tˈuːlz jˈuːzd ɪnðə pˈæst tʊ ˈænɐlˌaɪz bˈɪznəs vˈæljuː kɹiːˈeɪʃən, sˈʌtʃ ɐz ðə vˈæljuː tʃˈeɪn ænd vˈæljuː ˈædᵻd, ɑːɹ lˈɪnɪɹ ænd mˌɛkɐnˈɪstɪk ɐpɹˈoʊtʃᵻz bˈeɪst ˌɔn ɐ pɹˈɑːsɛs pɚspˈɛktɪv.
Tools used in the past to analyze business value creation, such as the value chain and value added, are linear and mechanistic approaches based on a process perspective.