The 1846 introduction by surgeon John Hutchinson (1811-1861) of the spirometer, an apparatus for assessing the mechanical properties of the lungs via measurements of forced exhalation and forced inhalation.
The (c.1870) immediate widespread clinical use of Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt's (1836-1925) six inch (rather than twelve inch) pocket clinical thermometer, which he had devised in 1867 [REF].