Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor. 

Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called Lutherans even though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ.
When was Luther born? Where? How old was he when he died? What did Luther teach? What was the name of paper written in 1517? What resulted in his excommunication? When did he die? Who are the Lutherans? What happened in 1521? Who made a demand in 1520? What did Luther come to reject? What did he feel you couldn't use to buy God's freedom? Whose office did his theology challenge? How was it challenged? What did he oppose? What were all baptized Christians considered? What two names were acceptable to him for followers?
10 November 1483 unknown 63 that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds Ninety-Five Theses His refusal to retract all of his writings 18 February 1546 Those who identify with Luther's wider teachings the Diet of Worms Pope Leo X several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church money the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God sacerdotalism a holy priesthood Christian or Evangelical