baɪ kˈɑːntɹæst, æt ðə sˈɜːkɪtlˈɛvəl, mˈɑːdəlz pˌæɹəmˈɛɾɚɹˌaɪz ðɪ ɪfˈɛkts ɪn tˈɜːmz ʌv tˈɜːmɪnəl vˈoʊltɪdʒᵻz ænd ɛmpˈɪɹɪkəl skˈæɾɚɹɪŋ pɚɹˈæmɪɾɚz.
By contrast, at the circuit-level, models parameterize the effects  in terms of terminal voltages and empirical scattering parameters.