Eulenburg was born in Wicken near Bartenstein[REF] to Botho Heinrich zu Eulenburg (1804-1879) and Therese née von Dönhoff (1806-1882) [REF].
Eulenburg worked in high positions of the Prussian and German administration in Wiesbaden (1869-1872), Metz (president of the Département de la Lorraine; 1872-1873) and upper president of the Province of Hanover (1873-1878).