hiː ˈɜːnd hɪz dˈɑːktɚɹˌeɪt ɪn ɛkspˌɛɹɪmˈɛntəl saɪkˈɑːlədʒi, spˈɛʃəlˌaɪzɪŋ ɪn vˈɪʒuːəl pɚsˈɛpʃən ænd fˈoʊkəsɪŋ ˌɔn kˈɑːɡnᵻtˌɪv saɪkˈɑːlədʒi ɪn nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd sˈɛvənti fˈoːɹ fɹʌmðə jˌuːnɪvˈɜːsᵻɾi ʌv ɹˈɑːtʃɛstɚ, wˌɛɹ hiː hˈɛld ɐ jˈuː.ˈɛs. pˈʌblɪk hˈɛlθ sˈɜːvɪs pɹɪdˈɑːktɚɹəl fˈɛloʊʃˌɪp.
He earned his doctorate in experimental psychology, specializing in visual perception and focusing on cognitive psychology in 1974 from the University of Rochester, where he held a U.S. Public Health Service Predoctoral Fellowship.