def quad(func, a, b, args=(), full_output=0, epsabs=1.49e-8, epsrel=1.49e-8,
         limit=50, points=None, weight=None, wvar=None, wopts=None, maxp1=50,
         limlst=50):
    """
    Compute a definite integral.

    Integrate func from `a` to `b` (possibly infinite interval) using a
    technique from the Fortran library QUADPACK.

    Parameters
    ----------
    func : function
        A Python function or method to integrate.  If `func` takes many
        arguments, it is integrated along the axis corresponding to the
        first argument.
        If the user desires improved integration performance, then f may
        instead be a ``ctypes`` function of the form:

            f(int n, double args[n]),

        where ``args`` is an array of function arguments and ``n`` is the
        length of ``args``. ``f.argtypes`` should be set to
        ``(c_int, c_double)``, and ``f.restype`` should be ``(c_double,)``.
    a : float
        Lower limit of integration (use -numpy.inf for -infinity).
    b : float
        Upper limit of integration (use numpy.inf for +infinity).
    args : tuple, optional
        Extra arguments to pass to `func`.
    full_output : int, optional
        Non-zero to return a dictionary of integration information.
        If non-zero, warning messages are also suppressed and the
        message is appended to the output tuple.

    Returns
    -------
    y : float
        The integral of func from `a` to `b`.
    abserr : float
        An estimate of the absolute error in the result.
    infodict : dict
        A dictionary containing additional information.
        Run scipy.integrate.quad_explain() for more information.
    message :
        A convergence message.
    explain :
        Appended only with 'cos' or 'sin' weighting and infinite
        integration limits, it contains an explanation of the codes in
        infodict['ierlst']

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    epsabs : float or int, optional
        Absolute error tolerance.
    epsrel : float or int, optional
        Relative error tolerance.
    limit : float or int, optional
        An upper bound on the number of subintervals used in the adaptive
        algorithm.
    points : (sequence of floats,ints), optional
        A sequence of break points in the bounded integration interval
        where local difficulties of the integrand may occur (e.g.,
        singularities, discontinuities). The sequence does not have
        to be sorted.
    weight : float or int, optional
        String indicating weighting function. Full explanation for this
        and the remaining arguments can be found below.
    wvar : optional
        Variables for use with weighting functions.
    wopts : optional
        Optional input for reusing Chebyshev moments.
    maxp1 : float or int, optional
        An upper bound on the number of Chebyshev moments.
    limlst : int, optional
        Upper bound on the number of cycles (>=3) for use with a sinusoidal
        weighting and an infinite end-point.

    See Also
    --------
    dblquad : double integral
    tplquad : triple integral
    nquad : n-dimensional integrals (uses `quad` recursively)
    fixed_quad : fixed-order Gaussian quadrature
    quadrature : adaptive Gaussian quadrature
    odeint : ODE integrator
    ode : ODE integrator
    simps : integrator for sampled data
    romb : integrator for sampled data
    scipy.special : for coefficients and roots of orthogonal polynomials

    Notes
    -----

    **Extra information for quad() inputs and outputs**

    If full_output is non-zero, then the third output argument
    (infodict) is a dictionary with entries as tabulated below.  For
    infinite limits, the range is transformed to (0,1) and the
    optional outputs are given with respect to this transformed range.
    Let M be the input argument limit and let K be infodict['last'].
    The entries are:

    'neval'
        The number of function evaluations.
    'last'
        The number, K, of subintervals produced in the subdivision process.
    'alist'
        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
        left end points of the subintervals in the partition of the
        integration range.
    'blist'
        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
        right end points of the subintervals.
    'rlist'
        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
        integral approximations on the subintervals.
    'elist'
        A rank-1 array of length M, the first K elements of which are the
        moduli of the absolute error estimates on the subintervals.
    'iord'
        A rank-1 integer array of length M, the first L elements of
        which are pointers to the error estimates over the subintervals
        with ``L=K`` if ``K<=M/2+2`` or ``L=M+1-K`` otherwise. Let I be the
        sequence ``infodict['iord']`` and let E be the sequence
        ``infodict['elist']``.  Then ``E[I[1]], ..., E[I[L]]`` forms a
        decreasing sequence.

    If the input argument points is provided (i.e. it is not None),
    the following additional outputs are placed in the output
    dictionary.  Assume the points sequence is of length P.

    'pts'
        A rank-1 array of length P+2 containing the integration limits
        and the break points of the intervals in ascending order.
        This is an array giving the subintervals over which integration
        will occur.
    'level'
        A rank-1 integer array of length M (=limit), containing the
        subdivision levels of the subintervals, i.e., if (aa,bb) is a
        subinterval of ``(pts[1], pts[2])`` where ``pts[0]`` and ``pts[2]``
        are adjacent elements of ``infodict['pts']``, then (aa,bb) has level l
        if ``|bb-aa| = |pts[2]-pts[1]| * 2**(-l)``.
    'ndin'
        A rank-1 integer array of length P+2.  After the first integration
        over the intervals (pts[1], pts[2]), the error estimates over some
        of the intervals may have been increased artificially in order to
        put their subdivision forward.  This array has ones in slots
        corresponding to the subintervals for which this happens.

    **Weighting the integrand**

    The input variables, *weight* and *wvar*, are used to weight the
    integrand by a select list of functions.  Different integration
    methods are used to compute the integral with these weighting
    functions.  The possible values of weight and the corresponding
    weighting functions are.

    ==========  ===================================   =====================
    ``weight``  Weight function used                  ``wvar``
    ==========  ===================================   =====================
    'cos'       cos(w*x)                              wvar = w
    'sin'       sin(w*x)                              wvar = w
    'alg'       g(x) = ((x-a)**alpha)*((b-x)**beta)   wvar = (alpha, beta)
    'alg-loga'  g(x)*log(x-a)                         wvar = (alpha, beta)
    'alg-logb'  g(x)*log(b-x)                         wvar = (alpha, beta)
    'alg-log'   g(x)*log(x-a)*log(b-x)                wvar = (alpha, beta)
    'cauchy'    1/(x-c)                               wvar = c
    ==========  ===================================   =====================

    wvar holds the parameter w, (alpha, beta), or c depending on the weight
    selected.  In these expressions, a and b are the integration limits.

    For the 'cos' and 'sin' weighting, additional inputs and outputs are
    available.

    For finite integration limits, the integration is performed using a
    Clenshaw-Curtis method which uses Chebyshev moments.  For repeated
    calculations, these moments are saved in the output dictionary:

    'momcom'
        The maximum level of Chebyshev moments that have been computed,
        i.e., if ``M_c`` is ``infodict['momcom']`` then the moments have been
        computed for intervals of length ``|b-a| * 2**(-l)``,
        ``l=0,1,...,M_c``.
    'nnlog'
        A rank-1 integer array of length M(=limit), containing the
        subdivision levels of the subintervals, i.e., an element of this
        array is equal to l if the corresponding subinterval is
        ``|b-a|* 2**(-l)``.
    'chebmo'
        A rank-2 array of shape (25, maxp1) containing the computed
        Chebyshev moments.  These can be passed on to an integration
        over the same interval by passing this array as the second
        element of the sequence wopts and passing infodict['momcom'] as
        the first element.

    If one of the integration limits is infinite, then a Fourier integral is
    computed (assuming w neq 0).  If full_output is 1 and a numerical error
    is encountered, besides the error message attached to the output tuple,
    a dictionary is also appended to the output tuple which translates the
    error codes in the array ``info['ierlst']`` to English messages.  The
    output information dictionary contains the following entries instead of
    'last', 'alist', 'blist', 'rlist', and 'elist':

    'lst'
        The number of subintervals needed for the integration (call it ``K_f``).
    'rslst'
        A rank-1 array of length M_f=limlst, whose first ``K_f`` elements
        contain the integral contribution over the interval
        ``(a+(k-1)c, a+kc)`` where ``c = (2*floor(|w|) + 1) * pi / |w|``
        and ``k=1,2,...,K_f``.
    'erlst'
        A rank-1 array of length ``M_f`` containing the error estimate
        corresponding to the interval in the same position in
        ``infodict['rslist']``.
    'ierlst'
        A rank-1 integer array of length ``M_f`` containing an error flag
        corresponding to the interval in the same position in
        ``infodict['rslist']``.  See the explanation dictionary (last entry
        in the output tuple) for the meaning of the codes.

    Examples
    --------
    Calculate :math:`\\int^4_0 x^2 dx` and compare with an analytic result

    >>> from scipy import integrate
    >>> x2 = lambda x: x**2
    >>> integrate.quad(x2, 0, 4)
    (21.333333333333332, 2.3684757858670003e-13)
    >>> print(4**3 / 3.)  # analytical result
    21.3333333333

    Calculate :math:`\\int^\\infty_0 e^{-x} dx`

    >>> invexp = lambda x: np.exp(-x)
    >>> integrate.quad(invexp, 0, np.inf)
    (1.0, 5.842605999138044e-11)

    >>> f = lambda x,a : a*x
    >>> y, err = integrate.quad(f, 0, 1, args=(1,))
    >>> y
    0.5
    >>> y, err = integrate.quad(f, 0, 1, args=(3,))
    >>> y
    1.5

    Calculate :math:`\\int^1_0 x^2 + y^2 dx` with ctypes, holding
    y parameter as 1::

        testlib.c =>
            double func(int n, double args[n]){
                return args[0]*args[0] + args[1]*args[1];}
        compile to library testlib.*

    ::

       from scipy import integrate
       import ctypes
       lib = ctypes.CDLL('/home/.../testlib.*') #use absolute path
       lib.func.restype = ctypes.c_double
       lib.func.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int,ctypes.c_double)
       integrate.quad(lib.func,0,1,(1))
       #(1.3333333333333333, 1.4802973661668752e-14)
       print((1.0**3/3.0 + 1.0) - (0.0**3/3.0 + 0.0)) #Analytic result
       # 1.3333333333333333

    """
    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
        args = (args,)
    if (weight is None):
        retval = _quad(func, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs, epsrel, limit,
                       points)
    else:
        retval = _quad_weight(func, a, b, args, full_output, epsabs, epsrel,
                              limlst, limit, maxp1, weight, wvar, wopts)

    ier = retval[-1]
    if ier == 0:
        return retval[:-1]

    msgs = {80: "A Python error occurred possibly while calling the function.",
             1: "The maximum number of subdivisions (%d) has been achieved.\n  If increasing the limit yields no improvement it is advised to analyze \n  the integrand in order to determine the difficulties.  If the position of a \n  local difficulty can be determined (singularity, discontinuity) one will \n  probably gain from splitting up the interval and calling the integrator \n  on the subranges.  Perhaps a special-purpose integrator should be used." % limit,
             2: "The occurrence of roundoff error is detected, which prevents \n  the requested tolerance from being achieved.  The error may be \n  underestimated.",
             3: "Extremely bad integrand behavior occurs at some points of the\n  integration interval.",
             4: "The algorithm does not converge.  Roundoff error is detected\n  in the extrapolation table.  It is assumed that the requested tolerance\n  cannot be achieved, and that the returned result (if full_output = 1) is \n  the best which can be obtained.",
             5: "The integral is probably divergent, or slowly convergent.",
             6: "The input is invalid.",
             7: "Abnormal termination of the routine.  The estimates for result\n  and error are less reliable.  It is assumed that the requested accuracy\n  has not been achieved.",
            'unknown': "Unknown error."}

    if weight in ['cos','sin'] and (b == Inf or a == -Inf):
        msgs[1] = "The maximum number of cycles allowed has been achieved., e.e.\n  of subintervals (a+(k-1)c, a+kc) where c = (2*int(abs(omega)+1))\n  *pi/abs(omega), for k = 1, 2, ..., lst.  One can allow more cycles by increasing the value of limlst.  Look at info['ierlst'] with full_output=1."
        msgs[4] = "The extrapolation table constructed for convergence acceleration\n  of the series formed by the integral contributions over the cycles, \n  does not converge to within the requested accuracy.  Look at \n  info['ierlst'] with full_output=1."
        msgs[7] = "Bad integrand behavior occurs within one or more of the cycles.\n  Location and type of the difficulty involved can be determined from \n  the vector info['ierlist'] obtained with full_output=1."
        explain = {1: "The maximum number of subdivisions (= limit) has been \n  achieved on this cycle.",
                   2: "The occurrence of roundoff error is detected and prevents\n  the tolerance imposed on this cycle from being achieved.",
                   3: "Extremely bad integrand behavior occurs at some points of\n  this cycle.",
                   4: "The integral over this cycle does not converge (to within the required accuracy) due to roundoff in the extrapolation procedure invoked on this cycle.  It is assumed that the result on this interval is the best which can be obtained.",
                   5: "The integral over this cycle is probably divergent or slowly convergent."}

    try:
        msg = msgs[ier]
    except __HOLE__:
        msg = msgs['unknown']

    if ier in [1,2,3,4,5,7]:
        if full_output:
            if weight in ['cos','sin'] and (b == Inf or a == Inf):
                return retval[:-1] + (msg, explain)
            else:
                return retval[:-1] + (msg,)
        else:
            warnings.warn(msg, IntegrationWarning)
            return retval[:-1]
    else:
        raise ValueError(msg)
dataset/ETHPy150Open scipy/scipy/scipy/integrate/quadpack.py/quad