fˌɪzɪˈɑːlədʒˌɪsts, sˈʌtʃ ɐz wˈɪts kˈɑːliːɡ, ˈælbɹɛxt vˈɑːn hˈɔːlɚ, ˈɔːlsoʊ bᵻlˈiːvd ðæt mˈʌsəlz wɜː kˈeɪpəbəl ʌv ˈækʃən ˌɪndᵻpˈɛndənt ʌvðə nˈɜːvz.
Physiologists, such as Whytt's colleague, Albrecht von Haller, also believed that muscles were capable of action independent of the nerves.