In the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment.
ɪnðɪ ˈɜːli mˈɑːdɚn pˈiəɹɪəd, sˈaɪəntɪsts sˈʌtʃ ɐz wˈɪljəm hˈɑːɹvi ɪn ˈɪŋɡlənd ænd ɡˌælᵻlˈeɪoʊ ɡˈælɪlˌeɪ ɪn ˈɪɾəli ɹɪˈæktᵻd ɐɡˈɛnst ðə θˈiəɹiz ʌv ˈæɹɪstˌɑːɾəl ænd ˈʌðɚ klˈæsɪkəl ˈiəɹə θˈɪŋkɚz lˈaɪk ɡˈeɪlən, ɪstˈæblɪʃɪŋ nˈuː θˈiəɹiz bˈeɪst tə sˌʌm dᵻɡɹˈiː ˌɔn ɑːbzɚvˈeɪʃən ænd ɛkspˈɛɹɪmənt.