An alternative and controversial hypothesis[REF] to the membrane and membrane pump theories, the Association Induction Hypothesis[REF] is a claim related to the properties and activities of microscopic assemblies of molecules, atoms, ions and electrons of the smallest unit of life called nano-protoplasm [REF].
Ling wrote books describing his hypothesis in 1962[REF] and 1984;[REF] and later self-published other books [REF].