Te Ruki Kawiti and his allies, including Mataroria and Motiti,[REF] designed Ruapekapeka Pā as a further development of what is now called the "gunfighter pā"[REF] design that was used at the Battle of Ohaeawai.
The outer walls of the pā had trenches (parepare) in front of and behind palisades that were 3m high, built using puriri logs [REF].