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license:
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---
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license:
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- cc0-1.0
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- sentinel-2
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- super-resolution
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- harmonization
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- synthetic
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- cross-sensor
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- temporal
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pretty_name: sen2naipv2
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---
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<center>
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<img src='images/logo.png' alt='drawing' width='20%'/>
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</center>
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# sen2naipv2
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****A large-scale dataset for Sentinel-2 Image Super-Resolution****
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The SEN2NAIPv2 dataset is an extension of [SEN2NAIP](https://huggingface.co/datasets/isp-uv-es/SEN2NAIP),
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containing 62,242 LR and HR image pairs, about 76% more images than the first version. The dataset files
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are named `sen2naipv2-unet-000{1..3}.part.taco`. This dataset comprises synthetic RGBN NAIP bands at 2.5 and 10 meters,
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degraded to corresponding Sentinel-2 images and a potential x4 factor. The degradation model to generate
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the LR pair comprises three sequential steps: (1) Gaussian blurring and bilinear downsampling, (2) reflectance
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harmonization, and (3) adding noise. Reflectance harmonization is the most critical of these steps. In version
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1, the harmonization model used a U-Net architecture to convert Gaussian-blurred NAIP images into
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reflectance-correct Sentinel-2-like imagery. This initial U-Net model was trained on just 2,851 % same-day
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Sentinel-2 and NAIP imagery. In version 2, the U-Net model was retrained. The temporal threshold was expanded
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from one day to a 3-day range, and the search included the full Sentinel-2 archive available for the
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USA, increasing the cross-sensor dataset size to 35,217 images. The kernel degradation and noise model
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components remain consistent between the two versions.
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In addition to the synthetic dataset (`sen2naipv2-unet`), two new variants are introduced in
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SEN2NAIPv2:
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1. **sen2naipv2-histmatch:** Identical to `sen2naipv2-unet` but uses histogram matching instead of
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style transfer for reflectance harmonization using the closest Sentinel-2 image. We report the
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time difference between the NAIP and Sentinel-2 images used for harmonization.
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2. **sen2naipv2-crosssensor:** โ In contrast to synthetic SEN2NAIPv2 datasets, the cross-sensor
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SEN2NAIPv2 dataset is comparatively smaller, comprising only images captured within a one-day timeframe
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between Sentinel-2 and NAIP. To guarantee that the Sentinel-2 images are cloud-free, we exclude any
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images with a cloud cover greater than 0 % as reported by the [UnetMob-V2 cloud detector](https://cloudsen12.github.io/).
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To ensure the reliability of the dataset, we first calculated the Pearson correlation in 16 x 16 kernels
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between the Sentinel-2 images and a Sentinel-2-like version (see correlation field) obtained by degrading NAIP imagery. The
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degradation process was similar to the one described in the synthetic SEN2NAIPv2 paper but employed histogram matching
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instead of the U-Net-style transfer model, as a reliable LR reference exists. In addition, we applied a hard
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constraint to the HR images using as a reference the real Sentinel-2 to further improve harmonization.
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3. **sen2naipv2-temporal:** A temporal variant of the SEN2NAIPv2 dataset, where the LR and HR image pairs are
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generated synthetically using the same degradation model as the `sen2naipv2-unet` dataset.
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<center>
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<img src='images/map.png' alt='drawing' width='75%'/>
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<sup>
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The spatial coverage of the datasets `sen2naipv2-histmatch` and `sen2naipv2-unet` is illustrated. The low-resolution (LR) patches
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measure 130 ร 130 pixels, while the high-resolution (HR) patches measure 520 ร 520 pixels. Blue stars indicate the spatial locations
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of the cross-sensor subset.
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</sup>
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</center>
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## ๐ฎ TACO Snippet
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Load this dataset using the `tacoreader` library.
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```python
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import tacoreader
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import rasterio as rio
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# Load the Cloud-Optimized Dataset
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file = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/tacofoundation/tortilla_demo/resolve/main/sen2naipv2_real.tortilla"
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dataset = tacoreader.load(file)
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# Read a sample
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sample_idx = 2000
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lr = dataset.read(sample_idx).read(0)
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hr = dataset.read(sample_idx).read(1)
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# Retrieve the data
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with rio.open(lr) as src, rio.open(hr) as dst:
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lr_data = src.read(window=rio.windows.Window(0, 0, 256//4, 256//4))
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hr_data = dst.read(window=rio.windows.Window(0, 0, 256, 256))
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```
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Or in R:
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```r
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library(tacoreader)
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file <- "https://huggingface.co/datasets/tacofoundation/tortilla_demo/resolve/main/sen2naipv2_real.tortilla"
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dataset <- tacoreader::load(file)
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```
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## ๐ฐ๏ธ Sensor Information
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The sensor related to the dataset: **sentinel2msi**
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## ๐ฏ Task
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The task associated with this dataset: **super-resolution**
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## ๐ Original Data Repository
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Source location of the raw data:**[https://huggingface.co/datasets/isp-uv-es/SEN2NAIP](https://huggingface.co/datasets/isp-uv-es/SEN2NAIP)**
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## ๐ฌ Discussion
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Insights or clarifications about the dataset: **[https://huggingface.co/datasets/tacofoundation/sen2naipv2/discussions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tacofoundation/sen2naipv2/discussions)**
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## ๐ Split Strategy
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How the dataset is divided for training, validation, and testing: **stratified**
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## ๐ Scientific Publications
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Publications that reference or describe the dataset.
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### Publication 01
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- **DOI**: [10.1109/LGRS.2024.3401394](10.1109/LGRS.2024.3401394)
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- **Summary**: Set of tools to evaluate super-resolution models in the context of Sentinel-2 imagery.
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- **BibTeX Citation**:
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```bibtex
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@article{aybar2024comprehensive,
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title={A Comprehensive Benchmark for Optical Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution},
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author={Aybar, Cesar and Montero, David and Donike, Simon and Kalaitzis, Freddie and G{'o}mez-Chova, Luis},
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journal={IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters},
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year={2024},
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publisher={IEEE}
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}
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```
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### Publication 02
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- **DOI**: [10.1109/LGRS.2024.3401394](10.1109/LGRS.2024.3401394)
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- **Summary**: Version 1 of the SEN2NAIPv2 dataset.
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- **BibTeX Citation**:
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```bibtex
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@article{aybar2024sen2naip,
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title={SEN2NAIP \: A large-scale dataset for Sentinel-2 Image Super-Resolution},
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author={Aybar, Cesar and Montero, David and Donike, Simon and Kalaitzis, Freddie and G{'o}mez-Chova, Luis},
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journal={Scientific Data},
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volume={9},
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number={1},
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pages={782},
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year={2022},
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publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}
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}
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```
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## ๐ค Data Providers
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Organizations or individuals responsible for the dataset.
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|**Name**|**Role**|**URL**|
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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|Image & Signal Processing|host|[https://isp.uv.es/](https://isp.uv.es/)|
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|USDA Farm Production and Conservation - Business Center, Geospatial Enterprise Operations|producer|[https://www.fpacbc.usda.gov/](https://www.fpacbc.usda.gov/)|
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|European Space Agency|producer|[https://www.esa.int/](https://www.esa.int/)|
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## ๐งโ๐ฌ Curators
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Responsible for structuring the dataset in the TACO format.
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|**Name**|**Organization**|**URL**|
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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|Cesar Aybar|Image & Signal Processing|[https://csaybar.github.io/](https://csaybar.github.io/)|
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## ๐ Optical Bands
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Spectral bands related to the sensor.
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|**Name**|**Common Name**|**Description**|**Center Wavelength**|**Full Width Half Max**|**Index**|
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| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
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|B02|blue|Band 2 - Blue - 10m|496.5|53.0|0|
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|B03|green|Band 3 - Green - 10m|560.0|34.0|1|
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|B04|red|Band 4 - Red - 10m|664.5|29.0|2|
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|B08|NIR|Band 8 - Near infrared - 10m|840.0|114.0|3|
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