But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan).
bˌʌt baɪ ðə nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd fˈoːɹɾi z, mˈɛnɪəv bˈoʊəz ˌænθɹəpˈɑːlədʒˌɪst kəntˈɛmpɚɹˌɛɹiz wɜːɹ ˈæktɪv ɪnðɪ ˈælaɪd wˈɔːɹ ˈɛfɚt ɐɡˈɛnst ðɪ ˈæksɪs pˈaʊɚz nˈɑːtsi dʒˈɜːməni, fˈæʃɪst ˈɪɾəli, ænd ɪmpˈɪɹiəl dʒəpˈæn.