ðə vˈɛktɚləs ɐpɹˈoʊtʃᵻz, ɔnðɪ ˈʌðɚ hˈænd, ˈeɪm tə kəmpjˈuːt ɐn ˌʌpɚ bˈaʊnd ɔnðə wˈɜːstkˈeɪs dɹˈɑːp ɪn ɐn ɪfˈɪʃənt mˈænɚ.
The vectorless approaches, on the other hand, aim to compute an upper bound on the worst-case drop in an efficient manner.