First underground, ad hoc courts were created alongside some of the first Polish resistance organizations as early as in 1939 [REF].
Polish special underground courts reviewed about 10,000[REF] to 17,000[REF] cases of collaboration, sentenced over 3,500 individuals to death[REF] (2,500 executions were carried out;[REF] many others were sentenced to punishments like beatings or fines, or with a recommendation for review of the case after the war[REF]).