diff --git a/dask/dataframe/groupby.py b/dask/dataframe/groupby.py
--- a/dask/dataframe/groupby.py
+++ b/dask/dataframe/groupby.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
     raise_on_meta_error,
     is_series_like,
     is_dataframe_like,
+    PANDAS_GT_100,
 )
 from ..base import tokenize
 from ..utils import derived_from, M, funcname, itemgetter
@@ -161,24 +162,40 @@ def _groupby_raise_unaligned(df, **kwargs):
 
 
 def _groupby_slice_apply(
-    df, grouper, key, func, *args, group_keys=True, dropna=None, **kwargs
+    df,
+    grouper,
+    key,
+    func,
+    *args,
+    group_keys=True,
+    dropna=None,
+    observed=False,
+    **kwargs
 ):
     # No need to use raise if unaligned here - this is only called after
     # shuffling, which makes everything aligned already
     dropna = {"dropna": dropna} if dropna is not None else {}
-    g = df.groupby(grouper, group_keys=group_keys, **dropna)
+    g = df.groupby(grouper, group_keys=group_keys, observed=observed, **dropna)
     if key:
         g = g[key]
     return g.apply(func, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 def _groupby_slice_transform(
-    df, grouper, key, func, *args, group_keys=True, dropna=None, **kwargs
+    df,
+    grouper,
+    key,
+    func,
+    *args,
+    group_keys=True,
+    dropna=None,
+    observed=False,
+    **kwargs
 ):
     # No need to use raise if unaligned here - this is only called after
     # shuffling, which makes everything aligned already
     dropna = {"dropna": dropna} if dropna is not None else {}
-    g = df.groupby(grouper, group_keys=group_keys, **dropna)
+    g = df.groupby(grouper, group_keys=group_keys, observed=observed, **dropna)
     if key:
         g = g[key]
 
@@ -273,18 +290,20 @@ def __init__(self, name, chunk, agg, finalize=None):
 
 
 def _groupby_aggregate(
-    df, aggfunc=None, levels=None, dropna=None, sort=False, **kwargs
+    df, aggfunc=None, levels=None, dropna=None, sort=False, observed=False, **kwargs
 ):
     dropna = {"dropna": dropna} if dropna is not None else {}
-    return aggfunc(df.groupby(level=levels, sort=sort, **dropna), **kwargs)
+    if not PANDAS_GT_100 and observed:
+        raise NotImplementedError("``observed`` is only supported for pandas >= 1.0.0")
+    grouped = df.groupby(level=levels, sort=sort, observed=observed, **dropna)
+    return aggfunc(grouped, **kwargs)
 
 
-def _apply_chunk(df, *index, dropna=None, **kwargs):
+def _apply_chunk(df, *index, dropna=None, observed=False, **kwargs):
     func = kwargs.pop("chunk")
     columns = kwargs.pop("columns")
     dropna = {"dropna": dropna} if dropna is not None else {}
-    g = _groupby_raise_unaligned(df, by=index, **dropna)
-
+    g = _groupby_raise_unaligned(df, by=index, observed=observed, **dropna)
     if is_series_like(df) or columns is None:
         return func(g, **kwargs)
     else:
@@ -1029,10 +1048,21 @@ class _GroupBy(object):
     sort: bool, defult None
         Passed along to aggregation methods. If allowed,
         the output aggregation will have sorted keys.
+    observed: bool, default False
+        This only applies if any of the groupers are Categoricals.
+        If True: only show observed values for categorical groupers.
+        If False: show all values for categorical groupers.
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, df, by=None, slice=None, group_keys=True, dropna=None, sort=None
+        self,
+        df,
+        by=None,
+        slice=None,
+        group_keys=True,
+        dropna=None,
+        sort=None,
+        observed=False,
     ):
 
         assert isinstance(df, (DataFrame, Series))
@@ -1076,8 +1106,10 @@ def __init__(
         if dropna is not None:
             self.dropna["dropna"] = dropna
 
+        self.observed = observed
+
         self._meta = self.obj._meta.groupby(
-            index_meta, group_keys=group_keys, **self.dropna
+            index_meta, group_keys=group_keys, observed=observed, **self.dropna
         )
 
     @property
@@ -1099,7 +1131,12 @@ def _meta_nonempty(self):
         else:
             index_meta = self.index
 
-        grouped = sample.groupby(index_meta, group_keys=self.group_keys, **self.dropna)
+        grouped = sample.groupby(
+            index_meta,
+            group_keys=self.group_keys,
+            observed=self.observed,
+            **self.dropna,
+        )
         return _maybe_slice(grouped, self._slice)
 
     def _aca_agg(
@@ -1127,14 +1164,22 @@ def _aca_agg(
             else [self.obj] + self.index,
             chunk=_apply_chunk,
             chunk_kwargs=dict(
-                chunk=func, columns=columns, **chunk_kwargs, **self.dropna
+                chunk=func,
+                columns=columns,
+                observed=self.observed,
+                **chunk_kwargs,
+                **self.dropna,
             ),
             aggregate=_groupby_aggregate,
             meta=meta,
             token=token,
             split_every=split_every,
             aggregate_kwargs=dict(
-                aggfunc=aggfunc, levels=levels, **aggregate_kwargs, **self.dropna
+                aggfunc=aggfunc,
+                levels=levels,
+                observed=self.observed,
+                **aggregate_kwargs,
+                **self.dropna,
             ),
             split_out=split_out,
             split_out_setup=split_out_on_index,
@@ -1161,7 +1206,7 @@ def _cum_agg(self, token, chunk, aggregate, initial):
             columns=columns,
             token=name_part,
             meta=meta,
-            **self.dropna
+            **self.dropna,
         )
 
         cumpart_raw_frame = (
@@ -1190,7 +1235,7 @@ def _cum_agg(self, token, chunk, aggregate, initial):
             chunk=M.last,
             meta=meta,
             token=name_last,
-            **self.dropna
+            **self.dropna,
         )
 
         # aggregate cumulated partitions and its previous last element
@@ -1653,8 +1698,9 @@ def apply(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
             token=funcname(func),
             *args,
             group_keys=self.group_keys,
+            observed=self.observed,
             **self.dropna,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
         return df3
@@ -1741,8 +1787,9 @@ def transform(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
             token=funcname(func),
             *args,
             group_keys=self.group_keys,
+            observed=self.observed,
             **self.dropna,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
         return df3
@@ -1797,7 +1844,7 @@ class SeriesGroupBy(_GroupBy):
 
     _token_prefix = "series-groupby-"
 
-    def __init__(self, df, by=None, slice=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, df, by=None, slice=None, observed=False, **kwargs):
         # for any non series object, raise pandas-compat error message
 
         if isinstance(df, Series):
@@ -1809,12 +1856,12 @@ def __init__(self, df, by=None, slice=None, **kwargs):
 
                 non_series_items = [item for item in by if not isinstance(item, Series)]
                 # raise error from pandas, if applicable
-                df._meta.groupby(non_series_items)
+                df._meta.groupby(non_series_items, observed=observed)
             else:
                 # raise error from pandas, if applicable
-                df._meta.groupby(by)
+                df._meta.groupby(by, observed=observed)
 
-        super().__init__(df, by=by, slice=slice, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(df, by=by, slice=slice, observed=observed, **kwargs)
 
     @derived_from(pd.core.groupby.SeriesGroupBy)
     def nunique(self, split_every=None, split_out=1):

I am working on implementing it, will keep you posted
diff --git a/dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py b/dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py
--- a/dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py
+++ b/dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py
@@ -2420,3 +2420,44 @@ def test_groupby_sort_true_split_out():
     with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
         # Cannot use sort=True with split_out>1 (for now)
         M.sum(ddf.groupby("x", sort=True), split_out=2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not dd._compat.PANDAS_GT_100, reason="observed only supported for newer pandas"
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("known_cats", [True, False])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ordered_cats", [True, False])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("groupby", ["cat_1", ["cat_1", "cat_2"]])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("observed", [True, False])
+def test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed(
+    known_cats, ordered_cats, agg_func, groupby, observed
+):
+    if agg_func in ["cov", "corr", "nunique"]:
+        pytest.skip("Not implemented for DataFrameGroupBy yet.")
+    if agg_func in ["sum", "count", "prod"] and groupby != "cat_1":
+        pytest.skip("Gives zeros rather than nans.")
+    if agg_func in ["std", "var"] and observed:
+        pytest.skip("Can't calculate observed with all nans")
+
+    pdf = pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "cat_1": pd.Categorical(
+                list("AB"), categories=list("ABCDE"), ordered=ordered_cats
+            ),
+            "cat_2": pd.Categorical([1, 2], categories=[1, 2, 3], ordered=ordered_cats),
+            "value_1": np.random.uniform(size=2),
+        }
+    )
+    ddf = dd.from_pandas(pdf, 2)
+
+    if not known_cats:
+        ddf["cat_1"] = ddf["cat_1"].cat.as_unknown()
+        ddf["cat_2"] = ddf["cat_2"].cat.as_unknown()
+
+    def agg(grp, **kwargs):
+        return getattr(grp, agg_func)(**kwargs)
+
+    assert_eq(
+        agg(pdf.groupby(groupby, observed=observed)),
+        agg(ddf.groupby(groupby, observed=observed)),
+    )

Feature Request: add observed- keyword to groupby
Hi, dask developers! Thank you for this very nice package, I have been using extensively for a while.

I am missing Pandas keyword observed for groupby with categorical variables. Without it, the memory used by my processes is huge, as groupby by default creates all possible tuples of categories, no matter whether they are found in the dataset.

Minimal example of the expected behavior:

```
import dask.dataframe as dd
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({
    'c1': pd.Categorical(['v11', 'v12', 'v11'], ['v11', 'v12', 'v13']),
    'c2': pd.Categorical(['v21', 'v22', 'v23']),
    'c3': [1, 4, 7]})

ddf = dd.from_pandas(df, npartitions=1)
ddf.groupby(['c1', 'c2'], observed=True).sum().compute()
```

Desired output:

c1 | c2 | c3
-- | -- | --
v11 | v21 | 1
v11 | v23 | 7
v12 | v22 | 4


dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[count-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-True-groupby1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[max-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[var-False-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[prod-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[size-False-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[mean-True-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[sum-False-cat_1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-cat_1-False-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-cat_1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[last-True-groupby1-True-True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-False-cat_1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[std-False-groupby1-False-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[first-True-groupby1-True-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categorical_observed[min-False-cat_1-True-True]
dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[var-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[first-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[mean-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-False-spec2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[20-5-1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_df_groupby_idxmin_skipna[False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-size] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative_axis1[cumprod] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_transform_ufunc_partitioning[True-3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__single_element_groups[size] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_column_and_index_agg_funcs[min] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[last-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[True-count-by4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument_agg[True-agg1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__single_element_groups[prod] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-None-spec2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_internal_repr dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_cov[columns0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-None-sum] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_meta_content[<lambda>1-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_transform_ufunc_partitioning[True-2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__single_element_groups[last] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[size-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[cov-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumsum-key1-sel2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_true_split_out dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_groupby_nunique dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[20-5-20] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[False-mean-b] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-spec1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__single_element_groups[first] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[mean-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[False-count-b] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[first-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[1-5-4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[max-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_std_object_dtype[<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[prod-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_std_object_dtype[<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>4-False-spec0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_column_and_index_agg_funcs[mean] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[20-2-20] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[max-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_transform_ufunc_partitioning[True-9] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[std-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-False-var] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-False-spec5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[var-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-var] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[5-2-1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[std-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_index_array dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[var-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-False-spec2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument_agg[False-agg3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_column_and_index_agg_funcs[prod] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[mean-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[corr-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[True-count-a] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[sum-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[std-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[corr-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>4-False-spec2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categoricals[<lambda>-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[sum-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[first-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_std_object_dtype[<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[min-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumprod-key1-sel2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-None-spec3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-False-spec3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[count-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-None-spec1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_meta_content[<lambda>0-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[mean-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-spec5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[sum-<lambda>5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[False-count-by4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categoricals[<lambda>-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[std-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[5-5-1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[mean-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-False-sum] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[min-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_meta_content[<lambda>1-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_select_column_agg[var] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-None-spec1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_meta_content[<lambda>2-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[size-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_split_apply_combine_on_series[False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[first-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[sum-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[corr-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-False-spec0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[last-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[std-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-False-var] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[size-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[first-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_groupby_agg_custom_sum[pandas_spec2-dask_spec2-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumprod-key1-d] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_column_and_index_agg_funcs[last] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_normalize_index dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[first-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[True-count-b] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[cov-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_groupby_idxmin_skipna[True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[min-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_split_out_multiindex[column1-3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[mean-<lambda>5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[cov-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-None-spec2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[max-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-False-spec5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[mean-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_transform_ufunc_partitioning[True-1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_df_groupby_idxmax_skipna[False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-None-spec6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[min-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_groupby_agg_custom_mean[pandas_spec1-dask_spec1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[std-<lambda>5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[sum-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[size-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[count-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumprod-a-d] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_transform_ufunc_partitioning[True-7] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_groupby_agg_custom_sum[pandas_spec0-dask_spec0-False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-None-size] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_agg_grouper_multiple[slice_3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[first-<lambda>5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[max-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[last-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-spec3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_split_out_multiindex[column2-2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_aggregate_categoricals[<lambda>-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[min-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-False-spec3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-False-spec6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_dataframe_cum_caching dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-False-spec1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[None-2-1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[20-2-4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[cov-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-False-spec0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_with_min_count[0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument_agg[False-agg1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[count-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[cov-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[corr-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[None-2-20] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[max-<lambda>5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[max-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_transform_ufunc_partitioning[True-4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_df_groupby_idxmin_skipna[True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-None-spec1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_value_counts dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[size-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[mean-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[corr-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[min-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_df_groupby_idxmax_skipna[True] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-False-spec0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[nunique-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[False-count-a] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[20-5-4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[prod-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_agg_custom__mode dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[False-std-a] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-sum] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_groupby_idxmin_skipna[False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[var-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_rounding_negative_var dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[max-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[corr-<lambda>4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-None-var] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[size-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[var-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[None-5-20] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[max-<lambda>0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_groupby_idxmax_skipna[False] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__single_element_groups[min] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_std_object_dtype[<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_sort_argument[True-std-b] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[nunique-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__single_element_groups[nunique] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregations_multilevel[first-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>2-None-var] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[prod-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_hash_groupby_aggregate[5-5-4] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-False-spec0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumprod-a-sel2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[nunique-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[size-<lambda>2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_set_index dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[nunique-<lambda>1] 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dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>3-False-spec6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>1-None-spec6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>4-None-spec6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[nunique-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[sum-<lambda>3] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_dataframe_aggregations_multilevel[min-<lambda>1] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumcount-key1-sel2] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_groupby_multilevel_getitem[size-<lambda>6] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-None-spec0] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_series_groupby dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_aggregate__examples[<lambda>0-False-spec5] dask/dataframe/tests/test_groupby.py::test_cumulative[cumcount-key1-c] 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