ɡˈeɪn ɡɹˈæfz jˈuːzd ɪn tˌɑːpəlˈɑːdʒɪkəl ɡɹˈæf θˈiəɹi æz ɐ mˈiːnz tə kənstɹˈʌkt ɡɹˈæf ɛmbˈɛdɪŋz ɪn sˈɜːfɪsᵻz ɑːɹ nˈoʊn æz "vˈoʊltɪdʒ ɡɹˈæfz" ɡɹˈoʊs nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd sˈɛvənti fˈoːɹ; ɡɹˈoʊs ænd tˈʌkɚ nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd sˈɛvənti sˈɛvən.
Gain graphs used in topological graph theory as a means to construct graph embeddings in surfaces are known as "voltage graphs" (Gross 1974; Gross and Tucker 1977).