It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as David Sloan Wilson that natural selection can act at the level of non-kin groups to produce adaptations that benefit a non-kin group, even if these adaptations are detrimental at the individual level.
ɪt hɐz kˌɑːntɹəvˈɜːʃəli bˌɪn ˈɑːɹɡjuːd baɪ sˌʌm ˌɛvəlˈuːʃənˌɛɹi sˈaɪəntɪsts sˈʌtʃ ɐz dˈeɪvɪd slˈoʊn wˈɪlsən ðæt nˈætʃɚɹəl sᵻlˈɛkʃən kæn ˈækt æt ðə lˈɛvəl ʌv nˈɑːŋkˈɪn ɡɹˈuːps tə pɹədˈuːs ˌædæptˈeɪʃənz ðæt bˈɛnɪfˌɪt ɐ nˈɑːŋkˈɪn ɡɹˈuːp, ˈiːvən ɪf ðiːz ˌædæptˈeɪʃənz ɑːɹ dˌɛtɹɪmˈɛntəl æt ðɪ ˌɪndᵻvˈɪdʒuːəl lˈɛvəl.