Kuvan
1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX I 
 

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 



 

2 

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Kuvan 100 mg soluble tablets 
 
 
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 
 
Each soluble tablet contains 100 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin). 
 
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 
 
 
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM 
 
Soluble tablet 
Off-white to light yellow soluble tablet with “177” imprinted on one face. 
 
 
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 
 
4.1 Therapeutic indications 
 
Kuvan is indicated for the treatment of hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) in adults and paediatric patients of all 
ages with phenylketonuria (PKU) who have been shown to be responsive to such treatment (see section 4.2). 
 
Kuvan is also indicated for the treatment of hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) in adults and paediatric patients 
of all ages with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency who have been shown to be responsive to such 
treatment (see section 4.2). 
 
4.2 Posology and method of administration 
 
Treatment with Kuvan must be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the treatment of PKU 
and BH4 deficiency.  
 
Active management of dietary phenylalanine and overall protein intake while taking this medicinal product 
is required to ensure adequate control of blood phenylalanine levels and nutritional balance. 
 
As HPA due to either PKU or BH4 deficiency is a chronic condition, once responsiveness is demonstrated, 
Kuvan is intended for long-term use (see section 5.1).  
 
Posology 
 
PKU 
The starting dose of Kuvan in adult and paediatric patients with PKU is 10 mg/kg body weight once daily. 
The dose is adjusted, usually between 5 and 20 mg/kg/day, to achieve and maintain adequate blood 
phenylalanine levels as defined by the physician. 
 
BH4 deficiency 
The starting dose of Kuvan in adult and paediatric patients with BH4 deficiency is 2 to 5 mg/kg body weight 
total daily dose. Doses may be adjusted up to a total of 20 mg/kg per day.  
 
Kuvan is provided as 100 mg tablets. The calculated daily dose based on body weight should be rounded to 
the nearest multiple of 100. For instance, a calculated dose of 401 to 450 mg should be rounded down to 
400 mg corresponding to 4 tablets. A calculated dose of 451 mg to 499 mg should be rounded up to 500 mg 
corresponding to 5 tablets. 
 



 

3 

Dose adjustment 
Treatment with sapropterin may decrease blood phenylalanine levels below the desired therapeutic level. 
Adjustment of the Kuvan dose or modification of dietary phenylalanine intake may be required to achieve 
and maintain blood phenylalanine levels within the desired therapeutic range. 
 
Blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels should be tested, particularly in the paediatric population, one to two 
weeks after each dose adjustment and monitored frequently thereafter, under the direction of the treating 
physician. 
 
If inadequate control of blood phenylalanine levels is observed during treatment with Kuvan, the patient’s 
adherence to the prescribed treatment, and diet, should be reviewed before considering an adjustment of the 
dose of sapropterin. 
 
Discontinuation of treatment should be done only under the supervision of a physician. More frequent 
monitoring may be required, as blood phenylalanine levels may increase. Dietary modification may be 
necessary to maintain blood phenylalanine levels within the desired therapeutic range. 
 
Determination of response 
It is of primary importance to initiate treatment as early as possible to avoid the appearance of non-reversible 
clinical manifestations of neurological disorders in paediatric patients and cognitive deficits and psychiatric 
disorders in adults due to sustained elevations of blood phenylalanine. 
 
Response to this medicinal product is determined by a decrease in blood phenylalanine.Blood phenylalanine 
levels should be checked before administering Kuvan and after 1 week of use at the recommended starting 
dose. If an unsatisfactory reduction in blood phenylalanine levels is observed, then the dose can be increased 
weekly to a maximum of 20 mg/kg/day, with continued weekly monitoring of blood phenylalanine levels 
over a one month period. The dietary phenylalanine intake should be maintained at a constant level during 
this period.  
 
A satisfactory response is defined as a ≥30 percent reduction in blood phenylalanine levels or attainment of 
the therapeutic blood phenylalanine goals defined for an individual patient by the treating physician. Patients 
who fail to achieve this level of response within the described one month test period should be considered 
non-responsive, these patients should not be treated with Kuvan and administration of Kuvan should be 
discontinued. 
 
Once responsiveness to the medicinal product has been established, the dose may be adjusted within the 
range of 5 to 20 mg/kg/day according to response to therapy. 
 
It is recommended that blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels be tested one or two weeks after each dose 
adjustment and monitored frequently thereafter under the direction of the treating physician. 
Patients treated with Kuvan must continue a restricted phenylalanine diet and undergo regular clinical 
assessment (such as monitoring of blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels, nutrient intake, and psycho-
motor development). 
 
Special population 
Elderly 
Safety and efficacy of Kuvan in patients above 65 years of age have not been established. Caution must be 
exercised when prescribing to elderly patients. 
 
Renal or hepatic impairment 
Safety and efficacy of Kuvan in patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency have not been established. 
Caution must be exercised when prescribing to such patients. 
 
Paediatric population 
The posology is the same in adults, children, and adolescents. 
 



 

4 

Method of administration  
 
Kuvan tablets should be administered with a meal to increase the absorption.  
 
For patients with PKU, Kuvan should be administered as a single daily dose, and at the same time each day 
preferably in the morning. 
 
For patients with BH4 deficiency, divide the total daily dose into 2 or 3 administrations, distributed over the 
day. 
 
Patients should be advised not to swallow the desiccant capsule found in the bottle. 
 
The prescribed number of tablets should be placed in a glass or cup of water and stirred until dissolved. It 
may take a few minutes for the tablets to dissolve. To make the tablets dissolve faster they can be crushed. 
Small particles may be visible in the solution and will not affect the effectiveness of the medicinal product. 
The solution should be drank within 15 to 20 minutes. 
 
Patients above 20 kg body weight 
The prescribed number of tablets should be placed in a glass or cup with 120 to 240 ml of water and stirred 
until dissolved.  
 
Children up to 20 kg body weight 
The measuring devices required for dosing in children up to 20 kg body weight (i.e. cup with graduations at 
20, 40, 60, 80 ml; 10 ml and 20 ml oral syringes with graduation at 1 ml divisions) are not included in the 
Kuvan pack. These devices are supplied to the specialized paediatric centers for inborn errors of metabolism 
to be provided to the caregivers of the patients. 
 
Depending on the dose (in mg/kg/day) the appropriate number of tablets should be dissolved in a volume of 
water as depicted in Tables 1-4, whereby the volume of the solution to be administered is calculated 
according to the prescribed total daily dose. The prescribed number of tablets for a 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day 
dose should be placed in a cup (that shows the appropriate graduation markings at 20, 40, 60 and 80 ml) with 
the amount of water as depicted in Tables 1-4 and stirred until dissolved.  
 
If only a portion of this solution needs to be administered, an oral syringe should be used to withdraw the 
volume of solution to be administered. The solution may then be transferred to another cup for 
administration of the medicinal product. For small infants an oral syringe can be used. A 10 ml oral syringe 
should be used for administration of volumes of ≤10 ml and a 20 ml oral syringe for administration of 
volumes of >10 ml. 
 



 

5 

Table 1: 2 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of tablets to be 
dissolved 

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 4 1 80 3 
3 6 1 80 5 
4 8 1 80 6 
5 10 1 80 8 
6 12 1 80 10 
7 14 1 80 11 
8 16 1 80 13 
9 18 1 80 14 

10 20 1 80 16 
11 22 1 80 18 
12 24 1 80 19 
13 26 1 80 21 
14 28 1 80 22 
15 30 1 80 24 
16 32 1 80 26 
17 34 1 80 27 
18 36 1 80 29 
19 38 1 80 30 
20 40 1 80 32 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose.  
Discard unused solution within 20 minutes for tablet solution. 
 

Table 2: 5 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of tablets to be 
dissolved 

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 10 1 40 4 
3 15 1 40 6 
4 20 1 40 8 
5 25 1 40 10 
6 30 1 40 12 
7 35 1 40 14 
8 40 1 40 16 
9 45 1 40 18 

10 50 1 40 20 
11 55 1 40 22 
12 60 1 40 24 
13 65 1 40 26 
14 70 1 40 28 
15 75 1 40 30 
16 80 1 40 32 
17 85 1 40 34 
18 90 1 40 36 
19 95 1 40 38 
20 100 1 40 40 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose.  
Discard unused solution within 20 minutes for tablet solution. 
 



 

6 

Table 3: 10 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of tablets to be 
dissolved  

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 20 1 20 4 
3 30 1 20 6 
4 40 1 20 8 
5 50 1 20 10 
6 60 1 20 12 
7 70 1 20 14 
8 80 1 20 16 
9 90 1 20 18 

10 100 1 20 20 
11 110 2 40 22 
12 120 2 40 24 
13 130 2 40 26 
14 140 2 40 28 
15 150 2 40 30 
16 160 2 40 32 
17 170 2 40 34 
18 180 2 40 36 
19 190 2 40 38 
20 200 2 40 40 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose.  
Discard unused solution within 20 minutes for tablet solution. 
 

Table 4: 20 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of tablets to be 
dissolved  

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 40 1 20 8 
3 60 1 20 12 
4 80 1 20 16 
5 100 1 20 20 
6 120 2 40 24 
7 140 2 40 28 
8 160 2 40 32 
9 180 2 40 36 

10 200 2 40 40 
11 220 3 60 44 
12 240 3 60 48 
13 260 3 60 52 
14 280 3 60 56 
15 300 3 60 60 
16 320 4 80 64 
17 340 4 80 68 
18 360 4 80 72 
19 380 4 80 76 
20 400 4 80 80 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose.  
Discard unused solution within 20 minutes for tablet solution. 
 



 

7 

For cleaning, the plunger should be removed from the barrel of the oral syringe. Both parts of the oral 
syringe and the cup should be washed with warm water and air dry. When the oral syringe is dry, the plunger 
should be put back into the barrel. The oral syringe and the cup should be stored for next use. 
 
4.3 Contraindications 
 
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 
 
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 
 
Dietary intake 
 
Patients treated with Kuvan must continue a restricted phenylalanine diet and undergo regular clinical 
assessment (such as monitoring of blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels, nutrient intake, and psycho-
motor development). 
 
Low blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels 
 
Sustained or recurrent dysfunction in the phenylalanine-tyrosine-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) 
metabolic pathway can result in deficient body protein and neurotransmitter synthesis. Prolonged exposure to 
low blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels during infancy has been associated with impaired 
neurodevelopmental outcome. Active management of dietary phenylalanine and overall protein intake while 
taking Kuvan is required to ensure adequate control of blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels and 
nutritional balance. 
 
Health disturbances 
 
Consultation with a physician is recommended during illness as blood phenylalanine levels may increase.  
 
Convulsions disorders 
 
Caution should be exercised when prescribing Kuvan to patients receiving treatment with levodopa. Cases of 
convulsion, exacerbation of convulsion, increased excitability and irritability have been observed during co-
administration of levodopa and sapropterin in BH4-deficient patients (see section 4.5). 
 
Discontinuation of treatment 
 
Rebound, as defined by an increase in blood phenylalanine levels above pre-treatment levels, may occur 
upon cessation of treatment. 
 
Sodium content 
 
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 
‘sodium-free’. 
 
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction 
 
Although concomitant administration of inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (e.g. methotrexate, 
trimethoprim) has not been studied, such medicinal products may interfere with BH4 metabolism. Caution is 
recommended when using such medicinal products while taking Kuvan. 
 
BH4 is a cofactor for nitric oxide synthetase. Caution is recommended during concomitant use of Kuvan 
with all medicinal products that cause vasodilation, including those administered topically, by affecting nitric 
oxide (NO) metabolism or action including classical NO donors (e.g. glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide 
dinitrate (ISDN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), molsidomin), phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors 
and minoxidil. 
 



 

8 

Caution should be exercised when prescribing Kuvan to patients receiving treatment with levodopa. Cases of 
convulsion, exacerbation of convulsion, increased excitability and irritability have been observed during co-
administration of levodopa and sapropterin in BH4-deficient patients. 
 
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation 
 
Pregnancy 
 
There are limited amount of data from the use of Kuvan in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate 
direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or 
postnatal development.  
 
Available disease-associated maternal and/or embryofoetal risk data from the Maternal Phenylketonuria 
Collaborative Study on a moderate amount of pregnancies and live births (between 300-1,000) in 
PKU-affected women demonstrated that uncontrolled phenylalanine levels above 600 μmol/l are associated 
with a very high incidence of neurological, cardiac, facial dysmorphism, and growth anomalies. 
 
Maternal blood phenylalanine levels must therefore be strictly controlled before and during pregnancy. If 
maternal phenylalanine levels are not strictly controlled before and during pregnancy, this could be harmful 
to the mother and the foetus. Physician-supervised restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake prior to and 
throughout pregnancy is the first choice of treatment in this patient group. 
 
The use of Kuvan should be considered only if strict dietary management does not adequately reduce blood 
phenylalanine levels. Caution must be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women. 
 
Breast-feeding 
 
It is not known whether sapropterin or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. Kuvan should not 
be used during breast-feeding. 
 
Fertility 
 
In preclinical studies, no effects of sapropterin on male and female fertility were observed.  
 
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines 
 
Kuvan has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. 
 
4.8 Undesirable effects 
 
Summary of the safety profile 
 
Approximately 35% of the 579 patients aged 4 years and over who received treatment with sapropterin 
dihydrochloride (5 to 20 mg/kg/day) in the clinical trials for Kuvan experienced adverse reactions. The most 
commonly reported adverse reactions are headache and rhinorrhoea.  
 
In a further clinical trial, approximately 30% of the 27 children aged below 4 years who received treatment 
with sapropterin dihydrochloride (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) experienced adverse reactions. The most commonly 
reported adverse reactions are “amino acid level decreased” (hypophenylalaninaemia), vomiting and rhinitis. 
 
Tabulated list of adverse reactions 
 
In the pivotal clinical trials and in the post-marketing experience for Kuvan, the following adverse reactions 
have been identified.  
 



 

9 

The following definitions apply to the frequency terminology used hereafter: 
 
very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to 
<1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from available data) 
 
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.  
 
Immune system disorders 
Not known: Hypersensitivity reactions (including serious allergic reactions) and rash 
 
Metabolism and nutrition disorders 
Common: Hypophenylalaninaemia 
 
Nervous system disorders 
Very common: Headache 
 
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders 
Very common: Rhinorrhoea 
Common: Pharyngolaryngeal pain, nasal congestion, cough 
 
Gastrointestinal disorders 
Common: Diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea 
Not known: Gastritis, oesophagitis 
 
Paediatric population 
Frequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in children were essentially similar to those in adults.  
 
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions 
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows 
continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked 
to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V. 
 
4.9 Overdose 
 
Headache and dizziness have been reported after the administration of sapropterin dihydrochloride above the 
recommended maximum dose of 20 mg/kg/day. Treatment of overdose should be directed to symptoms. A 
shortening of the QT interval (-8.32 msec) was observed in a study with a single supra-therapeutic dose of 
100 mg/kg (5 times the maximum recommended dose); this should be taken into consideration in managing 
patients who have a pre-existing shortened QT interval (e.g. patients with familial short QT syndrome). 
 
 
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 
 
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties 
 
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other alimentary tract and metabolism products, Various alimentary tract and 
metabolism products, ATC code: A16AX07 
 
Mechanism of action 
 
Hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) is diagnosed as an abnormal elevation in blood phenylalanine levels and is 
usually caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the genes encoding for phenylalanine hydroxylase 
enzyme (in the case of phenylketonuria, PKU) or for the enzymes involved in 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin 
(6R-BH4) biosynthesis or regeneration (in the case of BH4 deficiency). BH4 deficiency is a group of 
disorders arising from mutations or deletions in the genes encoding for one of the five enzymes involved in 
the biosynthesis or recycling of BH4. In both cases, phenylalanine cannot be effectively transformed into the 
amino acid tyrosine, leading to increased phenylalanine levels in the blood. 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


 

10 

 
Sapropterin is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring 6R-BH4, which is a cofactor of the hydroxylases 
for phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. 
 
The rationale for administration of Kuvan in patients with BH4-responsive PKU is to enhance the activity of 
the defective phenylalanine hydroxylase and thereby increase or restore the oxidative metabolism of 
phenylalanine sufficient to reduce or maintain blood phenylalanine levels, prevent or decrease further 
phenylalanine accumulation, and increase tolerance to phenylalanine intake in the diet. The rationale for 
administration of Kuvan in patients with BH4 Deficiency is to replace the deficient levels of BH4, thereby 
restoring the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. 
 
Clinical efficacy 
 
The Phase III clinical development program for Kuvan included 2, randomised placebo-controlled studies in 
patients with PKU. The results of these studies demonstrate the efficacy of Kuvan to reduce blood 
phenylalanine levels and to increase dietary phenylalanine tolerance. 
 
In 88 subjects with poorly controlled PKU who had elevated blood phenylalanine levels at screening, 
sapropterin dihydrochloride 10 mg/kg/day significantly reduced blood phenylalanine levels as compared to 
placebo. The baseline blood phenylalanine levels for the Kuvan-treated group and the placebo group were 
similar, with mean ± SD baseline blood phenylalanine levels of 843 ± 300 μmol/l and 888 ± 323 μmol/l, 
respectively. The mean ± SD decrease from baseline in blood phenylalanine levels at the end of the 6 week 
study period was 236 ± 257 μmol/l for the sapropterin treated group (n=41) as compared to an increase of 
2.9 ± 240 μmol/l for the placebo group (n=47) (p<0.001). For patients with baseline blood phenylalanine 
levels ≥600 µmol/l, 41.9% (13/31) of those treated with sapropterin and 13.2% (5/38) of those treated with 
placebo had blood phenylalanine levels < 600 µmol/l at the end of the 6-week study period (p=0.012). 
 
In a separate 10-week, placebo-controlled study, 45 PKU patients with blood phenylalanine levels controlled 
on a stable phenylalanine-restricted diet (blood phenylalanine ≤480 μmol/l on enrolment) were randomised 
3:1 to treatment with sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day (n=33) or placebo (n=12). After 3-weeks of 
treatment with sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day, blood phenylalanine levels were significantly 
reduced; the mean ± SD decrease from baseline in blood phenylalanine level within this group was 
149 ± 134 μmol/l (p<0.001). After 3 weeks, subjects in both the sapropterin and placebo treatment groups 
were continued on their phenylalanine-restricted diets and dietary phenylalanine intake was increased or 
decreased using standardised phenylalanine supplements with a goal to maintain blood phenylalanine levels 
at <360 μmol/l. There was a significant difference in dietary phenylalanine tolerance in the sapropterin 
treatment group as compared to the placebo group. The mean ± SD increase in dietary phenylalanine 
tolerance was 17.5 ± 13.3 mg/kg/day for the group treated with sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day, 
compared to 3.3 ± 5.3 mg/kg/day for the placebo group (p=0.006). For the sapropterin treatment group, the 
mean ± SD total dietary phenylalanine tolerance was 38.4 ± 21.6 mg/kg/day during treatment with 
sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day compared to 15.7 ± 7.2 mg/kg/day before treatment.  
 
Paediatric population 
 
The safety, efficacy and population pharmacokinetics of Kuvan in paediatric patients aged <7 years were 
studied in two open-label studies.  
 
The first study was a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled study in children <4 years old with a 
confirmed diagnosis of PKU.  
56 paediatric PKU patients <4 years of age were randomised 1:1 to receive either 10 mg/kg/day Kuvan in 
conjunction with a phenylalanine-restricted diet (n=27), or just a phenylalanine-restricted diet (n=29) over a 
26-week Study Period. 
 
It was intended that all patients maintained blood phenylalanine levels within a range of 120-360 µmol/l 
(defined as ≥120 to <360 µmol/l) through monitored dietary intake during the 26-week Study Period. If after 
approximately 4 weeks, a patient’s phenylalanine tolerance had not increased by >20% versus baseline, the 
Kuvan dose was increased in a single step to 20 mg/kg/day. 



 

11 

 
The results of this study demonstrated that daily dosing with 10 or 20 mg/kg/day of Kuvan in conjunction 
with a phenylalanine-restricted diet led to statistically significant improvements in dietary phenylalanine 
tolerance compared with dietary phenylalanine restriction alone while maintaining blood phenylalanine 
levels within the target range (≥120 to <360 µmol/l). The adjusted mean dietary phenylalanine tolerance in 
the Kuvan in conjunction with a phenylalanine-restricted diet group was 80.6 mg/kg/day and was statistically 
significantly greater (p<0.001) than the adjusted mean dietary phenylalanine tolerance in dietary 
phenylalanine therapy alone group (50.1 mg/kg/day). In the clinical trial extension period, patients 
maintained dietary phenylalanine tolerance while on Kuvan treatment in conjunction with a Phe-restricted 
diet, demonstrating sustained benefit over 3.5 years. 
 
The second study was a multicenter, uncontrolled, open-label study designed to evaluate the safety and effect 
on preservation of neurocognitive function of Kuvan 20 mg/kg/day in combination with a phenylalanine-
restricted diet in children with PKU less than 7 years of age at study entry. Part 1 of the study (4 weeks) 
assessed patients’ response to Kuvan; Part 2 of the study (up to 7 years of follow-up) evaluated 
neurocognitive function with age-appropriate measures, and monitored long-term safety in patients 
responsive to Kuvan. Patients with pre-existing neurocognitive damage (IQ <80) were excluded from the 
study. Ninety-three patients were enrolled into Part 1, and 65 patients were enrolled into Part 2, of whom 49 
(75%) patients completed the study with 27 (42%) patients providing Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) data at year 7.  
 
Mean Indices of Dietary Control were maintained between 133 μmol/L and 375 μmol/L blood Phe for all age 
groups at all time points. At baseline, mean Bayley-III score (102, SD=9.1, n=27), WPPSI-III score (101, 
SD=11, n=34) and WISC-IV score (113, SD=9.8, n=4) were within the average range for the normative 
population.  
 
Among 62 patients with a minimum of two FSIQ assessments, the 95% lower limit confidence interval of the 
mean change over an average 2-year period was -1.6 points, within the clinically expected variation of ±5 
points. No additional adverse reactions were identified with long-term use of Kuvan in children less than 7 
years of age. 
 
Limited studies have been conducted in patients under 4 years of age with BH4 deficiency using another 
formulation of the same active substance (sapropterin) or an un-registered preparation of BH4. 
 
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties 
 
Absorption 
 
Sapropterin is absorbed after oral administration of the dissolved tablet, and the maximum blood 
concentration (Cmax) is achieved 3 to 4 hours after dosing in the fasted state. The rate and extent of 
absorption of sapropterin is influenced by food. The absorption of sapropterin is higher after a high-fat, 
high-calorie meal as compared to fasting, resulting, in average, in 40-85% higher maximum blood 
concentrations achieved 4 to 5 hours after administration. 
 
Absolute bioavailability or bioavailability for humans after oral administration is not known. 
 
Distribution 
 
In non-clinical studies, sapropterin was primarily distributed to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and liver as 
assessed by levels of total and reduced biopterin concentrations. In rats, following intravenous radiolabeled 
sapropterin administration, radioactivity was found to distribute in foetuses. Excretion of total biopterin in 
milk was demonstrated in rats by intravenous route. No increase in total biopterin concentrations in either 
foetuses or milk was observed in rats after oral administration of 10 mg/kg sapropterin dihydrochloride. 
 



 

12 

Biotransformation  
 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride is primarily metabolised in the liver to dihydrobiopterin and biopterin. Since 
sapropterin dihydrochloride is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring 6R-BH4, it can be reasonably 
anticipated to undergo the same metabolism, including 6R-BH4 regeneration.  
 
Elimination 
 
Following intravenous administration in rats, sapropterin dihydrochloride is mainly excreted in the urine. 
Following oral administration it is mainly eliminated through faeces while a small proportion is excreted in 
urine. 
 
Population pharmacokinetics 
 
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of sapropterin including patients from birth to 49 years of age showed 
that body weight is the only covariate substantially affecting clearance or volume of distribution. 
 
Drug interactions 
 
In vitro studies 
In vitro, sapropterin did not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or 
CYP3A4/5, nor induce CYP1A2, 2B6, or 3A4/5. 
 
Based on an in vitro study, there is potential for sapropterin dihydrochloride to inhibit p-glycoprotein (P-gp) 
and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in the gut at the therapeutic doses. A higher intestinal 
concentration of Kuvan is needed to inhibit BCRP than P-gp, as inhibitory potency in intestine for BCRP 
(IC50=267 µM) is lower than P-gp (IC50=158 µM).  
 
In vivo studies 
In healthy subjects, administration of a single dose of Kuvan at the maximum therapeutic dose of 20 mg/kg 
had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of digoxin (P-gp substrate) administered 
concomitantly. Based on the in vitro and in vivo results, co-administration of Kuvan is unlikely to increase 
systemic exposure to drugs that are substrates for BCRP. 
 
5.3 Preclinical safety data 
 
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology 
(CNS, respiratory, cardiovascular, genitourinary), and toxicity to reproduction.  
 
An increased incidence of altered renal microscopic morphology (collecting tubule basophilia) was observed 
in rats following chronic oral administration of sapropterin dihydrochloride at exposures at or slightly above 
the maximal recommended human dose. 
 
Sapropterin was found to be weakly mutagenic in bacterial cells and an increase in chromosome aberrations 
was detected in Chinese hamster lung and ovary cells. However, sapropterin has not been shown to be 
genotoxic in the in vitro test with human lymphocytes as well as in in vivo micronucleus mouse tests.  
 
No tumorigenic activity was observed in an oral carcinogenicity study in mice at doses of up to 
250 mg/kg/day (12.5 to 50 times the human therapeutic dose range).  
 
Emesis has been observed in both the safety pharmacology and the repeated-dose toxicity studies. Emesis is 
considered to be related to the pH of the solution containing sapropterin. 
 
No clear evidence of teratogenic activity was found in rats and in rabbits at doses of approximately 3 and 
10 times the maximum recommended human dose, based on body surface area. 
 
 



 

13 

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 
 
6.1 List of excipients 
 
Mannitol (E421) 
Calcium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous 
Crospovidone type A 
Ascorbic acid (E300) 
Sodium stearyl fumarate 
Riboflavin (E101) 
 
6.2 Incompatibilities 
 
Not applicable. 
 
6.3 Shelf life 
 
3 years. 
 
6.4 Special precautions for storage 
 
Store below 25°C. 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
6.5 Nature and contents of container 
 
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with child-resistant closure. The bottles are sealed with an 
aluminium seal. Each bottle contains a small plastic tube of desiccant (silica gel). 
 
Each bottle contains 30, 120 or 240 tablets. 
 
1 bottle per carton.  
 
Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 
 
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling 
 
Disposal 
 
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local 
requirements. 
 
Handling 
 
Patients should be advised not to swallow the desiccant capsule found in the bottle. 
 
For instructions for use, see section 4.2. 
 
 
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
 



 

14 

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/08/481/001 
EU/1/08/481/002 
EU/1/08/481/003 
 
 
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 
 
Date of the first authorisation: 02 December 2008 
Date of latest renewal: 02 December 2013 
 
 
10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 
 
Date of revision of the text: MM/YYYY 
 
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu. 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/


 

15 

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution 
Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution 
 
 
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 
 
Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution 
 
Each sachet contains 100 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin). 
 
Excipient(s) with known effect 
Each sachet contains 0.3 mmol (12.6 mg) potassium. 
 
Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution 
 
Each sachet contains 500 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 384 mg of sapropterin). 
 
Excipient(s) with known effect 
Each sachet contains 1.6 mmol (62.7 mg) potassium. 
 
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 
 
 
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM 
 
Powder for oral solution 
Off-white to light yellow powder 
 
 
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 
 
4.1 Therapeutic indications 
 
Kuvan is indicated for the treatment of hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) in adults and paediatric patients of all 
ages with phenylketonuria (PKU) who have been shown to be responsive to such treatment (see section 4.2). 
 
Kuvan is also indicated for the treatment of hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) in adults and paediatric patients 
of all ages with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency who have been shown to be responsive to such 
treatment (see section 4.2). 
 
4.2 Posology and method of administration 
 
Treatment with Kuvan must be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the treatment of PKU 
and BH4 deficiency.  
 
Active management of dietary phenylalanine and overall protein intake while taking this medicinal product 
is required to ensure adequate control of blood phenylalanine levels and nutritional balance. 
 
As HPA due to either PKU or BH4 deficiency is a chronic condition, once responsiveness is demonstrated, 
Kuvan is intended for long-term use (see section 5.1).  
 



 

16 

Posology 
 
PKU 
The starting dose of Kuvan in adult and paediatric patients with PKU is 10 mg/kg body weight once daily. 
The dose is adjusted, usually between 5 and 20 mg/kg/day, to achieve and maintain adequate blood 
phenylalanine levels as defined by the physician. 
 
BH4 deficiency 
The starting dose of Kuvan in adult and paediatric patients with BH4 deficiency is 2 to 5 mg/kg body weight 
total daily dose. Doses may be adjusted up to a total of 20 mg/kg per day.  
 
For patients above 20 kg body weight, the calculated daily dose based on body weight should be rounded to 
the nearest multiple of 100 mg. 
 
Dose adjustment 
Treatment with sapropterin may decrease blood phenylalanine levels below the desired therapeutic level. 
Adjustment of the Kuvan dose or modification of dietary phenylalanine intake may be required to achieve 
and maintain blood phenylalanine levels within the desired therapeutic range. 
 
Blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels should be tested, particularly in the paediatric population, one to two 
weeks after each dose adjustment and monitored frequently thereafter, under the direction of the treating 
physician. 
 
If inadequate control of blood phenylalanine levels is observed during treatment with Kuvan, the patient’s 
adherence to the prescribed treatment, and diet, should be reviewed before considering an adjustment of the 
dose of sapropterin. 
 
Discontinuation of treatment should be done only under the supervision of a physician. More frequent 
monitoring may be required, as blood phenylalanine levels may increase. Dietary modification may be 
necessary to maintain blood phenylalanine levels within the desired therapeutic range. 
 
Determination of response 
It is of primary importance to initiate treatment as early as possible to avoid the appearance of non-reversible 
clinical manifestations of neurological disorders in paediatric patients and cognitive deficits and psychiatric 
disorders in adults due to sustained elevations of blood phenylalanine. 
 
Response to this medicinal product is determined by a decrease in blood phenylalanine. Blood phenylalanine 
levels should be checked before administering Kuvan and after 1 week of use at the recommended starting 
dose. If an unsatisfactory reduction in blood phenylalanine levels is observed, then the dose can be increased 
weekly to a maximum of 20 mg/kg/day, with continued weekly monitoring of blood phenylalanine levels 
over a one month period. The dietary phenylalanine intake should be maintained at a constant level during 
this period.  
 
A satisfactory response is defined as a ≥30 percent reduction in blood phenylalanine levels or attainment of 
the therapeutic blood phenylalanine goals defined for an individual patient by the treating physician. Patients 
who fail to achieve this level of response within the described one month test period should be considered 
non-responsive, these patients should not be treated with Kuvan and administration of Kuvan should be 
discontinued. 
 
Once responsiveness to the medicinal product has been established, the dose may be adjusted within the 
range of 5 to 20 mg/kg/day according to response to therapy. 
 
It is recommended that blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels be tested one or two weeks after each dose 
adjustment and monitored frequently thereafter under the direction of the treating physician. 
Patients treated with Kuvan must continue a restricted phenylalanine diet and undergo regular clinical 
assessment (such as monitoring of blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels, nutrient intake, and psycho-
motor development). 



 

17 

 
Special population 
Elderly 
Safety and efficacy of Kuvan in patients above 65 years of age have not been established. Caution must be 
exercised when prescribing to elderly patients. 
 
Renal or hepatic impairment 
Safety and efficacy of Kuvan in patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency have not been established. 
Caution must be exercised when prescribing to such patients. 
 
Paediatric population 
The posology is the same in adults, children and adolescents. 
 
Method of administration 
 
Kuvan should be administered with a meal, to increase the absorption.  
 
For patients with PKU, Kuvan should be administered as a single daily dose, and at the same time each day 
preferably in the morning.  
 
For patients with BH4 deficiency, divide the total daily dose into 2 or 3 administrations, distributed over the 
day. 
 
The solution should be consumed within 30 minutes of initial dissolution. Unused solution should be 
discarded after administration. 
 
Patients above 20 kg body weight 
The contents of the sachet(s) should be placed in 120 to 240 ml of water and stirred until dissolved. 
 
Children up to 20 kg body weight (use only 100 mg powder sachet(s)) 
The measuring devices required for dosing in children up to 20 kg body weight (i.e. cup with graduations at 
20, 40, 60, 80 ml; 10 ml and 20 ml oral syringes with graduation at 1 ml divisions) are not included in the 
Kuvan pack. These devices are supplied to the specialised paediatric centers for inborn errors of metabolism 
to be provided to the caregivers of the patients. 
 
The appropriate number of 100 mg sachet(s) should be dissolved in a volume of water depicted in Tables 1-4 
based on the prescribed total daily dose.  
 
If only a portion of this solution needs to be administered, an oral syringe should be used to withdraw the 
volume of solution to be administered. The solution may then be transferred to another cup for 
administration of the medicinal product. For small infants, an oral syringe can be used. A 10 ml oral syringe 
should be used for administration of volumes of ≤10 ml and a 20 ml oral syringe for administration of 
volumes of >10 ml. 
 



 

18 

Table 1: 2 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of sachets to be 
dissolved  

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 4 1 80 3 
3 6 1 80 5 
4 8 1 80 6 
5 10 1 80 8 
6 12 1 80 10 
7 14 1 80 11 
8 16 1 80 13 
9 18 1 80 14 
10 20 1 80 16 
11 22 1 80 18 
12 24 1 80 19 
13 26 1 80 21 
14 28 1 80 22 
15 30 1 80 24 
16 32 1 80 26 
17 34 1 80 27 
18 36 1 80 29 
19 38 1 80 30 
20 40 1 80 32 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose.  
Discard unused solution within 30 minutes for powder solution. 
 

Table 2: 5 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of sachets to be 
dissolved  

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 10 1 40 4 
3 15 1 40 6 
4 20 1 40 8 
5 25 1 40 10 
6 30 1 40 12 
7 35 1 40 14 
8 40 1 40 16 
9 45 1 40 18 
10 50 1 40 20 
11 55 1 40 22 
12 60 1 40 24 
13 65 1 40 26 
14 70 1 40 28 
15 75 1 40 30 
16 80 1 40 32 
17 85 1 40 34 
18 90 1 40 36 
19 95 1 40 38 
20 100 1 40 40 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose. 
Discard unused solution within 30 minutes for powder solution. 
 



 

19 

Table 3: 10 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of sachets to be 
dissolved  

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 20 1 20 4 
3 30 1 20 6 
4 40 1 20 8 
5 50 1 20 10 
6 60 1 20 12 
7 70 1 20 14 
8 80 1 20 16 
9 90 1 20 18 
10 100 1 20 20 
11 110 2 40 22 
12 120 2 40 24 
13 130 2 40 26 
14 140 2 40 28 
15 150 2 40 30 
16 160 2 40 32 
17 170 2 40 34 
18 180 2 40 36 
19 190 2 40 38 
20 200 2 40 40 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose. 
Discard unused solution within 30 minutes for powder solution. 
 

Table 4: 20 mg/kg per day dosing table for children weighing up to 20 kg 
 

Weight (kg) Total dose 
(mg/day) 

Number of sachets to be 
dissolved  

(100 mg strength only) 

Volume of 
dissolution 

(ml) 

Volume of solution 
to be administered 

(ml)* 
2 40 1 20 8 
3 60 1 20 12 
4 80 1 20 16 
5 100 1 20 20 
6 120 2 40 24 
7 140 2 40 28 
8 160 2 40 32 
9 180 2 40 36 
10 200 2 40 40 
11 220 3 60 44 
12 240 3 60 48 
13 260 3 60 52 
14 280 3 60 56 
15 300 3 60 60 
16 320 4 80 64 
17 340 4 80 68 
18 360 4 80 72 
19 380 4 80 76 
20 400 4 80 80 

*Reflects volume for total daily dose. 
Discard unused solution within 30 minutes for powder solution. 
 



 

20 

For cleaning, the plunger should be removed from the barrel of the oral syringe. Both parts of the oral 
syringe and the cup should be washed with warm water and air dry. When the oral syringe is dry, the plunger 
should be put back into the barrel. The oral syringe and the cup should be stored for next use. 
 
4.3 Contraindications 
 
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 
 
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 
 
Dietary intake 
 
Patients treated with Kuvan must continue a restricted phenylalanine diet and undergo regular clinical 
assessment (such as monitoring of blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels, nutrient intake, and psycho-
motor development). 
 
Low blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels 
 
Sustained or recurrent dysfunction in the phenylalanine-tyrosine-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) 
metabolic pathway can result in deficient body protein and neurotransmitter synthesis. Prolonged exposure to 
low blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels during infancy has been associated with impaired 
neurodevelopmental outcome. Active management of dietary phenylalanine and overall protein intake while 
taking Kuvan is required to ensure adequate control of blood phenylalanine and tyrosine levels and 
nutritional balance. 
 
Health disturbances 
 
Consultation with a physician is recommended during illness as blood phenylalanine levels may increase.  
 
Convulsions disorders 
 
Caution should be exercised when prescribing Kuvan to patients receiving treatment with levodopa. Cases of 
convulsion, exacerbation of convulsion, increased excitability and irritability have been observed during co-
administration of levodopa and sapropterin in BH4-deficient patients (see section 4.5). 
 
Discontinuation of treatment 
 
Rebound, as defined by an increase in blood phenylalanine levels above pre-treatment levels, may occur 
upon cessation of treatment. 
 
Potassium content 
 
Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution 
This medicinal product contains 0.3 mmol (12.6 mg) potassium per sachet. To be taken into consideration by 
patients with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet. 
 
Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution 
This medicinal product contains 1.6 mmol (62.7 mg) potassium per sachet. To be taken into consideration by 
patients with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet. 
 



 

21 

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction 
 
Although concomitant administration of inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (e.g. methotrexate, 
trimethoprim) has not been studied, such medicinal products may interfere with BH4 metabolism. Caution is 
recommended when using such medicinal products while taking Kuvan. 
 
BH4 is a cofactor for nitric oxide synthetase. Caution is recommended during concomitant use of Kuvan 
with all medicinal products that cause vasodilation, including those administered topically, by affecting nitric 
oxide (NO) metabolism or action including classical NO donors (e.g. glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide 
dinitrate (ISDN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), molsidomin), phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors 
and minoxidil. 
 
Caution should be exercised when prescribing Kuvan to patients receiving treatment with levodopa. Cases of 
convulsion, exacerbation of convulsion, increased excitability and irritability have been observed during co-
administration of levodopa and sapropterin in BH4-deficient patients. 
 
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation 
 
Pregnancy 
 
There are limited amount of data from the use of Kuvan in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate 
direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or 
postnatal development.  
 
Available disease-associated maternal and/or embryofoetal risk data from the Maternal Phenylketonuria 
Collaborative Study on a moderate amount of pregnancies and live births (between 300-1,000) in 
PKU-affected women demonstrated that uncontrolled phenylalanine levels above 600 μmol/l are associated 
with a very high incidence of neurological, cardiac, facial dysmorphism, and growth anomalies. 
 
Maternal blood phenylalanine levels must therefore be strictly controlled before and during pregnancy. If 
maternal phenylalanine levels are not strictly controlled before and during pregnancy, this could be harmful 
to the mother and the foetus. Physician-supervised restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake prior to and 
throughout pregnancy is the first choice of treatment in this patient group. 
 
The use of Kuvan should be considered only if strict dietary management does not adequately reduce blood 
phenylalanine levels. Caution must be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women. 
 
Breast-feeding 
 
It is not known whether sapropterin or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. Kuvan should not 
be used during breast-feeding. 
 
Fertility 
 
In preclinical studies, no effects of sapropterin on male and female fertility were observed.  
 
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines 
 
Kuvan has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. 
 



 

22 

4.8 Undesirable effects 
 
Summary of the safety profile 
 
Approximately 35% of the 579 patients aged 4 years and over who received treatment with sapropterin 
dihydrochloride (5 to 20 mg/kg/day) in the clinical trials for Kuvan experienced adverse reactions. The most 
commonly reported adverse reactions are headache and rhinorrhoea.  
 
In a further clinical trial, approximately 30% of the 27 children aged below 4 years who received treatment 
with sapropterin dihydrochloride (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) experienced adverse reactions. The most commonly 
reported adverse reactions are “amino acid level decreased” (hypophenylalaninaemia), vomiting and rhinitis. 
 
Tabulated list of adverse reactions 
 
In the pivotal clinical trials and in the post-marketing experience for Kuvan, the following adverse reactions 
have been identified.  
 
The following definitions apply to the frequency terminology used hereafter: 
very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to 
<1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from available data). 
 
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.  
 
Immune system disorders 
Not known: Hypersensitivity reactions (including serious allergic reactions) and rash 
 
Metabolism and nutrition disorders 
Common: Hypophenylalaninaemia 
 
Nervous system disorders 
Very common: Headache 
 
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders 
Very common: Rhinorrhoea 
Common: Pharyngolaryngeal pain, nasal congestion, cough 
 
Gastrointestinal disorders 
Common: Diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea 
Not known: Gastritis, oesophagitis 
 
Paediatric population 
Frequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in children were essentially similar to those in adults.  
 
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions 
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows 
continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked 
to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.  
 
4.9 Overdose 
 
Headache and dizziness have been reported after the administration of sapropterin dihydrochloride above the 
recommended maximum dose of 20 mg/kg/day. Treatment of overdose should be directed to symptoms. A 
shortening of the QT interval (-8.32 msec) was observed in a study with a single supra-therapeutic dose of 
100 mg/kg (5 times the maximum recommended dose); this should be taken into consideration in managing 
patients who have a pre-existing shortened QT interval (e.g. patients with familial short QT syndrome). 
 
 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


 

23 

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 
 
5.1  Pharmacodynamic properties 
 
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other alimentary tract and metabolism products, Various alimentary tract and 
metabolism products, ATC code: A16AX07 
 
Mechanism of action 
 
Hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) is diagnosed as an abnormal elevation in blood phenylalanine levels and is 
usually caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the genes encoding for phenylalanine hydroxylase 
enzyme (in the case of phenylketonuria, PKU) or for the enzymes involved in 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin 
(6R-BH4) biosynthesis or regeneration (in the case of BH4 deficiency). BH4 deficiency is a group of 
disorders arising from mutations or deletions in the genes encoding for one of the five enzymes involved in 
the biosynthesis or recycling of BH4. In both cases, phenylalanine cannot be effectively transformed into the 
amino acid tyrosine, leading to increased phenylalanine levels in the blood. 
 
Sapropterin is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring 6R-BH4, which is a cofactor of the hydroxylases 
for phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. 
 
The rationale for administration of Kuvan in patients with BH4-responsive PKU is to enhance the activity of 
the defective phenylalanine hydroxylase and thereby increase or restore the oxidative metabolism of 
phenylalanine sufficient to reduce or maintain blood phenylalanine levels, prevent or decrease further 
phenylalanine accumulation, and increase tolerance to phenylalanine intake in the diet. The rationale for 
administration of Kuvan in patients with BH4 Deficiency is to replace the deficient levels of BH4, thereby 
restoring the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. 
 
Clinical efficacy 
 
The Phase III clinical development program for Kuvan included 2, randomised placebo-controlled studies in 
patients with PKU. The results of these studies demonstrate the efficacy of Kuvan to reduce blood 
phenylalanine levels and to increase dietary phenylalanine tolerance. 
 
In 88 subjects with poorly controlled PKU who had elevated blood phenylalanine levels at screening, 
sapropterin dihydrochloride 10 mg/kg/day significantly reduced blood phenylalanine levels as compared to 
placebo. The baseline blood phenylalanine levels for the Kuvan-treated group and the placebo group were 
similar, with mean ± SD baseline blood phenylalanine levels of 843 ± 300 μmol/l and 888 ± 323 μmol/l, 
respectively. The mean ± SD decrease from baseline in blood phenylalanine levels at the end of the 6 week 
study period was 236 ± 257 μmol/l for the sapropterin treated group (n=41) as compared to an increase of 
2.9 ± 240 μmol/l for the placebo group (n=47) (p<0.001). For patients with baseline blood phenylalanine 
levels ≥600 µmol/l, 41.9% (13/31) of those treated with sapropterin and 13.2% (5/38) of those treated with 
placebo had blood phenylalanine levels < 600 µmol/l at the end of the 6-week study period (p=0.012). 
 
In a separate 10-week, placebo-controlled study, 45 PKU patients with blood phenylalanine levels controlled 
on a stable phenylalanine-restricted diet (blood phenylalanine ≤480 μmol/l on enrolment) were randomised 
3:1 to treatment with sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day (n=33) or placebo (n=12). After 3 weeks of 
treatment with sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day, blood phenylalanine levels were significantly 
reduced; the mean ± SD decrease from baseline in blood phenylalanine level within this group was 
149 ±134 μmol/l (p<0.001). After 3 weeks, subjects in both the sapropterin and placebo treatment groups 
were continued on their phenylalanine-restricted diets and dietary phenylalanine intake was increased or 
decreased using standardised phenylalanine supplements with a goal to maintain blood phenylalanine levels 
at <360 μmol/l. There was a significant difference in dietary phenylalanine tolerance in the sapropterin 
treatment group as compared to the placebo group. The mean ± SD increase in dietary phenylalanine 
tolerance was 17.5 ±13.3 mg/kg/day for the group treated with sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day, 
compared to 3.3 ± 5.3 mg/kg/day for the placebo group (p=0.006). For the sapropterin treatment group, the 
mean ± SD total dietary phenylalanine tolerance was 38.4 ± 21.6 mg/kg/day during treatment with 
sapropterin dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg/day compared to 15.7 ± 7.2 mg/kg/day before treatment. 



 

24 

 
Paediatric population 
 
The safety, efficacy and population pharmacokinetics of Kuvan in paediatric patients aged <7 years were 
studied in two open-label studies.  
 
The first study was a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled study in children <4 years old with a 
confirmed diagnosis of PKU.  
56 paediatric PKU patients <4 years of age were randomised 1:1 to receive either 10 mg/kg/day Kuvan in 
conjunction with a phenylalanine-restricted diet (n=27), or just a phenylalanine-restricted diet (n=29) over a 
26-week Study Period. 
 
It was intended that all patients maintained blood phenylalanine levels within a range of 120-360 µmol/l 
(defined as ≥120 to <360 µmol/l) through monitored dietary intake during the 26-week Study Period. If after 
approximately 4 weeks, a patient’s phenylalanine tolerance had not increased by >20% versus baseline, the 
Kuvan dose was increased in a single step to 20 mg/kg/day. 
 
The results of this study demonstrated that daily dosing with 10 or 20 mg/kg/day of Kuvan in conjunction 
with a phenylalanine-restricted diet led to statistically significant improvements in dietary phenylalanine 
tolerance compared with dietary phenylalanine restriction alone while maintaining blood phenylalanine 
levels within the target range (≥120 to <360 µmol/l). The adjusted mean dietary phenylalanine tolerance in 
the Kuvan in conjunction with a phenylalanine-restricted diet group was 80.6 mg/kg/day and was statistically 
significantly greater (p<0.001) than the adjusted mean dietary phenylalanine tolerance in dietary 
phenylalanine therapy alone group (50.1 mg/kg/day). In the clinical trial extension period, patients 
maintained dietary phenylalanine tolerance while on Kuvan treatment in conjunction with a Phe-restricted 
diet, demonstrating sustained benefit over 3.5 years. 
 
The second study was a multicenter, uncontrolled, open-label study designed to evaluate the safety and effect 
on preservation of neurocognitive function of Kuvan 20 mg/kg/day in combination with a phenylalanine-
restricted diet in children with PKU less than 7 years of age at study entry. Part 1 of the study (4 weeks) 
assessed patients’ response to Kuvan; Part 2 of the study (up to 7 years of follow-up) evaluated 
neurocognitive function with age-appropriate measures, and monitored long-term safety in patients 
responsive to Kuvan. Patients with pre-existing neurocognitive damage (IQ <80) were excluded from the 
study. Ninety-three patients were enrolled into Part 1, and 65 patients were enrolled into Part 2, of whom 49 
(75%) patients completed the study with 27 (42%) patients providing Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) data at year 7.  
 
Mean Indices of Dietary Control were maintained between 133 μmol/L and 375 μmol/L blood Phe for all age 
groups at all time points. At baseline, mean Bayley-III score (102, SD=9.1, n=27), WPPSI-III score (101, 
SD=11, n=34) and WISC-IV score (113, SD=9.8, n=4) were within the average range for the normative 
population.  
Among 62 patients with a minimum of two FSIQassessments, the 95% lower limit confidence interval of the 
mean change over an average 2-year period was -1.6 points, within the clinically expected variation of ±5 
points. No additional adverse reactions were identified with long-term use of Kuvan in children less than 7 
years of age. 
 
Limited studies have been conducted in patients under 4 years of age with BH4 deficiency using another 
formulation of the same active substance (sapropterin) or an un-registered preparation of BH4. 
 
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties 
 
Absorption 
 
Sapropterin is absorbed after oral administration of the dissolved tablet, and the maximum blood 
concentration (Cmax) is achieved 3 to 4 hours after dosing in the fasted state. The rate and extent of 
absorption of sapropterin is influenced by food. The absorption of sapropterin is higher after a high-fat, 
high-calorie meal as compared to fasting, resulting, in average, in 40-85% higher maximum blood 
concentrations achieved 4 to 5 hours after administration. 



 

25 

 
Absolute bioavailability or bioavailability for humans after oral administration is not known. 
 
Distribution 
 
In non-clinical studies, sapropterin was primarily distributed to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and liver as 
assessed by levels of total and reduced biopterin concentrations. In rats, following intravenous radiolabeled 
sapropterin administration, radioactivity was found to distribute in foetuses. Excretion of total biopterin in 
milk was demonstrated in rats by intravenous route. No increase in total biopterin concentrations in either 
foetuses or milk was observed in rats after oral administration of 10 mg/kg sapropterin dihydrochloride. 
 
Biotransformation 
 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride is primarily metabolised in the liver to dihydrobiopterin and biopterin. Since 
sapropterin dihydrochloride is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring 6R-BH4, it can be reasonably 
anticipated to undergo the same metabolism, including 6R-BH4 regeneration.  
 
Elimination 
 
Following intravenous administration in rats, sapropterin dihydrochloride is mainly excreted in the urine. 
Following oral administration it is mainly eliminated through faeces while a small proportion is excreted in 
urine. 
 
Population pharmacokinetics 
 
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of sapropterin including patients from birth to 49 years of age showed 
that body weight is the only covariate substantially affecting clearance or volume of distribution. 
 
Drug interactions  
 
In vitro studies 
In vitro, sapropterin did not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or 
CYP3A4/5, nor induce CYP1A2, 2B6, or 3A4/5. 
 
Based on an in vitro study, there is potential for sapropterin dihydrochloride to inhibit p-glycoprotein (P-gp) 
and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in the gut at the therapeutic doses. A higher intestinal 
concentration of Kuvan is needed to inhibit BCRP than P-gp, as inhibitory potency in intestine for BCRP 
(IC50=267 µM) is lower than P-gp (IC50=158 µM).  
 
In vivo studies 
In healthy subjects, administration of a single dose of Kuvan at the maximum therapeutic dose of 20 mg/kg 
had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of digoxin (P-gp substrate) administered 
concomitantly. Based on the in vitro and in vivo results, co-administration of Kuvan is unlikely to increase 
systemic exposure to drugs that are substrates for BCRP. 
 
5.3 Preclinical safety data 
 
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology 
(CNS, respiratory, cardiovascular, genitourinary), and toxicity to reproduction.  
 
An increased incidence of altered renal microscopic morphology (collecting tubule basophilia) was observed 
in rats following chronic oral administration of sapropterin dihydrochloride at exposures at or slightly above 
the maximal recommended human dose. 
 
Sapropterin was found to be weakly mutagenic in bacterial cells and an increase in chromosome aberrations 
was detected in Chinese hamster lung and ovary cells. However, sapropterin has not been shown to be 
genotoxic in the in vitro test with human lymphocytes as well as in in vivo micronucleus mouse tests.  



 

26 

 
No tumorigenic activity was observed in an oral carcinogenicity study in mice at doses of up to 
250 mg/kg/day (12.5 to 50 times the human therapeutic dose range).  
 
Emesis has been observed in both the safety pharmacology and the repeated-dose toxicity studies. Emesis is 
considered to be related to the pH of the solution containing sapropterin. 
 
No clear evidence of teratogenic activity was found in rats and in rabbits at doses of approximately 3 and 
10 times the maximum recommended human dose, based on body surface area. 
 
 
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 
 
6.1 List of excipients 
 
Mannitol (E421) 
Potassium citrate (E332) 
Sucralose (E955) 
Ascorbic acid (E300)  
 
6.2 Incompatibilities 
 
Not applicable. 
 
6.3 Shelf life 
 
3 years. 
 
6.4 Special precautions for storage 
 
Store below 25°C. 
 
6.5 Nature and contents of container  
 
Polyethylene terephthalate, aluminum, polyethylene laminate sachet, heat sealed on four sides. An internal 
tear notch is located in the corner of the sachet to facilitate opening of the sachet. 
 
Each carton contains 30 sachets.  
 
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling 
 
Disposal 
 
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local 
requirements. 
 
Handling 
 
Upon dissolving Kuvan powder for oral solution in water, the solution has a clear, colourless to yellow 
appearance. For instructions for use, see section 4.2. 
 
 



 

27 

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
 
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/08/481/004 100 mg sachet 
EU/1/08/481/005 500 mg sachet 
 
 
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 
 
Date of first authorisation: 02 December 2008 
Date of latest renewal: 02 December 2013 
 
 
10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 
 
MM/YYYY 
 
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.  
 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/


 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX II 
 

A. MANUFACTURER(S) RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE 
 

B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE 
 

C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING 
AUTHORISATION 

 
D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND 

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 



 

29 

A. MANUFACTURER(S) RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE 
 
Name and address of the manufacturer(s) responsible for batch release 
 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
 
B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE 
 
Medicinal product subject to restricted medical prescription (see Annex I: Summary of Product 
Characteristics, section 4.2). 
 
 
C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION 
 
• Periodic Safety Update Reports 
 
The requirements for submission of periodic safety update reports for this medicinal product are set out in 
the list of Union reference dates (EURD list) provided for under Article 107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC 
and any subsequent updates published on the European medicines web-portal. 
 
 
D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE 

OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
• Risk Management Plan (RMP) 
 
The MAH shall perform the required pharmacovigilance activities and interventions detailed in the agreed 
RMP presented in Module 1.8.2. of the Marketing Authorisation and any agreed subsequent updates of the 
RMP. 
 
An updated RMP should be submitted 
• At the request of the European Medicines Agency; 
• Whenever the risk management system is modified, especially as the result of new information being 

received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit/risk profile or as the result of an important 
(pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone being reached 

 
If the submission of a PSUR and the update of a RMP coincide, they can be submitted at the same time. 



 

30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX III 
 

LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET 



 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A. LABELLING 



 

32 

PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING AND THE IMMEDIATE 
PACKAGING  
 
CARTON AND BOTTLE LABEL 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Kuvan 100 mg soluble tablets 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride 
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each soluble tablet contains 100 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin). 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
30 soluble tablets 
120 soluble tablets 
240 soluble tablets 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use, after dissolution. 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT OF 

THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
Each bottle of Kuvan contains a small plastic tube of desiccant (silica gel). Do not swallow the tube or the 
contents.  
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Store below 25°C. 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 



 

33 

 
10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS OR 

WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 

 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/08/481/001 
EU/1/08/481/002 
EU/1/08/481/003 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
Kuvan 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included. 
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER - HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
PC: 
SN: 
NN: 
 



 

34 

PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING 
 
CARTON 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution 
Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride 
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each sachet contains 100 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin). 
Each sachet contains 500 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 384 mg of sapropterin). 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
This medicine contains potassium citrate (E332). See leaflet for further information. 
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
30 sachets 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
To be dissolved before use. Read the package leaflet before use. 
Oral use 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT OF 

THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Store below 25°C. 
 
 



 

35 

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS OR 
WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 

 
Single-use sachets.  
 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/08/481/004 100 mg sachet 
EU/1/08/481/005 500 mg sachet 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
Kuvan 100 mg 
Kuvan 500 mg 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included. 
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER - HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
PC: 
SN: 
NN: 
 



 

36 

MINIMUM PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON SMALL IMMEDIATE PACKAGING UNITS 
 
SACHET 100 mg 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride 
 
 
2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use 
 
 
3. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
4. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot  
 
 
5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT 
 
 
6. OTHER 
 



 

37 

MINIMUM PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON SMALL IMMEDIATE PACKAGING UNITS 
 
SACHET 500 mg 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride 
 
 
2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
3. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
4. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot  
 
 
5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT 
 
 
6. OTHER 
 



 

38 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

B. PACKAGE LEAFLET 



 

39 

Package leaflet: Information for the patient 
 

Kuvan 100 mg soluble tablets 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride  

 
Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important 
information for you. 
- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. 
- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. 
- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if 

their signs of illness are the same as yours. 
- If you get any side effects talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not 

listed in this leaflet. See section 4. 
 
What is in this leaflet  
 
1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for 
2. What do you need to know before you take Kuvan  
3. How to take Kuvan  
4. Possible side effects 
5. How to store Kuvan  
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
 
1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for 
 
Kuvan contains the active substance sapropterin which is a synthetic copy of a body’s own substance called 
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is required by the body to use an amino acid called phenylalanine in order to 
build another amino acid called tyrosine. 
 
Kuvan is used to treat hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) or phenylketonuria (PKU) in patients of all ages. HPA 
and PKU are due to abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood which can be harmful. Kuvan 
reduces these levels in some patients who respond to BH4 and can help increase the amount of phenylalanine 
that can be included in the diet. 
 
This medicine is also used to treat an inherited disease called BH4 deficiency in patients of all ages, in which 
the body cannot produce enough BH4. Because of very low BH4 levels phenylalanine is not used properly 
and its levels rise, resulting in harmful effects. By replacing the BH4 that the body cannot produce, Kuvan 
reduces the harmful excess of phenylalanine in the blood and increases the dietary tolerance to 
phenylalanine. 
 
 
2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan  
 
Do not take Kuvan  
If you are allergic to sapropterin or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6). 
 
Warnings and precautions 
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Kuvan, particularly: 
- if you are 65 years of age or older 
- if you have problems with your kidney or liver 
- if you are ill. Consultation with a physician is recommended during illness as blood phenylalanine 

levels may increase 
- if you have predisposition to convulsions 
 



 

40 

When you are treated with Kuvan, your doctor will test your blood to verify how much phenylalanine and 
tyrosine it contains and may decide to adjust the dose of Kuvan or your diet if needed. 
 
You must continue your diet treatment as recommended by your doctor. Do not change your diet without 
contacting your doctor. Even if you take Kuvan, if your phenylalanine blood levels are not well controlled, 
you can develop severe neurologic problems. Your doctor should continue to monitor your blood 
phenylalanine levels often during your treatment with Kuvan, to make sure that your blood phenylalanine 
levels are not too high or too low. 
 
Other medicines and Kuvan 
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines. In 
particular you should tell your doctor if you are using: 
- levodopa (used to treat Parkinson’s disease) 
- medicines for treatment of cancer (e.g. methotrexate) 
- medicines for treatment of bacterial infections (e.g. trimethoprim) 
- medicines that cause dilation of blood vessels, (such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate 

(ISDN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), molsidomin, minoxidil). 
 
Pregnancy and breast feeding 
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your 
doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine. 
 
If you are pregnant your doctor will tell you how to control phenylalanine levels adequately. If these are not 
strictly controlled before or when you become pregnant, this could be harmful to you and to your baby. Your 
doctor will monitor the restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake prior and during pregnancy. 
 
If the strict diet does not adequately reduce phenylalanine amount in your blood your doctor will consider 
whether you must take this medicine.  
 
You should not take this medicine if you are breast-feeding. 
 
Driving and using machines 
Kuvan is not expected to affect the ability to drive and use machines. 
 
Important information about some of the ingredients of Kuvan 
This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially ‘sodium-free’. 
 
 
3. How to take Kuvan 
 
Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you. Check with your doctor if you are not sure.  
 
Dosing for PKU 
The recommended starting dose of Kuvan in patients with PKU is 10 mg for each kg of body weight. Take 
Kuvan as a single daily dose with a meal to increase the absorption, and at the same time each day, 
preferably in the morning. Your doctor may adjust your dose, usually between 5 and 20 mg for each kg of 
body weight per day, depending on your condition. 
 
Dosing for BH4 deficiency 
The recommended starting dose of Kuvan in patients with BH4 deficiency is 2 to 5 mg for each kg of body 
weight. Take Kuvan with a meal to increase the absorption. Divide the total daily dose into 2 or 3 doses, 
taken over the day. Your doctor may adjust your dose up to 20 mg for each kg of body weight per day, 
depending on your condition. 
 



 

41 

The table below is an example of how an appropriate dose is calculated 
 

Body weight (kg) Number of 100 mg tablets 
(dose 10 mg/kg) 

Number of 100 mg tablets 
(dose 20 mg/kg) 

10 1 2 
20 2 4 
30 3 6 
40 4 8 
50 5 10 

 
Method of administration 
For PKU patients, the total daily dose is taken once a day at the same time each day, preferably in the 
morning.  
 
For BH4 deficiency patients, the total daily dose is divided into 2 or 3 doses over the day. 
 
Use in all patients  
Place the prescribed number of tablets in a glass or cup of water as accurately described below and stir until 
dissolved. 
 
It may take a few minutes for the tablets to dissolve. To make the tablets dissolve faster you can crush them. 
Small particles may be visible in the solution, but they will not affect the effectiveness of the medicine. 
Drink the dissolved preparation of Kuvan with a meal within 15 to 20 minutes of its preparation.  
 
Do not swallow the desiccant capsule contained in the bottle. 
 
Use in patients above 20 kg body weight 
Place the tablets in a glass or cup (120 to 240 ml) of water and stir until dissolved. 
 
Use in children up to 20 kg body weight 
The dose is based on body weight. This will change as your child grows. Your doctor will tell you: 
• the number of Kuvan tablets needed for one dose 
• the amount of water needed to mix one dose of Kuvan 
• the amount of solution you will need to give your child for their prescribed dose 
 
Your child should drink the solution with a meal.  
 
Give your child the prescribed amount of solution within 15 to 20 minutes after dissolving. If you are not 
able to give your child’s dose within 15 to 20 minutes after dissolving the tablets, you will need to prepare a 
new solution as the unused solution should not be used beyond 20 minutes. 
 
Supplies needed to prepare and give your child’s dose of Kuvan 
• The number of Kuvan tablets needed for one dose 
• A medicine cup with graduation markings at 20, 40, 60 and 80 ml 
• A glass or cup 
• Small spoon or clean utensil for stirring 
• Oral syringe (graduated in 1 ml divisions) (10 ml syringe for administration of volumes of ≤10 ml or 

20 ml syringe for administration of volumes of >10 ml) 
 
Ask your doctor for the medicine cup for dissolving the tablets and the 10 ml or 20 ml oral syringe if you do 
not have these supplies. 
 



 

42 

Steps for preparing and taking your dose: 
• Place the prescribed number of tablets in the medicine cup. Pour the amount of water into the 

medicine cup, as instructed by your doctor (e.g. your doctor told you to use 20 ml for dissolving one 
Kuvan tablet). Check to make sure that the amount of liquid lines up with the amount that your doctor 
tells you. Stir with the small spoon or clean utensil until the tablets dissolve.  

• If your doctor told you to administer only a portion of the solution, point the tip of the oral syringe into 
the medicine cup. Slowly pull back the plunger to withdraw the amount as instructed by your doctor.  

• Transfer the solution by pushing on the plunger slowly until all of the solution in the oral syringe is 
transferred to a glass or cup for administration (e.g. if your doctor told you to dissolve two Kuvan 
tablets in 40 ml water and administer 30 ml to your child, you would have to use the 20 ml oral 
syringe two times to draw up 30 ml (e.g. 20 ml + 10 ml) of the solution and transfer it to a glass or cup 
for administration). Use a 10 ml oral syringe for administration of volumes ≤10 ml or a 20 ml oral 
syringe for administration of volumes >10 ml. 

• If your baby is too small to drink from a glass or a cup you may administer the solution via the oral 
syringe. Draw up the prescribed volume from the solution prepared in the medicine cup and place the 
tip of the oral syringe into your baby’s mouth. Point the tip of the oral syringe towards either cheek. 
Push on the plunger slowly, a small amount at a time, until all of the solution in the oral syringe is 
given.  

• Throw away any remaining solution. Remove the plunger from the barrel of the oral syringe. Wash 
both parts of the oral syringe and the medicine cup with warm water and air dry. When the oral 
syringe is dry, put the plunger back into the barrel. Store the oral syringe and the medicine cup for 
next use. 

 
If you take more Kuvan than you should 
If you take more Kuvan than prescribed, you may experience side effects that could include headache and 
dizziness. Immediately contact your doctor or pharmacist if you take more Kuvan than prescribed. 
 
If you forget to take Kuvan 
Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. Take the next dose at the usual time. 
 
If you stop taking Kuvan 
Do not stop taking Kuvan without prior discussion with your doctor, as phenylalanine levels in your blood 
may increase.  
 
If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist. 
 
 
4. Possible side effects 
 
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. 
 
Few cases of allergic reactions (such as skin rash and serious reactions) have been reported. Their frequency 
is not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data). 
 
If you have red, itchy, raised areas (hives), runny nose, fast or uneven pulse, swelling of your tongue and 
throat, sneezing, wheezing, serious difficulty in breathing or dizziness, you may be having a serious allergic 
reaction to the medicine. If you notice these signs, contact your doctor immediately. 
 
Very common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) 
Headache and runny nose. 
 
Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) 
Sore throat, nasal congestion or stuffy nose, cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach ache, too low levels of 
phenylalanine in blood tests, indigestion and feeling sick (nausea) (see section 2: “Warnings and 
precautions”). 
 



 

43 

Not known side effects (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data) 
Gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), oesophagitis (inflammation of the lining of the gullet). 
 
Reporting of side effects 
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects 
not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in 
Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine. 
 
 
5. How to store Kuvan 
 
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the bottle and the carton after “EXP”. The 
expiry date refers to the last day of that month. 
 
Store below 25°C.  
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw 
away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment. 
 
 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
What Kuvan contains 
- The active substance is sapropterin dihydrochloride. Each tablet contains 100 mg of sapropterin 

dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin). 
- The other ingredients are mannitol (E421), calcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, crospovidone type 

A, ascorbic acid (E300), sodium stearyl fumarate, and riboflavin (E101). 
 
What Kuvan looks like and contents of the pack 
Kuvan 100 mg soluble tablets are off-white to light yellow with “177” imprinted on one face. 
 
It is available in bottles with child-resistant closure of 30, 120 or 240 soluble tablets. Each bottle contains a 
small plastic tube of desiccant (silica gel). 
 
Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 
 
Marketing Authorisation Holder 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
Manufacturer 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
This leaflet was last revised in month/YYYY 
 
Other sources of information 
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency web site: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu. There are also links to other websites about rare diseases and treatments. 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc
http://www.ema.europa.eu/


 

44 

Package leaflet: Information for the patient 
 

Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride  

 
Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important 
information for you. 
- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.  
- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. 
- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if 

their signs of illness are the same as yours.  
- If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects 

not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. 
 
What is in this leaflet 
 
1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for  
2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan  
3. How to take Kuvan  
4. Possible side effects  
5. How to store Kuvan  
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
 
1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for 
 
Kuvan contains the active substance sapropterin which is a synthetic copy of a body’s own substance called 
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is required by the body to use an amino acid called phenylalanine in order to 
build another amino acid called tyrosine. 
 
Kuvan is used to treat hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) or phenylketonuria (PKU) in patients of all ages. HPA 
and PKU are due to abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood which can be harmful. Kuvan 
reduces these levels in some patients who respond to BH4 and can help increase the amount of phenylalanine 
that can be included in the diet. 
 
This medicine is also used to treat an inherited disease called BH4 deficiency in patients of all ages, in which 
the body cannot produce enough BH4. Because of very low BH4 levels phenylalanine is not used properly 
and its levels rise, resulting in harmful effects. By replacing the BH4 that the body cannot produce, Kuvan 
reduces the harmful excess of phenylalanine in the blood and increases the dietary tolerance to 
phenylalanine. 
 
 
2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan 
 
Do not take Kuvan 
- if you are allergic to sapropterin or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6). 
 
Warnings and precautions  
 
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Kuvan, particularly: 
- if you are 65 years of age or older 
- if you have problems with your kidney or liver 
- if you are ill. Consultation with a physician is recommended during illness as blood phenylalanine 

levels may increase 
- if you have predisposition to convulsions 
 



 

45 

When you are treated with Kuvan, your doctor will test your blood to verify how much phenylalanine and 
tyrosine it contains and may decide to adjust the dose of Kuvan or your diet if needed. 
 
You must continue your diet treatment as recommended by your doctor. Do not change your diet without 
contacting your doctor. Even if you take Kuvan, if your phenylalanine blood levels are not well controlled, 
you can develop severe neurologic problems. Your doctor should continue to monitor your blood 
phenylalanine levels often during your treatment with Kuvan, to make sure that your blood phenylalanine 
levels are not too high or too low. 
 
Other medicines and Kuvan 
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines. In 
particular you should tell your doctor if you are using: 
- levodopa (used to treat Parkinson’s disease) 
- medicines for treatment of cancer (e.g. methotrexate) 
- medicines for treatment of bacterial infections (e.g. trimethoprim) 
- medicines that cause dilation of blood vessels, (such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate 

(ISDN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), molsidomin, minoxidil). 
 
Pregnancy and breast-feeding 
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your 
doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine. 
 
If you are pregnant your doctor will tell you how to control phenylalanine levels adequately. If these are not 
strictly controlled before or when you become pregnant, this could be harmful to you and to your baby. Your 
doctor will monitor the restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake prior and during pregnancy. 
 
If the strict diet does not adequately reduce phenylalanine amount in your blood your doctor will consider 
whether you must take this medicine.  
 
You should not take this medicine if you are breast-feeding. 
 
Driving and using machines 
Kuvan is not expected to affect the ability to drive and use machines. 
 
Kuvan contains potassium citrate (E332) 
This medicine contains 0.3 mmol (12.6 mg) potassium per sachet. To be taken into consideration by patients 
with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet. 
 
 
3. How to take Kuvan 
 
Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you. Check with your doctor if you are not sure.  
 
Dosing for PKU 
The recommended starting dose of Kuvan in patients with PKU is 10 mg for each kg of body weight. Take 
Kuvan as a single daily dose with a meal to increase the absorption, and at the same time each day, 
preferably in the morning. Your doctor may adjust your dose, usually between 5 and 20 mg for each kg of 
body weight per day, depending on your condition. 
 
Dosing for BH4 deficiency 
The recommended starting dose of Kuvan in patients with BH4 deficiency is 2 to 5 mg for each kg of body 
weight. Take Kuvan with a meal to increase the absorption. Divide the total daily dose into 2 or 3 doses, 
taken over the day. Your doctor may adjust your dose up to 20 mg for each kg of body weight per day, 
depending on your condition.  
 



 

46 

The table below is an example of how an appropriate dose is calculated 
 

Body weight (kg) Number of 100 mg sachets 
(dose 10 mg/kg) 

Number of 100 mg sachets  
(dose 20 mg/kg) 

10 1 2 
20 2 4 
30 3 6 
40 4 8 

 
Method of administration 
For PKU patients, the total daily dose is taken once a day at the same time each day, preferably in the 
morning.  
 
For BH4 deficiency patients, the total daily dose is divided into 2 or 3 doses over the day. 
 
Use in patients above 20 kg body weight 
Be sure that you know what dose of Kuvan powder your doctor prescribed. For higher doses, your doctor 
may also prescibe Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution. Be sure you know whether to use Kuvan 100 mg 
powder for oral solution, or both medicines to prepare your dose. Open the sachet(s) only when you are 
ready to use them. 
  
Preparing the sachet(s) 
• Open the sachet(s) of Kuvan powder for oral solution by folding and tearing, or cutting at the dotted 

line in the upper right corner of the sachet.  
• Empty the contents of the sachet(s) into 120 ml to 240 ml of water. After dissolving Kuvan powder in 

water, the solution must be clear, colourless to yellow. 
 
Taking the medicine 
• Drink the solution within 30 minutes. 
 
Use in children up to 20 kg body weight 
Only use the 100 mg sachets to prepare Kuvan for children weighing up to 20 kg body weight.  
 
The dose is based on body weight. This will change as your child grows. Your doctor will tell you: 
• the number of Kuvan 100 mg sachets needed for one dose 
• the amount of water needed to mix one dose of Kuvan 
• the amount of solution you will need to give your child for their prescribed dose 
 
Your child should drink the solution with a meal.  
 
Give your child the prescribed amount of solution within 30 minutes after dissolving. If you are not able to 
give your child’s dose within 30 minutes after dissolving the powder, you will need to prepare a new solution 
as the unused solution should not be used beyond 30 minutes. 
 
Supplies needed to prepare and give your child’s dose of Kuvan 
• The number of Kuvan 100 mg sachets needed for one dose 
• A medicine cup with graduation markings at 20, 40, 60 and 80 ml 
• A glass or cup 
• Small spoon or clean utensil for stirring 
• Oral syringe (graduated in 1 ml divisions) (10 ml syringe for administration of volumes of ≤10 ml or 

20 ml syringe for administration of volumes of >10 ml) 
 
Ask your doctor for the medicine cup for dissolving the powder and the 10 ml or 20 ml oral syringe if you do 
not have these supplies. 
 



 

47 

Steps for preparing and taking your dose: 
• Place the prescribed number of Kuvan 100 mg sachets in the medicine cup. Pour the amount of water 

into the cup, as instructed by your doctor (e.g. your doctor told you to use 20 ml for dissolving one 
Kuvan sachet). Check to make sure that the amount of liquid lines up with the amount that your doctor 
tells you. Stir with the small spoon or clean utensil until the powder dissolves. After dissolving the 
powder in water, the solution must be clear, colourless to yellow. 

• If your doctor told you to administer only a portion of the solution, point the tip of the oral syringe into 
the medicine cup. Slowly pull back the plunger to withdraw the amount as instructed by your doctor.  

• Transfer the solution by pushing on the plunger slowly until all of the solution in the oral syringe is 
transferred to a glass or cup for administration (e.g. if your doctor told you to dissolve two Kuvan 
100 mg sachets in 40 ml water and administer 30 ml to your child, you would have to use the 20 ml 
oral syringe two times to draw up 30 ml (e.g. 20 ml + 10 ml) of the solution and transfer it to a glass or 
cup for administration). Use a 10 ml oral syringe for administration of volumes ≤10 ml or a 20 ml oral 
syringe for administration of volumes >10 ml. 

• If your baby is too small to drink from a glass or a cup you may administer the solution via the oral 
syringe. Draw up the prescribed volume from the solution prepared in the medicine cup and place the 
tip of the oral syringe into your baby’s mouth. Point the tip of the oral syringe towards either cheek. 
Push on the plunger slowly, a small amount at a time, until all of the solution in the oral syringe is 
given.  

• Throw away any remaining solution. Remove the plunger from the barrel of the oral syringe. Wash 
both parts of the oral syringe and the medicine cup with warm water and air dry. When the oral 
syringe is dry, put the plunger back into the barrel. Store the oral syringe and the medicine cup for 
next use. 

 
If you take more Kuvan than you should 
If you take more Kuvan than prescribed, you may experience side effects that could include headache and 
dizziness. Immediately contact your doctor or pharmacist if you take more Kuvan than prescribed. 
 
If you forget to take Kuvan 
Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. Take the next dose at the usual time. 
 
If you stop taking Kuvan 
Do not stop taking Kuvan without prior discussion with your doctor, as phenylalanine levels in your blood 
may increase.  
 
If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist. 
 
 
4. Possible side effects 
 
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. 
 
Few cases of allergic reactions (such as skin rash and serious reactions) have been reported. Their frequency 
is not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data). 
 
If you have red, itchy, raised areas (hives), runny nose, fast or uneven pulse, swelling of your tongue and 
throat, sneezing, wheezing, serious difficulty in breathing or dizziness, you may be having a serious allergic 
reaction to the medicine. If you notice these signs, contact your doctor immediately. 
 
Very common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) 
Headache and runny nose. 
 
Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) 
Sore throat, nasal congestion or stuffy nose, cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach ache, too low levels of 
phenylalanine in blood tests, indigestion and feeling sick (nausea) (see section 2: "Warnings and 
precautions"). 
 



 

48 

Not known side effects (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data) 
Gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), oesophagitis (inflammation of the lining of the gullet). 
 
Reporting of side effects 
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects 
not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in 
Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine. 
 
 
5. How to store Kuvan 
 
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the sachet and the carton after “EXP”. The 
expiry date refers to the last day of that month. 
 
Store below 25°C.  
 
Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw 
away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment. 
 
 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
What Kuvan contains  
- The active substance is sapropterin dihydrochloride. Each sachet contains 100 mg of sapropterin 

dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin).  
- The other ingredients are mannitol (E421), potassium citrate (E332), sucralose (E955), ascorbic acid 

(E300). 
 
What Kuvan looks like and contents of the pack 
The powder for oral solution is clear, off-white to light yellow. The powder is filled in unit dose sachets 
containing 100 mg sapropterin dihydrochloride. 
 
Each carton contains 30 sachets. 
 
Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
This leaflet was last revised in MM/YYYY.  
 
Other sources of information 
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency web site: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu. There are also links to other websites about rare diseases and treatments. 
 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc
http://www.ema.europa.eu/


 

49 

Package leaflet: Information for the patient 
 

Kuvan 500 mg powder for oral solution 
Sapropterin dihydrochloride  

 
Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important 
information for you. 
- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.  
- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. 
- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if 

their signs of illness are the same as yours.  
- If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects 

not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. 
 
What is in this leaflet 
 
1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for  
2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan  
3. How to take Kuvan  
4. Possible side effects  
5. How to store Kuvan  
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
 
1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for 
 
Kuvan contains the active substance sapropterin which is a synthetic copy of a body’s own substance called 
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is required by the body to use an amino acid called phenylalanine in order to 
build another amino acid called tyrosine. 
 
Kuvan is used to treat hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) or phenylketonuria (PKU) in patients of all ages. HPA 
and PKU are due to abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood which can be harmful. Kuvan 
reduces these levels in some patients who respond to BH4 and can help increase the amount of phenylalanine 
that can be included in the diet. 
 
This medicine is also used to treat an inherited disease called BH4 deficiency in patients of all ages, in which 
the body cannot produce enough BH4. Because of very low BH4 levels phenylalanine is not used properly 
and its levels rise, resulting in harmful effects. By replacing the BH4 that the body cannot produce, Kuvan 
reduces the harmful excess of phenylalanine in the blood and increases the dietary tolerance to 
phenylalanine. 
 
 
2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan 
 
Do not take Kuvan 
- if you are allergic to sapropterin or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6). 
 
Warnings and precautions  
 
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Kuvan, particularly: 
- if you are 65 years of age or older 
- if you have problems with your kidney or liver 
- if you are ill. Consultation with a physician is recommended during illness as blood phenylalanine 

levels may increase 
- if you have predisposition to convulsions 
 



 

50 

When you are treated with Kuvan, your doctor will test your blood to verify how much phenylalanine and 
tyrosine it contains and may decide to adjust the dose of Kuvan or your diet if needed. 
 
You must continue your diet treatment as recommended by your doctor. Do not change your diet without 
contacting your doctor. Even if you take Kuvan, if your phenylalanine blood levels are not well controlled, 
you can develop severe neurologic problems. Your doctor should continue to monitor your blood 
phenylalanine levels often during your treatment with Kuvan, to make sure that your blood phenylalanine 
levels are not too high or too low. 
 
Other medicines and Kuvan 
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines. In 
particular you should tell your doctor if you are using: 
- levodopa (used to treat Parkinson’s disease) 
- medicines for treatment of cancer (e.g. methotrexate) 
- medicines for treatment of bacterial infections (e.g. trimethoprim) 
- medicines that cause dilation of blood vessels, (such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate 

(ISDN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), molsidomin, minoxidil). 
 
Pregnancy and breast-feeding 
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your 
doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine. 
 
If you are pregnant your doctor will tell you how to control phenylalanine levels adequately. If these are not 
strictly controlled before or when you become pregnant, this could be harmful to you and to your baby. Your 
doctor will monitor the restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake prior and during pregnancy. 
 
If the strict diet does not adequately reduce phenylalanine amount in your blood your doctor will consider 
whether you must take this medicine.  
 
You should not take this medicine if you are breast-feeding. 
 
Driving and using machines 
Kuvan is not expected to affect the ability to drive and use machines. 
 
Kuvan contains potassium citrate (E332) 
This medicine contains 1.6 mmol (62.7 mg) potassium per sachet. This should be taken into consideration by 
patients with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet. 
 
 
3. How to take Kuvan  
 
Kuvan 500 mg is for use in patients above 25 kg body weight only. 
 
Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you. Check with your doctor if you are not sure.  
 
 
Dosing for PKU 
The recommended starting dose of Kuvan in patients with PKU is 10 mg for each kg of body weight. Take 
Kuvan as a single daily dose with a meal to increase the absorption, and at the same time each day, 
preferably in the morning. Your doctor may adjust your dose, usually between 5 and 20 mg for each kg of 
body weight per day, depending on your condition. 
 
Dosing for BH4 deficiency 
The recommended starting dose of Kuvan in patients with BH4 deficiency is 2 to 5 mg for each kg of body 
weight. Take Kuvan with a meal to increase the absorption. Divide the total daily dose into 2 or 3 doses, 
taken over the day. Your doctor may adjust your dose up to 20 mg for each kg of body weight per day, 
depending on your condition.  



 

51 

 
Method of administration 
For PKU patients, the total daily dose is taken once a day at the same time each day, preferably in the 
morning.  
 
For BH4 deficiency patients, the total daily dose is divided into 2 or 3 doses over the day. 
 
Be sure that you know what dose of Kuvan powder your doctor prescribed. For the exact dose your doctor 
may also prescibe Kuvan 100 mg powder for oral solution. Be sure whether you should use Kuvan 500 mg 
powder for oral solution alone or both medicines to prepare your dose. Open the sachet(s) only when you are 
ready to use them. 
 
Preparing the sachet(s): 
• Open the sachet(s) of Kuvan powder for oral solution by folding and tearing, or cutting at the dotted 

line in the upper right corner of the sachet.  
• Empty the contents of the sachet(s) into 120 ml to 240 ml of water. After dissolving powder in water, 

the solution must be clear, colourless to yellow. 
 
Taking the medicine 
• Drink the solution within 30 minutes. 
 
If you take more Kuvan than you should 
If you take more Kuvan than prescribed, you may experience side effects that could include headache and 
dizziness. Immediately contact your doctor or pharmacist if you take more Kuvan than prescribed. 
 
If you forget to take Kuvan 
Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. Take the next dose at the usual time. 
 
If you stop taking Kuvan 
Do not stop taking Kuvan without prior discussion with your doctor, as phenylalanine levels in your blood 
may increase.  
 
If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist. 
 
 
4. Possible side effects 
 
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. 
 
Few cases of allergic reactions (such as skin rash and serious reactions) have been reported. Their frequency 
is not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data). 
 
If you have red, itchy, raised areas (hives), runny nose, fast or uneven pulse, swelling of your tongue and 
throat, sneezing, wheezing, serious difficulty in breathing or dizziness, you may be having a serious allergic 
reaction to the medicine. If you notice these signs, contact your doctor immediately. 
 
Very common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) 
Headache and runny nose. 
 
Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) 
Sore throat, nasal congestion or stuffy nose, cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach ache, too low levels of 
phenylalanine in blood tests, indigestion and feeling sick (nausea) (see section 2: “Warnings and 
precautions”). 
 
Not known side effects (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data) 
Gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), oesophagitis (inflammation of the lining of the gullet). 
 



 

52 

Reporting of side effects 
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects 
not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in 
Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine. 
 
 
5. How to store Kuvan 
 
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the sachet and the carton after “EXP”. The 
expiry date refers to the last day of that month. 
 
Store below 25°C.  
 
Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw 
away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment. 
 
 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
What Kuvan contains  
- The active substance is sapropterin dihydrochloride. Each sachet contains 500 mg of sapropterin 

dihydrochloride (equivalent to 384 mg of sapropterin). 
- The other ingredients are mannitol (E421), potassium citrate (E332), sucralose (E955), ascorbic acid 

(E300). 
 
What Kuvan looks like and contents of the pack 
The powder for oral solution is clear, off-white to light yellow. The powder is filled in unit dose sachets 
containing 500 mg sapropterin dihydrochloride. 
 
Each carton contains 30 sachets. 
 
Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer 
BioMarin International Limited 
Shanbally, Ringaskiddy 
County Cork 
Ireland 
 
This leaflet was last revised in MM/YYYY.  
 
Other sources of information 
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency web site: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu. There are also links to other websites about rare diseases and treatments. 
 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc
http://www.ema.europa.eu/

	ANNEX I
	4.3 Contraindications
	4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
	4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
	4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
	4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
	6.2 Incompatibilities
	6.3 Shelf life
	6.4 Special precautions for storage
	6.5 Nature and contents of container
	6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
	7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
	8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
	9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
	10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

	ANNEX II
	ANNEX III
	LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET
	CARTON
	1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
	2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)
	3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS
	4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS
	5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION
	6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN
	7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY
	8. EXPIRY DATE
	9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS
	10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF APPROPRIATE
	11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
	12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
	13. BATCH NUMBER
	14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY
	15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE
	16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE
	17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE
	18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER - HUMAN READABLE DATA

	SACHET 100 mg
	1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION
	2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
	3. EXPIRY DATE
	4. BATCH NUMBER
	5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT
	6. OTHER

	SACHET 500 mg
	1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION
	2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
	3. EXPIRY DATE
	4. BATCH NUMBER
	5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT
	6. OTHER

	1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for
	2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan
	3. How to take Kuvan
	4. Possible side effects
	5. How to store Kuvan
	6. Contents of the pack and other information
	1. What Kuvan is and what it is used for
	2. What you need to know before you take Kuvan
	3. How to take Kuvan
	4. Possible side effects
	5. How to store Kuvan
	6. Contents of the pack and other information
{'Title': '1. what kuvan is and what it is used for', 'Section_Content': "kuvan contains the active substance sapropterin which is a synthetic copy of a body's own substance called tetrahydrobiopterin (bh4). bh4 is required by the body to use an amino acid called phenylalanine in order to build another amino acid called tyrosine. kuvan is used to treat hyperphenylalaninaemia (hpa) or phenylketonuria (pku) in patients of all ages. hpa and pku are due to abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood which can be harmful. kuvan reduces these levels in some patients who respond to bh4 and can help increase the amount of phenylalanine that can be included in the diet. this medicine is also used to treat an inherited disease called bh4 deficiency in patients of all ages, in which the body cannot produce enough bh4. because of very low bh4 levels phenylalanine is not used properly and its levels rise, resulting in harmful effects. by replacing the bh4 that the body cannot produce, kuvan reduces the harmful excess of phenylalanine in the blood and increases the dietary tolerance to phenylalanine.", 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'kuvan', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 5, 'Score': 0.9195998311042786, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'the active substance sapropterin', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 15, 'EndOffset': 47}, {'Text': 'tetrahydrobiopterin (bh4)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 107, 'EndOffset': 132}, {'Text': 'an amino acid', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 169, 'EndOffset': 182}, {'Id': 4, 'BeginOffset': 190, 'EndOffset': 203, 'Score': 0.9811712503433228, 'Text': 'phenylalanine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'another amino acid called tyrosine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 222, 'EndOffset': 256}, {'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 258, 'EndOffset': 263, 'Score': 0.9864740967750549, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'hyperphenylalaninaemia (hpa)', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 281, 'EndOffset': 309}, {'Text': 'phenylketonuria (pku)', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 313, 'EndOffset': 334}, {'Id': 19, 'BeginOffset': 360, 'EndOffset': 363, 'Score': 0.45646411180496216, 'Text': 'hpa', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Score': 0.48867067694664, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999995231628418, 'RelationshipType': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Id': 21, 'BeginOffset': 383, 'EndOffset': 435, 'Text': 'abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 20, 'BeginOffset': 368, 'EndOffset': 371, 'Score': 0.828820526599884, 'Text': 'pku', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Score': 0.48867067694664, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999997615814209, 'RelationshipType': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Id': 21, 'BeginOffset': 383, 'EndOffset': 435, 'Text': 'abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'abnormally high levels of phenylalanine in the blood', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 383, 'EndOffset': 435}, {'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 458, 'EndOffset': 463, 'Score': 0.9326397776603699, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'bh4', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 517, 'EndOffset': 520}, {'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 557, 'EndOffset': 570, 'Score': 0.8956543207168579, 'Text': 'phenylalanine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 605, 'EndOffset': 618}, {'Text': 'an inherited disease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 641, 'EndOffset': 661}, {'Id': 18, 'BeginOffset': 669, 'EndOffset': 683, 'Score': 0.4041525423526764, 'Text': 'bh4 deficiency', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9508149027824402}]}, {'Text': 'very low bh4 levels phenylalanine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 765, 'EndOffset': 798}, {'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 922, 'EndOffset': 927, 'Score': 0.9732487201690674, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 12, 'BeginOffset': 958, 'EndOffset': 971, 'Score': 0.846728503704071, 'Text': 'phenylalanine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 1024, 'EndOffset': 1037, 'Score': 0.9180459380149841, 'Text': 'phenylalanine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}]}
{'Title': '2. what do you need to know before you take kuvan', 'Section_Content': "do not take kuvan if you are allergic to sapropterin or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6). warnings and precautions talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking kuvan, particularly: - if you are 65 years of age or older - if you have problems with your kidney or liver - if you are ill. consultation with a physician is recommended during illness as blood phenylalanine levels may increase - if you have predisposition to convulsions 40 when you are treated with kuvan, your doctor will test your blood to verify how much phenylalanine and tyrosine it contains and may decide to adjust the dose of kuvan or your diet if needed. you must continue your diet treatment as recommended by your doctor. do not change your diet without contacting your doctor. even if you take kuvan, if your phenylalanine blood levels are not well controlled, you can develop severe neurologic problems. your doctor should continue to monitor your blood phenylalanine levels often during your treatment with kuvan, to make sure that your blood phenylalanine levels are not too high or too low. other medicines and kuvan tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines. in particular you should tell your doctor if you are using: - levodopa (used to treat parkinson's disease) - medicines for treatment of cancer (e.g. methotrexate) - medicines for treatment of bacterial infections (e.g. trimethoprim) - medicines that cause dilation of blood vessels, (such as glyceryl trinitrate (gtn), isosorbide dinitrate (isdn), sodium nitroprusside (snp), molsidomin, minoxidil). pregnancy and breast feeding if you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine. if you are pregnant your doctor will tell you how to control phenylalanine levels adequately. if these are not strictly controlled before or when you become pregnant, this could be harmful to you and to your baby. your doctor will monitor the restriction of dietary phenylalanine intake prior and during pregnancy. if the strict diet does not adequately reduce phenylalanine amount in your blood your doctor will consider whether you must take this medicine. you should not take this medicine if you are breast-feeding. driving and using machines kuvan is not expected to affect the ability to drive and use machines. important information about some of the ingredients of kuvan this medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.", 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'kuvan', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Id': 4, 'BeginOffset': 12, 'EndOffset': 17, 'Score': 0.9981048107147217, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.8624019622802734}]}, {'Text': 'allergic', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 29, 'EndOffset': 37}, {'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 41, 'EndOffset': 52, 'Score': 0.6037120819091797, 'Text': 'sapropterin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 88, 'EndOffset': 101}, {'Id': 6, 'BeginOffset': 198, 'EndOffset': 203, 'Score': 0.9873557686805725, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 36, 'BeginOffset': 232, 'EndOffset': 234, 'Score': 0.4295894205570221, 'Text': '65', 'Category': 'PROTECTED_HEALTH_INFORMATION', 'Type': 'AGE', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your kidney or liver', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 285, 'EndOffset': 305}, {'Id': 23, 'BeginOffset': 319, 'EndOffset': 322, 'Score': 0.4191020131111145, 'Text': 'ill', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 37, 'BeginOffset': 387, 'EndOffset': 413, 'Score': 0.6217191219329834, 'Text': 'blood phenylalanine levels', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 24, 'BeginOffset': 441, 'EndOffset': 470, 'Score': 0.5100379586219788, 'Text': 'predisposition to convulsions', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8363831043243408}]}, {'Text': '40', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 471, 'EndOffset': 473}, {'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 500, 'EndOffset': 505, 'Score': 0.9975873231887817, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your blood', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 529, 'EndOffset': 539}, {'Id': 8, 'BeginOffset': 559, 'EndOffset': 572, 'Score': 0.77241450548172, 'Text': 'phenylalanine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 577, 'EndOffset': 585, 'Score': 0.4926937222480774, 'Text': 'tyrosine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 635, 'EndOffset': 640, 'Score': 0.9947569370269775, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your diet treatment', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 683, 'EndOffset': 702}, {'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 807, 'EndOffset': 812, 'Score': 0.9975138902664185, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your phenylalanine blood levels', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 817, 'EndOffset': 848}, {'Text': 'severe neurologic problems', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 890, 'EndOffset': 916}, {'Text': 'your blood phenylalanine levels', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 957, 'EndOffset': 988}, {'Id': 12, 'BeginOffset': 1022, 'EndOffset': 1027, 'Score': 0.9960197806358337, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your blood phenylalanine levels', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1047, 'EndOffset': 1078}, {'Text': 'other medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1108, 'EndOffset': 1123}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 1128, 'EndOffset': 1133, 'Score': 0.990985631942749, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'any other medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1218, 'EndOffset': 1237}, {'Id': 14, 'BeginOffset': 1301, 'EndOffset': 1309, 'Score': 0.9318758845329285, 'Text': 'levodopa', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 26, 'BeginOffset': 1325, 'EndOffset': 1344, 'Score': 0.9938107132911682, 'Text': "parkinson's disease", 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9762011766433716}]}, {'Text': 'medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1348, 'EndOffset': 1357}, {'Id': 27, 'BeginOffset': 1375, 'EndOffset': 1381, 'Score': 0.9893627762794495, 'Text': 'cancer', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9778227210044861}]}, {'Text': 'methotrexate)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1388, 'EndOffset': 1401}, {'Text': 'medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1404, 'EndOffset': 1413}, {'Id': 28, 'BeginOffset': 1431, 'EndOffset': 1451, 'Score': 0.9594879150390625, 'Text': 'bacterial infections', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9715740084648132}]}, {'Text': 'trimethoprim)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1458, 'EndOffset': 1471}, {'Text': 'medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1474, 'EndOffset': 1483}, {'Id': 29, 'BeginOffset': 1495, 'EndOffset': 1520, 'Score': 0.2824678122997284, 'Text': 'dilation of blood vessels', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7464890480041504}]}, {'Text': 'glyceryl trinitrate (gtn)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1531, 'EndOffset': 1556}, {'Text': 'isosorbide dinitrate (isdn)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1558, 'EndOffset': 1585}, {'Text': 'sodium nitroprusside (snp)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1587, 'EndOffset': 1613}, {'Id': 21, 'BeginOffset': 1615, 'EndOffset': 1625, 'Score': 0.9933512806892395, 'Text': 'molsidomin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 22, 'BeginOffset': 1627, 'EndOffset': 1636, 'Score': 0.9925209283828735, 'Text': 'minoxidil', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 30, 'BeginOffset': 1639, 'EndOffset': 1648, 'Score': 0.9405537247657776, 'Text': 'pregnancy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.93801349401474}]}, {'Id': 31, 'BeginOffset': 1653, 'EndOffset': 1667, 'Score': 0.5110602378845215, 'Text': 'breast feeding', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8746796250343323}]}, {'Id': 32, 'BeginOffset': 1679, 'EndOffset': 1687, 'Score': 0.9902715086936951, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9598144888877869}]}, {'Id': 33, 'BeginOffset': 1724, 'EndOffset': 1732, 'Score': 0.9940029978752136, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9593101739883423}]}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1820, 'EndOffset': 1833}, {'Id': 34, 'BeginOffset': 1846, 'EndOffset': 1854, 'Score': 0.9912701845169067, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9517589211463928}]}, {'Text': 'phenylalanine levels', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1896, 'EndOffset': 1916}, {'Id': 35, 'BeginOffset': 1992, 'EndOffset': 2000, 'Score': 0.9972203969955444, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9572287201881409}]}, {'Text': 'dietary phenylalanine intake', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2093, 'EndOffset': 2121}, {'Id': 51, 'BeginOffset': 2122, 'EndOffset': 2127, 'Score': 0.9999924898147583, 'Text': 'prior', 'Category': 'TIME_EXPRESSION', 'Type': 'TIME_TO_MEDICATION_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Score': 0.41843149065971375, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7469509243965149, 'RelationshipType': 'OVERLAP', 'Id': 42, 'BeginOffset': 2101, 'EndOffset': 2114, 'Text': 'phenylalanine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 50, 'BeginOffset': 2139, 'EndOffset': 2148, 'Score': 0.9254599809646606, 'Text': 'pregnancy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9316321611404419}]}, {'Text': 'phenylalanine amount', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2196, 'EndOffset': 2216}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2279, 'EndOffset': 2292}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2314, 'EndOffset': 2327}, {'Text': 'machines kuvan', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2373, 'EndOffset': 2387}, {'Text': 'kuvan this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2508, 'EndOffset': 2527}, {'Text': '1 mmol sodium', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2547, 'EndOffset': 2560}]}
{'Title': '3. how to take kuvan', 'Section_Content': "always take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you. check with your doctor if you are not sure. dosing for pku the recommended starting dose of kuvan in patients with pku is 10 mg for each kg of body weight. take kuvan as a single daily dose with a meal to increase the absorption, and at the same time each day, preferably in the morning. your doctor may adjust your dose, usually between 5 and 20 mg for each kg of body weight per day, depending on your condition. dosing for bh4 deficiency the recommended starting dose of kuvan in patients with bh4 deficiency is 2 to 5 mg for each kg of body weight. take kuvan with a meal to increase the absorption. divide the total daily dose into 2 or 3 doses, taken over the day. your doctor may adjust your dose up to 20 mg for each kg of body weight per day, depending on your condition. the table below is an example of how an appropriate dose is calculated body weight (kg) number of 100 mg tablets (dose 10 mg/kg) number of 100 mg tablets (dose 20 mg/kg) 10 1 2 20 2 4 30 3 6 40 4 8 50 5 10 method of administration for pku patients, the total daily dose is taken once a day at the same time each day, preferably in the morning. for bh4 deficiency patients, the total daily dose is divided into 2 or 3 doses over the day. use in all patients place the prescribed number of tablets in a glass or cup of water as accurately described below and stir until dissolved. it may take a few minutes for the tablets to dissolve. to make the tablets dissolve faster you can crush them. small particles may be visible in the solution, but they will not affect the effectiveness of the medicine. drink the dissolved preparation of kuvan with a meal within 15 to 20 minutes of its preparation. do not swallow the desiccant capsule contained in the bottle. use in patients above 20 kg body weight place the tablets in a glass or cup (120 to 240 ml) of water and stir until dissolved. use in children up to 20 kg body weight the dose is based on body weight. this will change as your child grows. your doctor will tell you: the number of kuvan tablets needed for one dose the amount of water needed to mix one dose of kuvan the amount of solution you will need to give your child for their prescribed dose your child should drink the solution with a meal. give your child the prescribed amount of solution within 15 to 20 minutes after dissolving. if you are not able to give your child's dose within 15 to 20 minutes after dissolving the tablets, you will need to prepare a new solution as the unused solution should not be used beyond 20 minutes. supplies needed to prepare and give your child's dose of kuvan the number of kuvan tablets needed for one dose a medicine cup with graduation markings at 20, 40, 60 and 80 ml a glass or cup small spoon or clean utensil for stirring oral syringe (graduated in 1 ml divisions) (10 ml syringe for administration of volumes of ≤10 ml or 20 ml syringe for administration of volumes of >10 ml) ask your doctor for the medicine cup for dissolving the tablets and the 10 ml or 20 ml oral syringe if you do not have these supplies. steps for preparing and taking your dose: place the prescribed number of tablets in the medicine cup. pour the amount of water into the medicine cup, as instructed by your doctor (e.g. your doctor told you to use 20 ml for dissolving one kuvan tablet). check to make sure that the amount of liquid lines up with the amount that your doctor tells you. stir with the small spoon or clean utensil until the tablets dissolve. if your doctor told you to administer only a portion of the solution, point the tip of the oral syringe into the medicine cup. slowly pull back the plunger to withdraw the amount as instructed by your doctor. transfer the solution by pushing on the plunger slowly until all of the solution in the oral syringe is transferred to a glass or cup for administration (e.g. if your doctor told you to dissolve two kuvan tablets in 40 ml water and administer 30 ml to your child, you would have to use the 20 ml oral syringe two times to draw up 30 ml (e.g. ml + 10 ml) of the solution and transfer it to a glass or cup for administration). use a 10 ml oral syringe for administration of volumes ≤10 ml or a 20 ml oral syringe for administration of volumes >10 ml. if your baby is too small to drink from a glass or a cup you may administer the solution via the oral syringe. draw up the prescribed volume from the solution prepared in the medicine cup and place the tip of the oral syringe into your baby's mouth. point the tip of the oral syringe towards either cheek. push on the plunger slowly, a small amount at a time, until all of the solution in the oral syringe is given. throw away any remaining solution. remove the plunger from the barrel of the oral syringe. wash both parts of the oral syringe and the medicine cup with warm water and air dry. when the oral syringe is dry, put the plunger back into the barrel. store the oral syringe and the medicine cup for next use. if you take more kuvan than you should if you take more kuvan than prescribed, you may experience side effects that could include headache and dizziness. immediately contact your doctor or pharmacist if you take more kuvan than prescribed. if you forget to take kuvan do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. take the next dose at the usual time. if you stop taking kuvan do not stop taking kuvan without prior discussion with your doctor, as phenylalanine levels in your blood may increase. if you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.", 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'kuvan', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 12, 'EndOffset': 25}, {'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 155, 'EndOffset': 160, 'Score': 0.9942212104797363, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9057096838951111, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9992583394050598, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 185, 'EndOffset': 190, 'Text': '10 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'pku', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 178, 'EndOffset': 181}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 185, 'EndOffset': 187}, {'Text': 'body weight', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 206, 'EndOffset': 217}, {'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 224, 'EndOffset': 229, 'Score': 0.9978575110435486, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': '5', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 401, 'EndOffset': 402}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 407, 'EndOffset': 409}, {'Text': 'bh4 deficiency', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 489, 'EndOffset': 503}, {'Id': 4, 'BeginOffset': 537, 'EndOffset': 542, 'Score': 0.9933432340621948, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.8619557023048401, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9967700242996216, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 583, 'EndOffset': 587, 'Text': '5 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'bh4 deficiency', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 560, 'EndOffset': 574}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 578, 'EndOffset': 579}, {'Text': '5', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 583, 'EndOffset': 584}, {'Text': 'body weight', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 603, 'EndOffset': 614}, {'Id': 6, 'BeginOffset': 621, 'EndOffset': 626, 'Score': 0.9967703819274902, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a meal', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 632, 'EndOffset': 638}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 700, 'EndOffset': 701}, {'Text': '3', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 705, 'EndOffset': 706}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 773, 'EndOffset': 775}, {'Text': 'calculated body weight (kg)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 904, 'EndOffset': 931}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 942, 'EndOffset': 945}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 963, 'EndOffset': 965}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 983, 'EndOffset': 986}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1004, 'EndOffset': 1006}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1014, 'EndOffset': 1016}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1017, 'EndOffset': 1018}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1019, 'EndOffset': 1020}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1021, 'EndOffset': 1023}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1024, 'EndOffset': 1025}, {'Text': '4', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1026, 'EndOffset': 1027}, {'Text': '30', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1028, 'EndOffset': 1030}, {'Text': '3', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1031, 'EndOffset': 1032}, {'Text': '6', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1033, 'EndOffset': 1034}, {'Text': '40', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1035, 'EndOffset': 1037}, {'Text': '4', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1038, 'EndOffset': 1039}, {'Text': '8', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1040, 'EndOffset': 1041}, {'Text': '50', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1042, 'EndOffset': 1044}, {'Text': '5', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1045, 'EndOffset': 1046}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1047, 'EndOffset': 1049}, {'Text': 'bh4 deficiency', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1192, 'EndOffset': 1206}, {'Text': 'the total daily dose', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1217, 'EndOffset': 1237}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1254, 'EndOffset': 1255}, {'Text': '3', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1259, 'EndOffset': 1260}, {'Text': 'the tablets to dissolve', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1453, 'EndOffset': 1476}, {'Text': 'the tablets dissolve', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1486, 'EndOffset': 1506}, {'Text': 'small particles', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1534, 'EndOffset': 1549}, {'Text': 'the medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1628, 'EndOffset': 1640}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 1677, 'EndOffset': 1682, 'Score': 0.9970458149909973, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': '15', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1702, 'EndOffset': 1704}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1708, 'EndOffset': 1710}, {'Text': 'the desiccant capsule', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1754, 'EndOffset': 1775}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1823, 'EndOffset': 1825}, {'Text': '240', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1885, 'EndOffset': 1888}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1950, 'EndOffset': 1952}, {'Text': 'body weight', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1989, 'EndOffset': 2000}, {'Text': 'kuvan tablets', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2081, 'EndOffset': 2094}, {'Text': 'kuvan the amount of solution', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2161, 'EndOffset': 2189}, {'Text': 'your child the prescribed amount of solution', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2304, 'EndOffset': 2348}, {'Text': '15', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2356, 'EndOffset': 2358}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2362, 'EndOffset': 2364}, {'Text': '15', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2444, 'EndOffset': 2446}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2450, 'EndOffset': 2452}, {'Text': 'a new solution', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2516, 'EndOffset': 2530}, {'Text': 'the unused solution', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2534, 'EndOffset': 2553}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2580, 'EndOffset': 2582}, {'Id': 25, 'BeginOffset': 2649, 'EndOffset': 2654, 'Score': 0.9936414361000061, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.979786217212677, 'RelationshipScore': 0.5686017870903015, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 27, 'BeginOffset': 2675, 'EndOffset': 2682, 'Text': 'tablets', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'kuvan tablets', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2669, 'EndOffset': 2682}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2746, 'EndOffset': 2748}, {'Text': '40', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2750, 'EndOffset': 2752}, {'Text': '60', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2754, 'EndOffset': 2756}, {'Text': '80', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2761, 'EndOffset': 2763}, {'Text': 'stirring oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2815, 'EndOffset': 2836}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2851, 'EndOffset': 2852}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2868, 'EndOffset': 2870}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2916, 'EndOffset': 2918}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2925, 'EndOffset': 2927}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2973, 'EndOffset': 2975}, {'Text': 'the medicine cup', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3000, 'EndOffset': 3016}, {'Text': 'dissolving the tablets', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3021, 'EndOffset': 3043}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3052, 'EndOffset': 3054}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3061, 'EndOffset': 3063}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3328, 'EndOffset': 3330}, {'Id': 33, 'BeginOffset': 3353, 'EndOffset': 3358, 'Score': 0.9777437448501587, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.8229129314422607, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9994416832923889, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 31, 'BeginOffset': 3328, 'EndOffset': 3333, 'Text': '20 ml', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.31161653995513916, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9992086291313171, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 32, 'BeginOffset': 3349, 'EndOffset': 3352, 'Text': 'one', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.9841051697731018, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999983310699463, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 34, 'BeginOffset': 3359, 'EndOffset': 3365, 'Text': 'tablet', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'liquid lines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3406, 'EndOffset': 3418}, {'Text': 'the tablets dissolve', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3515, 'EndOffset': 3535}, {'Text': 'the solution', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3593, 'EndOffset': 3605}, {'Text': 'the plunger', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3681, 'EndOffset': 3692}, {'Text': 'the solution in the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3814, 'EndOffset': 3846}, {'Id': 35, 'BeginOffset': 3945, 'EndOffset': 3950, 'Score': 0.988647997379303, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.9764827489852905, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999966621398926, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 36, 'BeginOffset': 3951, 'EndOffset': 3958, 'Text': 'tablets', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.672102689743042, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9969088435173035, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 37, 'BeginOffset': 3962, 'EndOffset': 3967, 'Text': '40 ml', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.749635636806488, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9130558967590332, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 38, 'BeginOffset': 3989, 'EndOffset': 3994, 'Text': '30 ml', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.8054567575454712, 'RelationshipScore': 0.8108827471733093, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 39, 'BeginOffset': 4036, 'EndOffset': 4041, 'Text': '20 ml', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.6016218066215515, 'RelationshipScore': 0.6091315746307373, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 40, 'BeginOffset': 4042, 'EndOffset': 4054, 'Text': 'oral syringe', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': '40', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3962, 'EndOffset': 3964}, {'Text': '30', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3989, 'EndOffset': 3991}, {'Text': 'the 20 ml oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4032, 'EndOffset': 4054}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4036, 'EndOffset': 4038}, {'Text': '30', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4076, 'EndOffset': 4078}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4093, 'EndOffset': 4095}, {'Text': 'a 10 ml oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4175, 'EndOffset': 4195}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4177, 'EndOffset': 4179}, {'Text': 'administration of volumes', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4200, 'EndOffset': 4225}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4227, 'EndOffset': 4229}, {'Text': '20', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4238, 'EndOffset': 4240}, {'Text': 'administration of volumes', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4261, 'EndOffset': 4286}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4288, 'EndOffset': 4290}, {'Text': 'the solution via the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4371, 'EndOffset': 4404}, {'Text': 'the solution', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4441, 'EndOffset': 4453}, {'Text': 'the medicine cup', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4466, 'EndOffset': 4482}, {'Text': 'the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4504, 'EndOffset': 4520}, {'Text': 'the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4562, 'EndOffset': 4578}, {'Text': 'the solution in the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4668, 'EndOffset': 4700}, {'Text': 'the plunger', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4753, 'EndOffset': 4764}, {'Text': 'the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4784, 'EndOffset': 4800}, {'Text': 'the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4821, 'EndOffset': 4837}, {'Text': 'the medicine cup', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4842, 'EndOffset': 4858}, {'Text': 'the oral syringe', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4893, 'EndOffset': 4909}, {'Id': 46, 'BeginOffset': 5031, 'EndOffset': 5036, 'Score': 0.9179914593696594, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 47, 'BeginOffset': 5070, 'EndOffset': 5075, 'Score': 0.9501551389694214, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 52, 'BeginOffset': 5112, 'EndOffset': 5124, 'Score': 0.8688887357711792, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6190759539604187}]}, {'Id': 53, 'BeginOffset': 5144, 'EndOffset': 5152, 'Score': 0.9959527254104614, 'Text': 'headache', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7683842778205872}]}, {'Id': 54, 'BeginOffset': 5157, 'EndOffset': 5166, 'Score': 0.9983835220336914, 'Text': 'dizziness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7804311513900757}]}, {'Id': 48, 'BeginOffset': 5231, 'EndOffset': 5236, 'Score': 0.9736745953559875, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 49, 'BeginOffset': 5276, 'EndOffset': 5281, 'Score': 0.9974326491355896, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a double dose', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5294, 'EndOffset': 5307}, {'Id': 50, 'BeginOffset': 5398, 'EndOffset': 5403, 'Score': 0.9984825253486633, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.718351423740387}]}, {'Id': 51, 'BeginOffset': 5423, 'EndOffset': 5428, 'Score': 0.9987465143203735, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.8144251704216003}]}, {'Text': 'phenylalanine levels', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 5475, 'EndOffset': 5495}, {'Text': 'your blood', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 5499, 'EndOffset': 5509}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5572, 'EndOffset': 5585}]}
{'Title': '4. possible side effects', 'Section_Content': 'like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. few cases of allergic reactions (such as skin rash and serious reactions) have been reported. their frequency is not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data). if you have red, itchy, raised areas (hives), runny nose, fast or uneven pulse, swelling of your tongue and throat, sneezing, wheezing, serious difficulty in breathing or dizziness, you may be having a serious allergic reaction to the medicine. if you notice these signs, contact your doctor immediately. very common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) headache and runny nose. common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) sore throat, nasal congestion or stuffy nose, cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach ache, too low levels of phenylalanine in blood tests, indigestion and feeling sick (nausea) (see section 2: "warnings and precautions"). not known side effects (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data) gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), oesophagitis (inflammation of the lining of the gullet). reporting of side effects if you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist or nurse. this includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. you can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in appendix v. by reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'kuvan', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'all medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5, 'EndOffset': 18}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 20, 'EndOffset': 33}, {'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 44, 'EndOffset': 56, 'Score': 0.9666591286659241, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7395195960998535}]}, {'Id': 12, 'BeginOffset': 105, 'EndOffset': 123, 'Score': 0.957023561000824, 'Text': 'allergic reactions', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.729759693145752}, {'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.4035016596317291}]}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 133, 'EndOffset': 142, 'Score': 0.9346108436584473, 'Text': 'skin rash', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8402999639511108}]}, {'Id': 14, 'BeginOffset': 147, 'EndOffset': 164, 'Score': 0.6309963464736938, 'Text': 'serious reactions', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8812804222106934}]}, {'Id': 15, 'BeginOffset': 192, 'EndOffset': 201, 'Score': 0.3641416132450104, 'Text': 'frequency', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 16, 'BeginOffset': 284, 'EndOffset': 287, 'Score': 0.7405641078948975, 'Text': 'red', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.749806821346283}]}, {'Id': 17, 'BeginOffset': 289, 'EndOffset': 294, 'Score': 0.9351680278778076, 'Text': 'itchy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9159327149391174}]}, {'Text': 'raised areas (hives', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 296, 'EndOffset': 315}, {'Id': 20, 'BeginOffset': 318, 'EndOffset': 328, 'Score': 0.9485597610473633, 'Text': 'runny nose', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8867927193641663}]}, {'Id': 21, 'BeginOffset': 330, 'EndOffset': 350, 'Score': 0.7311068177223206, 'Text': 'fast or uneven pulse', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9512350559234619}]}, {'Text': 'swelling of your tongue and throat', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 352, 'EndOffset': 386}, {'Id': 23, 'BeginOffset': 388, 'EndOffset': 396, 'Score': 0.9911530613899231, 'Text': 'sneezing', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9797215461730957}]}, {'Id': 24, 'BeginOffset': 398, 'EndOffset': 406, 'Score': 0.9989814162254333, 'Text': 'wheezing', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9794812798500061}]}, {'Text': 'serious difficulty in breathing', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 408, 'EndOffset': 439}, {'Id': 26, 'BeginOffset': 443, 'EndOffset': 452, 'Score': 0.9992491602897644, 'Text': 'dizziness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9627429246902466}]}, {'Text': 'a serious allergic reaction', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 472, 'EndOffset': 499}, {'Text': 'the medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 503, 'EndOffset': 515}, {'Text': 'very common side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 577, 'EndOffset': 601}, {'Id': 29, 'BeginOffset': 607, 'EndOffset': 613, 'Score': 0.22915981709957123, 'Text': 'affect', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 624, 'EndOffset': 625}, {'Id': 57, 'BeginOffset': 629, 'EndOffset': 631, 'Score': 0.45032253861427307, 'Text': '10', 'Category': 'TIME_EXPRESSION', 'Type': 'TIME_TO_DX_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Score': 0.22915981709957123, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7935411930084229, 'RelationshipType': 'OVERLAP', 'Id': 29, 'BeginOffset': 607, 'EndOffset': 613, 'Text': 'affect', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 30, 'BeginOffset': 640, 'EndOffset': 648, 'Score': 0.9931857585906982, 'Text': 'headache', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9092376232147217}]}, {'Id': 31, 'BeginOffset': 653, 'EndOffset': 663, 'Score': 0.9542946815490723, 'Text': 'runny nose', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8700048923492432}]}, {'Text': 'common side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 665, 'EndOffset': 684}, {'Id': 33, 'BeginOffset': 690, 'EndOffset': 717, 'Score': 0.19998276233673096, 'Text': 'affect up to 1 in 10 people', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 703, 'EndOffset': 704}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 708, 'EndOffset': 710}, {'Id': 34, 'BeginOffset': 719, 'EndOffset': 730, 'Score': 0.8517404198646545, 'Text': 'sore throat', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9446772336959839}]}, {'Id': 35, 'BeginOffset': 732, 'EndOffset': 748, 'Score': 0.9567718505859375, 'Text': 'nasal congestion', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.975534200668335}]}, {'Id': 36, 'BeginOffset': 752, 'EndOffset': 763, 'Score': 0.8427955508232117, 'Text': 'stuffy nose', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.939038872718811}]}, {'Id': 37, 'BeginOffset': 765, 'EndOffset': 770, 'Score': 0.9984662532806396, 'Text': 'cough', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.978571891784668}]}, {'Id': 38, 'BeginOffset': 772, 'EndOffset': 781, 'Score': 0.9988534450531006, 'Text': 'diarrhoea', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9704054594039917}]}, {'Id': 39, 'BeginOffset': 783, 'EndOffset': 791, 'Score': 0.9988918900489807, 'Text': 'vomiting', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9747878313064575}]}, {'Id': 40, 'BeginOffset': 793, 'EndOffset': 805, 'Score': 0.9801929593086243, 'Text': 'stomach ache', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9468491077423096}]}, {'Text': 'too low levels of phenylalanine in blood tests', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 807, 'EndOffset': 853}, {'Id': 42, 'BeginOffset': 855, 'EndOffset': 866, 'Score': 0.9299989342689514, 'Text': 'indigestion', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8925869464874268}]}, {'Text': 'feeling sick (nausea', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 871, 'EndOffset': 891}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 906, 'EndOffset': 907}, {'Text': 'known side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 942, 'EndOffset': 960}, {'Id': 46, 'BeginOffset': 962, 'EndOffset': 971, 'Score': 0.5147660374641418, 'Text': 'frequency', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1017, 'EndOffset': 1069}, {'Id': 49, 'BeginOffset': 1072, 'EndOffset': 1084, 'Score': 0.9126416444778442, 'Text': 'oesophagitis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.6980374455451965}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.42799073457717896, 'RelationshipScore': 0.5986491441726685, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 1106, 'EndOffset': 1126, 'Text': 'lining of the gullet', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 50, 'BeginOffset': 1086, 'EndOffset': 1098, 'Score': 0.9639155268669128, 'Text': 'inflammation', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.6915096044540405}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.42799073457717896, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9997813105583191, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 1106, 'EndOffset': 1126, 'Text': 'lining of the gullet', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 1106, 'EndOffset': 1126, 'Score': 0.42799073457717896, 'Text': 'lining of the gullet', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 51, 'BeginOffset': 1142, 'EndOffset': 1154, 'Score': 0.9142540097236633, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7520137429237366}]}, {'Id': 52, 'BeginOffset': 1170, 'EndOffset': 1182, 'Score': 0.9006988406181335, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7315884232521057}]}, {'Id': 53, 'BeginOffset': 1255, 'EndOffset': 1267, 'Score': 0.949151337146759, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6353408694267273}]}, {'Id': 54, 'BeginOffset': 1316, 'EndOffset': 1328, 'Score': 0.8446898460388184, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6892573833465576}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.4698651134967804, 'RelationshipScore': 0.6262401938438416, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 1382, 'EndOffset': 1390, 'Text': 'appendix', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 1382, 'EndOffset': 1390, 'Score': 0.4698651134967804, 'Text': 'appendix', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 55, 'BeginOffset': 1407, 'EndOffset': 1419, 'Score': 0.7638402581214905, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7239918112754822}]}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1475, 'EndOffset': 1488}]}
{'Title': '5. how to store kuvan', 'Section_Content': 'keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the bottle and the carton after "exp". the expiry date refers to the last day of that month. store below 25. keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. ask your pharmacist how to throw away medicines you no longer use. these measures will help protect the environment.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'kuvan', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 70, 'EndOffset': 83}, {'Text': '25.', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 230, 'EndOffset': 233}, {'Text': 'the bottle', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 239, 'EndOffset': 249}]}
{'Title': '6. contents of the pack and other information', 'Section_Content': 'what kuvan contains - the active substance is sapropterin dihydrochloride. each tablet contains 100 mg of sapropterin dihydrochloride (equivalent to 77 mg of sapropterin). - the other ingredients are mannitol (e421), calcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous, crospovidone type a, ascorbic acid (e300), sodium stearyl fumarate, and riboflavin (e101). what kuvan looks like and contents of the pack kuvan 100 mg soluble tablets are off-white to light yellow with "177" imprinted on one face. it is available in bottles with child-resistant closure of 30, 120 or 240 soluble tablets. each bottle contains a small plastic tube of desiccant (silica gel). not all pack sizes may be marketed.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'kuvan', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 5, 'EndOffset': 10, 'Score': 0.8506470918655396, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 46, 'EndOffset': 73, 'Score': 0.9913249015808105, 'Text': 'sapropterin dihydrochloride', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Score': 0.2586725354194641, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9978994131088257, 'RelationshipType': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 75, 'EndOffset': 86, 'Text': 'each tablet', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 96, 'EndOffset': 99}, {'Id': 4, 'BeginOffset': 106, 'EndOffset': 133, 'Score': 0.9942446351051331, 'Text': 'sapropterin dihydrochloride', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9723942875862122, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9997757077217102, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 96, 'EndOffset': 102, 'Text': '100 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9631227850914001, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9036378860473633, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 149, 'EndOffset': 154, 'Text': '77 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': '77', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 149, 'EndOffset': 151}, {'Id': 6, 'BeginOffset': 158, 'EndOffset': 169, 'Score': 0.9369971752166748, 'Text': 'sapropterin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9631227850914001, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999947547912598, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 149, 'EndOffset': 154, 'Text': '77 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 200, 'EndOffset': 208, 'Score': 0.7174350619316101, 'Text': 'mannitol', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9631227850914001, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9892472624778748, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 149, 'EndOffset': 154, 'Text': '77 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 8, 'BeginOffset': 217, 'EndOffset': 253, 'Score': 0.998747706413269, 'Text': 'calcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'crospovidone type a, ascorbic acid', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 255, 'EndOffset': 289}, {'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 298, 'EndOffset': 321, 'Score': 0.9978931546211243, 'Text': 'sodium stearyl fumarate', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 12, 'BeginOffset': 327, 'EndOffset': 337, 'Score': 0.9716421961784363, 'Text': 'riboflavin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 351, 'EndOffset': 356, 'Score': 0.9598314166069031, 'Text': 'kuvan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.8497869968414307, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9970128536224365, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 16, 'BeginOffset': 406, 'EndOffset': 421, 'Text': 'soluble tablets', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'the pack kuvan', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 384, 'EndOffset': 398}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 399, 'EndOffset': 402}, {'Text': 'child-resistant closure', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 518, 'EndOffset': 541}, {'Text': '30', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 545, 'EndOffset': 547}, {'Text': '120', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 549, 'EndOffset': 552}, {'Text': '240', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 556, 'EndOffset': 559}, {'Text': 'a small plastic tube of desiccant (silica gel', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 598, 'EndOffset': 643}]}