When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to "cosmonaut".
wˌɛn ðə sˈoʊviət jˈuːniən lˈɑːntʃt ðə fˈɜːst mˈæn ˌɪntʊ spˈeɪs, jˈuːɹi ɡˈæɡɚɹˌɪn ɪn nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd sˈɪksti wˈʌn, ðeɪ tʃˈoʊz ɐ tˈɜːm wˌɪtʃ ˈæŋɡlɪsˌaɪzᵻz tuː "kˈɑːzmənˌɔːt".