In December 2013, according to a study by Marktforschungsinstituts GfK, Leipzig was ranked as the most livable city in Germany[REF][REF] and is one of the three European cities with the highest quality of living (after Groningen and Kraków) [REF].
In a 2017 study, the Leipzig inner city occupies the first place of all cities in Germany on the basis of its attractiveness, gastronomy and shopping opportunities [REF].