ðeɪ bᵻlˈiːvd hˈɪstɚɹi wʌz kˈɔːzd baɪ hjˈuːmən ˈækʃənz ænd vjˈuːd ðə sˈʌn ʌv hˈɛvən ðɪ ˈɛmpɚɹɚɹ ʌv tʃˈaɪnə æz ðɪ ˈæksɪs mˈʌndi hˌuːz wɪl wʌz ˈæbsəlˌuːt.
They believed history was caused by human actions and viewed the Son of Heaven (the emperor of China) as the axis mundi whose will was absolute.