When did the colonies founded by members of the Ebenezer Colonies leaving western New York end their communal life?
Ebenezer Colonies The Ebenezer Colonies consisted of settlements of Inspirationists in what is now the town of West Seneca near the city of Buffalo in western New York State. The Inspirationists migrated here from Germany in 1843. In 1855 they began to leave for Iowa, where they established the Amana Colonies. By 1865 they were gone.
Nine Men The council of Nine Men was a citizens board and a form of representational democracy in New Netherland. It replaced the previous councils, the Twelve Men and the Eight Men. Members of the council were elected in 1647, 1649, 1650 and 1652. On July 26, 1649, eleven current and former members of the board signed the "Petition of the Commonality of New Netherland", which requested that the States General take action to encourage economic freedom and force local government like that in the Netherlands, removing the colony from the control of the Dutch West India Company. It became the basis for the municipal government when the city of New Amsterdam received its charter in 1653.