The standard system of symbols used by linguists to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the International Phonetic Alphabet.
ðə stˈændɚd sˈɪstəm ʌv sˈɪmbəlz jˈuːzd baɪ lˈɪŋɡwɪsts tə ɹˌɛpɹᵻzˈɛnt sˈaʊndz ɪn ˌɛni lˈæŋɡwɪdʒ, ˌɪndᵻpˈɛndəntli ʌv ɔːɹθˈɑːɡɹəfi, ɪz kˈɔːld ðɪ ˌɪntɚnˈæʃənəl fənˈɛɾɪk ˈælfəbˌɛt.