The opera was first presented at the Théâtre des Fantaisies-Parisiennes, Brussels, on 4 December 1872, with costumes created by Alfred Grevin [REF].
English-language productions were quickly mounted in London (at the Gaiety Theatre in 1873 in an adaptation by H. B. Farnie for a very successful limited run starring Emily Soldene and Richard Temple[REF] and then in other theatres) and New York.