During the Middle Ages, Jews acted as slave-traders in Slavonia[REF] North Africa,[REF] Baltic States,[REF] Central and Eastern Europe,[REF] Spain and Portugal,[REF][REF] and Mallorca[REF] The most significant Jewish involvement in the slave-trade was in Spain and Portugal during the 10th to 15th centuries [REF].
Jews continued to own slaves during the 16th through 18th centuries, and ownership practices were still governed by Biblical and Talmudic laws [REF].