There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xerox's PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive, because first versions of Lisa GUIs even lacked icons [REF].
Founded 1982, SGI introduced the IRIS 1000 Series[REF] in 1983 [REF].