Solid Earth, 7, 1491–1508, 2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1491-2016
High-resolution shear-wave seismic reflection as a tool to image near-surface subrosion structures – a case study in Bad Frankenhausen, Germany
Sonja H. Wadas et al.
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Structural analysis of S-wave seismics around an urban sinkhole: evidence of enhanced dissolution in a strike-slip fault zone
Sonja H. Wadas, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2335–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2335-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2335-2017, 2017
In 2010 a sinkhole opened up in the urban area of Schmalkalden, Germany. Shear-wave reflection seismic profiles were carried out around the sinkhole to investigate the reasons for the collapse. A strike-slip fault and a fracture network were identified that serve as fluid pathways for water-leaching soluble rocks near the surface. The more complex the fault geometry and interaction between faults, the more prone an area is to sinkhole occurrence.
Distinct element geomechanical modelling of the formation of sinkhole clusters within large-scale karstic depressions
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Abbas Taheri, Robert A. Watson, Ulrich Polom, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Sacha Emam, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1219–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, 2019
A 2-D numerical modelling approach to simulate the mechanical formation of sinkhole cluster inside large-scale karstic depressions is presented. Different multiple cavity growth scenarios at depth are compared regarding the mechanical process and collapse style. The outcomes of the models are compared to results from remote sensing and geophysics for an active sinkhole area in the Dead Sea region.
Shear wave reflection seismic yields subsurface dissolution and subrosion patterns: application to the Ghor Al-Haditha sinkhole site, Dead Sea, Jordan
Ulrich Polom, Hussam Alrshdan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Torsten Dahm, Ali Sawarieh, Mohamad Y. Atallah, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 9, 1079–1098, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, 2018
The alluvial fan of Ghor Al-Haditha (Dead Sea) is affected by subsidence and sinkholes. Different models and hypothetical processes have been suggested in the past; high-resolution shear wave reflection surveys carried out in 2013 and 2014 showed the absence of evidence for a massive shallow salt layer as formerly suggested. Thus, a new process interpretation is proposed based on both the dissolution and physical erosion of Dead Sea mud layers.
Preface: From orogenesis to geoscience in the service of society: the scientific legacy of Prof. Andrés Pérez-Estaún
Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Fernando Bastida, Ernest Rutter, Ramon Carbonell, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Pore-scale tomography and imaging: applications, techniques and recommended practice
Matthias Halisch, Holger Steeb, Steven Henkel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Finite-difference modelling to evaluate seismic P-wave and shear-wave field data
T. Burschil, T. Beilecke, and C. M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 6, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-33-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-33-2015, 2015
In this paper, we compared, measured and simulated reflection seismology data for different wave types. P wave and shear wave land data were acquired in the field while the synthetic data were generated by finite-difference modelling. Major features of the P waves were imaged, but simulations cannot clarify the signal-to-noise ratio of the shear wave field data. Future modelling approaches will consider additional features for a better understanding of near-surface seismic measurements.
Asymmetry of high-velocity lower crust on the South Atlantic rifted margins and implications for the interplay of magmatism and tectonics in continental breakup
K. Becker, D. Franke, R. Trumbull, M. Schnabel, I. Heyde, B. Schreckenberger, H. Koopmann, K. Bauer, W. Jokat, and C. M. Krawczyk
Seismic imaging of sandbox experiments – laboratory hardware setup and first reflection seismic sections
C. M. Krawczyk, M.-L. Buddensiek, O. Oncken, and N. Kukowski
Solid Earth, 4, 93–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-93-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-93-2013, 2013
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Prediction of seismic P-wave velocity using machine learning
Ines Dumke and Christian Berndt
Knowing the velocity with which seismic waves travel through the top of the crust is important both for identifying anomalies, e.g. the presence of resources, and for geophysical data evaluation. Traditionally this has been done by using empirical functions. Here, we use machine learning to derive better seismic velocity estimates for the crust below the oceans. In most cases this methods performs better than empirical averages.
Large-scale electrical resistivity tomography in the Cheb Basin (Eger Rift) at an International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) monitoring site to image fluid-related structures
Tobias Nickschick, Christina Flechsig, Jan Mrlina, Frank Oppermann, Felix Löbig, and Thomas Günther
An active CO2 degassing site in the western Eger Rift, Czech Republic, was investigated with a 6.5 km long geophysical survey using a specific large-scale geoelectrical setup, supported by shallow geoelectrical surveys and gravity measurements. The experiment reveals unusually low resistivities in the sediments and basement below the degassing area of less than 10 Ω and provides a base for a custom geological model of the area for a future 400 m deep research drilling in this area.
A Python framework for efficient use of pre-computed Green's functions in seismological and other physical forward and inverse source problems
Sebastian Heimann, Hannes Vasyura-Bathke, Henriette Sudhaus, Marius Paul Isken, Marius Kriegerowski, Andreas Steinberg, and Torsten Dahm
We present an open-source software framework for fast and flexible forward modelling of seismic and acoustic wave phenomena and elastic deformation. It supports a wide range of applications across volcanology, seismology, and geodesy to study earthquakes, volcanic processes, landslides, explosions, mine collapses, ground shaking, and aseismic faulting. The framework stimulates reproducible research and open science through the exchange of pre-calculated Green's functions on an open platform.
Nathan Dutler, Benoît Valley, Valentin Gischig, Linus Villiger, Hannes Krietsch, Joseph Doetsch, Bernard Brixel, Mohammadreza Jalali, and Florian Amann
Anisotropic P-wave travel-time tomography implementing Thomsen's weak approximation in TOMO3D
Adrià Meléndez, Clara Estela Jiménez, Valentí Sallarès, and César R. Ranero
A new code for anisotropic travel-time tomography is presented. We describe the equations governing the anisotropic ray propagation algorithm and the modified inversion solver. We study the sensitivity of two medium parameterizations and compare four inversion strategies on a canonical model. This code can provide better understanding of the Earth's subsurface in the rather common geological contexts in which seismic velocity displays a weak dependency on the polar angle of ray propagation.
Full-waveform inversion of short-offset, band-limited seismic data in the Alboran Basin (SE Iberia)
Clàudia Gras, Daniel Dagnino, Clara Estela Jiménez-Tejero, Adrià Meléndez, Valentí Sallarès, and César R. Ranero
We present a workflow that combines different geophysical techniques, showing that a detailed seismic velocity model can be obtained even for non-optimal data sets, i.e. relatively short-offset, band-limited streamer data recorded in deep water. This fact has an important implication for the Marine seismic community, suggesting that many of the existing data sets should be revisited and analysed with new techniques to enhance our understanding of the subsurface, as in the Alboran Basin case.
Subsurface characterization of a quick-clay vulnerable area using near-surface geophysics and hydrological modelling
Silvia Salas-Romero, Alireza Malehmir, Ian Snowball, and Benoît Dessirier
Land–river reflection seismic, hydrogeological modelling, and magnetic investigations in an area prone to quick-clay landslides in SW Sweden provide a detailed description of the subsurface structures, such as undulating fractured bedrock, a sedimentary sequence of intercalating leached and unleached clay, and coarse-grained deposits. Hydrological properties of the coarse-grained layer help us understand its role in the leaching process that leads to the formation of quick clays in the area.
Fault interpretation in seismic reflection data: an experiment analysing the impact of conceptual model anchoring and vertical exaggeration
Juan Alcalde, Clare E. Bond, Gareth Johnson, Armelle Kloppenburg, Oriol Ferrer, Rebecca Bell, and Puy Ayarza
Improving the quality of empirical Green's functions, obtained by cross-correlation of high-frequency ambient seismic noise
Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Jouni Nevalainen, and Janne Narkilahti
Quantifying the impact of the structural uncertainty on the gross rock volume in the Lubina and Montanazo oil fields (Western Mediterranean)
Carla Patricia Bárbara, Patricia Cabello, Alexandre Bouche, Ingrid Aarnes, Carlos Gordillo, Oriol Ferrer, Maria Roma, and Pau Arbués
The relative contributions of scattering and viscoelasticity to the attenuation of S waves in Earth's mantle
Susini deSilva and Vernon F. Cormier
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-135,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-135, 2019
Revised manuscript accepted for SE
Seismic waves attenuate with distance due to two effects: (1) removal of energy by internal friction and (2) redistribution of energy into different distances and time windows by scattering from heterogeneous Earth structure. The relative contribution of these two effects is estimated by synthesizing seismograms having varying amounts of internal friction and heterogeneities. The attenuation of observed S waveforms require contributions from both internal friction and scattering.
Electrical formation factor of clean sand from laboratory measurements and digital rock physics
Mohammed Ali Garba, Stephanie Vialle, Mahyar Madadi, Boris Gurevich, and Maxim Lebedev
What happens to fracture energy in brittle fracture? Revisiting the Griffith assumption
Timothy R. H. Davies, Maurice J. McSaveney, and Natalya V. Reznichenko
Griffith (1921) assumed that energy used to create new surface area by breaking intact rock immediately becomes surface energy which is not available for further breakage. Our lab data disprove this assumption; we created much more new surface area, 90 % on submicron fragments, than the energy involved should allow. As technology allows ever smaller fragments to be measured, continued use of the Griffith assumption will lead to incorrect energy budgets for earthquakes and rock avalanches.
Seismic attenuation and dispersion in poroelastic media with fractures of variable aperture distributions
Simón Lissa, Nicolás D. Barbosa, J. Germán Rubino, and Beatriz Quintal
We quantify the effects that 3-D fractures with realistic distributions of aperture have on seismic wave attenuation and velocity dispersion. Attenuation and dispersion are caused by fluid pressure diffusion between the fractures and the porous background. We show that (i) both an increase in the density of contact areas and a decrease in their correlation length reduce attenuation and (ii) a simple planar fracture can be used to emulate the seismic response of realistic fracture models.
Characterisation of subglacial water using a constrained transdimensional Bayesian Time Domain Electromagnetic Inversion
Siobhan F. Killingbeck, Adam D. Booth, Philip W. Livermore, Charles R. Bates, and Landis J. West
Drill bit noise imaging without pilot trace, a near-surface interferometry example
Mehdi Asgharzadeh, Ashley Grant, Andrej Bona, and Milovan Urosevic
Data acquisition costs mainly borne by expensive vibrator machines (i.e., deployment, operations, and maintenance) can be regarded as the main impediment to wide application of seismic methods in the mining industry. Here, we show that drill bit noise can be used to image the shallow subsurface when it is optimally acquired and processed. Drill bit imaging methods have many applications in small scale near-surface projects, such as those in mining exploration and geotechnical investigation.
Solid Earth, 10, 839–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-839-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-839-2019, 2019
Crustal-scale depth imaging via joint full-waveform inversion of ocean-bottom seismometer data and pre-stack depth migration of multichannel seismic data: a case study from the eastern Nankai Trough
Andrzej Górszczyk, Stéphane Operto, Laure Schenini, and Yasuhiro Yamada
In order to broaden our knowledge about the deep lithosphere using seismic methods, we develop leading-edge imaging workflows integrating different types of data. Here we exploit the complementary information carried by seismic wavefields, which are fundamentally different in terms of acquisition setting. We cast this information into our processing workflow and build a detailed model of the subduction zone, which is subject to further geological interpretation.
Imaging the East European Craton margin in northern Poland using extended correlation processing of regional seismic reflection profiles
Miłosz Mężyk, Michał Malinowski, and Stanisław Mazur
The Precambrian East European Craton is one of the most important building blocks of the European plate. Unlike in Scandinavia, its crystalline crust in Poland is concealed beneath younger sediments. Reprocessing of ca. 950 km regional reflection seismic profiles acquired during shale gas exploration in NE Poland revealed reflectivity patterns interpreted as signs of Svekofennian orogeny, proving a similar mechanism of Paleoproterozoic crustal formation across the Baltic Sea.
Ionian Abyssal Plain: a window into the Tethys oceanic lithosphere
Anke Dannowski, Heidrun Kopp, Frauke Klingelhoefer, Dirk Klaeschen, Marc-André Gutscher, Anne Krabbenhoeft, David Dellong, Marzia Rovere, David Graindorge, Cord Papenberg, and Ingo Klaucke
The nature of the Ionian Sea crust has been the subject of scientific debate for more than 30 years. Seismic data, recorded on ocean bottom instruments, have been analysed and support the interpretation of the Ionian Abyssal Plain as a remnant of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere with the Malta Escarpment as a transform margin and a Tethys opening in the NNW–SSE direction.
Calibrating a new attenuation curve for the Dead Sea region using surface wave dispersion surveys in sites damaged by the 1927 Jericho earthquake
Yaniv Darvasi and Amotz Agnon
Granite microporosity changes due to fracturing and alteration: secondary mineral phases as proxies for porosity and permeability estimation
Martin Staněk and Yves Géraud
Granite is suitable to host geothermal wells or disposals of hazardous waste and in these cases the rock porosity and permeability are critical. Our detailed porosity and permeability data on variously deformed Lipnice granite yield a span of 5 orders of magnitude in permeability between the least and the most deformed facies. To facilitate the estimation of porosity and permeability in similar settings, we provide optical and chemical data on the characteristic minerals of each facies.
Structural expression of a fading rift front: a case study from the Oligo-Miocene Irbid rift of northwest Arabia
Reli Wald, Amit Segev, Zvi Ben-Avraham, and Uri Schattner
Plate-scale rifting is frequently expressed by the subsidence of structural basins along an axis, but postdating tectonic and magmatic activity mostly obscures them. A 3-D subsurface imaging and facies analysis down to 1 km reveals uniquely preserved Galilean basins subsiding along a failing rift front in two main stages. Rifting within a large releasing jog (20–9 Ma), followed by localized grabenization off the Dead Sea fault plate boundary (9–5 Ma), prevents them from dying out peacefully.
3-D seismic travel-time tomography validation of a detailed subsurface model: a case study of the Záncara river basin (Cuenca, Spain)
David Marti, Ignacio Marzan, Jana Sachsenhausen, Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Mario Ruiz, Montse Torne, Manuela Mendes, and Ramon Carbonell
A detailed knowledge of the very shallow subsurface has become of crucial interest for modern society, especially if it hosts critical surface infrastructures such as temporary waste storage sites. The use of indirect methods to characterize the internal structure of the subsurface has been successfully applied, based on the 3-D distribution of seismic velocities and well-log data, which are of great interest for civil engineering companies.
The effect of rock composition on muon tomography measurements
Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Ciro Pistillo, Paola Scampoli, Fritz Schlunegger, and Mykhailo Vladymyrov
Muon tomography is a technology, similar to X-ray tomography, to image the interior of an object, including geologically interesting ones. In this work, we examined the influence of rock composition on the physical measurements, and the possible error that is made by assuming a too-simplistic rock model. We performed numerical simulations for a more realistic rock model and found that beyond 300 m of rock, the composition starts to play a significant role and has to be accounted for.
Seismic imaging of dyke swarms within the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (Sweden) and implications for thermal energy storage
Alireza Malehmir, Bo Bergman, Benjamin Andersson, Robert Sturk, and Mattis Johansson
Interest and demand for green-type energy usage and storage are growing worldwide. Among several, thermal energy storage that stores energy (excess heat or cold) in fluids is particularly interesting. For an upscaling purpose, three seismic profiles were acquired within the Tornquist suture zone in the southwest of Sweden and historical crustal-scale offshore BABEL lines revisited. A number of dykes have been imaged and implications for the storage and tectonic setting within the zone discussed.
Second-order scalar wave field modeling with a first-order perfectly matched layer
Xiaoyu Zhang, Dong Zhang, Qiong Chen, and Yan Yang
We propose a new boundary matched algorithm which can effectively combine the traditional first-order perfectly matched layer algorithm into the conventional-grid finite-difference scheme in a second-order system. This novel boundary method takes the advantages of the conventional-grid scheme and perfectly matched layer boundary conditions, making a good compromise of accuracy, excellent absorption effect, and high computational efficiency. Our method is also easy to implement.
Structure of the central Sumatran subduction zone revealed by local earthquake travel-time tomography using an amphibious network
Dietrich Lange, Frederik Tilmann, Tim Henstock, Andreas Rietbrock, Danny Natawidjaja, and Heidrun Kopp
See abstract.
Geomagnetic field declination: from decadal to centennial scales
Venera Dobrica, Crisan Demetrescu, and Mioara Mandea
Solid Earth, 9, 491–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-491-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-491-2018, 2018
By analyzing frequency constituents of declination secular variation at inter-decadal and sub-centennial timescales from geomagnetic observatories with data longer than 1 century and several historical data sets, we suggest that the geomagnetic jerk concept should be considered as a more general notion, namely the evolution of the secular variation as a result of the superposition of two (or more) constituents describing the effects of processes in the Earth’s core at two (or more) timescales.
Crustal thickness of Antarctica estimated using data from gravimetric satellites
Muriel Llubes, Lucia Seoane, Sean Bruinsma, and Frédérique Rémy
We computed a global map of crustal thickness covering the entire Antarctic continent from GOCE satellite gravimetric data. We compare our result to seismological models: a fairly good agreement is shown. However, better resolution is obtained using the gravity observations than using only seismological ones. This research will help us to understand the geology of Antarctica.
Effect of chemical composition on the electrical conductivity of gneiss at high temperatures and pressures
Lidong Dai, Wenqing Sun, Heping Li, Haiying Hu, Lei Wu, and Jianjun Jiang
The gneiss conductivities markedly increase with total alkali and calcium ion content. The influence of pressure on gneiss conductivity is weaker than temperature, although conductivity still increases with pressure. The results cannot be used to interpret the HC anomalies in the Dabie–Sulu UHPM belt. However, the conductivity–depth profiles for gneiss may provide an important constraint on the interpretation of field magnetotelluric conductivity results in the regional metamorphic belt.
Variability of the geothermal gradient across two differently aged magma-rich continental rifted margins of the Atlantic Ocean: the Southwest African and the Norwegian margins
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Sippel, and Manfred R. Strecker
We examined the thermal gradient as an index of the thermal field in the Atlantic. While the thermal anomaly in the South Atlantic should be equilibrated, the thermal disturbance in the North Atlantic causes thermal effects in the present day. Characteristics of the lithosphere ultimately determine the thermal field. The thermal gradient nonlinearly decreases with depth and varies significantly both laterally and with time, which has implications for methods of thermal history reconstruction.
The seismo-hydromechanical behavior during deep geothermal reservoir stimulations: open questions tackled in a decameter-scale in situ stimulation experiment
Florian Amann, Valentin Gischig, Keith Evans, Joseph Doetsch, Reza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Hannes Krietsch, Nathan Dutler, Linus Villiger, Bernard Brixel, Maria Klepikova, Anniina Kittilä, Claudio Madonna, Stefan Wiemer, Martin O. Saar, Simon Loew, Thomas Driesner, Hansruedi Maurer, and Domenico Giardini
Electric resistivity and seismic refraction tomography: a challenging joint underwater survey at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory
Mathias Ronczka, Kristofer Hellman, Thomas Günther, Roger Wisén, and Torleif Dahlin
Pre-investigation for tunnelling below water passages is a challenging task with the main objective of locating fracture zones that lead to low rock quality and thus reduced stability. An inversion approach was tested that combines different geophysical methods to improve the reliability of the results. A fracture zone and previously unknown sedimentary deposits were successfully detected. Synthetic studies pointed out the importance of 3-D effects and model resolution properties.
Correcting for static shift of magnetotelluric data with airborne electromagnetic measurements: a case study from Rathlin Basin, Northern Ireland
Robert Delhaye, Volker Rath, Alan G. Jones, Mark R. Muller, and Derek Reay
We have modelled airborne electromagnetic data in order to correct bias in magnetotelluric data caused by very near-surface resistivity variations. Doing so recovers structures that match boreholes in the area more closely. This research is part of an exploration project looking at geothermal resources, and improved accuracy in modelling translates directly to more confidence in resources assessments.
Modeling of the in situ state of stress in elastic layered rock subject to stress and strain-driven tectonic forces
Vincent Roche and Mirko van der Baan
Knowledge of in situ stress magnitudes and their spatial variability is critical for various topics, but local information on the stress field is often sparse and incomplete. In this case, analytic formulations, or numerical models, have to be used. In this study we describe and compare eight different strategies to predict the depth variation of stress within a layered rock formation. This reveals the inherent uncertainties in stress prediction from elastic properties and stress measurements.
Numerical modeling of fluid effects on seismic properties of fractured magmatic geothermal reservoirs
Melchior Grab, Beatriz Quintal, Eva Caspari, Hansruedi Maurer, and Stewart Greenhalgh
Hot fluids and hydraulically conductive rock formations are essential for the accessibility of geothermal resources. We use numerical modeling techniques to investigate how seismic waves change their shape in presence of these factors. We demonstrate how to parameterize such models depending on the local geology and as a function of depth. Finally, we show how the attenuation, i.e. the energy loss of the wave, can be indicative for permeable rock fractures saturated with a fluid of specific type.
The Kenya rift revisited: insights into lithospheric strength through data-driven 3-D gravity and thermal modelling
Judith Sippel, Christian Meeßen, Mauro Cacace, James Mechie, Stewart Fishwick, Christian Heine, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Manfred R. Strecker
The Kenya Rift is a zone along which the African continental plate is stretched as evidenced by strong earthquake and volcanic activity. We want to understand the controlling factors of past and future tectonic deformation; hence, we assess the structural and strength configuration of the rift system at the present-day. Data-driven 3-D numerical models show how the inherited composition of the crust and a thermal anomaly in the deep mantle interact to form localised zones of tectonic weakness.
Ionospheric influence on the seismo-telluric current related to electromagnetic signals observed before the Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake
Mei Li, Handong Tan, and Meng Cao
The paper focuses on the enhancement of the electromagnetic signal in the waveguide between the surface of the Earth and ionosphere. The ionosphere can facilitate the electromagnetic wave propagation, as if the detectability of the observing system is improved effectively, which makes it reasonable that sometimes electromagnetic signals are recorded at a seemingly unreasonable distance.
Land use and land cover change based on historical space–time model
Qiong Sun, Chi Zhang, Min Liu, and Yongjing Zhang
On the path to the digital rock physics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments – processing of in situ synchrotron-tomography data
Kathleen Sell, Erik H. Saenger, Andrzej Falenty, Marwen Chaouachi, David Haberthür, Frieder Enzmann, Werner F. Kuhs, and Michael Kersten
Digital carbonate rock physics
Erik H. Saenger, Stephanie Vialle, Maxim Lebedev, David Uribe, Maria Osorno, Mandy Duda, and Holger Steeb
Modern estimation of rock properties combines imaging with advanced numerical simulations, an approach known as digital rock physics (DRP). In this paper we suggest a specific segmentation procedure of X-ray micro-computed tomography data with two different resolutions for two sets of carbonate rock samples. These carbonates were already characterized in detail in a previous laboratory study, which we complement with nanoindentation experiments.
Phase segmentation of X-ray computer tomography rock images using machine learning techniques: an accuracy and performance study
Swarup Chauhan, Wolfram Rühaak, Hauke Anbergen, Alen Kabdenov, Marcus Freise, Thorsten Wille, and Ingo Sass
Machine learning techniques are a promising alternative for processing (phase segmentation) of 3-D X-ray computer tomographic rock images. Here the performance and accuracy of different machine learning techniques are tested. The aim is to classify pore space, rock grains and matrix of four distinct rock samples. The porosity obtained based on the segmented XCT images is cross-validated with laboratory measurements. Accuracies of the different methods are discussed and recommendations proposed.
Responses of aeolian desertification to a range of climate scenarios in China
Xunming Wang, Ting Hua, and Wenyong Ma
Joint interpretation of magnetotelluric, seismic, and well-log data in Hontomín (Spain)
Xènia Ogaya, Juan Alcalde, Ignacio Marzán, Juanjo Ledo, Pilar Queralt, Alex Marcuello, David Martí, Eduard Saura, Ramon Carbonell, and Beatriz Benjumea
This paper explores the compatibility of seismic and magnetotelluric methods across scales highlighting the importance of joint interpretation in reservoir characterisation. The combination of the two methods together with well-log data at the Hontomín CO2 storage pilot plant (Spain) allowed a detailed characterisation of the shallow subsurface and defined the structural and fluid flow characteristics of the existing faults, which are key aspects for the risk assessment of the site.
X-ray CT analysis of pore structure in sand
Toshifumi Mukunoki, Yoshihisa Miyata, Kazuaki Mikami, and Erika Shiota
In this study, a specimen of sand was scanned to evaluate pore structure quantitatively using a micro-focused X-ray CT scanner. The representative volume to perform reasonable image analysis for sand was discussed, and then the spatial distribution of pore diameter in 3-D was visualized and evaluated quantitatively by granulometric image analysis. Also, the voxel-percolation analysis was newly proposed in this study to assess capillary pressure and saturation degree by pore diameter analyzed.
Basement structure of the Hontomín CO2 storage site (Spain) determined by integration of microgravity and 3-D seismic data
Juvenal Andrés, Juan Alcalde, Puy Ayarza, Eduard Saura, Ignacio Marzán, David Martí, José Ramón Martínez Catalán, Ramón Carbonell, Andrés Pérez-Estaún, José Luis García-Lobón, and Félix Manuel Rubio
Seismic imaging in the eastern Scandinavian Caledonides: siting the 2.5 km deep COSC-2 borehole, central Sweden
Christopher Juhlin, Peter Hedin, David G. Gee, Henning Lorenz, Thomas Kalscheuer, and Ping Yan
For this paper, ca. 55 km high-resolution reflection seismic data were interpreted using constraints from magnetotelluric, potential field, and geological data. The resulting integrated geological-geophysical section through the central Caledonides in Sweden provides new insights about the regional tectonic setting, and supplies the basis for siting the second drill hole of the Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project.
Geopotential field anomalies and regional tectonic features – two case studies: southern Africa and Germany
Monika Korte and Mioara Mandea
We investigated characteristics of magnetic anomalies over southern Africa (South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana) and Germany on different scales and also compared them to gravity gradient anomalies. Such anomalies provide information relevant to understanding geological and tectonic structures. Our results indicate a better agreement between anomalies caused by shallow and deeper structures in the southern African area than in the German area.
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Subrosion is the subsurface leaching of soluble rocks. It is a global phenomenon and a geohazard in urban areas because it causes depressions and sinkholes. This is the case in the study area, the town of Bad Frankenhausen, in northern Thuringia, Germany. Using shear-wave seismic reflection we are able to image these structures at high resolution to a depth of ca. 100 m. We observe that the underground is strongly fractured and there are indications of cavities.
Subrosion is the subsurface leaching of soluble rocks. It is a global phenomenon and a geohazard...