One source states that he was born at Subigaun in Bouddha, Kathmandu, in 1951;[REF] another, that he was born in the village of Simaltar at the northeastern end of the Kathmandu valley in 1952.
He joined Nepal's civil service in 1975, working at the Ministry of Industry, and from 1983 to 1986 studied at the University of Vienna, receiving a doctorate in economics [REF].