Where did this polar explorer and commander in the Imperial Russian Navy establish an anti-communist government under whom Robert Bitker served during the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Robert Bitker Robert (Boris) Bitker (1907-1977) was a military commander of the Zionist paramilitary group Irgun. He was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1895 and attended a Catholic high school. At 19, he was drafted into the Polish Army, but soon fled to Russia where he fought in the White Army under Kolchak during the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1920s, he emigrated to the U.S., and lived briefly in Los Angeles where he worked in the film industry. From the U.S. he went to Shanghai, China, where he joined the Revisionist Zionist movement and was one of the originators of the Jewish battalion in the volunteer corps in Shanghai which was commanded by the British.
Zemstvo A zemstvo (Russian: земство ; ] , plural "zemstva" — Russian: земства ) was an institution of local government set up during the great liberal reforms carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia (reigned 1855-1881). Nikolay Milyutin elaborated the idea of the zemstva, and the first zemstvo laws went into effect in 1864. After the October Revolution of 1917, the zemstvo system was shut down by the Bolsheviks and replaced by a system of workers' councils ("soviets").