fˈɔːɹɐmˌɪnə kæn biː əklˈuːdᵻd baɪ ɑːɹθɹˈɪɾɪk dᵻdʒˈɛnɚɹətˌɪv tʃˈeɪndʒᵻz ænd spˈeɪsˈɑːkjʊpˌaɪɪŋ lˈiːʒənz lˈaɪk tˈuːmɚz, mˌɛɾəstˈeɪsᵻz, ænd spˈaɪnəl dˈɪsk hˌɜːnɪˈeɪʃənz.
Foramina can be occluded by arthritic degenerative changes and space-occupying lesions like tumors, metastases, and spinal disc herniations.