According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.4 square miles (91.7 km²), of which, 35.4 square miles (91.7 km²) is land and 0.03% is water.
Rutland Township is bordered by Jackson Township to the north, Wells and Columbia Townships in Bradford County to the east, Sullivan Township to the south, Richmond Township to the south and west, and Tioga Township to the west.