TKE can be produced by fluid shear, friction or buoyancy, or through external forcing at low-frequency eddy scales (integral scale).
tˌiːkˌeɪˈiː kæn biː pɹədˈuːst baɪ flˈuːɪd ʃˈɪɹ, fɹˈɪkʃən ɔːɹ bˈɔɪənsi, ɔːɹ θɹuː ɛkstˈɜːnəl fˈoːɹsɪŋ æt lˈoʊfɹˈiːkwənsi ˈɛdi skˈeɪlz ˈɪntᵻɡɹəl skˈeɪl.