The features of the Ridge and Valley province were created approximately 300-400 million years ago during the Ordovician period and Appalachian orogeny-a period of tremendous pressure and rock thrusting that caused the creation of the Appalachian Mountains [REF].
Kittatinny's valley floor is part of the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation (shale and slate) which make up most of the valley-and the Jacksonburg Formation (mostly limestone).