ðə tˈuːlz jˈuːzd ɪŋklˈuːd ðə lˈɔː ʌv ˈɛnɚdʒi kˌɑːnsɚvˈeɪʃən, ðɪ aɪdˈiəl ɡˈæs lˈɔː, spəsˈɪfɪk hˈiːt kəpˈæsᵻɾiz, ðɪ ɐsˈʌmpʃən ʌv ˌaɪsəntɹˈɑːpɪk pɹˈɑːsɛsᵻz ɪnwˌɪtʃ ˈɛntɹəpi ɪz ɐ kˈɑːnstənt, ænd mˈɔɪst ˌeɪdɪɐbˈæɾɪk pɹˈɑːsɛsᵻz dˈʊɹɹɪŋ wˌɪtʃ nˈoʊ ˈɛnɚdʒi ɪz tɹænsfˈɜːd æz hˈiːt.
The tools used include the law of energy conservation, the ideal gas law, specific heat capacities, the assumption of isentropic processes (in which entropy is a constant), and moist adiabatic processes (during which no energy is transferred as heat).