A study by Marshall et al. (2001) found that male rapists had less empathy toward women who had been sexually assaulted by an unknown assailant and more hostility toward women than non-sex-offenders and nonoffender males/females [REF].
Freund et al. (1983) stated that most rapists do not have a preference for rape over consensual sex,[REF] and Marshall et al. (1991) stated that there are no significant differences between the arousal patterns of male rapists and other males [REF].