ðɪ ˈʌðɚɹ ɐpɹˈoʊtʃ, tˈeɪkən baɪ ʃˈaʊ ɐlˈoʊn, wʌzðə zˈaɪəŋʃˌuː zˈuː tʃˈaɪniːzlˌɛɾɚ tʃˈaɪniːzlˌɛɾɚ tʃˈaɪniːzlˌɛɾɚ, "ˈɪmɪdʒnˈʌmbɚ stˈʌdi"ɐpɹˈoʊtʃ, wˌɪtʃ wʌz bˈeɪst mˈʌtʃ mˈoːɹ ˌɔn ˌaɪkənəɡɹˈæfɪk ænd kˌɑːzməlˈɑːdʒɪkəl kˈɑːnsɛpts.
The other approach, taken by Shao alone, was the xiangshu xue (象數學, "image-number study") approach, which was based much more on iconographic and cosmological concepts.