tˌiːkˌeɪˈiː kæn biː pɹədˈuːst baɪ flˈuːɪd ʃˈɪɹ, fɹˈɪkʃən ɔːɹ bˈɔɪənsi, ɔːɹ θɹuː ɛkstˈɜːnəl fˈoːɹsɪŋ æt lˈoʊfɹˈiːkwənsi ˈɛdi skˈeɪlz ˈɪntᵻɡɹəl skˈeɪl.
TKE can be produced by fluid shear, friction or buoyancy, or through external forcing at low-frequency eddy scales (integral scale).