In 1932 the Portuguese dictatorship of Antonio de Oliveira Salazar had begun and by 1933 the secret police was created, the State Defense and Surveillance Police, PVDE.
On November 9 of 1938 the Nazi government of Germany began open war against its Jewish citizens in the pogrom known as Kristallnacht, when 1,000 synagogues were burned, 30,000 Jews were arrested and at least 91 Jews were murdered.