Were both Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education and Abington School District v. Schempp based on racial questions?
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools. The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools, even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race. This was done to ensure the schools would be "properly" integrated and that all students would receive equal educational opportunities regardless of their race.
Palmetto Education Association The Palmetto Education Association was a professional association and teachers' union representing teachers in all-black schools (at that time were referred to as "colored schools") in South Carolina during racial segregation in the United States.