Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) was developed in the 1990s by an IFAC/IFIP Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration, which consisted of Peter Bernus, James G. Nell and others.
The development of enterprise-reference architecture has evolved from the development of Design Methodology for Advanced Manufacturing Systems in the 1980s,[REF] such as CIMOSA, the Open System Architecture for CIM [REF].