Unsafe at any speed?

Abstract: While Sun prides itself on Java's secure sandbox programming model, Microsoft takes a looser approach. Its C# language incorporates C-like concepts, including pointers and memory management. But is unsafe code really a boon to programmers, or is it a step backward?

unsaf at ani speed ?
 while sun pride itself on java 's secur sandbox program model , microsoft take a looser approach . it c # languag incorpor c-like concept , includ pointer and memori manag . but is unsaf code realli a boon to programm , or is it a step backward ?

Sun Java secure sandbox programming model


Knowledge management-capturing the skills of key performers in the power industry

Abstract: The growing pressure to reduce the cost of electrical power in recent years has resulted in an enormous "brain-drain" within the power industry. A novel approach has been developed by Eskom to capture these skills before they are lost and to incorporate these into a computer-based programme called "knowledge management"

knowledg management-captur the skill of key perform in the power industri
 the grow pressur to reduc the cost of electr power in recent year ha result in an enorm " brain-drain " within the power industri . a novel approach ha been develop by eskom to captur these skill befor they are lost and to incorpor these into a computer-bas programm call " knowledg manag "

knowledge management
key performers
power industry
brain-drain
Eskom
computer-based programme
skills capture
South Africa
personnel management


A framework for evaluating the data-hiding capacity of image sources

Abstract: An information-theoretic model for image watermarking and data hiding is presented in this paper. Previous theoretical results are used to characterize the fundamental capacity limits of image watermarking and data-hiding systems. Capacity is determined by the statistical model used for the host image, by the distortion constraints on the data hider and the attacker, and by the information available to the data hider, to the attacker, and to the decoder. We consider autoregressive, block-DCT, and wavelet statistical models for images and compute data-hiding capacity for compressed and uncompressed host-image sources. Closed-form expressions are obtained under sparse-model approximations. Models for geometric attacks and distortion measures that are invariant to such attacks are considered

a framework for evalu the data-hid capac of imag sourc
 an information-theoret model for imag watermark and data hide is present in thi paper . previou theoret result are use to character the fundament capac limit of imag watermark and data-hid system . capac is determin by the statist model use for the host imag , by the distort constraint on the data hider and the attack , and by the inform avail to the data hider , to the attack , and to the decod . we consid autoregress , block-dct , and wavelet statist model for imag and comput data-hid capac for compress and uncompress host-imag sourc . closed-form express are obtain under sparse-model approxim . model for geometr attack and distort measur that are invari to such attack are consid

data-hiding capacity
image sources
information-theoretic model
watermarking
capacity limits
statistical model
distortion constraints
wavelet statistical models
uncompressed host-image sources
closed-form expressions
sparse-model approximations
geometric attacks
distortion measures
autoregressive statistical models
block-DCT statistical models
compressed host-image sources


Controller performance analysis with LQG benchmark obtained under closed loop conditions

Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for obtaining a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) benchmark in terms of the variances of process input and output from closed-loop data, for assessing the controller performance. LQG benchmark has been proposed in the literature to assess controller performance since the LQG tradeoff curve represents the limit of performance in terms of input and output variances. However, an explicit parametric model is required to calculate the LQG benchmark. In this work, we propose a data driven subspace approach to calculate the LQG benchmark under closed-loop conditions with certain external excitations. The optimal LQG-benchmark variances are obtained directly from the subspace matrices corresponding to the deterministic inputs and the stochastic inputs, which are identified using closed-loop data with setpoint excitation. These variances are used for assessing the controller performance. The method proposed in this paper is applicable to both univariate and multivariate systems. Profit analysis for the implementation of feedforward control to the existing feedback-only control system is also analyzed under the optimal LQG performance framework

control perform analysi with lqg benchmark obtain under close loop condit
 thi paper propos a new method for obtain a linear quadrat gaussian ( lqg ) benchmark in term of the varianc of process input and output from closed-loop data , for assess the control perform . lqg benchmark ha been propos in the literatur to assess control perform sinc the lqg tradeoff curv repres the limit of perform in term of input and output varianc . howev , an explicit parametr model is requir to calcul the lqg benchmark . in thi work , we propos a data driven subspac approach to calcul the lqg benchmark under closed-loop condit with certain extern excit . the optim lqg-benchmark varianc are obtain directli from the subspac matric correspond to the determinist input and the stochast input , which are identifi use closed-loop data with setpoint excit . these varianc are use for assess the control perform . the method propos in thi paper is applic to both univari and multivari system . profit analysi for the implement of feedforward control to the exist feedback-onli control system is also analyz under the optim lqg perform framework

controller performance analysis
LQG benchmark
closed-loop data
subspace matrices
deterministic inputs
stochastic inputs
multivariate systems
profit analysis
feedforward control
linear quadratic Gaussian benchmark
univariate systems
state space model


Press shop. Industrial IT solutions for the press shop

Abstract: Globalization of the world's markets is challenging the traditional limits of manufacturing efficiency. The competitive advantage belongs to those who understand the new requirements and opportunities, and who commit to integrated solutions that span the value chain all the way from demand to production. ABB's automation and IT expertise and the process know-how gained from its long involvement with the automotive industry, have been brought together in new, state-of-the-art software solutions for press shops. Integrated into Industrial IT architecture, they allow the full potential of the shops to be realized, with advantages at every step in the supply chain

press shop . industri it solut for the press shop
 global of the world 's market is challeng the tradit limit of manufactur effici . the competit advantag belong to those who understand the new requir and opportun , and who commit to integr solut that span the valu chain all the way from demand to product . abb 's autom and it expertis and the process know-how gain from it long involv with the automot industri , have been brought togeth in new , state-of-the-art softwar solut for press shop . integr into industri it architectur , they allow the full potenti of the shop to be realiz , with advantag at everi step in the suppli chain

press shops
industrial IT solutions
manufacturing efficiency
automation
state-of-the-art
software solutions
supply chain
market globalisation
car manufacturing business


Control in active systems based on criteria and motivation

Abstract: For active systems where the principal varies the agents' goal functions by adding to them appropriately weighted goal functions of other agents or a balanced system of inter-agent transfers, the paper formulated and solved the problems of control based on criteria and motivation. Linear active systems were considered by way of example

control in activ system base on criteria and motiv
 for activ system where the princip vari the agent ' goal function by ad to them appropri weight goal function of other agent or a balanc system of inter-ag transfer , the paper formul and solv the problem of control base on criteria and motiv . linear activ system were consid by way of exampl

goal functions
inter-agent transfers
linear active systems
criteria-based control
motivation-based control


Supervisory control design based on hybrid systems and fuzzy events detection. Application to an oxichlorination reactor

Abstract: This paper presents a supervisory control scheme based on hybrid systems theory and fuzzy events detection. The fuzzy event detector is a linguistic model, which synthesizes complex relations between process variables and process events incorporating experts' knowledge about the process operation. This kind of detection allows the anticipation of appropriate control actions, which depend upon the selected membership functions used to characterize the process under scrutiny. The proposed supervisory control scheme was successfully implemented for an oxichlorination reactor in a vinyl monomer plant

supervisori control design base on hybrid system and fuzzi event detect . applic to an oxichlorin reactor
 thi paper present a supervisori control scheme base on hybrid system theori and fuzzi event detect . the fuzzi event detector is a linguist model , which synthes complex relat between process variabl and process event incorpor expert ' knowledg about the process oper . thi kind of detect allow the anticip of appropri control action , which depend upon the select membership function use to character the process under scrutini . the propos supervisori control scheme wa success implement for an oxichlorin reactor in a vinyl monom plant

supervisory control design
hybrid systems
oxichlorination reactor
linguistic model
complex relations
process variables
process events
process operation
control actions
membership functions
vinyl monomer plant
events detection. fuzzy
expert knowledge
reactor stability
raw material consumption
discrete events systems
reactive systems
finite state machines


The service side of systems librarianship

Abstract: Describes the role of a systems librarian at a small academic library. Although online catalogs and the Internet are making library accessibility more convenient, the need for library buildings and professionals has not diminished. Typical duties of a systems librarian and the effects of new technology on librarianship are discussed. Services provided to other constituencies on campus and the blurring relationship between the library and computer services are also presented

the servic side of system librarianship
 describ the role of a system librarian at a small academ librari . although onlin catalog and the internet are make librari access more conveni , the need for librari build and profession ha not diminish . typic duti of a system librarian and the effect of new technolog on librarianship are discuss . servic provid to other constitu on campu and the blur relationship between the librari and comput servic are also present

service side
systems librarianship
small academic library
online catalogs
Internet


Naomi Campbell: drugs, distress and the Data Protection Act

Abstract: In the first case of its kind, Naomi Campbell successfully sued Mirror Group Newspapers for damage and distress caused by breach of the Data Protection Act 1998. Partner N. Wildish and assistant M. Turle of City law firm Field Fisher Waterhouse discuss the case and the legal implications of which online publishers should be aware

naomi campbel : drug , distress and the data protect act
 in the first case of it kind , naomi campbel success su mirror group newspap for damag and distress caus by breach of the data protect act 1998 . partner n. wildish and assist m. turl of citi law firm field fisher waterhous discuss the case and the legal implic of which onlin publish should be awar

Naomi Campbell
drugs
distress
Data Protection Act
online publishers


Reconfigurable context-sensitive middleware for pervasive computing

Abstract: Context-sensitive applications need data from sensors, devices, and user actions, and might need ad hoc communication support to dynamically discover new devices and engage in spontaneous information exchange. Reconfigurable Context-Sensitive Middleware facilitates the development and runtime operations of context-sensitive pervasive computing software

reconfigur context-sensit middlewar for pervas comput
 context-sensit applic need data from sensor , devic , and user action , and might need ad hoc commun support to dynam discov new devic and engag in spontan inform exchang . reconfigur context-sensit middlewar facilit the develop and runtim oper of context-sensit pervas comput softwar


Recording quantum properties of light in a long-lived atomic spin state: towards quantum memory

Abstract: We report an experiment on mapping a quantum state of light onto the ground state spin of an ensemble of Cs atoms with the lifetime of 2 ms. Recording of one of the two quadrature phase operators of light is demonstrated with vacuum and squeezed states of light. The sensitivity of the mapping procedure at the level of approximately 1 photon/sec per Hz is shown. The results pave the road towards complete (storing both quadrature phase observables) quantum memory for Gaussian states of light. The experiment also sheds new light on fundamental limits of sensitivity of the magneto-optical resonance method

record quantum properti of light in a long-liv atom spin state : toward quantum memori
 we report an experi on map a quantum state of light onto the ground state spin of an ensembl of cs atom with the lifetim of 2 ms . record of one of the two quadratur phase oper of light is demonstr with vacuum and squeez state of light . the sensit of the map procedur at the level of approxim 1 photon / sec per hz is shown . the result pave the road toward complet ( store both quadratur phase observ ) quantum memori for gaussian state of light . the experi also shed new light on fundament limit of sensit of the magneto-opt reson method

long-lived atomic spin state
quantum memory
ground state spin
ensemble
Cs
2 ms
two quadrature phase operators
squeezed states
mapping procedure
light quantum properties recording
vacuum states
magnetooptical resonance method


On the emergence of rules in neural networks

Abstract: A simple associationist neural network learns to factor abstract rules (i.e., grammars) from sequences of arbitrary input symbols by inventing abstract representations that accommodate unseen symbol sets as well as unseen but similar grammars. The neural network is shown to have the ability to transfer grammatical knowledge to both new symbol vocabularies and new grammars. Analysis of the state-space shows that the network learns generalized abstract structures of the input and is not simply memorizing the input strings. These representations are context sensitive, hierarchical, and based on the state variable of the finite-state machines that the neural network has learned. Generalization to new symbol sets or grammars arises from the spatial nature of the internal representations used by the network, allowing new symbol sets to be encoded close to symbol sets that have already been learned in the hidden unit space of the network. The results are counter to the arguments that learning algorithms based on weight adaptation after each exemplar presentation (such as the long term potentiation found in the mammalian nervous system) cannot in principle extract symbolic knowledge from positive examples as prescribed by prevailing human linguistic theory and evolutionary psychology

on the emerg of rule in neural network
 a simpl associationist neural network learn to factor abstract rule ( i.e. , grammar ) from sequenc of arbitrari input symbol by invent abstract represent that accommod unseen symbol set as well as unseen but similar grammar . the neural network is shown to have the abil to transfer grammat knowledg to both new symbol vocabulari and new grammar . analysi of the state-spac show that the network learn gener abstract structur of the input and is not simpli memor the input string . these represent are context sensit , hierarch , and base on the state variabl of the finite-st machin that the neural network ha learn . gener to new symbol set or grammar aris from the spatial natur of the intern represent use by the network , allow new symbol set to be encod close to symbol set that have alreadi been learn in the hidden unit space of the network . the result are counter to the argument that learn algorithm base on weight adapt after each exemplar present ( such as the long term potenti found in the mammalian nervou system ) can not in principl extract symbol knowledg from posit exampl as prescrib by prevail human linguist theori and evolutionari psycholog

neural network
associationist neural network
learns
abstract rules
state-space
symbolic knowledge
cognitive neurosciences
associationist learning


An intelligent fuzzy decision system for a flexible manufacturing system with multi-decision points

Abstract: This paper describes an intelligent fuzzy decision support system for real-time scheduling and dispatching of parts in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), with alternative routing possibilities for all parts. A fuzzy logic approach is developed to improve the system performance by considering multiple performance measures and at multiple decision points. The characteristics of the system status, instead of parts, are fed back to assign priority to the parts waiting to be processed. A simulation model is developed and it is shown that the proposed intelligent fuzzy decision support system keeps all performance measures at a good level. The proposed intelligent system is a promising tool for dealing with scheduling FMSs, in contrast to traditional rules

an intellig fuzzi decis system for a flexibl manufactur system with multi-decis point
 thi paper describ an intellig fuzzi decis support system for real-tim schedul and dispatch of part in a flexibl manufactur system ( fm ) , with altern rout possibl for all part . a fuzzi logic approach is develop to improv the system perform by consid multipl perform measur and at multipl decis point . the characterist of the system statu , instead of part , are fed back to assign prioriti to the part wait to be process . a simul model is develop and it is shown that the propos intellig fuzzi decis support system keep all perform measur at a good level . the propos intellig system is a promis tool for deal with schedul fmss , in contrast to tradit rule

flexible manufacturing system
scheduling
FMS
fuzzy logic
multiple decision points
simulation
intelligent decision support system
real-time system


Fitting mixed-effects models for repeated ordinal outcomes with the NLMIXED procedure

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of repeated ordinal outcomes arising from two psychological studies. The first case is a repeated measures analysis of variance; the second is a mixed-effects regression. in a longitudinal design. In both, the subject-specific variation is modeled by including random effects in the linear predictor (inside a link function) of a generalized linear model. The NLMIXED procedure in SAS is used to fit the mixed-effects models for the categorical response data. The presentation emphasizes the parallel between the model. specifications and the SAS statements. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the use of mixed-effects models in the analysis of repeated ordinal outcomes

fit mixed-effect model for repeat ordin outcom with the nlmix procedur
 thi paper present an analysi of repeat ordin outcom aris from two psycholog studi . the first case is a repeat measur analysi of varianc ; the second is a mixed-effect regress . in a longitudin design . in both , the subject-specif variat is model by includ random effect in the linear predictor ( insid a link function ) of a gener linear model . the nlmix procedur in sa is use to fit the mixed-effect model for the categor respons data . the present emphas the parallel between the model . specif and the sa statement . the purpos of thi paper is to facilit the use of mixed-effect model in the analysi of repeat ordin outcom

repeated ordinal outcomes
NLMIXED procedure
psychological studies
repeated measures analysis of variance
mixed-effects regression
longitudinal design
random effects
linear predictor
generalized linear model
categorical response data
subject-specific variation modeling
mixed-effects model fitting
model specifications


MATLAB code for plotting ambiguity functions

Abstract: A MATLAB code capable of plotting ambiguity functions of many different radar signals is presented. The program makes use of MATLAB's sparse matrix operations, and avoids loops. The program could be useful as a pedagogical tool in radar courses teaching pulse compression

matlab code for plot ambigu function
 a matlab code capabl of plot ambigu function of mani differ radar signal is present . the program make use of matlab 's spars matrix oper , and avoid loop . the program could be use as a pedagog tool in radar cours teach puls compress

MATLAB code
radar signals
sparse matrix operations
pedagogical tool
radar courses
pulse compression
ambiguity functions plotting
matched-filter response
Doppler-shifted signal version


A new method of systemological analysis coordinated with the procedure of object-oriented design. II

Abstract: For pt.I. see Vestn. KhGPU, no.81, p.15-18 (2000). The paper presents the results of development of an object-oriented systemological method used to design complex systems. A formal system representation, as well as an axiomatics of the calculus of systems as functional flow-type objects based on a Node-Function-Object class hierarchy are proposed. A formalized NFO/UFO analysis algorithm and CASE tools used to support it are considered

a new method of systemolog analysi coordin with the procedur of object-ori design . ii
 for pt . i. see vestn . khgpu , no.81 , p.15 - 18 ( 2000 ) . the paper present the result of develop of an object-ori systemolog method use to design complex system . a formal system represent , as well as an axiomat of the calculu of system as function flow-typ object base on a node-function-object class hierarchi are propos . a formal nfo / ufo analysi algorithm and case tool use to support it are consid

systemological analysis
object-oriented design
formal system representation
axiomatics
functional flow-type objects
formalized NFO/UFO analysis algorithm
CASE tools
complex systems design


Efficient computation of local geometric moments

Abstract: Local moments have attracted attention as local features in applications such as edge detection and texture segmentation. The main reason for this is that they are inherently integral-based features, so that their use reduces the effect of uncorrelated noise. The computation of local moments, when viewed as a neighborhood operation, can be interpreted as a convolution of the image with a set of masks. Nevertheless, moments computed inside overlapping windows are not independent and convolution does not take this fact into account. By introducing a matrix formulation and the concept of accumulation moments, this paper presents an algorithm which is computationally much more efficient than convolving and yet as simple

effici comput of local geometr moment
 local moment have attract attent as local featur in applic such as edg detect and textur segment . the main reason for thi is that they are inher integral-bas featur , so that their use reduc the effect of uncorrel nois . the comput of local moment , when view as a neighborhood oper , can be interpret as a convolut of the imag with a set of mask . nevertheless , moment comput insid overlap window are not independ and convolut doe not take thi fact into account . by introduc a matrix formul and the concept of accumul moment , thi paper present an algorithm which is comput much more effici than convolv and yet as simpl

local features
edge detection
texture segmentation
integral-based features
neighborhood operation
overlapping windows
matrix formulation
accumulation moments
local geometric moments computation
image convolution
computationally efficient algorithm
image analysis


Computer-mediated communication and remote management: integration or isolation?

Abstract: The use of intranets and e-mails to communicate with remote staff is increasing rapidly within organizations. For many companies this is viewed as a speedy and cost-effective way of keeping in contact with staff and ensuring their continuing commitment to company goals. This article highlights the problems experienced by staff when managers use intranets and e-mails in an inappropriate fashion for these purposes. Issues of remoteness and isolation are discussed, along with the reports of frustration and disidentification experienced. However, it will be shown that when used appropriately, communication using these technologies can facilitate shared understanding and help remote staff to view their company as alive and exciting. Theoretical aspects are highlighted and the implications of these findings are discussed

computer-medi commun and remot manag : integr or isol ?
 the use of intranet and e-mail to commun with remot staff is increas rapidli within organ . for mani compani thi is view as a speedi and cost-effect way of keep in contact with staff and ensur their continu commit to compani goal . thi articl highlight the problem experienc by staff when manag use intranet and e-mail in an inappropri fashion for these purpos . issu of remot and isol are discuss , along with the report of frustrat and disidentif experienc . howev , it will be shown that when use appropri , commun use these technolog can facilit share understand and help remot staff to view their compani as aliv and excit . theoret aspect are highlight and the implic of these find are discuss

computer-mediated communication
remote management
remoteness
managers
intranets
e-mails
remote staff
organizations
companies
cost-effective


System embedding. Control with reduced observer

Abstract: Two interrelated problems-design of the reduced observer of plant state separately and together with its control system-were considered from the standpoint of designing the multivariable linear systems from the desired matrix transfer functions. The matrix equations defining the entire constructive class of solutions of the posed problems were obtained using the system embedding technology. As was demonstrated, control based on the reduced observer is capable to provide the desired response to the control input, as well as the response to the nonzero initial conditions, only for the directly measurable part of the components of the state vector. An illustrative example was presented

system embed . control with reduc observ
 two interrel problems-design of the reduc observ of plant state separ and togeth with it control system-wer consid from the standpoint of design the multivari linear system from the desir matrix transfer function . the matrix equat defin the entir construct class of solut of the pose problem were obtain use the system embed technolog . as wa demonstr , control base on the reduc observ is capabl to provid the desir respons to the control input , as well as the respons to the nonzero initi condit , onli for the directli measur part of the compon of the state vector . an illustr exampl wa present

system embedding
multivariable linear systems
matrix transfer functions
state vector
reduced observer control
reduced plant state observer design


Integration is key - an introduction to enterprise application integration (EAI) technology

Abstract: Over the past few years, numerous organisations have invested in the latest software applications to drive their business forward. But many are now finding that these systems are becoming redundant on their own. The key to staying ahead of the competition in today's current climate is now to integrate all of these systems, says Justin Opie, Portfolio Director at Imark Communications

integr is key - an introduct to enterpris applic integr ( eai ) technolog
 over the past few year , numer organis have invest in the latest softwar applic to drive their busi forward . but mani are now find that these system are becom redund on their own . the key to stay ahead of the competit in today 's current climat is now to integr all of these system , say justin opi , portfolio director at imark commun

enterprise application integration
Imark Communications


Effective moving cast shadow detection for monocular color traffic image sequences

Abstract: For an accurate scene analysis using monocular color traffic image sequences, a robust segmentation of moving vehicles from the stationary background is generally required. However, the presence of moving cast shadow may lead to an inaccurate vehicle segmentation, and as a result, may lead to further erroneous scene analysis. We propose an effective method for the detection of moving cast shadow. By observing the characteristics of cast shadow in the luminance, chrominance, gradient density, and geometry domains, a combined probability map, called a shadow confidence score (SCS), is obtained. From the edge map of the input image, each edge pixel is examined to determine whether it belongs to the vehicle region based on its neighboring SCSs. The cast shadow is identified as those regions with high SCSs, which are outside the convex hull of the selected vehicle edge pixels. The proposed method is tested on 100 vehicle images taken under different lighting conditions (sunny and cloudy), viewing angles (roadside and overhead), vehicle sizes (small, medium, and large), and colors (similar to the road and not). The results indicate that an average error rate of around 14% is obtained while the lowest error rate is around 3% for large vehicles

effect move cast shadow detect for monocular color traffic imag sequenc
 for an accur scene analysi use monocular color traffic imag sequenc , a robust segment of move vehicl from the stationari background is gener requir . howev , the presenc of move cast shadow may lead to an inaccur vehicl segment , and as a result , may lead to further erron scene analysi . we propos an effect method for the detect of move cast shadow . by observ the characterist of cast shadow in the lumin , chromin , gradient densiti , and geometri domain , a combin probabl map , call a shadow confid score ( sc ) , is obtain . from the edg map of the input imag , each edg pixel is examin to determin whether it belong to the vehicl region base on it neighbor scss . the cast shadow is identifi as those region with high scss , which are outsid the convex hull of the select vehicl edg pixel . the propos method is test on 100 vehicl imag taken under differ light condit ( sunni and cloudi ) , view angl ( roadsid and overhead ) , vehicl size ( small , medium , and larg ) , and color ( similar to the road and not ) . the result indic that an averag error rate of around 14 % is obtain while the lowest error rate is around 3 % for larg vehicl

effective moving cast shadow detection
moving cast shadow
cast shadow
monocular color traffic image sequences
accurate scene analysis
robust segmentation
moving vehicles
stationary background
inaccurate vehicle segmentation
erroneous scene analysis
luminance
chrominance
gradient density
geometry domains
combined probability map
shadow confidence score
input image
convex hull
selected vehicle edge pixels
vehicle images
lighting conditions
sunny
cloudy
viewing angles
vehicle sizes
average error rate
image segmentation

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P R


NuVox shows staying power with new cash, new market

Abstract: Who says you can't raise cash in today's telecom market? NuVox Communications positions itself for the long run with $78.5 million in funding and a new credit facility

nuvox show stay power with new cash , new market
 who say you ca n't rais cash in today 's telecom market ? nuvox commun posit itself for the long run with $ 78.5 million in fund and a new credit facil

telecom
NuVox Communications
competitive carrier market
investors


Duality revisited: construction of fractional frequency distributions based on two dual Lotka laws

Abstract: Fractional frequency distributions of, for example, authors with a certain (fractional) number of papers are very irregular, and therefore not easy to model or to explain. The article gives a first attempt to this by as suming two simple Lotka laws (with exponent 2): one for the number of authors with n papers (total count here) and one for the number of papers with n authors, n in N. Based on an earlier made convolution model of Egghe, interpreted and reworked now for discrete scores, we are able to produce theoretical fractional frequency distributions with only one parameter, which are in very close agreement with the practical ones as found in a large dataset produced earlier by Rao (1995). The article also shows that (irregular) fractional frequency distributions are a consequence of Lotka's law, and are not examples of breakdowns of this famous historical law

dualiti revisit : construct of fraction frequenc distribut base on two dual lotka law
 fraction frequenc distribut of , for exampl , author with a certain ( fraction ) number of paper are veri irregular , and therefor not easi to model or to explain . the articl give a first attempt to thi by as sume two simpl lotka law ( with expon 2 ): one for the number of author with n paper ( total count here ) and one for the number of paper with n author , n in n. base on an earlier made convolut model of eggh , interpret and rework now for discret score , we are abl to produc theoret fraction frequenc distribut with onli one paramet , which are in veri close agreement with the practic one as found in a larg dataset produc earlier by rao ( 1995 ) . the articl also show that ( irregular ) fraction frequenc distribut are a consequ of lotka 's law , and are not exampl of breakdown of thi famou histor law

irregular fractional frequency distributions


Edit distance of run-length encoded strings

Abstract: Let X and Y be two run-length encoded strings, of encoded lengths k and l, respectively. We present a simple O(|X|l+|Y|k) time algorithm that computes their edit distance

edit distanc of run-length encod string
 let x and y be two run-length encod string , of encod length k and l , respect . we present a simpl o(|x|l+|y|k ) time algorithm that comput their edit distanc

edit distance
run-length encoded strings
encoded lengths
algorithm
computation time


Windows XP fast user switching

Abstract: The Windows NT family of operating systems has always supported the concept of multiple user accounts, but they've taken the concept a step further with Windows XP's Fast User Switching feature. Fast User Switching is a new feature of Windows XP that allows multiple users to log on to the same machine and quickly switch between the logged on accounts. Fast User Switching is implemented using some of the built-in capabilities of Terminal Services. Terminal Server has been around for a while but is much more feature rich and integrated in Windows XP. A machine with the terminal services (Remote Desktop) client can log on to and run applications on a remote machine running the terminal server

window xp fast user switch
 the window nt famili of oper system ha alway support the concept of multipl user account , but they 've taken the concept a step further with window xp 's fast user switch featur . fast user switch is a new featur of window xp that allow multipl user to log on to the same machin and quickli switch between the log on account . fast user switch is implement use some of the built-in capabl of termin servic . termin server ha been around for a while but is much more featur rich and integr in window xp . a machin with the termin servic ( remot desktop ) client can log on to and run applic on a remot machin run the termin server

Windows XP Fast User Switching
operating systems
multiple user accounts
Terminal Services
Terminal Server
Remote Desktop
multiple user logon access


Acquisitions in the James Ford Bell Library

Abstract: This article presents basic acquisitions philosophy and approaches in a noted special collection, with commentary on "just saying no" and on how the electronic revolution has changed the acquisition of special collections materials

acquisit in the jame ford bell librari
 thi articl present basic acquisit philosophi and approach in a note special collect , with commentari on " just say no " and on how the electron revolut ha chang the acquisit of special collect materi

James Ford Bell Library
special collections
electronic revolution
library acquisitions philosophy
out-of-print books
University library


Binocular model for figure-ground segmentation in translucent and occluding images

Abstract: A Fourier-based solution to the problem of figure-ground segmentation in short baseline binocular image pairs is presented. Each image is modeled as an additive composite of two component images that exhibit a spatial shift due to the binocular parallax. The segmentation is accomplished by decoupling each Fourier component in one of the resultant additive images into its two constituent phasors, allocating each to its appropriate object-specific spectrum, and then reconstructing the foreground and background using the inverse Fourier transform. It is shown that the foreground and background shifts can be computed from the differences of the magnitudes and phases of the Fourier transform of the binocular image pair. While the model is based on translucent objects, it also works with occluding objects

binocular model for figure-ground segment in transluc and occlud imag
 a fourier-bas solut to the problem of figure-ground segment in short baselin binocular imag pair is present . each imag is model as an addit composit of two compon imag that exhibit a spatial shift due to the binocular parallax . the segment is accomplish by decoupl each fourier compon in one of the result addit imag into it two constitu phasor , alloc each to it appropri object-specif spectrum , and then reconstruct the foreground and background use the invers fourier transform . it is shown that the foreground and background shift can be comput from the differ of the magnitud and phase of the fourier transform of the binocular imag pair . while the model is base on transluc object , it also work with occlud object

binocular model
figure-ground segmentation
occluding images
images
Fourier-based solution
short baseline binocular image pairs
binocular image pair
component images
spatial shift
binocular parallax
phasors
object-specific spectrum
foreground
background
inverse Fourier transform
translucent objects
occluding objects
translucent images
image segmentation
Fourier component decoupling


The use of the SPSA method in ECG analysis

Abstract: The classification, monitoring, and compression of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals recorded of a single patient over a relatively long period of time is considered. The particular application we have in mind is high-resolution ECG analysis, such as late potential analysis, morphology changes in QRS during arrythmias, T-wave alternants, or the study of drug effects on ventricular activation. We propose to apply a modification of a classical method of cluster analysis or vector quantization. The novelty of our approach is that we use a new distortion measure to quantify the distance of two ECG cycles, and the class-distortion measure is defined using a min-max criterion. The new class-distortion-measure is much more sensitive to outliers than the usual distortion measures using average-distance. The price of this practical advantage is that computational complexity is significantly increased. The resulting nonsmooth optimization problem is solved by an adapted version of the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method of J. Spall (IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr., vol. 37, p. 332-41, Mar. 1992). The main idea is to generate a smooth approximation by a randomization procedure. The viability of the method is demonstrated on both simulated and real data. An experimental comparison with the widely used correlation method is given on real data

the use of the spsa method in ecg analysi
 the classif , monitor , and compress of electrocardiogram ( ecg ) signal record of a singl patient over a rel long period of time is consid . the particular applic we have in mind is high-resolut ecg analysi , such as late potenti analysi , morpholog chang in qr dure arrythmia , t-wave altern , or the studi of drug effect on ventricular activ . we propos to appli a modif of a classic method of cluster analysi or vector quantiz . the novelti of our approach is that we use a new distort measur to quantifi the distanc of two ecg cycl , and the class-distort measur is defin use a min-max criterion . the new class-distortion-measur is much more sensit to outlier than the usual distort measur use average-dist . the price of thi practic advantag is that comput complex is significantli increas . the result nonsmooth optim problem is solv by an adapt version of the simultan perturb stochast approxim ( spsa ) method of j. spall ( ieee tran . automat . contr . , vol . 37 , p. 332 - 41 , mar. 1992 ) . the main idea is to gener a smooth approxim by a random procedur . the viabil of the method is demonstr on both simul and real data . an experiment comparison with the wide use correl method is given on real data

simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method


Adaptive state feedback control for a class of linear systems with unknown bounds of uncertainties

Abstract: The problem of adaptive robust stabilization for a class of linear time-varying systems with disturbance and nonlinear uncertainties is considered. The bounds of the disturbance and uncertainties are assumed to be unknown, being even arbitrary. For such uncertain dynamical systems, the adaptive robust state feedback controller is obtained. And the resulting closed-loop systems are asymptotically stable in theory. Moreover, an adaptive robust state feedback control scheme is given. The scheme ensures the closed-loop systems exponentially practically stable and can be used in practical engineering. Finally, simulations show that the control scheme is effective

adapt state feedback control for a class of linear system with unknown bound of uncertainti
 the problem of adapt robust stabil for a class of linear time-vari system with disturb and nonlinear uncertainti is consid . the bound of the disturb and uncertainti are assum to be unknown , be even arbitrari . for such uncertain dynam system , the adapt robust state feedback control is obtain . and the result closed-loop system are asymptot stabl in theori . moreov , an adapt robust state feedback control scheme is given . the scheme ensur the closed-loop system exponenti practic stabl and can be use in practic engin . final , simul show that the control scheme is effect

state feedback
robust stabilization
linear time-varying systems
nonlinear uncertainties
uncertain dynamical systems
closed-loop systems
adaptive stabilization
adaptive controller
robust control
uncertain systems


Generalized confidence sets for a statistically indeterminate random vector

Abstract: A problem is considered for the construction of confidence sets for a random vector, the information on distribution parameters of which is incomplete. To obtain exact estimates and a detailed analysis of the problem, the notion is introduced of a generalized confidence set for a statistically indeterminate random vector. Properties of generalized confidence sets are studied. It is shown that the standard method of estimation, which relies on the unification of confidence sets, leads in many cases to wider confidence estimates. For a normally distributed random vector with an inaccurately known mean value, generalized confidence sets are built tip and the dependence of sizes of a generalized confidence set on the forms and parameters of a set of possible mean values is examined

gener confid set for a statist indetermin random vector
 a problem is consid for the construct of confid set for a random vector , the inform on distribut paramet of which is incomplet . to obtain exact estim and a detail analysi of the problem , the notion is introduc of a gener confid set for a statist indetermin random vector . properti of gener confid set are studi . it is shown that the standard method of estim , which reli on the unif of confid set , lead in mani case to wider confid estim . for a normal distribut random vector with an inaccur known mean valu , gener confid set are built tip and the depend of size of a gener confid set on the form and paramet of a set of possibl mean valu is examin


Estimating populations for collective dose calculations

Abstract: The collective dose provides an estimate of the effects of facility operations on the public based on an estimate of the population in the area. Geographic information system software, electronic population data resources, and a personal computer were used to develop estimates of population within 80 km radii of two sites

estim popul for collect dose calcul
 the collect dose provid an estim of the effect of facil oper on the public base on an estim of the popul in the area . geograph inform system softwar , electron popul data resourc , and a person comput were use to develop estim of popul within 80 km radii of two site

collective dose calculations
facility operations
public
geographic information system software
electronic population data resources
personal computer


Chemical information based scaling of molecular descriptors: a universal chemical scale for library design and analysis

Abstract: Scaling is a difficult issue for any analysis of chemical properties or molecular topology when disparate descriptors are involved. To compare properties across different data sets, a common scale must be defined. Using several publicly available databases (ACD, CMC, MDDR, and NCI) as a basis, we propose to define chemically meaningful scales for a number of molecular properties and topology descriptors. These chemically derived scaling functions have several advantages. First, it is possible to define chemically relevant scales, greatly simplifying similarity and diversity analyses across data sets. Second, this approach provides a convenient method for setting descriptor boundaries that define chemically reasonable topology spaces. For example, descriptors can be scaled so that compounds with little potential for biological activity, bioavailability, or other drug-like characteristics are easily identified as outliers. We have compiled scaling values for 314 molecular descriptors. In addition the 10th and 90th percentile values for each descriptor have been calculated for use in outlier filtering

chemic inform base scale of molecular descriptor : a univers chemic scale for librari design and analysi
 scale is a difficult issu for ani analysi of chemic properti or molecular topolog when dispar descriptor are involv . to compar properti across differ data set , a common scale must be defin . use sever publicli avail databas ( acd , cmc , mddr , and nci ) as a basi , we propos to defin chemic meaning scale for a number of molecular properti and topolog descriptor . these chemic deriv scale function have sever advantag . first , it is possibl to defin chemic relev scale , greatli simplifi similar and divers analys across data set . second , thi approach provid a conveni method for set descriptor boundari that defin chemic reason topolog space . for exampl , descriptor can be scale so that compound with littl potenti for biolog activ , bioavail , or other drug-lik characterist are easili identifi as outlier . we have compil scale valu for 314 molecular descriptor . in addit the 10th and 90th percentil valu for each descriptor have been calcul for use in outlier filter

chemical information based scaling
molecular descriptors
universal chemical scale
library design
chemical properties
molecular topology
data sets
databases
diversity analyses
descriptor boundaries
biological activity
bioavailability
drug-like characteristics
outliers
library analysis
similarity analyses


Development of a health guidance support system for lifestyle improvement

Abstract: The objective is to provide automated advice for lifestyle adjustment based on an assessment of the results of a questionnaire and medical examination or health checkup data. A system was developed that gathers data based on questions regarding weight gain, exercise, smoking, sleep, eating habits, salt intake, animal fat intake, snacks, alcohol, and oral hygiene, body mass index, resting blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and liver function tests. Based on the relationships between the lifestyle data and the health checkup data, a health assessment sheet was generated for persons being allocated to a multiple-risk factor syndrome group. Health assessment and useful advice for lifestyle improvement were automatically extracted with the system, toward the high risk group for life style related diseases. The system is operational. In comparison with conventional, limited advice methods, we developed a practical system that defined the necessity for lifestyle improvement more clearly, and made giving advice easier

develop of a health guidanc support system for lifestyl improv
 the object is to provid autom advic for lifestyl adjust base on an assess of the result of a questionnair and medic examin or health checkup data . a system wa develop that gather data base on question regard weight gain , exercis , smoke , sleep , eat habit , salt intak , anim fat intak , snack , alcohol , and oral hygien , bodi mass index , rest blood pressur , fast blood sugar , total cholesterol , triglycerid , uric acid and liver function test . base on the relationship between the lifestyl data and the health checkup data , a health assess sheet wa gener for person be alloc to a multiple-risk factor syndrom group . health assess and use advic for lifestyl improv were automat extract with the system , toward the high risk group for life style relat diseas . the system is oper . in comparison with convent , limit advic method , we develop a practic system that defin the necess for lifestyl improv more clearli , and made give advic easier

health guidance support system
lifestyle improvement
questionnaire
medical examination
health checkup data
weight gain
exercise
smoking
sleep
eating habits
salt intake
animal fat intake
snacks
alcohol
oral hygiene
body mass index
resting blood pressure
fasting blood sugar
total cholesterol
triglycerides
uric acid
liver function tests

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Licensing experiences in the Netherlands

Abstract: The licensing strategy of university libraries in the Netherlands is closely connected with university policies to develop document servers and to make research publications available on the Web. National agreements have been made with major publishers, such as Elsevier Science and Kluwer Academic, to provide access to a wide range of scientific information and to experiment with new ways of providing information and new business models

licens experi in the netherland
 the licens strategi of univers librari in the netherland is close connect with univers polici to develop document server and to make research public avail on the web . nation agreement have been made with major publish , such as elsevi scienc and kluwer academ , to provid access to a wide rang of scientif inform and to experi with new way of provid inform and new busi model

Netherlands
licensing strategy
university libraries
university policies
document servers
research publications
Web
Elsevier Science
Kluwer Academic
scientific information
business models


On batch-constructing B/sup +/-trees: algorithm and its performance evaluation

Abstract: Efficient construction of indexes is very important in bulk-loading a database or adding a new index to an existing database since both of them should handle an enormous volume of data. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for batch-constructing the B/sup +/-tree, the most widely used index structure in database systems. The main characteristic of our algorithm is to simultaneously process all the key values to be placed on each B+-tree page when accessing the page. This avoids the overhead due to accessing the same page multiple times, which results from applying the B+-tree insertion algorithm repeatedly. For performance evaluation, we have analyzed our algorithm in terms of the number of disk accesses. The results show that the number of disk accesses excluding those in the relocation process is identical to the number of pages belonging to the B/sup +/-tree. Considering that the relocation process is an unavoidable preprocessing step for batch-constructing of B/sup +/-trees, our algorithm requires just one disk access per B+-tree page, and therefore turns out to be optimal. We also present the performance tendency in relation with different parameter values via simulation. Finally, we show the performance enhancement effect of our algorithm, compared with the one using repeated insertions through experiments

on batch-construct b / sup + /-tree : algorithm and it perform evalu
 effici construct of index is veri import in bulk-load a databas or ad a new index to an exist databas sinc both of them should handl an enorm volum of data . in thi paper , we propos an algorithm for batch-construct the b / sup + /-tree , the most wide use index structur in databas system . the main characterist of our algorithm is to simultan process all the key valu to be place on each b+-tree page when access the page . thi avoid the overhead due to access the same page multipl time , which result from appli the b+-tree insert algorithm repeatedli . for perform evalu , we have analyz our algorithm in term of the number of disk access . the result show that the number of disk access exclud those in the reloc process is ident to the number of page belong to the b / sup + /-tree . consid that the reloc process is an unavoid preprocess step for batch-construct of b / sup + /-tree , our algorithm requir just one disk access per b+-tree page , and therefor turn out to be optim . we also present the perform tendenc in relat with differ paramet valu via simul . final , we show the perform enhanc effect of our algorithm , compar with the one use repeat insert through experi

index structure
simulation
B+-tree page
B+-tree insertion algorithm
disk accesses
relocation process
B+-tree batch construction
algorithm performance evaluation
database bulk loading
page access


All-optical logic NOR gate using two-cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers

Abstract: The authors present a novel all-optical logic NOR gate using two-cascaded semiconductor optical. amplifiers (SOAs) in a counterpropagating feedback configuration. This configuration accentuates the gain nonlinearity due to the mutual gain modulation of the two SOAs. The all-optical NOR gate feasibility has been demonstrated delivering an extinction ratio higher than 12 dB over a wide range of wavelength

all-opt logic nor gate use two-cascad semiconductor optic amplifi
 the author present a novel all-opt logic nor gate use two-cascad semiconductor optic . amplifi ( soa ) in a counterpropag feedback configur . thi configur accentu the gain nonlinear due to the mutual gain modul of the two soa . the all-opt nor gate feasibl ha been demonstr deliv an extinct ratio higher than 12 db over a wide rang of wavelength


Using latent semantic analysis to assess reader strategies

Abstract: We tested a computer-based procedure for assessing reader strategies that was based on verbal protocols that utilized latent semantic analysis (LSA). Students were given self-explanation-reading training (SERT), which teaches strategies that facilitate self-explanation during reading, such as elaboration based on world knowledge and bridging between text sentences. During a computerized version of SERT practice, students read texts and typed self-explanations into a computer after each sentence. The use of SERT strategies during this practice was assessed by determining the extent to which students used the information in the current sentence versus the prior text or world knowledge in their self-explanations. This assessment was made on the basis of human judgments and LSA. Both human judgments and LSA were remarkably similar and indicated that students who were not complying with SERT tended to paraphrase the text sentences, whereas students who were compliant with SERT tended to explain the sentences in terms of what they knew about the world and of information provided in the prior text context. The similarity between human judgments and LSA indicates that LSA will be useful in accounting for reading strategies in a Web-based version of SERT

use latent semant analysi to assess reader strategi
 we test a computer-bas procedur for assess reader strategi that wa base on verbal protocol that util latent semant analysi ( lsa ) . student were given self-explanation-read train ( sert ) , which teach strategi that facilit self-explan dure read , such as elabor base on world knowledg and bridg between text sentenc . dure a computer version of sert practic , student read text and type self-explan into a comput after each sentenc . the use of sert strategi dure thi practic wa assess by determin the extent to which student use the inform in the current sentenc versu the prior text or world knowledg in their self-explan . thi assess wa made on the basi of human judgment and lsa . both human judgment and lsa were remark similar and indic that student who were not compli with sert tend to paraphras the text sentenc , wherea student who were compliant with sert tend to explain the sentenc in term of what they knew about the world and of inform provid in the prior text context . the similar between human judgment and lsa indic that lsa will be use in account for read strategi in a web-bas version of sert

latent semantic analysis
computer-based procedure
verbal protocols
self-explanation-reading training
elaboration
world knowledge
human judgments
reader strategy assessment
text sentence bridging


Centroid detection based on optical correlation

Abstract: We propose three correlation-based methods to simultaneously detect the centroids of multiple objects in an input scene. The first method is based on the modulus of the moment function, the second method is based on squaring the moment function, and the third method works with a single intensity filter. These methods are invariant to changes in the position, orientation, and scale of the object and result in good noise-smoothing performance. We use spatial light modulators (SLMs) to directly implement the input of the image and filter information for the purpose of these approaches. We present results showing simulations from different approaches and provide comparisons between optical-correlation- and digital-moment-based methods. Experimental results corresponding to an optical correlator using SLMs for the centroid detection are also presented

centroid detect base on optic correl
 we propos three correlation-bas method to simultan detect the centroid of multipl object in an input scene . the first method is base on the modulu of the moment function , the second method is base on squar the moment function , and the third method work with a singl intens filter . these method are invari to chang in the posit , orient , and scale of the object and result in good noise-smooth perform . we use spatial light modul ( slm ) to directli implement the input of the imag and filter inform for the purpos of these approach . we present result show simul from differ approach and provid comparison between optical-correlation- and digital-moment-bas method . experiment result correspond to an optic correl use slm for the centroid detect are also present

centroid detection
centroids
optical correlation
optical correlation
correlation-based methods
multiple objects
input scene
single intensity filter
position
orientation
scale
noise-smoothing performance
spatial light modulators
digital-moment-based methods
moment function modulus
moment function squaring
optical correlator


Evolution of litigation support systems

Abstract: For original paper see ibid., vol. 12, no. 6: "The E-mail of the Species". The author responds to that paper and argues that printing, scanning and imaging E-mails or other electronic (rather than paper) documents prior to listing and disclosure seems to be unnecessary, not 'proportionate' (from a costs point of view) and not particularly helpful, to either side. He asks how litigation support systems might evolve to help and support the legal team in their task

evolut of litig support system
 for origin paper see ibid . , vol . 12 , no . 6 : " the e-mail of the speci " . the author respond to that paper and argu that print , scan and imag e-mail or other electron ( rather than paper ) document prior to list and disclosur seem to be unnecessari , not ' proportion ' ( from a cost point of view ) and not particularli help , to either side . he ask how litig support system might evolv to help and support the legal team in their task

litigation support systems
E-mail
legal team


A new approach to the problem of structural identification. II

Abstract: The subject under discussion is a new approach to the problem of structural identification, which relies on the recognition of a decisive role of the human factor in the process of structural identification. Potential possibilities of the suggested approach are illustrated by the statement of a new mathematical problem of structural identification

a new approach to the problem of structur identif . ii
 the subject under discuss is a new approach to the problem of structur identif , which reli on the recognit of a decis role of the human factor in the process of structur identif . potenti possibl of the suggest approach are illustr by the statement of a new mathemat problem of structur identif

structural identification
human factor
mathematical equations
decision-maker


Recommendations for implementing Internet inquiry projects

Abstract: The purpose of the study presented was to provide recommendations to teachers who are interested in implementing Internet inquiry projects. Four classes of ninth- and tenth-grade honors students (N = 100) participated in an Internet inquiry project in which they were presented with an ecology question that required them to make a decision based on information that they gathered, analyzed, and synthesized from the Internet and their textbook. Students then composed papers with a rationale for their decision. Students in one group had access to pre-selected relevant Web sites, access to the entire Internet, and were provided with less online support. Students in the other group had access to only pre-selected relevant Web sites, but were provided with more online support. Two of the most important recommendations were: 1) to provide students with more online support; and 2) to provide students with pre-selected relevant Web sites and allow them to search the Internet for information

recommend for implement internet inquiri project
 the purpos of the studi present wa to provid recommend to teacher who are interest in implement internet inquiri project . four class of ninth- and tenth-grad honor student ( n = 100 ) particip in an internet inquiri project in which they were present with an ecolog question that requir them to make a decis base on inform that they gather , analyz , and synthes from the internet and their textbook . student then compos paper with a rational for their decis . student in one group had access to pre-select relev web site , access to the entir internet , and were provid with less onlin support . student in the other group had access to onli pre-select relev web site , but were provid with more onlin support . two of the most import recommend were : 1 ) to provid student with more onlin support ; and 2 ) to provid student with pre-select relev web site and allow them to search the internet for inform

Internet inquiry projects
teachers
honors students
ecology question
pre-selected relevant Web sites
online support


A framework of electronic tendering for government procurement: a lesson learned in Taiwan

Abstract: To render government procurement efficient, transparent, nondiscriminating, and accountable, an electronic government procurement system is required. Accordingly, Taiwan government procurement law (TGPL) states that suppliers may employ electronic devices to forward a tender. This investigation demonstrates how the electronic government procurement system functions and reengineers internal procurement processes, which in turn benefits both government bodies and vendors. The system features explored herein include posting/receiving bids via the Internet, vendor registration, certificate authorization, contract development tools, bid/request for proposal (RFP) development, online bidding, and online payment, all of which can be integrated easily within most existing information infrastructures

a framework of electron tender for govern procur : a lesson learn in taiwan
 to render govern procur effici , transpar , nondiscrimin , and account , an electron govern procur system is requir . accordingli , taiwan govern procur law ( tgpl ) state that supplier may employ electron devic to forward a tender . thi investig demonstr how the electron govern procur system function and reengin intern procur process , which in turn benefit both govern bodi and vendor . the system featur explor herein includ post / receiv bid via the internet , vendor registr , certif author , contract develop tool , bid / request for propos ( rfp ) develop , onlin bid , and onlin payment , all of which can be integr easili within most exist inform infrastructur


Information architecture for bilingual Web sites

Abstract: Creating an information architecture for a bilingual Web site presents particular challenges beyond those that exist for single and multilanguage sites. This article reports work in progress on the development of a content-based bilingual Web site to facilitate the sharing of resources and information between Speech and Language Therapists. The development of the information architecture is based on a combination of two aspects: an abstract structural analysis of existing bilingual Web designs focusing on the presentation of bilingual material, and a bilingual card-sorting activity conducted with potential users. Issues for bilingual developments are discussed, and some observations are made regarding the use of card-sorting activities

inform architectur for bilingu web site
 creat an inform architectur for a bilingu web site present particular challeng beyond those that exist for singl and multilanguag site . thi articl report work in progress on the develop of a content-bas bilingu web site to facilit the share of resourc and inform between speech and languag therapist . the develop of the inform architectur is base on a combin of two aspect : an abstract structur analysi of exist bilingu web design focus on the present of bilingu materi , and a bilingu card-sort activ conduct with potenti user . issu for bilingu develop are discuss , and some observ are made regard the use of card-sort activ

information architecture
content-based bilingual Web site
language therapists
bilingual card-sorting activity
bilingual developments
speech therapists
World Wide Web


The California Digital Library and the eScholarship program

Abstract: The eScholarship program was launched in 2000 to foster faculty-led innovation in scholarly publishing. An initiative of the University of California (UC) and a program of the California Digital Library, the eScholarship program has stimulated significant interest in its short life. Its modest but visible accomplishments garner praise from many quarters, within and beyond the University of California. In perhaps the best indication of its timeliness and momentum, there are more proposals submitted to eScholarship today than the CDL can manage. This early success is due in part to the sheer power of an idea whose time has come, but also to the unique approach on which CDL was founded and the eScholarship initiative was first launched

the california digit librari and the escholarship program
 the escholarship program wa launch in 2000 to foster faculty-l innov in scholarli publish . an initi of the univers of california ( uc ) and a program of the california digit librari , the escholarship program ha stimul signific interest in it short life . it modest but visibl accomplish garner prais from mani quarter , within and beyond the univers of california . in perhap the best indic of it timeli and momentum , there are more propos submit to escholarship today than the cdl can manag . thi earli success is due in part to the sheer power of an idea whose time ha come , but also to the uniqu approach on which cdl wa found and the escholarship initi wa first launch

California Digital Library
eScholarship program
faculty-led innovation
scholarly publishing
University of California


Combining spatial and scale-space techniques for edge detection to provide a spatially adaptive wavelet-based noise filtering algorithm

Abstract: New methods for detecting edges in an image using spatial and scale-space domains are proposed. A priori knowledge about geometrical characteristics of edges is used to assign a probability factor to the chance of any pixel being on an edge. An improved double thresholding technique is introduced for spatial domain filtering. Probabilities that pixels belong to a given edge are assigned based on pixel similarity across gradient amplitudes, gradient phases and edge connectivity. The scale-space approach uses dynamic range compression to allow wavelet correlation over a wider range of scales. A probabilistic formulation is used to combine the results obtained from filtering in each domain to provide a final edge probability image which has the advantages of both spatial and scale-space domain methods. Decomposing this edge probability image with the same wavelet as the original image permits the generation of adaptive filters that can recognize the characteristics of the edges in all wavelet detail and approximation images regardless of scale. These matched filters permit significant reduction in image noise without contributing to edge distortion. The spatially adaptive wavelet noise-filtering algorithm is qualitatively and quantitatively compared to a frequency domain and two wavelet based noise suppression algorithms using both natural and computer generated noisy images

combin spatial and scale-spac techniqu for edg detect to provid a spatial adapt wavelet-bas nois filter algorithm
 new method for detect edg in an imag use spatial and scale-spac domain are propos . a priori knowledg about geometr characterist of edg is use to assign a probabl factor to the chanc of ani pixel be on an edg . an improv doubl threshold techniqu is introduc for spatial domain filter . probabl that pixel belong to a given edg are assign base on pixel similar across gradient amplitud , gradient phase and edg connect . the scale-spac approach use dynam rang compress to allow wavelet correl over a wider rang of scale . a probabilist formul is use to combin the result obtain from filter in each domain to provid a final edg probabl imag which ha the advantag of both spatial and scale-spac domain method . decompos thi edg probabl imag with the same wavelet as the origin imag permit the gener of adapt filter that can recogn the characterist of the edg in all wavelet detail and approxim imag regardless of scale . these match filter permit signific reduct in imag nois without contribut to edg distort . the spatial adapt wavelet noise-filt algorithm is qualit and quantit compar to a frequenc domain and two wavelet base nois suppress algorithm use both natur and comput gener noisi imag

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Deriving model parameters from field test measurements [generator control simulation]

Abstract: A major component of any power system simulation is the generating plant. The purpose of DeriveAssist is to speed up the parameter derivation process and to allow engineers less versed in parameter matching and identification to get involved in the process of power plant electric generator modelling

deriv model paramet from field test measur [ gener control simul ]
 a major compon of ani power system simul is the gener plant . the purpos of deriveassist is to speed up the paramet deriv process and to allow engin less vers in paramet match and identif to get involv in the process of power plant electr gener model

control simulation
power system simulation
DeriveAssist
parameter derivation process
parameter matching
parameter identification
turbine/governor
power system stability analysis
computer simulation
generator parameter derivation process
steady-state parameters derivation


Online longitudinal survey research: viability and participation

Abstract: This article explores the viability of conducting longitudinal survey research using the Internet in samples exposed to trauma. A questionnaire battery assessing psychological adjustment following adverse life experiences was posted online. Participants who signed up to take part in the longitudinal aspect of the study were contacted 3 and 6 months after initial participation to complete the second and third waves of the research. Issues of data screening and sample attrition rates are considered and the demographic profiles and questionnaire scores of those who did and did not take part in the study during successive time points are compared. The results demonstrate that it is possible to conduct repeated measures survey research online and that the similarity in characteristics between those who do and do not take part during successive time points mirrors that found in traditional pencil-and-paper trauma surveys

onlin longitudin survey research : viabil and particip
 thi articl explor the viabil of conduct longitudin survey research use the internet in sampl expos to trauma . a questionnair batteri assess psycholog adjust follow advers life experi wa post onlin . particip who sign up to take part in the longitudin aspect of the studi were contact 3 and 6 month after initi particip to complet the second and third wave of the research . issu of data screen and sampl attrit rate are consid and the demograph profil and questionnair score of those who did and did not take part in the studi dure success time point are compar . the result demonstr that it is possibl to conduct repeat measur survey research onlin and that the similar in characterist between those who do and do not take part dure success time point mirror that found in tradit pencil-and-pap trauma survey

online longitudinal survey research
Internet
trauma
questionnaire
psychological adjustment
data screening
sample attrition rates
demographic profiles
World Wide Web
psychology research


Optical recognition of three-dimensional objects with scale invariance using a classical convergent correlator

Abstract: We present a real-time method for recognizing three-dimensional (3-D) objects with scale invariance. The 3-D information of the objects is codified in deformed fringe patterns using the Fourier transform profilometry technique and is correlated using a classical convergent correlator. The scale invariance property is achieved using two different approaches: the Mellin radial harmonic decomposition and the logarithmic radial harmonic filter. Thus, the method is invariant for changes in the scale of the 3-D target within a defined interval of scale factors. Experimental results show the utility of the proposed method

optic recognit of three-dimension object with scale invari use a classic converg correl
 we present a real-tim method for recogn three-dimension ( 3-d ) object with scale invari . the 3-d inform of the object is codifi in deform fring pattern use the fourier transform profilometri techniqu and is correl use a classic converg correl . the scale invari properti is achiev use two differ approach : the mellin radial harmon decomposit and the logarithm radial harmon filter . thu , the method is invari for chang in the scale of the 3-d target within a defin interv of scale factor . experiment result show the util of the propos method


Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R): The classroom edition

Abstract: This paper introduces a version of the internationally popular television game show Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R) that has been created for use in the classroom using Microsoft PowerPoint(R). A suggested framework for its classroom use is presented, instructions on operating and editing the classroom version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R) are provided, and sample feedback from students who have played the classroom version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R) is offered

who want to be a millionaire(r ): the classroom edit
 thi paper introduc a version of the intern popular televis game show who want to be a millionaire(r ) that ha been creat for use in the classroom use microsoft powerpoint(r ) . a suggest framework for it classroom use is present , instruct on oper and edit the classroom version of who want to be a millionaire(r ) are provid , and sampl feedback from student who have play the classroom version of who want to be a millionaire(r ) is offer

Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R)
classroom
classroom version
undergraduate business students
student contestants


Fusion of qualitative bond graph and genetic algorithms: A fault diagnosis application

Abstract: In this paper, the problem of fault diagnosis via integration of genetic algorithms (GA's) and qualitative bond graphs (QBG's) is addressed. We suggest that GA's can be used to search for possible fault components among a system of qualitative equations. The QBG is adopted as the modeling scheme to generate a set of qualitative equations. The qualitative bond graph provides a unified approach for modeling engineering systems, in particular, mechatronic systems. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we have tested the proposed algorithm on an in-house designed and built floating disc experimental setup. Results from fault diagnosis in the floating disc system are presented and discussed. Additional measurements will be required to localize the fault when more than one fault candidate is inferred. Fault diagnosis is activated by a fault detection mechanism when a discrepancy between measured abnormal behavior and predicted system behavior is observed. The fault detection mechanism is not presented here

fusion of qualit bond graph and genet algorithm : a fault diagnosi applic
 in thi paper , the problem of fault diagnosi via integr of genet algorithm ( ga 's ) and qualit bond graph ( qbg 's ) is address . we suggest that ga 's can be use to search for possibl fault compon among a system of qualit equat . the qbg is adopt as the model scheme to gener a set of qualit equat . the qualit bond graph provid a unifi approach for model engin system , in particular , mechatron system . in order to demonstr the perform of the propos algorithm , we have test the propos algorithm on an in-hous design and built float disc experiment setup . result from fault diagnosi in the float disc system are present and discuss . addit measur will be requir to local the fault when more than one fault candid is infer . fault diagnosi is activ by a fault detect mechan when a discrep between measur abnorm behavior and predict system behavior is observ . the fault detect mechan is not present here

qualitative bond graph
genetic algorithms
fault diagnosis
fault components
qualitative equations
engineering systems
mechatronic systems
floating disc
measured abnormal behavior
predicted system behavior


E-government

Abstract: The author provides an introduction to the main issues surrounding E-government modernisation and electronic delivery of all public services by 2005. The author makes it clear that E-government is about transformation, not computers and hints at the special legal issues which may arise

e-govern
 the author provid an introduct to the main issu surround e-govern modernis and electron deliveri of all public servic by 2005 . the author make it clear that e-govern is about transform , not comput and hint at the special legal issu which may aris

E-government
modernisation
electronic delivery
public services
legal issues


Data management in location-dependent information services

Abstract: Location-dependent information services have great promise for mobile and pervasive computing environments. They can provide local and nonlocal news, weather, and traffic reports as well as directory services. Before they can be implemented on a large scale, however, several research issues must be addressed

data manag in location-depend inform servic
 location-depend inform servic have great promis for mobil and pervas comput environ . they can provid local and nonloc news , weather , and traffic report as well as directori servic . befor they can be implement on a larg scale , howev , sever research issu must be address

data management
location-dependent information services
pervasive computing
news
weather
traffic reports
directory services
wireless networks
mobile computing


Broadcasts keep staff in picture [intranets]

Abstract: Mark Hawkins, chief operating officer at UK-based streaming media specialist Twofourtv, explains how firms can benefit by linking their corporate intranets to broadcasting technology

broadcast keep staff in pictur [ intranet ]
 mark hawkin , chief oper offic at uk-bas stream media specialist twofourtv , explain how firm can benefit by link their corpor intranet to broadcast technolog

streaming media
Twofourtv
corporate intranets
broadcasting technology


Pattern recognition strategies for molecular surfaces. I. Pattern generation using fuzzy set theory

Abstract: A new method for the characterization of molecules based on the model approach of molecular surfaces is presented. We use the topographical properties of the surface as well as the electrostatic potential, the local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity, and the hydrogen bond density on the surface for characterization. The definition and the calculation method for these properties are reviewed. The surface is segmented into overlapping patches with similar molecular properties. These patches can be used to represent the characteristic local features of the molecule in a way that is beyond the atomistic resolution but can nevertheless be applied for the analysis of partial similarities of different molecules as well as for the identification of molecular complementarity in a very general sense. The patch representation can be used for different applications, which will be demonstrated in subsequent articles

pattern recognit strategi for molecular surfac . i. pattern gener use fuzzi set theori
 a new method for the character of molecul base on the model approach of molecular surfac is present . we use the topograph properti of the surfac as well as the electrostat potenti , the local lipophil / hydrophil , and the hydrogen bond densiti on the surfac for character . the definit and the calcul method for these properti are review . the surfac is segment into overlap patch with similar molecular properti . these patch can be use to repres the characterist local featur of the molecul in a way that is beyond the atomist resolut but can nevertheless be appli for the analysi of partial similar of differ molecul as well as for the identif of molecular complementar in a veri gener sens . the patch represent can be use for differ applic , which will be demonstr in subsequ articl

pattern recognition strategies
molecular surfaces
pattern generation
fuzzy set theory
model approach
topographical properties
electrostatic potential
local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity
lipophilicity
hydrophilicity
hydrogen bond density
overlapping patches
molecular properties
local features
atomistic resolution
partial similarities
molecular complementarity
patch representation
segmented surface


Effects of white space in learning via the Web

Abstract: This study measured the effect of specific white space features on learning from instructional Web materials. The study also measured learners' beliefs regarding Web-based instruction. Prior research indicated that small changes in the handling of presentation elements can affect learning. Achievement results from this study indicated that in on-line materials, when content and overall structure are sound, minor differences regarding table borders and vertical spacing in text do not hinder learning. Beliefs regarding Web-based instruction and instructors who use it did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Implications of the study and cautions regarding generalizing from the results are discussed

effect of white space in learn via the web
 thi studi measur the effect of specif white space featur on learn from instruct web materi . the studi also measur learner ' belief regard web-bas instruct . prior research indic that small chang in the handl of present element can affect learn . achiev result from thi studi indic that in on-lin materi , when content and overal structur are sound , minor differ regard tabl border and vertic space in text do not hinder learn . belief regard web-bas instruct and instructor who use it did not differ significantli between treatment group . implic of the studi and caution regard gener from the result are discuss

white space features
Web-based instruction
presentation
table borders
online educational materials
text vertical spacing
Internet


World's biggest battery helps to stabilise Alaska

Abstract: In this paper, the author describes a battery energy storage system which is under construction to provide voltage compensation in support of Alaska's 138 kV Northern Intertie

world 's biggest batteri help to stabilis alaska
 in thi paper , the author describ a batteri energi storag system which is under construct to provid voltag compens in support of alaska 's 138 kv northern interti

battery energy storage system
voltage compensation
138 kV
power system stabilisation
USA
interconnected power systems
77 MW


Efficient two-level image thresholding method based on Bayesian formulation and the maximum entropy principle

Abstract: An efficient method for two-level thresholding is proposed based on the Bayes formula and the maximum entropy principle, in which no assumptions of the image histogram are made. An alternative criterion is derived based on maximizing entropy and used for speeding up the searching algorithm. Five forms of conditional probability distributions-simple, linear, parabola concave, parabola convex, and S-function-are employed and compared to each other for optimal threshold determination. The effect of precision on optimal threshold determination is discussed and a trade-off precision epsilon =0.001 is selected experimentally. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a significant improvement in speed from 26 to 57 times faster than the exhaustive search method

effici two-level imag threshold method base on bayesian formul and the maximum entropi principl
 an effici method for two-level threshold is propos base on the bay formula and the maximum entropi principl , in which no assumpt of the imag histogram are made . an altern criterion is deriv base on maxim entropi and use for speed up the search algorithm . five form of condit probabl distributions-simpl , linear , parabola concav , parabola convex , and s-function-ar employ and compar to each other for optim threshold determin . the effect of precis on optim threshold determin is discuss and a trade-off precis epsilon = 0.001 is select experiment . our experi demonstr that the propos method achiev a signific improv in speed from 26 to 57 time faster than the exhaust search method

two-level image thresholding method
image thresholding
Bayesian formulation
maximum entropy principle
entropy
image histogram
searching algorithm
parabola concave
parabola convex
optimal threshold determination
trade-off precision
conditional probability distributions
S-function
image segmentation


Matched-filter template generation via spatial filtering: application to fetal biomagnetic recordings

Abstract: We have developed a two-step procedure for signal processing of fetal biomagnetic recordings that removes cardiac interference and noise. First, a modified matched filter (MF) is applied to remove maternal cardiac interference; then, a simple signal space projection (SSP) is applied to remove noise. The key difference between our MF and a conventional one is that the interference template and the template scaling are derived from a signal that has been spatially filtered to isolate the interference, rather than from the raw signal. Unlike conventional MFs, ours is able to separate maternal and fetal cardiac complexes, even when they have similar morphology and overlap strongly. When followed by a SSP that preserves only the signal subspace, the noise is reduced to a low level

matched-filt templat gener via spatial filter : applic to fetal biomagnet record
 we have develop a two-step procedur for signal process of fetal biomagnet record that remov cardiac interfer and nois . first , a modifi match filter ( mf ) is appli to remov matern cardiac interfer ; then , a simpl signal space project ( ssp ) is appli to remov nois . the key differ between our mf and a convent one is that the interfer templat and the templat scale are deriv from a signal that ha been spatial filter to isol the interfer , rather than from the raw signal . unlik convent mf , our is abl to separ matern and fetal cardiac complex , even when they have similar morpholog and overlap strongli . when follow by a ssp that preserv onli the signal subspac , the nois is reduc to a low level

spatial filtering
modified matched filter
maternal cardiac interference
simple signal space projection
interference template
template scaling
raw signal
maternal cardiac interference removal
noise removal
signal subspace preservation
fetal magnetocardiography


The maximum possible EVPI

Abstract: In this paper we calculate the maximum expected value of perfect information (EVPI) for any probability distribution for the states of the world. This maximum EVPI is an upper bound for the EVPI with given probabilities and thus an upper bound for any partial information about the states of the world

the maximum possibl evpi
 in thi paper we calcul the maximum expect valu of perfect inform ( evpi ) for ani probabl distribut for the state of the world . thi maximum evpi is an upper bound for the evpi with given probabl and thu an upper bound for ani partial inform about the state of the world

expected value of perfect information
probability distribution
decision analysis
operations research
management science
optimisation


Baseball, optimization, and the World Wide Web

Abstract: The competition for baseball play-off spots-the fabled pennant race-is one of the most closely watched American sports traditions. While play-off race statistics, such as games back and magic number, are informative, they are overly conservative and do not account for the remaining schedule of games. Using optimization techniques, one can model schedule effects explicitly and determine precisely when a team has secured a play-off spot or has been eliminated from contention. The RIOT Baseball Play-off Races Web site developed at the University of California, Berkeley, provides automatic updates of new, optimization-based play-off race statistics each day of the major league baseball season. In developing the site, we found that we could determine the first-place elimination status of all teams in a division using a single linear-programming formulation, since a minimum win threshold for teams finishing in first place applies to all teams in a division. We identified a similar (but weaker) result for the problem of play-off elimination with wildcard teams

basebal , optim , and the world wide web
 the competit for basebal play-off spots-th fabl pennant race-i one of the most close watch american sport tradit . while play-off race statist , such as game back and magic number , are inform , they are overli conserv and do not account for the remain schedul of game . use optim techniqu , one can model schedul effect explicitli and determin precis when a team ha secur a play-off spot or ha been elimin from content . the riot basebal play-off race web site develop at the univers of california , berkeley , provid automat updat of new , optimization-bas play-off race statist each day of the major leagu basebal season . in develop the site , we found that we could determin the first-plac elimin statu of all team in a divis use a singl linear-program formul , sinc a minimum win threshold for team finish in first place appli to all team in a divis . we identifi a similar ( but weaker ) result for the problem of play-off elimin with wildcard team

optimization
World Wide Web
play-off race statistics
games back
magic number
RIOT Baseball Play-off Races Web site
minimum win threshold
baseball play-off spot competition
pennant race
game schedule
linear programming
LP


Visual-word identification thresholds for the 260 fragmented words of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish

Abstract: Word difficulty varies from language to language; therefore, normative data of verbal stimuli cannot be imported directly from another language. We present mean identification thresholds for the 260 screen-fragmented words corresponding to the total set of Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures. Individual words were fragmented in eight levels using Turbo Pascal, and the resulting program was implemented on a PC microcomputer. The words were presented individually to a group of 40 Spanish observers, using a controlled time procedure. An unspecific learning effect was found showing that performance improved due to practice with the task. Finally, of the 11 psycholinguistic variables that previous researchers have shown to affect word identification, only imagery accounted for a significant amount of variance in the threshold values

visual-word identif threshold for the 260 fragment word of the snodgrass and vanderwart pictur in spanish
 word difficulti vari from languag to languag ; therefor , norm data of verbal stimuli can not be import directli from anoth languag . we present mean identif threshold for the 260 screen-frag word correspond to the total set of snodgrass and vanderwart ( 1980 ) pictur . individu word were fragment in eight level use turbo pascal , and the result program wa implement on a pc microcomput . the word were present individu to a group of 40 spanish observ , use a control time procedur . an unspecif learn effect wa found show that perform improv due to practic with the task . final , of the 11 psycholinguist variabl that previou research have shown to affect word identif , onli imageri account for a signific amount of varianc in the threshold valu

visual-word identification thresholds
word identification
fragmented words
Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures
Spanish
word difficulty
verbal stimuli
mean identification thresholds
screen-fragmented words
Turbo Pascal
PC microcomputer
controlled time procedure
unspecific learning effect
psycholinguistic variables


Streaming, disruptive interference and power-law behavior in the exit dynamics of confined pedestrians

Abstract: We analyze the exit dynamics of pedestrians who are initially confined in a room. Pedestrians are modeled as cellular automata and compete to escape via a known exit at the soonest possible time. A pedestrian could move forward, backward, left or right within each iteration time depending on adjacent cell vacancy and in accordance with simple rules that determine the compulsion to move and physical capability relative to his neighbors. The arching signatures of jamming were observed and the pedestrians exited in bursts of various sizes. Power-law behavior is found in the burst-size frequency distribution for exit widths w greater than one cell dimension (w > 1). The slope of the power-law curve varies with w from -1.3092 (w = 2) to -1.0720 (w = 20). Streaming which is a diffusive behavior, arises in large burst sizes and is more likely in a single-exit room with w = 1 and leads to a counterintuitive result wherein an average exit throughput Q is obtained that is higher than with w = 2, 3, or 4. For a two-exit room (w = 1), Q is not greater than twice the yield of a single-exit room. If the doors are not separated far enough (< 4w), Q becomes even significantly less due to a collective slow-down that emerges among pedestrians crossing in each other's path (disruptive interference effect). For the same w and door number, Q is also higher with relaxed pedestrians than with anxious ones

stream , disrupt interfer and power-law behavior in the exit dynam of confin pedestrian
 we analyz the exit dynam of pedestrian who are initi confin in a room . pedestrian are model as cellular automata and compet to escap via a known exit at the soonest possibl time . a pedestrian could move forward , backward , left or right within each iter time depend on adjac cell vacanc and in accord with simpl rule that determin the compuls to move and physic capabl rel to hi neighbor . the arch signatur of jam were observ and the pedestrian exit in burst of variou size . power-law behavior is found in the burst-siz frequenc distribut for exit width w greater than one cell dimens ( w > 1 ) . the slope of the power-law curv vari with w from -1.3092 ( w = 2 ) to -1.0720 ( w = 20 ) . stream which is a diffus behavior , aris in larg burst size and is more like in a single-exit room with w = 1 and lead to a counterintuit result wherein an averag exit throughput q is obtain that is higher than with w = 2 , 3 , or 4 . for a two-exit room ( w = 1 ) , q is not greater than twice the yield of a single-exit room . if the door are not separ far enough ( < 4w ) , q becom even significantli less due to a collect slow-down that emerg among pedestrian cross in each other 's path ( disrupt interfer effect ) . for the same w and door number , q is also higher with relax pedestrian than with anxiou one

streaming
disruptive interference
power-law behavior
exit dynamics
confined pedestrians
cellular automata
iteration time
adjacent cell vacancy
arching signatures
jamming
burst-size frequency distribution
collective slow-down
self-organised criticality