The Chinese compendium that contains the "Neiye" is traditionally attributed to what statesman?
Neiye The c. 350 BCE Neiye 內業 or Inward Training is the oldest Chinese received text describing Daoist breath meditation techniques and "qi" circulation. After the "Guanzi" political and philosophical compendium included the "Neiye" around the 2nd century BCE, it was seldom mentioned by Chinese scholars until the 20th century, when it was reevaluated as a "proto-Daoist" text that clearly influenced the "Daode jing", "Zhuangzi", and other classics. "Neiye" traditions also influenced Chinese thought and culture. For instance, it had the first references to cultivating the life forces "jing" "essence", "qi" "vital energy", and "shen" "spirit", which later became a fundamental concept in Daoist "Neidan" "internal alchemy", as well as the Three Treasures in traditional Chinese medicine.
Gongsun Hong Gongsun Hong (公孫弘; Wade–Giles: Kung-sun Hung; 200 – 121 BCE), born Kingdom of Lu, Zichuan (part of present-day Shandong province), was a Chinese statesman in the Western Han dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was one of the earliest proponents of Confucianism along with famous Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu, setting in motion its emergence under the Han court. The ideals they promoted, together with Gongsun's decrees, would come to be seen as values-in-themselves, becoming the "basic elements, or even hallmarks" of Confucianism. While first proposed and more ardently promoted by Dong, the national academy (then considered radical) and Imperial examination did not come into existence until they were supported by Gongsun. Their establishment set a precedent that would last into the twentieth century.