The PMF were formed by the Iraqi government on 15 June 2014 after Marja' Ali al-Sistani's fatwa on "Sufficiency Jihad" on 13 June [REF].
According to some sources, the Popular Mobilization Forces have made a fundamental difference on the battlefield, as they have undermined the superiority of ISIS at the level of guerrilla warfare, as well as at the level of the psychological operations [REF].