According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Fatikchhari had a population of 388,013, in 65,861 households.
The population is a mix of Bengali Muslims and Hindus, Buddhists (all bearing the title Barua); Tripura, Chakma, Mogh (these tribal groups are gradually retreating into the CHTs and are becoming rare in the upazila); and Manipuri and Uria (mainly tea garden workers).