On 21 January 1799,[REF] the Kingdom of Naples was abolished and replaced by the Parthenopaean Republic which lasted until 13 June 1799.
Ferdinand was restored for the second time following the Austrian victory at the Battle of Tolentino (3 March 1815) over rival monarch King Joachim I. On 8 March 1816 he merged the thrones of Sicily and Naples into the throne of the Two Sicilies.