With regard to the bystander effect, studies have shown that emergencies deemed ambiguous trigger the appearance of the classic bystander effect (wherein more witnesses decrease the likelihood of any of them helping) far more than non-ambiguous emergencies.
wɪð ɹᵻɡˈɑːɹd tə ðə bˈaɪstændɚɹ ɪfˈɛkt, stˈʌdiz hæv ʃˈoʊn ðæt ɪmˈɜːdʒənsiz dˈiːmd æmbˈɪɡjuːəs tɹˈɪɡɚ ðɪ ɐpˈɪɹəns ʌvðə klˈæsɪk bˈaɪstændɚɹ ɪfˈɛkt wˈɛɹɪn mˈoːɹ wˈɪtnəsᵻz dˈiːkɹiːs ðə lˈaɪklihˌʊd ʌv ˌɛni ʌv ðˌɛm hˈɛlpɪŋ fˈɑːɹmˌoːɹ ðɐn nˈɑːnæmbˈɪɡjuːəs ɪmˈɜːdʒənsiz.