Spanish was an important language of the Chinese-Filipino, Chinese-Spanish, and Tornatras (Chinese-Spanish-Filipino) mestizos during most of the 20th century.
Lately, the phenomenon has garnered the interest of linguists like Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales,[REF][REF] who coined the phenomenon as Hokaglish (combination of Hokkien, Tagalog, and English), which was then known as sa-lam-tsam (or mixed language) [REF].