Ancient Mesopotamian medicine may be represented by Esagil-kin-apli, a prominent scholar of the 11th century BCE, who made a compilation of medical prescriptions and procedures, which he presented as exorcisms.
Over a dozen medical papyri have been preserved, most notably the Edwin Smith Papyrus (the oldest extant surgical handbook) and the Ebers Papyrus (a handbook of preparing and using materia medica for various diseases), both from the 16th century BCE.