Uttarandhra
Uttarandhra (also known as Kalinga Andhra or North Andhra) is a region consisting of three north coastal districts of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It comprises the districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam. As of 2011 census of India, the region with three districts has a population of 9,338,177.

The region is in the extreme Northeast of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The region is skirted to a distance by Kandivalasagedda, Vamsadhara and Bahuda at certain stretches of their courses white a line of heights of the great Eastern Ghats run from North East. East Godavari District flanks in the southwest while Odisha bounds it on the north and Bay of Bengal on the South and the East. Visakhapatnam is the largest city of the region in terms of population and area. However Uttarandhra is a part of Coastal Andhra region.

History

The present north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh were once part of the Kalinga region. Kalinga is a historical region of India. It is generally defined as the eastern coastal region between the Mahanadi and the Godavari rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses a large part of Odisha and northern part of Andhra Pradesh.

Early and Medieval history
The Kalingas have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text Mahabharata. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under Mauryan control as a result of the Kalinga War. Ashoka annexed the kingdom after the final battle near the Dhauli hills, the capital Sisupalgarh fell to the Mauryas. After the war, Buddhism prospered in Kalinga and spread to other south eastern regions through maritime trade routes. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the Mahameghavahana family, whose king Kharavela described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".

After several wars with Satavahanas and other kingdoms, the Kalinga dynasty crumbled and divided into small independent kingdoms. The Gupta ruler Samudragupta sensed an opportunity and invaded the kingdom. Kalinga came under Gupta suzerainty in the 4th century CE after his invasion, the kingdom got united and reclaimed its glory. They ruled the region from Mukhalinga and Dantapura of Northern Andhra. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties. These included the Vasishthas, the Matharas, and the Pitrbhaktas.

The last Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by Kapilendra Deva in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the Gajapati Empire that ruled over the regions of Utkala (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). Prataparudra Deva was the last great king of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis and soon after his death his minister Govinda Vidyadhara usurped the throne by murdering the last two Gajapati scions. The fall of the Gajapati Empire meant the independence of their many tributary and feudal states.

Evidently, a tributary kingdom called Nandapur ruled by the Suryavamsa dynasty that arrived in the region in 13th century from Kashmir. The king of this little kingdom was Vishwanatha Deva Gajapati who began expanding his kingdom in the southern region of Odisha and northern region of Andhra. In 1545, he sent his military commander and the chief of Kasimkota, Mukunda Harichandana to conquer the northern plains of Odisha which were under control of the weak Bhoi dynasty of Govinda Vidyadhara.

Govinda Vidyadhara signed a truce with Vishwanatha Deba and was granted the status of a tributary state. Mukunda Harichandana was appointed as the minister in order to seek full control over the region, however, he later assassinated the last two Bhoi heirs and declared himself as the new king of Utkala. Nevertheless, Kalinga was still ruled by the Suryavamsi kings until they were defeated and became a Vassal of the Golconda Qutb Shahi during the reign of Balarama Deva, who failed to control the vast dominion of his predecessor, Vishwanatha Gajapati. His successors ruled over the region as 'Maharajah of Kalinga' until the feud of Ramachandra Deva I and Balarama Deva III which marked the end of their domination over Kalinga. They came to be known as Jeypore Samasthanam.

Modern history
In 1674, Vishwambhar Dev of Jeypore kingdom defeated the Faujdar of Chicacole (Srikakulam), appointed by the Qutb Shahi Sultans and claimed an independent semi-monarchy over the Circars. Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687 and the Circars along with the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were annexed to the extensive empire of Aurangzeb. However, the first two Faujdars appointed by the Mughals were defeated and slain in the battlefield by the Maharaja of Jeypore, Raghunath Krishna Dev, who continued to rule claiming independent control over the region until his death in 1708. The successor of Raghunath Krishna proved to be an inefficient ruler and as a result lost a vast territory of the Circars. However, the kings of Jeypore continued to rule their decreased kingdom independently until the advent of the British in 1777. The British destroyed the fort of Jeypore and granted them a demoted status of a Zamindari.

In 1724, Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed the governor of Hyderabad, with the title Nizam al Mulk. He came to be known as the Nizam of Hyderabad, its de facto ruler. The fourth Nizam Salabat Jang, a son of the Nizam al Mulk, who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the French East India Company, granted the circars to the French in return for their services. In 1759, through the conquest of the fortress of Masulipatnam, the maritime provinces from the river Gundlakamma to the Chilka Lake were transferred from the French to the British. But the British left them under the administration of the Nizam, with the exception of Masulipatnam, a valuable port, which was retained by the British.

In 1765 Lord Robert Clive obtained from the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II a grant of the five Circars. The fort of Kondapalli was seized by the British as an opening move. On 12 November 1766 a treaty of alliance was signed with Nizam Ali Khan by which the British undertook to maintain troops for the Nizam's assistance. By a second treaty, often referred to as the Treaty of Masulipatnam, signed on 1 March 1768, the Nizam acknowledged the validity of Shah Alam's grant and resigned the Circars to the British East India Company, receiving as a mark of friendship an annuity of £50,000. Finally, in 1823, the claims of the Nizam over the Northern Circars were bought outright by the Company, and they became a British possession. The Northern Circars were governed as part of Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947, after which the presidency became India's Madras State.

Post independence

In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras [now Chennai]". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed combined Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State. Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state.

In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years. The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India. Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is long pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the Supreme Court constitutional bench.

In 2017, Andhra Pradesh Government began operating from the newly planned capital city Amaravati. In August 2020, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020. According to its provisions, Visakhapatnam is the executive capital while Amaravati and Kurnool serve as legislative and judicial capitals, respectively. The decision resulted in widespread protests by the farmers of Amaravati. The act has been challenged in Andhra Pradesh High Court, which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing.

Geography 

Nagavali River rises in the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats near Lakhbahal in the Kalahandi district of Odisha at an elevation of about 1,300 metres. The total length of the river is about 256 km, of which 161 km are in Odisha and the rest in Andhra Pradesh. The catchment area of the basin is 9,510 square km. Nagavali is an interstate river with 4462 km2 and 5048 km2 river basin area located in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The river basin receives 1000 mm average rain fall annually. The uplands of the river basin are hilly areas with predominantly tribal populated. It drains parts of the Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Odisha and Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Vamsadhara River originates in the border of Thuamul Rampur in the Kalahandi district and Kalyansinghpur in Rayagada district of Odisha and runs for a distance of about 254 kilometers, where it joins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river basin is about 10,830 square kilometers.

Climate

South West Monsoon : 1000–1100 mm. Temperatures range from Max. 33-36 °C & Min. 26-27 °C. Red soils and Black soils with clay base, Pockets of acidic soils, laterite soils, Soils with PH 4-5.

Economy

Agriculture 

Major crops grown in this region are Rice, Black gram, Green gram, Groundnut, Sugarcane, Sesame, Pearl millet, Mesta, finger millets, Horse gram. This region is home to many co-operative sugar factories, jute mills, cashew processing industries.
Visakha Dairy is second biggest co-operative dairy in India.

Industries 

Visakhapatnam is the biggest city of the region and is placed 10th among the top 15 cities contributing to India's overall Gross domestic product.
The industrial city, Visakhapatnam has contributed a GDP of $26 billion. The city is home for various state owned heavy industries and a steel plant.

Palasa-Kasibugga is the center of cashew industries in the Srikakulam district.
Ponduru hand-loom where the finest khadi is woven. Jute mills and dairy products industry like Visakha Dairy contribute to the economy of the region

Politics 

The parliament constituencies of Uttarandhra are
Araku
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
Anakapalli

Education

Central Universities 

 Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh,  Vizianagaram

Universities 

 Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University - Gurajada, Vizianagaram
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam
 GITAM University, Visakhapatnam

Medical colleges 

 Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam
 Government Medical College, Srikakulam.
 Gitam Institute of Medical Science and Research, Visakhapatnam
 Maharaja Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram
 NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam
 Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital, Srikakulam.

Central Institutions 

 Indian Institute of Management, Visakhapatnam
 Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam
 Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
 Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam
 Kalam Institute of Health Technology, Visakhapatnam

Culture

Cuisine 

Cuisine of this area still has its own distinctive flavours and unique taste, while it shares many similarities with the Andhra region cuisine. While Visakhapatnam district has its own distinct dialect and cuisine, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam a slight difference in taste compared to rest of Andhra Pradesh.

Visakhapatnam has a different dialect and cuisine compared to vizianagaram and Srikakulam.

Mostly in Vizianagaram and Srikakulam, they like to eat many of their foods really sweet unlike other regions of Andhra Pradesh. While most of the cuisine is very spicy, they often cook lentils in jaggery (referred to as Bellam pappu) enjoyed with butter and steamed rice.

They cook vegetables in gravies of Menthipettina Kura (Fenugreek seed paste), Avapettina Kura (mustard seed paste), Nuvvugunda Kura (sesame seed paste), etc. Ullikaram is another popular dish where vegetables or corn seeds are flavored in shallots or onion paste.

While regular Andhra fare like Idli, Dosa, Upma, Poori etc.. are common in the region, Pesarattu topped with onions and ginger, served with allam chutney is a favourite Breakfast item. Pesara Punugulu with ulli chutney is a popular item in visakha region.
Patoli is a favorite breakfast time or festive time dish in Srikakulam. Patoli is soaked up split black chickpeas (Senagapappu or Chana Dal) ground to a coarse paste and seasoned in coriander seeds, onions and at times with cluster beans (Goruchikkudukayi). Uppupindi is coarsely Broken Rice upma steamed with vegetables and tempering seeds. This dish is had during festive days when people would fast during the day and have it at night.

Inguva charu is a stew popular among adults and kids, is a sour and sweet stew made with Tamarind and Asafoetida (Inguva) It can be had with rice or uppupindi. Bellam pulusu is another highly flavored thick sweet stew made out of rice flour, Jaggery (cane sugar), corn cobs and whole Shallots. Madugula Halwa is a very unique and famous variety of Halwa from Visakha region.

Notable personalities 

Alluri Sitarama Raju (Freedom fighter)
Chowdary Satyanarayana (Freedom fighter, Politician, Rights Activist)
Tenneti Viswanadham (Freedom fighter and politician)
Kandala Subrahmanya Tilak (Indian lawyer, Socialist leader, Indian freedom activist and Parliamentarian)
Gouthu Latchanna (veteran freedom fighter)
Gurazada Apparao (Social reformer)
Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (violinist)
Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy (doyen of Spoken Telugu movement)
Srirangam Srinivasarao (Poet)
Aarudhra (poet, lyricist, songwriter, translator & writer)
Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu ( poet, musician, dancer, linguist and philosopher)
Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry (Writer)
Lanka Sundaram (Indian parliamentarian and an expert in international law)
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Vijay Ananda Gajapathi Raju (a.k.a. Maharajkumar of Vizianagram) (Indian cricketer)
Venugopal Rao(cricketer)
P. Susheela ( Padma Bhushan awarded Singer)
Gollapudi Maruti Rao
Trinadh Rao Nakkina (movie director)
Sirivennela Sitaramasastri (Cine Lyricist)
Sarath Babu (Tollywood movie actor)
Puri Jagannadh (movie director)
Parasuram (movie director)
Siva Nirvana (movie director)
P.J.Sudhakar (highest number of degrees holder)
Ramana Gogula
Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao (founder chairman of GMR Group)
Kodi Rammurthy Naidu (Indian bodybuilder, Kaliyugi Bhima)
Karnam Malleswari (Indian weightlifter, Olympic medallist)
 Puripanda Appalswamy, (Writer and Poet)
 Tha DhrmaRao, (Writer)
 Prof K.S.Chalam, Member, (Union Public Service Commission, Former V.C, Dravidian University and writer)
 Kalipatnam Raarao, (Kathanilayam)
 Balivada KanthaRao, (writer)
 Korra Mallyya, (Freedom Fighter)
 Visakha Varman, (King of Madhya Kalinga)
Chaganti Somayajulu (Telugu story writers)
Vulimiri Ramalingaswami FNASC, FRAMS, FRS (London) (Eminent pathologist and Ex Director AIIMS New Delhi and ICMR)
Padma Sri Hilda Mary Lazarus B.A., MBBS, FRCS (Christian missionary and popular gynecologist and obstetrician)
Vaddadi Papaiah (artist)
Mahamahopadhyaya,  Padma Bhushan Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana (classical vocalist and musicologist)
Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao (Indian physicist best known for his work on Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR))
John Louis Nayar (Abhinava Saigal)(freedom-fighter, physician, singer, dancer and a humorist),
Pingali Nagendrarao (legendary script writer, playwright and lyricist)
 Padma Bhushan Sripada Pinakapani (medical doctor, administrator, professor in medicine, and carnatic musician)
Raja Abel (Tollywood movie actor)
Rashmi Gautam (Tollywood movie actress)
Anisha Ambrose (Tollywood movie actress)
Ipsita Pati (actress)
Zarina Wahab (actress)
Devika Rani (Indian film actress)
Mallikarjuna Rao (Tollywood actor)
G.Anand (cine playback singer and music director)
J.V. Somayajulu (Indian theatre and film actor)
E. L. Quirk (founder of Quirk Memorial Baptist Church, Resapuvanipalem, Visakhapatnam)
S. Rajeswara Rao (composer)

Anglo Indians Born in Uttarandhra 
Edward Hay Mackenzie Elliot ( Governor of New Zealand)
Arthur Luard (English cricketer)
George William Forbes Playfair (British businessman and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong)

Tourism 

Visakhapatnam city has a range of tourist attractions including beaches, hilltop parks facing the sea, a beach road, a zoological park and wildlife sanctuary, a submarine museum, hill stations, limestone caves, mountain ranges and valleys. Araku Valley is a hill station.
Reservoirs like Meghadri gedda, Mudasarlova, Thatipudi reservoir and water falls at Devarapalli, Duduma waterfall and other water falls near Araku valley. Karlakonda Ava( fresh water lake).Devipuram near sabbavara. Hillstations like Lambasingi and adventure games at Sitampeta in Srikakulam.

Religious Destinations

Transport 

NH16 and NH 26 passes through most of the Uttarandhra towns. The East Coast Railway serves Srikakulam, Vizianagaram District, and part of Visakhapatnam district including Visakhapatnam City and remaining under South Central Railway zone. Visakhapatnam Airport is a customs airport situated in the region. Visakhapatnam Port, Gangavaram Port are the major seaports. Some minor ports are at Bhavanapadu, Kalingapatnam, Bheemunipatnam.

See also 
 Coastal Andhra
 Rayalaseema

References 

 
Coastal Andhra
Regions of Andhra Pradesh
Proposed states and union territories of India