The most common energy storage systems used for ESaaS are lithium-ion[REF] or flow[REF] batteries due to their compact size, non-invasive installation, high efficiencies, and fast reaction times but other storage mediums may be used such as compressed air,[REF] flywheels,[REF] or pumped hydro [REF].
ESaaS systems are remotely monitored and controlled by the ESaaS operator using a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system [REF].