The Bible, Talmud, and individual pre-modern Jewish writers do not address this issue because Jews did not visit the polar regions and were not aware of its distinctive nature before modern times.
Rava says, if he knows which day he departed on the journey, he may do work on the same day of the week [i.e. 7 or 14 days after he departed, because he certainly would not have departed on a Sabbath] [REF].