hiː ɹᵻsˈiːvd hɪz dˈɑːktɚɹˌeɪt ɪn θiəɹˈɛɾɪkəl fˈɪzɪks ɪn nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd fˈɪfti baɪ ɹˈaɪɾɪŋ ɐ dɪsɚtˈeɪʃən ɐbˌaʊt ᵻlˈɛktɹɑːn ˈɑːptɪks.
He received his doctorate in theoretical physics in 1950 by writing a dissertation about electron optics.