Direct reciprocity and cooperation in a group can be increased by changing the focus and incentives from intra-group competition to larger-scale competitions, such as between groups or against the general population.
dᵻɹˈɛkt ɹᵻsɪpɹˈɑːsᵻɾi ænd koʊˈɑːpɚɹˈeɪʃən ɪn ɐ ɡɹˈuːp kæn biː ɪŋkɹˈiːst baɪ tʃˈeɪndʒɪŋ ðə fˈoʊkəs ænd ɪnsˈɛntɪvz fɹʌm ˈɪntɹəɡɹˈuːp kˌɑːmpətˈɪʃən tə lˈɑːɹdʒɚskˈeɪl kˌɑːmpətˈɪʃənz, sˈʌtʃ ɐz bᵻtwˌiːn ɡɹˈuːps ɔːɹ ɐɡˈɛnst ðə dʒˈɛnɚɹəl pˌɑːpjʊlˈeɪʃən.