ɪɾ ɪŋklˈuːdᵻd ɐ nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd ˈeɪɾi tˈuː pˈeɪpɚ, ɪnðɪ ˌiːkənˈɑːmɪk dʒˈɜːnəl, wˌɪtʃ wʌzðə fˈɜːst tə pɹəpˈoʊz ðɪ aɪdˈiə ʌvðə jˌuːɾɪlɪtˈɛɹiən tɹˈeɪd jˈuːniən mˈɑːdəl.
It included a 1982 paper, in The Economic Journal, which was the first to propose the idea of the ‘utilitarian’ trade union model.