Znaniecki's culturalism was based on philosophies and theories of Matthew Arnold (Culture and Anarchy), Friedrich Nietzsche (voluntarism), Henri Bergson (creative evolutionism), Wilhelm Dilthey (philosophy of life), William James, John Dewey (pragmatism) and Ferdinand C. Schiller (humanism) [REF].
Znaniecki was critical of a number of then-prevalent philosophical viewpoints: intellectualism,[REF] idealism[REF] realism[REF] naturalism[REF][REF][REF] and rationalism [REF].