By the late 1700s, scientists no longer universally accepted the view that pregnancy was impossible without pleasure, although this view was still common.
Historian Ian Talbot has written about how countries with Quran-based Islamic codes on rape and pregnancy use Sura An-Nur, verse 2, as a legal basis: "The law of evidence in all sexual crimes required either self-confession or the testimony of four upright (salah) Muslim males.