What is the common name for things such as Maltose, Sucrose or saccharide?
Xylomannan Xylomannan is a newly discovered antifreeze molecule, found in the freeze-tolerant Alaskan beetle "Upis ceramboides". Unlike antifreeze proteins, xylomannan is not a protein. Instead, it is a combination of a sugar (saccharide) and a fatty acid that is found in cell membranes. As such is expected to work in a different manner than AFPs. It is believed to work by incorporating itself directly into the cell membrane and preventing the freezing of water molecules within the cell.
Pichia stipitis Pichia stipitis (aka "Scheffersomyces stipitis") is a species of yeast, belonging to the "CUG Clade" of ascomycetous yeasts. This is a group of fungi that substitute serine for leucine when the CUG codon is encountered. "S. stipitis" is distantly related to brewer's yeast, "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", which uses the conventional codon system. Found, among other places, in the guts of passalid beetles, "S. stipitis" is capable of both aerobic and oxygen limited fermentation, and has the highest known natural ability of any yeast to directly ferment xylose, converting it to ethanol, a potentially economically valuable trait. Xylose is a hemicellulosic sugar found in all angiosperm plants. As such xylose constitutes the second most abundant carbohydrate moiety in nature. Xylose can be produced from wood or agricultural residues through auto- or acid hydrolysis. Ethanol production from such lignocellulosic residues does not compete with food production through the consumption of grain.