The effects of emotions on bounded rationality: a comment on Kaufman

Abstract: Bruce Kaufman's article (1999), "Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality", objective is to present an additional source of bounded rationality, one that is not due to cognitive constraints, but to high emotional arousal. In doing so, Kaufman is following a long tradition of thinkers who have contrasted emotion with reason, claiming, for the most part, that emotions are a violent force hindering rational thinking. This paper aims to challenge Kaufman's unidimensional idea regarding the connection between high emotional arousal and decision making

the effect of emot on bound ration : a comment on kaufman
 bruce kaufman 's articl ( 1999 ) , " emot arous as a sourc of bound ration " , object is to present an addit sourc of bound ration , one that is not due to cognit constraint , but to high emot arous . in do so , kaufman is follow a long tradit of thinker who have contrast emot with reason , claim , for the most part , that emot are a violent forc hinder ration think . thi paper aim to challeng kaufman 's unidimension idea regard the connect between high emot arous and decis make

emotion
bounded rationality
rational thinking
decision making
psychology
Yerkes-Dodson law


High-voltage transistor scaling circuit techniques for high-density negative-gate channel-erasing NOR flash memories

Abstract: In order to scale high-voltage transistors for high-density negative-gate channel-erasing NOR flash memories, two circuit techniques were developed. A proposed level shifter with low operating voltage is composed of three parts, a latch holding the negative erasing voltage, two coupling capacitors connected with the latched nodes in the latch, and high-voltage drivers inverting the latch, resulting in reduction of the maximum internal voltage by 0.5 V. A proposed high-voltage generator adds a path-gate logic to a conventional high-voltage generator to realize both low noise and low ripple voltage, resulting in a reduction of the maximum internal voltage by 0.5 V. As a result, these circuit techniques along with high coupling-ratio cell technology can scale down the high-voltage transistors by 15% and can realize higher density negative-gate channel-erase NOR flash memories in comparison with the source-erase NOR flash memories

high-voltag transistor scale circuit techniqu for high-dens negative-g channel-eras nor flash memori
 in order to scale high-voltag transistor for high-dens negative-g channel-eras nor flash memori , two circuit techniqu were develop . a propos level shifter with low oper voltag is compos of three part , a latch hold the neg eras voltag , two coupl capacitor connect with the latch node in the latch , and high-voltag driver invert the latch , result in reduct of the maximum intern voltag by 0.5 v. a propos high-voltag gener add a path-gat logic to a convent high-voltag gener to realiz both low nois and low rippl voltag , result in a reduct of the maximum intern voltag by 0.5 v. as a result , these circuit techniqu along with high coupling-ratio cell technolog can scale down the high-voltag transistor by 15 % and can realiz higher densiti negative-g channel-eras nor flash memori in comparison with the source-eras nor flash memori

HV transistor scaling circuit techniques

negative-gate channel-erasing flash memories


Analyzing the potential of a firm: an operations research approach

Abstract: An approach to analyzing the potential of a firm, which is understood as the firm's ability to provide goods or (and) services to be supplied to a marketplace under restrictions imposed by a business environment in which the firm functions, is proposed. The approach is based on using linear inequalities and, generally, mixed variables in modelling this ability for a broad spectrum of industrial, transportation, agricultural, and other types of firms and allows one to formulate problems of analyzing the potential of a firm as linear programming problems or mixed programming problems with linear constraints. This approach generalizes a previous one which was proposed for a more narrow class of models, and allows one to effectively employ a widely available software for solving practical problems of the considered kind, especially for firms described by large scale models of mathematical programming

analyz the potenti of a firm : an oper research approach
 an approach to analyz the potenti of a firm , which is understood as the firm 's abil to provid good or ( and ) servic to be suppli to a marketplac under restrict impos by a busi environ in which the firm function , is propos . the approach is base on use linear inequ and , gener , mix variabl in model thi abil for a broad spectrum of industri , transport , agricultur , and other type of firm and allow one to formul problem of analyz the potenti of a firm as linear program problem or mix program problem with linear constraint . thi approach gener a previou one which wa propos for a more narrow class of model , and allow one to effect employ a wide avail softwar for solv practic problem of the consid kind , especi for firm describ by larg scale model of mathemat program

operations research
OR
linear inequalities
linear programming
mixed programming
mathematical programming
firm potential analysis
industrial firms
transportation firms
agricultural firms
large-scale models


The evolution of information systems: Their impact on organizations and structures

Abstract: Information systems and organization structures have been highly interconnected with each other. Over the years, information systems architectures as well as organization structures have evolved from centralized to more decentralized forms. This research looks at the evolution of both information systems and organization structures. In the process, it looks into the impact of computers on organizations, and examines the ways organization structures have changed, in association with changes in information system architectures. It also suggests logical linkages between information system architectures and their "fit" with certain organization structures and strategies. It concludes with some implications for emerging and future organizational forms, and provides a quick review of the effect of the Internet on small businesses traditionally using stand-alone computers

the evolut of inform system : their impact on organ and structur
 inform system and organ structur have been highli interconnect with each other . over the year , inform system architectur as well as organ structur have evolv from central to more decentr form . thi research look at the evolut of both inform system and organ structur . in the process , it look into the impact of comput on organ , and examin the way organ structur have chang , in associ with chang in inform system architectur . it also suggest logic linkag between inform system architectur and their " fit " with certain organ structur and strategi . it conclud with some implic for emerg and futur organiz form , and provid a quick review of the effect of the internet on small busi tradit use stand-alon comput

information system architectures
information systems evolution


The Canadian National Site Licensing Project

Abstract: In January 2000, a consortium of 64 universities in Canada signed a historic inter-institutional agreement that launched the Canadian National Site Licensing Project (CNSLP), a three-year pilot project aimed at bolstering the research and innovation capacity of the country's universities. CNSLP tests the feasibility of licensing, on a national scale, electronic versions of scholarly publications; in its initial phases the project is focused on full-text electronic journals and research databases in science, engineering, health and environmental disciplines. This article provides an overview of the CNSLP initiative, summarizes organizational and licensing accomplishments to date, and offers preliminary observations on challenges and opportunities for subsequent phases of the project

the canadian nation site licens project
 in januari 2000 , a consortium of 64 univers in canada sign a histor inter-institut agreement that launch the canadian nation site licens project ( cnslp ) , a three-year pilot project aim at bolster the research and innov capac of the countri 's univers . cnslp test the feasibl of licens , on a nation scale , electron version of scholarli public ; in it initi phase the project is focus on full-text electron journal and research databas in scienc , engin , health and environment disciplin . thi articl provid an overview of the cnslp initi , summar organiz and licens accomplish to date , and offer preliminari observ on challeng and opportun for subsequ phase of the project


Assessment of the macrocyclic effect for the complexation of crown-ethers with alkali cations using the substructural molecular fragments method

Abstract: The Substructural Molecular Fragments method (Solov'ev, V. P.; Varnek, A. A.; Wipff, G. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 847-858) was applied to assess stability constants (logK) of the complexes of crown-ethers, polyethers, and glymes with Na/sup +/, K/sup +/, and Cs/sup +/ in methanol. One hundred forty-seven computational models including different fragment sets coupled with linear or nonlinear fitting equations were applied for the data sets containing 69 (Na/sup +/), 123 (K/sup +/), and 31 (Cs/sup +/) compounds. To account for the "macrocyclic effect" for crown-ethers, an additional "cyclicity" descriptor was used. "Predicted" stability constants both for macrocyclic compounds and for their open-chain analogues are in good agreement with the experimental data reported earlier and with those studied experimentally in this work. The macrocyclic effect as a function of cation and ligand is quantitatively estimated for all studied crown-ethers

assess of the macrocycl effect for the complex of crown-eth with alkali cation use the substructur molecular fragment method
 the substructur molecular fragment method ( solov'ev , v. p. ; varnek , a. a. ; wipff , g. j. chem . inf . comput . sci . 2000 , 40 , 847 - 858 ) wa appli to assess stabil constant ( logk ) of the complex of crown-eth , polyeth , and glyme with na / sup + / , k / sup + / , and cs / sup + / in methanol . one hundr forty-seven comput model includ differ fragment set coupl with linear or nonlinear fit equat were appli for the data set contain 69 ( na / sup + / ) , 123 ( k / sup + / ) , and 31 ( cs / sup + / ) compound . to account for the " macrocycl effect " for crown-eth , an addit " cyclic " descriptor wa use . " predict " stabil constant both for macrocycl compound and for their open-chain analogu are in good agreement with the experiment data report earlier and with those studi experiment in thi work . the macrocycl effect as a function of cation and ligand is quantit estim for all studi crown-eth


Identification of evolving fuzzy rule-based models

Abstract: An approach to identification of evolving fuzzy rule-based (eR) models is proposed. eR models implement a method for the noniterative update of both the rule-base structure and parameters by incremental unsupervised learning. The rule-base evolves by adding more informative rules than those that previously formed the model. In addition, existing rules can be replaced with new rules based on ranking using the informative potential of the data. In this way, the rule-base structure is inherited and updated when new informative data become available, rather than being completely retrained. The adaptive nature of these evolving rule-based models, in combination with the highly transparent and compact form of fuzzy rules, makes them a promising candidate for modeling and control of complex processes, competitive to neural networks. The approach has been tested on a benchmark problem and on an air-conditioning component modeling application using data from an installation serving a real building. The results illustrate the viability and efficiency of the approach

identif of evolv fuzzi rule-bas model
 an approach to identif of evolv fuzzi rule-bas ( er ) model is propos . er model implement a method for the nonit updat of both the rule-bas structur and paramet by increment unsupervis learn . the rule-bas evolv by ad more inform rule than those that previous form the model . in addit , exist rule can be replac with new rule base on rank use the inform potenti of the data . in thi way , the rule-bas structur is inherit and updat when new inform data becom avail , rather than be complet retrain . the adapt natur of these evolv rule-bas model , in combin with the highli transpar and compact form of fuzzi rule , make them a promis candid for model and control of complex process , competit to neural network . the approach ha been test on a benchmark problem and on an air-condit compon model applic use data from an instal serv a real build . the result illustr the viabil and effici of the approach

identification
evolving fuzzy rule-based models
fuzzy rules
noniterative update
rule-base structure
incremental unsupervised learning
ranking
informative potential
complex processes
air-conditioning component modeling
adaptive nonlinear control
fault detection
fault diagnostics
performance analysis
forecasting
knowledge extraction
robotics
behavior modeling


Guidelines, the Internet, and personal health: insights from the Canadian HEALNet experience

Abstract: The objectives are to summarize the insights gained in collaborative research in a Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence, devoted to the promotion of evidence-based practice, and to relate this experience to Internet support of health promotion and consumer health informatics. A subjective review of insights is undertaken. Work directed the development of systems incorporating guidelines, care maps, etc., for use by professionals met with limited acceptance. Evidence-based tools for health care consumers are a desirable complement but require radically different content and delivery modes. In addition to evidence-based material offered by professionals, a wide array of Internet-based products and services provided by consumers for consumers emerged and proved a beneficial complement. The consumer-driven products and services provided via the Internet are a potentially important and beneficial complement of traditional health services. They affect the health consumer-provider roles and require changes in healthcare practices

guidelin , the internet , and person health : insight from the canadian healnet experi
 the object are to summar the insight gain in collabor research in a canadian network of centr of excel , devot to the promot of evidence-bas practic , and to relat thi experi to internet support of health promot and consum health informat . a subject review of insight is undertaken . work direct the develop of system incorpor guidelin , care map , etc . , for use by profession met with limit accept . evidence-bas tool for health care consum are a desir complement but requir radic differ content and deliveri mode . in addit to evidence-bas materi offer by profession , a wide array of internet-bas product and servic provid by consum for consum emerg and prove a benefici complement . the consumer-driven product and servic provid via the internet are a potenti import and benefici complement of tradit health servic . they affect the health consumer-provid role and requir chang in healthcar practic


The perils of privacy

Abstract: The recent string of failures among dotcom companies has heightened fears of privacy abuse. What should happen to the names and addresses on a customer list if these details were obtained under a privacy policy which specified no disclosure to any third party? Should the personal data in the list be deemed to be an asset of a failing company which can be transferred to any future (third party) purchaser for its purposes? Or should the privacy policy take precedence over the commercial concerns of the purchaser?

the peril of privaci
 the recent string of failur among dotcom compani ha heighten fear of privaci abus . what should happen to the name and address on a custom list if these detail were obtain under a privaci polici which specifi no disclosur to ani third parti ? should the person data in the list be deem to be an asset of a fail compani which can be transfer to ani futur ( third parti ) purchas for it purpos ? or should the privaci polici take preced over the commerci concern of the purchas ?

privacy abuse
customer list
privacy policy
disclosure


All-optical XOR gate using semiconductor optical amplifiers without additional input beam

Abstract: The novel design of an all-optical XOR gate by using cross-gain modulation of semiconductor optical amplifiers has been suggested and demonstrated successfully at 10 Gb/s. Boolean AB and AB of the two input signals A and B have been obtained and combined to achieve the all-optical XOR gate. No additional input beam such as a clock signal or continuous wave light is used in this new design, which is required in other all-optical XOR gates

all-opt xor gate use semiconductor optic amplifi without addit input beam
 the novel design of an all-opt xor gate by use cross-gain modul of semiconductor optic amplifi ha been suggest and demonstr success at 10 gb / s. boolean ab and ab of the two input signal a and b have been obtain and combin to achiev the all-opt xor gate . no addit input beam such as a clock signal or continu wave light is use in thi new design , which is requir in other all-opt xor gate

semiconductor optical amplifiers
design
cross-gain modulation
all-optical-XOR gate
Boolean logic
10 Gbit/s


eMarketing: restaurant Web sites that click

Abstract: A number of global companies have adopted electronic commerce as a means of reducing transaction related expenditures, connecting with current and potential customers, and enhancing revenues and profitability. If a restaurant is to have an Internet presence, what aspects of the business should be highlighted? Food service companies that have successfully ventured onto the web have employed assorted web-based technologies to create a powerful marketing tool of unparalleled strength. Historically, it has been difficult to create a set of criteria against which to evaluate website effectiveness. As practitioners consider additional resources for website development, the effectiveness of e-marketing investment becomes increasingly important. Care must be exercised to ensure that the quality of the site adheres to high standards and incorporates evolving technology, as appropriate. Developing a coherent website strategy, including an effective website design, are proving critical to an effective web presence

emarket : restaur web site that click
 a number of global compani have adopt electron commerc as a mean of reduc transact relat expenditur , connect with current and potenti custom , and enhanc revenu and profit . if a restaur is to have an internet presenc , what aspect of the busi should be highlight ? food servic compani that have success ventur onto the web have employ assort web-bas technolog to creat a power market tool of unparallel strength . histor , it ha been difficult to creat a set of criteria against which to evalu websit effect . as practition consid addit resourc for websit develop , the effect of e-market invest becom increasingli import . care must be exercis to ensur that the qualiti of the site adher to high standard and incorpor evolv technolog , as appropri . develop a coher websit strategi , includ an effect websit design , are prove critic to an effect web presenc

restaurant Web sites
electronic commerce
revenues
profitability
Internet presence
food service companies
e-marketing


Identification of states of complex systems with estimation of admissible measurement errors on the basis of fuzzy information

Abstract: The problem of identification of states of complex systems on the basis of fuzzy values of informative attributes is considered. Some estimates of a maximally admissible degree of measurement error are obtained that make it possible, using the apparatus of fuzzy set theory, to correctly identify the current state of a system

identif of state of complex system with estim of admiss measur error on the basi of fuzzi inform
 the problem of identif of state of complex system on the basi of fuzzi valu of inform attribut is consid . some estim of a maxim admiss degre of measur error are obtain that make it possibl , use the apparatu of fuzzi set theori , to correctli identifi the current state of a system

admissible measurement errors
measurement error
fuzzy information
informative attributes
fuzzy set theory
complex systems states identification


Labscape: a smart environment for the cell biology laboratory

Abstract: Labscape is a smart environment that we designed to improve the experience of people who work in a cell biology laboratory. Our goal in creating it was to simplify, laboratory work by making information available where it is needed and by collecting and organizing data where and when it is created into a formal representation that others can understand and process. By helping biologists produce a more complete record of their work with less effort, Labscape is designed to foster improved collaboration in conjunction with increased individual efficiency and satisfaction. A user-driven system, although technologically conservative, embraces a central goal of ubiquitous computing: to enhance the ability to perform domain tasks through fluid interaction with computational resources. Smart environments could soon replace the pen and paper commonly used in the laboratory setting

labscap : a smart environ for the cell biolog laboratori
 labscap is a smart environ that we design to improv the experi of peopl who work in a cell biolog laboratori . our goal in creat it wa to simplifi , laboratori work by make inform avail where it is need and by collect and organ data where and when it is creat into a formal represent that other can understand and process . by help biologist produc a more complet record of their work with less effort , labscap is design to foster improv collabor in conjunct with increas individu effici and satisfact . a user-driven system , although technolog conserv , embrac a central goal of ubiquit comput : to enhanc the abil to perform domain task through fluid interact with comput resourc . smart environ could soon replac the pen and paper commonli use in the laboratori set

Labscape
smart environment
cell biology
laboratory work
ubiquitous computing
experimental technologies
biochemical procedure


Operational phase-space probability distribution in quantum communication theory

Abstract: Operational phase-space probability distributions are useful tools for describing quantum mechanical systems, including quantum communication and quantum information processing systems. It is shown that quantum communication channels with Gaussian noise and quantum teleportation of continuous variables are described by operational phase-space probability distributions. The relation of operational phase-space probability distribution to the extended phase-space formalism proposed by Chountasis and Vourdas (1998) is discussed

oper phase-spac probabl distribut in quantum commun theori
 oper phase-spac probabl distribut are use tool for describ quantum mechan system , includ quantum commun and quantum inform process system . it is shown that quantum commun channel with gaussian nois and quantum teleport of continu variabl are describ by oper phase-spac probabl distribut . the relat of oper phase-spac probabl distribut to the extend phase-spac formal propos by chountasi and vourda ( 1998 ) is discuss


Information architecture: notes toward a new curriculum

Abstract: There are signs that information architecture is coalescing into a field of professional practice. However, if it is to become a profession, it must develop a means of educating new information architects. Lessons from other fields suggest that professional education typically evolves along a predictable path, from apprenticeships to trade schools to college- and university-level education. Information architecture education may develop more quickly to meet the growing demands of the information society. Several pedagogical approaches employed in other fields may be adopted for information architecture education, as long as the resulting curricula provide an interdisciplinary approach and balance instruction in technical and design skills with consideration of theoretical concepts. Key content areas are information organization, graphic. design, computer science, user and usability studies, and communication. Certain logistics must be worked out, including where information architecture studies should be housed and what kinds of degrees should be offered and at what levels. The successful information architecture curriculum will be flexible and adaptable in order to meet the changing needs of students and the marketplace

inform architectur : note toward a new curriculum
 there are sign that inform architectur is coalesc into a field of profession practic . howev , if it is to becom a profess , it must develop a mean of educ new inform architect . lesson from other field suggest that profession educ typic evolv along a predict path , from apprenticeship to trade school to college- and university-level educ . inform architectur educ may develop more quickli to meet the grow demand of the inform societi . sever pedagog approach employ in other field may be adopt for inform architectur educ , as long as the result curricula provid an interdisciplinari approach and balanc instruct in technic and design skill with consider of theoret concept . key content area are inform organ , graphic . design , comput scienc , user and usabl studi , and commun . certain logist must be work out , includ where inform architectur studi should be hous and what kind of degre should be offer and at what level . the success inform architectur curriculum will be flexibl and adapt in order to meet the chang need of student and the marketplac

information architects
professional practice
professional education
information architecture education
pedagogical approaches
information organization
computer science
usability studies
graphic design


Acquiring materials in the history of science, technology, and medicine

Abstract: This article provides detailed advice on acquiring new, out-of-print, and rare materials in the history of science, technology, and medicine for the beginner in these fields. The focus is on the policy formation, basic reference tools, and methods of collection development and acquisitions that are the necessary basis for success in this endeavor

acquir materi in the histori of scienc , technolog , and medicin
 thi articl provid detail advic on acquir new , out-of-print , and rare materi in the histori of scienc , technolog , and medicin for the beginn in these field . the focu is on the polici format , basic refer tool , and method of collect develop and acquisit that are the necessari basi for success in thi endeavor

science
technology
medicine
rare materials
policy formation
basic reference tools
collection development
out-of-print books
special collections
library acquisitions


Estimating long-range dependence: finite sample properties and confidence intervals

Abstract: A major issue in financial economics is the behavior of asset returns over long horizons. Various estimators of long-range dependence have been proposed. Even though some have known asymptotic properties, it is important to test their accuracy by using simulated series of different lengths. We test R/S analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis and periodogram regression methods on samples drawn from Gaussian white noise. The DFA statistics turns out to be the unanimous winner. Unfortunately, no asymptotic distribution theory has been derived for this statistics so far. We were able, however, to construct empirical (i.e. approximate) confidence intervals for all three methods. The obtained values differ largely from heuristic values proposed by some authors for the R/S statistics and are very close to asymptotic values for the periodogram regression method

estim long-rang depend : finit sampl properti and confid interv
 a major issu in financi econom is the behavior of asset return over long horizon . variou estim of long-rang depend have been propos . even though some have known asymptot properti , it is import to test their accuraci by use simul seri of differ length . we test r / s analysi , detrend fluctuat analysi and periodogram regress method on sampl drawn from gaussian white nois . the dfa statist turn out to be the unanim winner . unfortun , no asymptot distribut theori ha been deriv for thi statist so far . we were abl , howev , to construct empir ( i.e. approxim ) confid interv for all three method . the obtain valu differ larg from heurist valu propos by some author for the r / s statist and are veri close to asymptot valu for the periodogram regress method

long-range dependence
finite sample properties
confidence intervals
financial economics
asset returns
long horizons
asymptotic properties
detrended fluctuation analysis
periodogram regression methods
Gaussian white noise
heuristic values


Twenty years of the literature on acquiring out-of-print materials

Abstract: This article reviews the last two-and-a-half decades of literature on acquiring out-of-print materials to assess recurring issues and identify changing practices. The out-of-print literature is uniform in its assertion that libraries need to acquire o.p. materials to replace worn or damaged copies, to replace missing copies, to duplicate copies of heavily used materials, to fill gaps in collections, to strengthen weak collections, to continue to develop strong collections, and to provide materials for new courses, new programs, and even entire new libraries

twenti year of the literatur on acquir out-of-print materi
 thi articl review the last two-and-a-half decad of literatur on acquir out-of-print materi to assess recur issu and identifi chang practic . the out-of-print literatur is uniform in it assert that librari need to acquir o.p . materi to replac worn or damag copi , to replac miss copi , to duplic copi of heavili use materi , to fill gap in collect , to strengthen weak collect , to continu to develop strong collect , and to provid materi for new cours , new program , and even entir new librari

out-of-print materials
recurring issues
changing practices
out-of-print books
library materials
acquisition


Challenges and trends in discrete manufacturing

Abstract: Over 50 years ago, the 100,000 workers at Ford's Rouge automobile factory turned out 1200 cars per day. Nowadays, Ford's plant on that same site still produces 800 cars each day but with just 3000 workers. Similar stories abound in the manufacturing industries; technology revolution and evolution; a shift from vertical integration, better business and production practices and improved industrial relations-all have changed manufacturing beyond recognition. So what are the current challenges and trends in manufacturing? Certainly, the relentless advance of technology will continue, as will user pressure for more customized design or improved environmental friendliness. Some trends are already with us and more, as yet indiscernible, will come. But one major, fundamental shift now resounding throughout industry is the way in which information involving every single aspect of the manufacturing process is being integrated into one seamless system

challeng and trend in discret manufactur
 over 50 year ago , the 100,000 worker at ford 's roug automobil factori turn out 1200 car per day . nowaday , ford 's plant on that same site still produc 800 car each day but with just 3000 worker . similar stori abound in the manufactur industri ; technolog revolut and evolut ; a shift from vertic integr , better busi and product practic and improv industri relations-al have chang manufactur beyond recognit . so what are the current challeng and trend in manufactur ? certainli , the relentless advanc of technolog will continu , as will user pressur for more custom design or improv environment friendli . some trend are alreadi with us and more , as yet indiscern , will come . but one major , fundament shift now resound throughout industri is the way in which inform involv everi singl aspect of the manufactur process is be integr into one seamless system

challenges
trends
discrete manufacturing
automobile factory
technology revolution
production practices
technology evolution
business practices
industrial relations
seamless manufacturing process


Stochastic systems with a random jump in phase trajectory: stability of their motions

Abstract: The probabilistic stability of the perturbed motion of a system with parameters under the action of a general Markov process is studied. The phase vector is assumed to experience random jumps when the structure the system suffers random jumps. Such a situation is encountered, for example, in the motion of a solid with random jumps in its mass. The mean-square stability of random-structure linear systems and stability. of nonlinear systems in the first approximation are studied. The applied approach is helpful in studying the asymptotic probabilistic stability and mean-square exponential stability of stochastic systems through the stability of the respective deterministic systems

stochast system with a random jump in phase trajectori : stabil of their motion
 the probabilist stabil of the perturb motion of a system with paramet under the action of a gener markov process is studi . the phase vector is assum to experi random jump when the structur the system suffer random jump . such a situat is encount , for exampl , in the motion of a solid with random jump in it mass . the mean-squar stabil of random-structur linear system and stabil . of nonlinear system in the first approxim are studi . the appli approach is help in studi the asymptot probabilist stabil and mean-squar exponenti stabil of stochast system through the stabil of the respect determinist system

stochastic systems
random jump
phase trajectory
general Markov process
asymptotic probabilistic stability
mean-square exponential stability


Novel active noise-reducing headset using earshell vibration control

Abstract: Active noise-reducing (ANR) headsets are available commercially in applications varying from aviation communication to consumer audio. Current ANR systems use passive attenuation at high frequencies and loudspeaker-based active noise control at low frequencies to achieve broadband noise reduction. This paper presents a novel ANR headset in which the external noise transmitted to the user's ear via earshell vibration is reduced by controlling the vibration of the earshell using force actuators acting against an inertial mass or the earshell headband. Model-based theoretical analysis using velocity feedback control showed that current piezoelectric actuators provide sufficient force but require lower stiffness for improved low-frequency performance. Control simulations based on experimental data from a laboratory headset showed that good performance can potentially be achieved in practice by a robust feedback controller, while a single-frequency real-time control experiment verified that noise reduction can be achieved using earshell vibration control

novel activ noise-reduc headset use earshel vibrat control
 activ noise-reduc ( anr ) headset are avail commerci in applic vari from aviat commun to consum audio . current anr system use passiv attenu at high frequenc and loudspeaker-bas activ nois control at low frequenc to achiev broadband nois reduct . thi paper present a novel anr headset in which the extern nois transmit to the user 's ear via earshel vibrat is reduc by control the vibrat of the earshel use forc actuat act against an inerti mass or the earshel headband . model-bas theoret analysi use veloc feedback control show that current piezoelectr actuat provid suffici forc but requir lower stiff for improv low-frequ perform . control simul base on experiment data from a laboratori headset show that good perform can potenti be achiev in practic by a robust feedback control , while a single-frequ real-tim control experi verifi that nois reduct can be achiev use earshel vibrat control

active noise-reducing headset
earshell vibration control
aviation communication
consumer audio
passive attenuation
broadband noise reduction
force actuators
inertial mass
velocity feedback control
piezoelectric actuators
stiffness
robust feedback controller
single-frequency real-time control
external noise transmission


Choice from a three-element set: some lessons of the 2000 presidential campaign in the United States

Abstract: We consider the behavior of four choice rules - plurality voting, approval voting, Borda count, and self-consistent choice - when applied to choose the best option from a three-element set. It is assumed that the two main options are preferred by a large majority of the voters, while the third option gets a very small number of votes and influences the election outcome only when the two main options receive a close number of votes. When used to rate the main options, Borda count and self-consistent choice contain terms that allow both for the "strength of preferences" of the voters and the rating of the main candidates by voters who vote for the third option. In this way, it becomes possible to determine more reliably the winner when plurality voting or approval voting produce close results

choic from a three-el set : some lesson of the 2000 presidenti campaign in the unit state
 we consid the behavior of four choic rule - plural vote , approv vote , borda count , and self-consist choic - when appli to choos the best option from a three-el set . it is assum that the two main option are prefer by a larg major of the voter , while the third option get a veri small number of vote and influenc the elect outcom onli when the two main option receiv a close number of vote . when use to rate the main option , borda count and self-consist choic contain term that allow both for the " strength of prefer " of the voter and the rate of the main candid by voter who vote for the third option . in thi way , it becom possibl to determin more reliabl the winner when plural vote or approv vote produc close result

three-element set
2000 presidential campaign
plurality voting
approval voting
Borda count
self-consistent choice