Public spending on education was relatively constant between 2005-2012 and fluctuated from 3.5% to 4.1% of GDP[REF] significantly below the OECD average of 6% [REF].
According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25 percent of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias,[REF] although literacy is generally high in Tajikistan [REF].