An article titled "The Color Line" was published in the "North American Review" in 1881, by Frederick Douglass, who became a national leader of what movement in Massachusetts and New York?
Color line (racism) The term color line was originally used as a reference to the racial segregation that existed in the United States after the abolition of slavery. An article by Frederick Douglass titled "The Color Line" was published in the "North American Review" in 1881. The phrase gained fame after W. E. B. Du Bois’ repeated use of it in his book "The Souls of Black Folk".
Black Star Line The Black Star Line (1919−1922) was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, the organizer of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and other members of the UNIA. The shipping line was created to facilitate the transportation of goods and eventually African Americans throughout the African global economy. It derived its name from the White Star Line, a line whose success Garvey felt he could duplicate. Black Star Line became a key part of Garvey's contribution to the Back-to-Africa movement. It was one among many businesses which the UNIA originated, such as the Universal Printing House, Negro Factories Corporation, and the widely distributed and highly successful "Negro World" weekly newspaper.