Location-based services (LBS) are a part of virtually all control and policy systems which work in computers today[REF] .
Research forerunners of today's location-based services include the infrared Active Badge system[REF] (1989-1993), the Ericsson-Europolitan GSM LBS trial by Jörgen Johansson (1995), and the master thesis written by Nokia employee Timo Rantalainen in 1995 [REF].