Nuedexta
1

ANNEX I

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

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1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg hard capsules

2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 15.41 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

Excipient with known effect: 

Each hard capsule contains 119.1 mg of lactose (as monohydrate).

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Hard capsule

Brick red gelatin capsule, size 1, with “DMQ / 20-10” printed in white ink on the capsule. 

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

NUEDEXTA is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in adults (see 
section 4.4). Efficacy has only been studied in patients with underlying Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
or Multiple Sclerosis (see section 5.1).

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology 

The recommended starting dose is NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg once daily. The recommended dose 
titration schedule is outlined below: 

 Week 1 (day 1-7):

The patient should take one NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsule once daily, in the morning, for 
the initial 7 days.

 Weeks 2-4 (day 8-28):

The patient should take one NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsule, two times per day, one in the 
morning and one in the evening, 12-hours apart, for 21 days.

 From Week 4 on:

If the clinical response with NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg is adequate, the dose taken in weeks 2-4 
should be continued.  

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If the clinical response with NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg is inadequate, NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg 
should be prescribed, taken two times per day, one in the morning and one in the evening, 12 
hours apart. 

The maximum daily dose from week 4 onwards is NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg, twice daily. 

In case a dose is missed, patients should not take an additional dose, but take the prescribed next dose 
at the usual time. No more than 2 capsules should be taken in any 24-hour period, with 12 hours 
between each dose.

Special populations

Elderly patients
Clinical studies did not include a sufficient number of patients aged ≥65 years to conclusively 
determine whether they respond differently in terms of efficacy and safety. A population 
pharmacokinetic analysis revealed similar pharmacokinetics in patients <65 years and those ≥65 years 
of age (see section 5.2).

Patients with renal and hepatic impairment 
Dose adjustment is not required in patients with mild to moderate renal or hepatic impairment (see 
section 4.4). However, as there was a trend toward increased incidence of adverse reactions in patients 
with moderate hepatic impairment, additional monitoring of adverse reactions is advised in these 
patients. In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) or severe renal impairment 
(Creatinine Clearance < 30 mL/min/1.73m2), the potential risks associated with the use of this 
medicine should be assessed against the medical need (see section 5.2). 

CYP2D6 genotype
Dose adjustment is not required in patients with a non-functional CYPD2D6 enzyme, referred to as 
poor metabolisers (PMs). Dose adjustment is not required in patients with increased CYP2D6 activity, 
referred to as ultra-rapid metabolisers (UMs), see section 5.2. In the event of inadequate clinical 
response, see recommended dose titration schedule.

Paediatric population
There is no relevant use of NUEDEXTA in the paediatric population for the symptomatic treatment of 
pseudobulbar affect. 

Method of administration 

The capsules should be taken orally at about the same time each day. When taking two capsules within 
24 hours, the recommended dose interval is 12 hours. The capsules can be taken either with or without 
food. 

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Patients with a history of quinidine-, quinine-, mefloquine-induced thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, bone 
marrow depression or lupus-like syndrome (see section 4.4). 

Patients receiving concomitant treatment with quinidine, quinine, or mefloquine (see section 4.5).

Patients with a prolonged QT interval, congenital long QT syndrome or a history suggestive of 
torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia (see section 4.4).

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Patients receiving concomitant treatment with thioridazine, a medicinal product that both significantly 
prolongs QT interval and is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6. Interaction with NUEDEXTA may 
result in an increased effect on QT interval (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).

Patients with complete atrioventricular (AV) block without implanted pacemakers, or in patients who 
are at high risk of complete AV block (see section 4.4).

Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or who have taken MAOIs within the 
preceding 14 days due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin 
syndrome. Treatment with an MAOI should not be initiated until at least 14 days after stopping 
NUEDEXTA (see section 4.5).

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Nuedexta is suitable only for the treatment of PBA, not for other  causes of emotional lability. PBA is 
a consequence of neurological diseases affecting the brain, or brain, injury and is defined by episodes 
of involuntary, uncontrollable emotional expressions of laughing and/or crying that are incongruous or 
disproportionate to the patient's emotional state or mood. Before treatment with Nuedexta is initiated 
patients must be fully evaluated to confirm the diagnosis of PBA. Central to the diagnosis are the 
presence of an underlying neurological condition known to cause PBA, and confirmation that the 
episodes of emotional expression do not reflect the patient's emotional state or mood.

Thrombocytopenia 
Quinidine at higher doses than in NUEDEXTA can cause immune-mediated thrombocytopenia that 
can be severe or fatal. The risk of thrombocytopenia in association with the lower dose of quinidine in 
NUEDEXTA is unknown. Non-specific symptoms, such as light-headedness, chills, fever, nausea, and 
vomiting, can precede or occur with thrombocytopenia. NUEDEXTA should be discontinued 
immediately if thrombocytopenia occurs, unless the thrombocytopenia is clearly not drug-related. 
Likewise, this medicinal product should not be restarted in sensitised patients, because more rapid and 
more severe thrombocytopenia than the original episode can occur. It should not be used if immune-
mediated thrombocytopenia from structurally related active substances including quinine and 
mefloquine is suspected, as cross-sensitivity can occur. Quinidine-associated thrombocytopenia 
usually, but not always, resolves within a few days of discontinuation of the sensitising medicinal 
product. 

Other hypersensitivity reactions  
Quinidine at higher doses has also been associated with a lupus-like syndrome involving polyarthritis, 
sometimes with a positive antinuclear antibody test. Other associations include rash, bronchospasm, 
lymphadenopathy, haemolytic anaemia, vasculitis, uveitis, angioedema, agranulocytosis, the sicca 
syndrome, myalgia, elevation in serum levels of skeletal-muscle enzymes, and pneumonitis. 
Dextromethorphan can also be associated with hypersensitivity reactions, including uticaria, 
angioedema, and shortness of breath.

Hepatotoxicity 
Hepatitis, including granulomatous hepatitis, has been reported in patients receiving quinidine, 
generally during the first few weeks of therapy. Fever may be a presenting symptom, and 
thrombocytopenia or other signs of hypersensitivity may also occur. NUEDEXTA should be 
discontinued if hepatitis occurs unless it is clearly not treatment related. Most cases remit when 
quinidine is withdrawn. 

Cardiac effects 
NUEDEXTA has the potential to cause QTc prolongation and hence torsades de pointes-type 
ventricular tachycardia. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to initiation of 
therapy, and serum potassium and serum magnesium levels should be monitored during treatment if 
clinically indicated. When initiating treatment with NUEDEXTA in patients at risk of QT 
prolongation, electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of the QT interval should be conducted at 

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baseline and at 2 hours after the first dose administered in the fasted state (approximates to quinidine 
Tmax). This includes patients with a family history of QT abnormality, concomitant medicinal products 
that prolong the QT interval, and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and/or left 
ventricular dysfunction (LVD). LVH and LVD are more likely to be present in patients with chronic 
hypertension, known coronary artery disease or history of stroke. 

Concomitant medicinal products that both prolong the QT interval and are primarily metabolised by 
CYP2D6 (see below) are of particular potential concern. The concomitant use of thioridazine is 
contraindicated (see section 4.3). Caution is required when administering NUEDEXTA in 
combination with flecainide, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. The effect of the combination on the 
patient’s QTc interval should be evaluated with pre- and post-dose ECGs. 

ECG should be re-evaluated if risk factors for QTc prolongation change significantly during treatment 
with NUEDEXTA. If patients experience symptoms that could indicate the occurrence of cardiac 
arrhythmias, e.g. syncope or palpitations, NUEDEXTA should be discontinued pending further 
evaluation of the patient. 

Concomitant use of CYP2D6 substrates/inhibitors 
The quinidine in NUEDEXTA inhibits CYP2D6 in patients in whom CYP2D6 is not otherwise 
genetically absent or of low activity (“CYP2D6 Poor Metabolisers” see “Pharmacogenomics” in 
section 5.2). Because of this effect on CYP2D6, accumulation of parent drug substances and/or failure 
of active metabolite formation may affect the safety and/or the efficacy of medicinal products used 
concomitantly with NUEDEXTA that are metabolised by CYP2D6 (see section 4.5). Medicinal 
products that are dependent on CYP2D6 metabolism, especially those with a relatively narrow 
therapeutic index, should generally be avoided during treatment with NUEDEXTA, and patients must 
be instructed accordingly. When concomitant use of a CYP2D6 substrate drug is considered 
necessary, the dose of the CYP2D6 substrate should be reduced as appropriate according to the 
pharmacokinetics of the substrate involved (see section 4.5). A review of the patient’s current 
medicines is an essential part of the evaluation of patients for whom treatment with NUEDEXTA is 
proposed. 

Serotonin syndrome 
When NUEDEXTA is used with other serotoninergic medicines, the risk of “serotonin syndrome” 
may be increased due to pharmacodynamic interaction. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include 
altered mental status, hypertension, restlessness, myoclonus, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, 
shivering, and tremor. Treatment should be discontinued if these symptoms occur. Combination with 
MAOIs is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs e.g. desipramine, 
nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline) are metabolised by CYP2D6 and therefore are also subject to 
pharmacokinetic interaction with quinidine. Given the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic 
interactions, concomitant use of NUEDEXTA and TCAs is not recommended due to the elevated risk 
of serotonin syndrome (see section 4.5). Caution should be exercised if patients are treated with 
concomitant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Dizziness 
NUEDEXTA may cause dizziness (see section 4.8). Precautions to reduce the risk of falls should be 
taken, particularly for patients with motor impairment affecting gait or a history of falls. 

Anticholinergic effects of quinidine 
Patients should be monitored for worsening clinical condition in myasthenia gravis and other 
conditions that may be adversely affected by anticholinergic effects. 

Drug abuse and dependence 
Dextromethorphan is a low-affinity uncompetitive NMDA antagonist and sigma-1 receptor agonist 
that has not been systematically studied in animals or humans for its potential for abuse, tolerance, or 
physical dependence. However, cases of dextromethorphan abuse have been reported, predominately 
in adolescents. 

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Due to the possibility of dextromethorphan abuse, physicians should evaluate patients for a history of 
drug abuse, and observe such patients closely for signs of misuse or abuse (e.g. development of 
tolerance, increases in dose, drug-seeking behaviour). 

In addition, the maintenance of the clinical effect of NUEDEXTA in the patient should be regularly 
monitored in the long-term against its tolerability, in order to ascertain the continued benefit of the 
product.

Lactose warning
NUEDEXTA contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the 
Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.

MAOIs 
NUEDEXTA must not be used with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as phenelzine and 
moklobemide, or in patients who have taken MAOIs within the preceding 14 days due to the risk of 
serotonin syndrome (see section 4.3).

CYP3A4 inhibitors 
Quinidine is metabolised by CYP3A4.  Concomitant administration of medicines that inhibit CYP3A4 
can be expected to increase plasma levels of quinidine, which could increase risk relating to QTc 
prolongation. Strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided during treatment with 
NUEDEXTA. They include, but are not limited to, atazanavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, 
ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, amprenavir, aprepitant, 
diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosamprenavir, grapefruit juice, and verapamil. If concomitant 
treatment with strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors is considered necessary, it is recommended that 
electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of the QT interval be carried out before NUEDEXTA is 
administered and at appropriate time point(s) subsequently. 

Liver enzyme inducers
Quinidine is metabolised by CYP3A4. Potent CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, 
phenobarbital, carbamazepine, St John's wort/Hypericum perforatum) may accelerate the metabolism 
of quinidine, resulting in lower plasma concentrations and hence decreased inhibition of CYP2D6.  
This may lead to lower, potentially subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan and 
decreased efficacy of NUEDEXTA.

CYP2D6 substrates 
Quinidine is a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6. Treatment with NUEDEXTA may therefore result in 
elevated plasma levels and accumulation of co-administered medicinal products that undergo 
extensive CYP2D6 metabolism. CYP2D6 substrates include certain beta-blockers such as metoprolol, 
antipsychotics such as haloperidol, perphenazine and aripiprazole, antidepressants such as 
nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline  and desipramine, the chemotherapeutic tamoxifen, and the 
noradrenaline transporter inhibitor atomoxetine. Thioridazine, a CYP2D6 substrates that also prolong 
the QT interval is contraindicated (see section 4.3).  Concomitant use of flecainide, chlorpromazine or 
haloperidol, CYP2D6 substrates that also prolong QT interval, requires caution (see section 4.4).

In the case of pro-drugs whose actions are mediated by the CYP2D6-produced metabolites (for 
example, codeine and hydrocodone, whose analgesic and antitussive effects appear to be mediated by 
morphine and hydromorphone, respectively), efficacy may be substantially reduced by NUEDEXTA 
due to inhibition of CYP2D6 and hence impaired formation of the active metabolite. 

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Drug interactions with desipramine and paroxetine have been studied in controlled clinical trials with a 
higher dose combination of dextromethorphan/quinidine (dextromethorphan 23 mg/ quinidine 26 mg) 
than in this medicinal product; study results are described below. No other drug interactions with 
CYP2D6 substrates have been systematically investigated. 

Desipramine (CYP2D6 substrate)
The tricyclic antidepressant desipramine is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6. A drug-drug 
interaction study was conducted between a higher combination dose of dextromethorphan/quinidine 
(dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg) and desipramine 25 mg. The combination dose of 
dextromethorphan/quinidine increased steady state desipramine levels approximately 8-fold. 
Concomitant use of NUEDEXTA and TCAs is not recommended (see section 4.4).

Paroxetine (CYP2D6 inhibitor and substrate)
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 and 
is also a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor. In a drug-drug interaction study, a higher combination dose of 
dextromethorphan/quinidine (dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg) was added to paroxetine at 
steady state. Paroxetine exposure (AUC0-24) increased by 1.7 fold and Cmax increased by 1.5 fold. If 
NUEDEXTA and paroxetine are prescribed concomitantly, the initial dose of paroxetine should be 
reduced. The dose of paroxetine can then be adjusted based on clinical response; however, dosage 
above 35 mg/day is not recommended. 

NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine)
Both dextromethorphan and memantine are antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 
which could theoretically result in an additive effect at NMDA receptors and potentially an increased 
incidence of adverse reactions. A drug-drug interaction study was conducted between a higher 
combination dose of dextromethorphan/quinidine (dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg) and 
memantine 20 mg/day. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentrations of 
dextromethorphan and dextrorphan before and after the administration of memantine, and there was no 
effect on the plasma concentrations of memantine before and after the administration of 
dextromethorphan/quinidine. Plasma concentrations of quinidine increased 20-30% when memantine 
was added. No pharmacodynamic interactions were apparent.

Digoxin and other P-glycoprotein substrates
Quinidine is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Concomitant administration of quinidine with digoxin, a 
P-glycoprotein substrate, results in serum digoxin levels that may be as much as doubled. Plasma 
digoxin concentrations should be closely monitored in patients taking NUEDEXTA concomitantly, 
and the digoxin dose reduced, as necessary. Other P-gp substrates for which a dose reduction may be 
considered include ticagrelor and dabigatran-etexilate.

Alcohol 
Caution should be used when this medicinal product is taken in combination with alcohol or other 
centrally acting medicinal products that might increase the risk of adverse reactions such as 
somnolence and dizziness.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of NUEDEXTA in pregnant women. Studies in 
animals (rats and rabbits) have shown developmental toxicity, including teratogenicity and embryo-
lethality (see section 5.3).

As this medicinal product may cause foetal harm, it is not recommended during pregnancy and in 
women of childbearing potential not using contraception.

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Breast-feeding
Quinidine is excreted in human milk and it is unknown whether dextromethorphan is excreted in 
human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. 
A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from 
NUEDEXTA therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of 
therapy for the woman.

Fertility
In pre-clinical studies no effect on fertility was observed in male and female rats (see section 5.3).

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

NUEDEXTA has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should 
be warned about the potential for CNS-related effects like somnolence, dizziness and syncope or 
impaired vision (see section 4.8), and advised not to drive or operate machinery if these symptoms 
occur.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile
The safety of NUEDEXTA was investigated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 
multicenter study over 12 weeks in 326 PBA patients with underlying ALS (60%) or MS (40%) and in 
a follow-up open-label extension phase with a patient subgroup of this study (253 patients) for an 
additional 84 days.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions are gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhoea, 
nausea), nervous system disorders (such as dizziness, headache, somnolence) and fatigue.

Serious adverse reactions have been reported for NUEDEXTA; these are muscle spasticity, respiratory 
depression and decreased oxygen saturation in the blood. 

Ten patients discontinued study treatment due to ADRs, one of these patients due to a serious ADR 
(worsening muscle spasticity).

Tabulated summary of adverse reactions 
The adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to treatment with NUEDEXTA in the 
placebo-controlled and the open-label extension phase of the above mentioned clinical study are listed 
below by body system organ class and frequency.
 very common (≥1/10)
 common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
 uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100)
 rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
 very rare (<1/10,000)

System Organ Class Frequency Adverse Reaction

Metabolism and 
nutrition disorders 

Uncommon Decreased appetite 

Rare Anorexia 

Psychiatric disorders Uncommon Anxiety

Rare

 Bruxism, Confusional state, Depressed mood, 
Depression, Disorientation, Early morning awakening, 
Flat affect, Hallucination, Impulsive behaviour, 
Indifference, Insomnia, Restlessness, Sleep disorder

Nervous system 
disorders

Common Dizziness, Headache, Somnolence

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Uncommon Dysgeusia, Hypersomnia, Muscle spasticity, Syncope, Fall

Rare
Balance disorder, Coordination abnormal, Dysarthria, Motor 
dysfunction, Paraesthesia, Paraparesis, Sedation

Eye disorders Rare Diplopia, Vision blurred

Ear and labyrinth 
disorders

Uncommon Motion sickness, Tinnitus

Cardiac disorders Uncommon
Atrioventricular block first degree, Electrocardiogram QT 
prolonged

Rare
 Myocardial infarction, Palpitations, Ventricular 

extrasystoles
Respiratory, thoracic 
and mediastinal 
disorders

Rare
 Epistaxis, Pharyngolaryngeal pain, Respiratory 

depression, Rhinorrhoea, Yawning

Gastrointestinal 
disorders

Common Diarrhoea, Nausea

Uncommon
Abdominal pain, Constipation, Dry mouth, Flatulence, 
Stomach discomfort, Vomiting

Rare
 Abnormal faeces, Dyspepsia, Gastritis, Hypoaesthesia 

oral, Paraesthesia oral, Proctalgia, Tongue dry

Hepatobiliary disorders Uncommon Increased hepatic enzymes (GGT, AST, ALT)

Rare
Cholelithiasis, blood bilirubin increased, Liver function test 
abnormal,  

Skin and subcutaneous 
tissue disorders

Uncommon Rash

Rare Erythema, Hyperhidrosis, Hypoaesthesia facial, Night sweats

Musculoskeletal and 
connective tissue 
disorders

Uncommon Muscle spasms

Rare
Musculoskeletal stiffness, Myalgia, Neck pain, Pain in 
extremity

Renal and urinary 
disorders

Rare Pollakiuria

Reproductive system 
and breast disorders

Rare Sexual dysfunction

General disorders and 
administration site 
conditions

Common Fatigue

Uncommon Asthenia, Irritability

Rare 
Chest discomfort, Chest pain, Chills, Feeling hot, Gait 
disturbance, Influenza like illness, Pyrexia,  Oxygen 
saturation decreased

Injury, poisoning and 
procedural 
complications 

Rare Skeletal injury 

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It 
allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare 
professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V.

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http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


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4.9 Overdose

Evaluation and treatment of overdose is based on experience with the individual components, 
dextromethorphan and quinidine. Metabolism of dextromethorphan is inhibited by quinidine, such that 
adverse reactions of overdose due to NUEDEXTA might be more severe or more persistent compared 
to overdose of dextromethorphan alone. 

During development of this medicinal product, dose combinations of dextromethorphan/quinidine 
containing up to 6-times higher dextromethorphan dose and 12-times higher quinidine dose were 
studied. The most common adverse reactions were mild to moderate nausea, dizziness, and headache. 

Dextromethorphan
Adverse reactions of dextromethorphan overdose include nausea, vomiting, stupor, coma, respiratory 
depression, seizures, tachycardia, hyperexcitability, and toxic psychosis. Other adverse reactions 
include ataxia, nystagmus, dystonia, blurred vision, and changes in muscle reflexes. 
Dextromethorphan may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, and this risk is increased by overdose, 
particularly if taken with other serotonergic agents, SSRIs or tricyclic antidepressants.

Quinidine
The most important effects of acute overdoses are ventricular arrhythmias and hypotension. Other 
signs and symptoms of overdose may include vomiting, diarrhoea, tinnitus, high-frequency hearing 
loss, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, photophobia, headache, confusion, and delirium.

While therapeutic doses of quinidine for treatment of cardiac arrhythmia or malaria are generally ≥10-
fold higher than the dose of quinidine in this medicinal product, potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia, 
including torsades de pointes, can occur at quinidine exposures that are possible from NUEDEXTA 
overdose.

Treatment of overdose 
Quinidine
The treatment of cardiac effects (haemodynamically unstable polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 
(including torsades de pointes)) is either immediate cardioversion or immediate overdrive pacing. 
Other antiarrhythmics with Class I (procainamide) or Class III activities should (if possible) be 
avoided. Treatment of hypotension and of other signs and symptoms should be directed at 
symptomatic and supportive measures. Administration of activated charcoal in conventional dose of 
1 g/kg, administered every 2 to 6 hours as a slurry with 8 mL/kg of tap water may enhance the 
systemic elimination of quinidine; this measures should be avoided if an ileus is present. Methods as 
to acidify the urine and dialysis are of no demonstrated benefit. Drugs that delay elimination of 
quinidine (cimetidine, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics) should be withdrawn unless 
absolutely required. 

Dextromethorphan
Treatment of dextromethorphan overdose should be directed at symptomatic and supportive measures.
Gastric lavage may be of use. 

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other nervous system drugs; ATC code: N07XX59

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is the pharmacologically active ingredient that acts on the central 
nervous system (CNS).  Quinidine sulfate is a specific inhibitor of CYP2D6-dependent oxidative 
metabolism used to increase the systemic bioavailability of dextromethorphan. 

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Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism by which dextromethorphan exerts therapeutic effects in patients with 
pseudobulbar affect is unknown.  Quinidine increases plasma levels of dextromethorphan by 
competitively inhibiting cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), which catalyses a major biotransformation 
pathway for dextromethorphan.

Pharmacodynamic effects
Dextromethorphan is a sigma-1 receptor agonist and an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist.  In 
addition it shows affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and for the 5-HT1B/D receptor. 
Through its binding to the NMDA, sigma-1, SERT and 5-HT1B/D receptors, dextromethorphan is 
thought to have a modulatory effect on neurotransmission involving glutamate, monoamines 
(including serotonin), as well as ion channel function. 

Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy of dextromethorphan/quinidine for the treatment of PBA was demonstrated in three 
randomised, controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trials in PBA subjects with underlying 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Eligible patients had a diagnosis of 
PBA defined by episodes of involuntary, uncontrollable emotional expressions of laughing and/or 
crying that are incongruous or disproportionate to their emotional state or mood.

In all studies, the efficacy endpoints were “Count of episodes of laughing and crying” (PBA episodes) 
and subject scores on the Center for Neurologic Studies - Lability Scale (CNS-LS), a validated 7-item, 
self-administered questionnaire that provides a quantitative measure of the frequency and severity of 
PBA. CNS-LS scores range from a minimum of 7 (no symptoms) to a maximum of 35.

 Pivotal study (07-AVR-123)

In this placebo-controlled 12-week study, 326 PBA subjects with underlying ALS or MS were 
randomized to receive NUEDEXTA 15 mg / 9 mg, (n=107), NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg (n=110), or 
placebo (n=109) for 12 weeks. 

Subjects were 25 to 80 years of age with a mean age of approximately 51 years. Approximately 74% 
were Caucasian, 4% were Black, 1% were Asian and 19% were of Hispanic origin. 60% of subjects 
had underlying ALS and 40% of subjects had underlying MS. All subjects had clinically relevant PBA 
symptoms, quantified as CNS-LS score of 13 or more.

Mean baseline daily PBA episode rates (calculated from the total number of episodes reported for up 
to 7 pre-treatment days) were 4.7 in the NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg group, 6.8 in the NUEDEXTA 15
mg/9 mg group, and 4.5 in the placebo group.

Mean baseline CNS-LS scores were 19.8 in the NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg group, 21.0 in the 
NUEDEXTA 15 mg /9 mg group, and 19.9 in the placebo group.

To evaluate long-term data, 253 subjects who completed the double-blind study phase had the option 
of entering an open-label extension phase, receiving NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg for another 84 days.

The frequency of PBA episodes as measured by “Count of Episodes” in both NUEDEXTA treatment 
groups decreased significantly throughout the course of the study by an incremental reduction of 47% 
and 49% relative to placebo, respectively (p <0.0001 for both comparisons). 

The least-squares mean CNS-LS scores were significantly reduced at the end of treatment in both 
treatment groups compared to placebo (8.2 point reduction for NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg, 7.5 point 
reduction for NUEDEXTA 15 mg /9 mg, 5.7 point reduction for placebo). The p-value for 
NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg vs placebo was p=0.0002 and for NUEDEXTA 15 mg /9 mg  vs placebo 
was p=0.008.

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The 12-week open-label phase of the study (during which all subjects received NUEDEXTA 23 mg /
9 mg) showed persistence of the effect observed in the placebo controlled period.

• Studies with Higher Dose Combinations of dextromethorphan / quinidine

Two additional phase III studies were conducted using a higher dose combination of 
dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg. The higher dose of quinidine used in these studies would 
have resulted in approximately a 1.6 fold greater exposure to of dextromethorphan than with 
NUEDEXTA 23 mg/ 9 mg.

The first was a 4-week study in PBA subjects with underlying ALS, and the second was a 12-week 
study in subjects with underlying MS. In both studies the primary outcome measure, CNS-LS, and the 
secondary outcome measure, “count of episodes of laughing and crying”, were statistically 
significantly decreased by the dextromethorphan/quinidine combination.

A 12 month open-label safety study, also using the higher dose combination of dextromethorphan 
23 mg /quinidine 26 mg, included 553 subjects with PBA associated with thirty-four different 
neurological conditions. Approximately 30% of study participants carried diagnoses other than ALS 
and MS, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and other 
dementia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Only 
safety data were collected in this study; no new safety signals were identified.

• Studies to Assess Cardiac Effects

The effect of NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg (for 7 consecutive doses) on QTc prolongation was 
evaluated in a randomised, double-blind (except for moxifloxacin), placebo- and positive-controlled 
(400 mg moxifloxacin) crossover thorough QT study in 50 fasted normal healthy men and women 
with CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer (EM) genotype. Mean changes in QTcF were 6.8 ms for 
NUEDEXTA 23 mg/ 9 mg and 9.1 ms for the reference positive control (moxifloxacin). The 
maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) difference from placebo after baseline correction was 
10.2 (12.6) ms. This test dose is adequate to represent the steady state exposure in patients with 
CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer phenotype.

The effects of supra-therapeutic doses of dextromethorphan /quinidine (23 mg /26 mg and 46 mg /
53 mg, for 7 consecutive doses) on QTc prolongation were evaluated in a randomised, placebo-
controlled, double-blind, crossover design with an additional open-label positive control (400 mg 
moxifloxacin) arm in 36 healthy volunteers. The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) 
differences from placebo after baseline-correction were 10.2 (14.6) and 18.4 (22.7) ms following 
dextromethorphan/quinidine doses of 23 mg /26 mg and 46 mg /53 mg, respectively. The supra-
therapeutic doses are adequate to represent quinidine exposure increases due to drug-drug interactions 
and organ dysfunctions.

Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with 
NUEDEXTA in all subsets of the paediatric population in PBA (see section 4.2 for information on 
paediatric use).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption
Following single and repeated combination doses of NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg, subjects had an 
approximately 20-fold increase in dextromethorphan exposure compared to subjects given 
dextromethorphan without quinidine. 

Following repeated doses of NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg and NUEDEXTA 15 mg / 9 mg, maximal 
plasma concentrations (Cmax) of dextromethorphan are reached approximately 3 to 4 hours after dosing 
and maximal plasma concentrations of quinidine are reached approximately 2 hours after dosing. 

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In extensive metabolizers, mean Cmax and AUC0-12 values of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan 
increased as doses of dextromethorphan increased from 15 mg to 23 mg and mean Cmax and AUC0-12 
values of quinidine were similar. 

The mean plasma Cmax of quinidine following NUEDEXTA 15 mg / 9 mg twice daily in subjects with 
PBA was 1 to 3% of the therapeutic concentrations associated with antiarrhythmic efficacy (2 to 
5 µg/mL). 

NUEDEXTA may be taken without regard to meals as food does not affect the exposure of 
dextromethorphan and quinidine significantly.

Distribution
After administration of the combination product, protein binding remains essentially the same as that 
after administration of the individual components; dextromethorphan is approximately 60-70% protein 
bound, and quinidine is approximately 80-89% protein bound. 

Biotransformation and elimination
Dextromethorphan is rapidly metabolized by CYP2D6 to its primary metabolite, dextrorphan, which is 
rapidly glucuronidated and renally eliminated. The quinidine component of NUEDEXTA serves to 
selectively inhibit CYP2D6-dependent oxidative metabolism of dextromethorphan, thus increasing 
dextromethorphan plasma concentrations. In the presence of quinidine, CYP3A4-dependent oxidative 
metabolism is believed to play a greater role in dextromethorphan elimination.

After administration of NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg to 14 extensive metabolizers, the elimination half-
life of dextromethorphan was 18.8 hours and the elimination half-life of quinidine was 9.6 hours. 

Quinidine is metabolized by CYP3A4. There are several hydroxylated metabolites of quinidine. The 
major metabolite is 3-hydroxyquinidine, which is considered to be at least half as pharmacologically 
active as quinidine with respect to cardiac effects such as QT prolongation. There are currently limited 
data on the magnitude of the effect of CYP3A4 inhibitors on the pharmacokinetic parameters of 
quinidine and its metabolites, including the potential for accumulation at steady state. 

When the urine pH is less than 7, about 20% of administered quinidine appears unchanged in the 
urine, but this fraction drops to as little as 5% when the urine is more alkaline. Renal clearance 
involves both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, moderated by (pH-dependent) tubular 
reabsorption.

Linearity/non-linearity
Plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan are proportional to dextromethorphan 
dose in the presence of a fixed dose of quinidine such as that contained in NUEDEXTA. Quinidine 
plasma concentrations are proportional to quinidine dose. 

In vitro CYP P450 interaction studies 
The potential for dextromethorphan and quinidine to inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 in vitro were 
evaluated in human microsomes. Dextromethorphan did not inhibit (<20% inhibition) any of the tested 
isoenzymes: CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or 
CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes at concentrations up to 5 µM. Quinidine did not inhibit (<30% 
inhibition) CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4 in 
human microsomes at concentrations up to 5 µM. Quinidine inhibited CYP2D6 with a half maximal 
inhibitory concentration (IC50) of less than 0.05 µM. Neither dextromethorphan nor quinidine induced 
CYP1A2, CYP2B6 or CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes at concentrations up to 4.8 µM. 

In vitro transporter interaction studies
Based on the results of transporter inhibition studies drug-drug interactions related to 
dextromethorphan inhibition of P-gp, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3 or BSEP are not 
expected during treatment withNUEDEXTA. Dextromethorphan has been shown to be a 

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14

mild/moderate inhibitor of the OCT1 transporter in vitro. The clinical relevance of this observation to 
drugs that are OCT1 substrates, such as metformin, is unknown.

Based on literature citations, drug-drug interactions as a result of quinidine inhibition of OATP1B1, 
OCT1, OCT2, OAT3, BSEP, MATE1, and MATE2-K are not expected.

Special Populations 

Elderly patients
The pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine have not been investigated systematically in 
elderly subjects (aged >65 years) although such subjects were included in the clinical programme 
(14% ≥65 years, 2% ≥75 years). 

A population pharmacokinetic analysis of 170 subjects (148 subjects <65 years old and 22 subjects 
≥65 years old) administered dextromethorphan 23 mg / quinidine 26 mg revealed similar 
pharmacokinetics in subjects <65 years and those ≥65 years of age. 

Gender 
A population pharmacokinetic analysis based on data from 109 subjects (75 male; 34 female) showed 
no apparent gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine.

Race 
A population pharmacokinetic analysis of race with 109 subjects (21 Caucasian; 71 Hispanic; 18 
Black) revealed no apparent racial differences in the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine. 

Renal impairment 
In a study of a combination dose of dextromethorphan 23 mg / quinidine 26 mg twice daily in 12 
subjects with mild (CLCR 50-80 mL/min) or moderate (CLCR 30-50 mL/min) renal impairment (6 
each) compared to 9 healthy subjects (matched in gender, age, and weight range to impaired subjects), 
subjects showed little difference in quinidine or dextromethorphan pharmacokinetics compared to 
healthy subjects. Dose adjustment is therefore not required in mild or moderate renal impairment. 
Dextromethorphan / quinidine has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment. 

Hepatic impairment 
In a study of a combination dose of dextromethorphan 23 mg / quinidine 26 mg twice daily in 12 
subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (as indicated by the Child-Pugh method; 6 each) 
compared to 9 healthy subjects (matched in gender, age, and weight range to impaired subjects), 
subjects with moderate hepatic impairment showed similar dextromethorphan AUC and Cmax and 
clearance compared to healthy subjects. Mild to moderate hepatic impairment had little effect on 
quinidine pharmacokinetics. Quinidine clearance is unaffected, although there is an increased volume 
of distribution that leads to an increase in the elimination half-life. Patients with moderate hepatic 
impairment showed an increased frequency of adverse reactions. Therefore, dosage adjustment is not 
required in patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment, although additional monitoring for 
adverse reactions should be considered in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Dose increase, if 
warranted, should be undertaken with caution in these patients. Neither dextromethorphan alone nor 
dextromethorphan/quinidine has been evaluated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Pharmacogenomics 
The quinidine component is intended to inhibit CYP2D6 so that higher exposure to dextromethorphan 
can be achieved compared to when dextromethorphan is given alone. Approximately 7-8% of 
individuals of Caucasian descent, 3-6% of Black African descent, 2-3% of Arab descent and 1-2% of 
Asian descent generally lack the capacity to metabolize CYP2D6 substrates and are classified as Poor 
Metabolizer (PMs). The quinidine component is not expected to contribute to the effectiveness of 
NUEDEXTA in PMs, but adverse reactions of the quinidine component are still possible. 

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Approximately 1-10% of individuals of Caucasian descent, 5-30% of Black African descent, 12-40% 
of Arab descent and 1% of Asian descent exhibit increased metabolic activity for CYP2D6 substrates 
and are classified as Ultra-rapid Metabolizer (UMs). In such UM patients, dextromethorphan is rapidly 
metabolised, leading to lower, potentially subtherapeutic concentrations. 

Paediatric population
The pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine in paediatric patients has not been studied (see 
section 5.1). 

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for a genotoxicity or carcinogenic potential, nor for fertility 
impairment.

In embryo-fetal and developmental toxicity studies (rats and rabbits) with dextromethorphan 
hydrobromide/quinidine sulfate, abnormalities were observed at mid and high dose with reduced 
ossification from the lowest dose in rats which is approximately 1 and 50 times the human dose of 
30/18 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis, respectively. The no effect dose in rabbits is 2 and 60 times higher 
than the RHD.

In the pre and post-natal developmental study, slight developmental delay was seen in offspring at the 
mid- and high-doses. Pup survival and pup weight were slightly decreased from the lowest dose 
corresponding approximately to 1and 50 times the human dose of 30/18 mg/kg on a mg/m2 basis, for 
dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate, respectively.

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Capsule content
Croscarmellose sodium
Cellulose, microcrystalline
Silica, colloidal anhydrous 
Lactose monohydrate
Magnesium stearate 

Capsule shell
Gelatin
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Red iron oxide (E172)

Printing ink
Shellac glaze (20% esterified) 
Propylene glycol
Titanium dioxide (E171)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

6.3 Shelf life

3 years.

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6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 

6.5 Nature and contents of container

High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a child resistant polypropylene cap. Each bottle is 
packed in a carton.
Pack size: 60 capsules

Blister of a PVC based clear film with aluminium foil seal. Each blister is packed in a sleeve.
Pack size: 13 capsules

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local 
requirements. 

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/001
EU/1/13/833/002

9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

{MM/YYYY}
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.euM

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17

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg hard capsules

2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 23.11 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

Excipient with known effect: 

Each hard capsule contains 109.2 mg of lactose (as monohydrate).

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

Hard capsule

Brick red gelatin capsule, size 1, with “DMQ / 30-10” printed in white ink on the capsule and three 
white bands around the circumference. 

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS

4.1 Therapeutic indications

NUEDEXTA is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in adults (see 
section 4.4). Efficacy has only been studied in patients with underlying Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
or Multiple Sclerosis (see section 5.1).

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology 

The recommended starting dose is NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg once daily. The recommended dose 
titration schedule is outlined below: 

 Week 1 (day 1-7):

The patient should take one NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsule once daily, in the morning, for 
the initial 7 days.

 Weeks 2-4 (day 8-28):

The patient should take one NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsule, two times per day, one in the 
morning and one in the evening, 12-hours apart, for 21 days.

 From Week 4 on:

If the clinical response with NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg is adequate, the dose taken in weeks 2-4 
should be continued.  

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If the clinical response with NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg is inadequate, NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg 
should be prescribed, taken two times per day, one in the morning and one in the evening, 12 
hours apart. 

The maximum daily dose from week 4 onwards is NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg, twice daily. 

In case a dose is missed, patients should not take an additional dose, but take the prescribed next dose 
at the usual time. No more than 2 capsules should be taken in any 24-hour period, with 12 hours 
between each dose.

Special populations

Elderly patients
Clinical studies did not include a sufficient number of patients aged ≥65 years to conclusively 
determine whether they respond differently in terms of efficacy and safety. A population 
pharmacokinetic analysis revealed similar pharmacokinetics in patients <65 years and those ≥65 years 
of age (see section 5.2).

Patients with renal and hepatic impairment 
Dose adjustment is not required in patients with mild to moderate renal or hepatic impairment (see 
section 4.4). However, as there was a trend toward increased incidence of adverse reactions in patients 
with moderate hepatic impairment, additional monitoring of adverse reactions is advised in these 
patients. In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) or severe renal impairment 
(Creatinine Clearance < 30 mL/min/1.73m2), the potential risks associated with the use of this 
medicine should be assessed against the medical need (see section 5.2). 

CYP2D6 genotype
Dose adjustment is not required in patients with a non-functional CYPD2D6 enzyme, referred to as 
poor metabolisers (PMs). Dose adjustment is not required in patients with increased CYP2D6 activity, 
referred to as ultra-rapid metabolisers (UMs), see section 5.2. In the event of inadequate clinical 
response, see recommended dose titration schedule.

Paediatric population
There is no relevant use of NUEDEXTA in the paediatric population for the symptomatic treatment of 
pseudobulbar affect. 

Method of administration 

The capsules should be taken orally at about the same time each day. When taking two capsules within
24 hours, the recommended dose interval is 12 hours. The capsules can be taken either with or without 
food. 

4.3 Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Patients with a history of quinidine-, quinine-, mefloquine-induced thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, bone 
marrow depression or lupus-like syndrome (see section 4.4). 

Patients receiving concomitant treatment with quinidine, quinine, or mefloquine (see section 4.5).

Patients with a prolonged QT interval, congenital long QT syndrome or a history suggestive of 
torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia (see section 4.4).

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Patients receiving concomitant treatment with thioridazine, a medicinal product that both significantly 
prolongs QT interval and is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6. Interaction with NUEDEXTA may 
result in an increased effect on QT interval (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).

Patients with complete atrioventricular (AV) block without implanted pacemakers, or in patients who 
are at high risk of complete AV block (see section 4.4).

Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or who have taken MAOIs within the 
preceding 14 days due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin 
syndrome. Treatment with an MAOI should not be initiated until at least 14 days after stopping 
NUEDEXTA (see section 4.5).

4.3 Special warnings and precautions for use

Nuedexta is suitable only for the treatment of PBA, not for other  causes of emotional lability. PBA is 
a consequence of neurological diseases affecting the brain, or brain, injury and is defined by episodes 
of involuntary, uncontrollable emotional expressions of laughing and/or crying that are incongruous or 
disproportionate to the patient's emotional state or mood. Before treatment with Nuedexta is initiated 
patients must be fully evaluated to confirm the diagnosis of PBA. Central to the diagnosis are the 
presence of an underlying neurological condition known to cause PBA, and confirmation that the 
episodes of emotional expression do not reflect the patient's emotional state or mood.

Thrombocytopenia 
Quinidine at higher doses than in NUEDEXTA can cause immune-mediated thrombocytopenia that 
can be severe or fatal. The risk of thrombocytopenia in association with the lower dose of quinidine in 
NUEDEXTA is unknown. Non-specific symptoms, such as light-headedness, chills, fever, nausea, and 
vomiting, can precede or occur with thrombocytopenia. NUEDEXTA should be discontinued 
immediately if thrombocytopenia occurs, unless the thrombocytopenia is clearly not drug-related. 
Likewise, this medicinal product should not be restarted in sensitised patients, because more rapid and 
more severe thrombocytopenia than the original episode can occur. It should not be used if immune-
mediated thrombocytopenia from structurally related active substances including quinine and 
mefloquine is suspected, as cross-sensitivity can occur. Quinidine-associated thrombocytopenia 
usually, but not always, resolves within a few days of discontinuation of the sensitising medicinal 
product. 

Other hypersensitivity reactions  
Quinidine at higher doses has also been associated with a lupus-like syndrome involving polyarthritis, 
sometimes with a positive antinuclear antibody test. Other associations include rash, bronchospasm, 
lymphadenopathy, haemolytic anaemia, vasculitis, uveitis, angioedema, agranulocytosis, the sicca 
syndrome, myalgia, elevation in serum levels of skeletal-muscle enzymes, and pneumonitis. 
Dextromethorphan can also be associated with hypersensitivity reactions, including uticaria, 
angioedema, and shortness of breath.

Hepatotoxicity 
Hepatitis, including granulomatous hepatitis, has been reported in patients receiving quinidine, 
generally during the first few weeks of therapy. Fever may be a presenting symptom, and 
thrombocytopenia or other signs of hypersensitivity may also occur. NUEDEXTA should be 
discontinued if hepatitis occurs unless it is clearly not treatment related. Most cases remit when 
quinidine is withdrawn. 

Cardiac effects 
NUEDEXTA has the potential to cause QTc prolongation and hence torsades de pointes-type 
ventricular tachycardia. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to initiation of 
therapy, and serum potassium and serum magnesium levels should be monitored during treatment if 
clinically indicated. When initiating treatment with NUEDEXTA in patients at risk of QT 
prolongation, electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of the QT interval should be conducted at 

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baseline and at 2 hours after the first dose administered in the fasted state (approximates to quinidine 
Tmax). This includes patients with a family history of QT abnormality, concomitant medicinal products 
that prolong the QT interval, and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and/or left 
ventricular dysfunction (LVD). LVH and LVD are more likely to be present in patients with chronic 
hypertension, known coronary artery disease or history of stroke. 

Concomitant medicinal products that both prolong the QT interval and are primarily metabolised by 
CYP2D6 (see below) are of particular potential concern. The concomitant use of thioridazine is 
contraindicated (see section 4.3). Caution is required when administering NUEDEXTA in 
combination with flecainide, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. The effect of the combination on the 
patient’s QTc interval should be evaluated with pre- and post-dose ECGs. 

ECG should be re-evaluated if risk factors for QTc prolongation change significantly during treatment 
with NUEDEXTA. If patients experience symptoms that could indicate the occurrence of cardiac 
arrhythmias, e.g. syncope or palpitations, NUEDEXTA should be discontinued pending further 
evaluation of the patient. 

Concomitant use of CYP2D6 substrates/inhibitors 
The quinidine in NUEDEXTA inhibits CYP2D6 in patients in whom CYP2D6 is not otherwise 
genetically absent or of low activity (“CYP2D6 Poor Metabolisers” see “Pharmacogenomics” in 
section 5.2). Because of this effect on CYP2D6, accumulation of parent drug substances and/or failure 
of active metabolite formation may affect the safety and/or the efficacy of medicinal products used 
concomitantly with NUEDEXTA that are metabolised by CYP2D6 (see section 4.5). Medicinal 
products that are dependent on CYP2D6 metabolism, especially those with a relatively narrow 
therapeutic index, should generally be avoided during treatment with NUEDEXTA, and patients must 
be instructed accordingly. When concomitant use of a CYP2D6 substrate drug is considered 
necessary, the dose of the CYP2D6 substrate should be reduced as appropriate according to the 
pharmacokinetics of the substrate involved (see section 4.5). A review of the patient’s current 
medicines is an essential part of the evaluation of patients for whom treatment with NUEDEXTA is 
proposed. 

Serotonin syndrome 
When NUEDEXTA is used with other serotoninergic medicines, the risk of “serotonin syndrome” 
may be increased due to pharmacodynamic interaction. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include 
altered mental status, hypertension, restlessness, myoclonus, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, 
shivering, and tremor. Treatment should be discontinued if these symptoms occur. Combination with 
MAOIs is contraindicated (see section 4.3). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs e.g. desipramine, 
nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline) are metabolised by CYP2D6 and therefore are also subject to 
pharmacokinetic interaction with quinidine. Given the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic 
interactions, concomitant use of NUEDEXTA and TCAs is not recommended due to the elevated risk 
of serotonin syndrome (see section 4.5). Caution should be exercised if patients are treated with 
concomitant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Dizziness 
NUEDEXTA may cause dizziness (see section 4.8). Precautions to reduce the risk of falls should be 
taken, particularly for patients with motor impairment affecting gait or a history of falls. 

Anticholinergic effects of quinidine 
Patients should be monitored for worsening clinical condition in myasthenia gravis and other 
conditions that may be adversely affected by anticholinergic effects. 

Drug abuse and dependence 
Dextromethorphan is a low-affinity uncompetitive NMDA antagonist and sigma-1 receptor agonist 
that has not been systematically studied in animals or humans for its potential for abuse, tolerance, or 
physical dependence. However, cases of dextromethorphan abuse have been reported, predominately 
in adolescents. 

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Due to the possibility of dextromethorphan abuse, physicians should evaluate patients for a history of 
drug abuse, and observe such patients closely for signs of misuse or abuse (e.g. development of 
tolerance, increases in dose, drug-seeking behaviour). 

In addition, the maintenance of the clinical effect of NUEDEXTA in the patient should be regularly 
monitored in the long-term against its tolerability, in order to ascertain the continued benefit of the 
product.

Lactose warning
NUEDEXTA contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the 
Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.

MAOIs 
NUEDEXTA must not be used with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as phenelzine and 
moklobemide, or in patients who have taken MAOIs within the preceding 14 days due to the risk of 
serotonin syndrome (see section 4.3).

CYP3A4 inhibitors 
Quinidine is metabolised by CYP3A4.  Concomitant administration of medicines that inhibit CYP3A4 
can be expected to increase plasma levels of quinidine, which could increase risk relating to QTc 
prolongation. Strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided during treatment with 
NUEDEXTA. They include, but are not limited to, atazanavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, 
ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, amprenavir, aprepitant, 
diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosamprenavir, grapefruit juice, and verapamil. If concomitant 
treatment with strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors is considered necessary, it is recommended that 
electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of the QT interval be carried out before NUEDEXTA is 
administered and at appropriate time point(s) subsequently. 

Liver enzyme inducers
Quinidine is metabolised by CYP3A4. Potent CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, 
phenobarbital, carbamazepine, St John's wort/Hypericum perforatum) may accelerate the metabolism 
of quinidine, resulting in lower plasma concentrations and hence decreased inhibition of CYP2D6.  
This may lead to lower, potentially subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan and 
decreased efficacy of NUEDEXTA.

CYP2D6 substrates 
Quinidine is a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6. Treatment with NUEDEXTA may therefore result in 
elevated plasma levels and accumulation of co-administered medicinal products that undergo 
extensive CYP2D6 metabolism. CYP2D6 substrates include certain beta-blockers such as metoprolol, 
antipsychotics such as haloperidol, perphenazine and aripiprazole, antidepressants such as 
nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline  and desipramine, the chemotherapeutic tamoxifen, and the 
noradrenaline transporter inhibitor atomoxetine. Thioridazine, a CYP2D6 substrates that also prolong 
the QT interval is contraindicated (see section 4.3).  Concomitant use of flecainide, chlorpromazine or 
haloperidol, CYP2D6 substrates that also prolong QT interval, requires caution (see section 4.4).

In the case of pro-drugs whose actions are mediated by the CYP2D6-produced metabolites (for 
example, codeine and hydrocodone, whose analgesic and antitussive effects appear to be mediated by 
morphine and hydromorphone, respectively), efficacy may be substantially reduced by NUEDEXTA 
due to inhibition of CYP2D6 and hence impaired formation of the active metabolite. 

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Drug interactions with desipramine and paroxetine have been studied in controlled clinical trials with a 
higher dose combination of dextromethorphan/quinidine (dextromethorphan 23 mg/ quinidine 26 mg) 
than in this medicinal product; study results are described below. No other drug interactions with 
CYP2D6 substrates have been systematically investigated. 

Desipramine (CYP2D6 substrate)
The tricyclic antidepressant desipramine is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6. A drug-drug 
interaction study was conducted between a higher combination dose of dextromethorphan/quinidine 
(dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg) and desipramine 25 mg. The combination dose of 
dextromethorphan/quinidine increased steady state desipramine levels approximately 8-fold. 
Concomitant use of NUEDEXTA and TCAs is not recommended (see section 4.4).

Paroxetine (CYP2D6 inhibitor and substrate)
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 and 
is also a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor. In a drug-drug interaction study, a higher combination dose of 
dextromethorphan/quinidine (dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg) was added to paroxetine at 
steady state. Paroxetine exposure (AUC0-24) increased by 1.7 fold and Cmax increased by 1.5 fold. If 
NUEDEXTA and paroxetine are prescribed concomitantly, the initial dose of paroxetine should be 
reduced. The dose of paroxetine can then be adjusted based on clinical response; however, dosage 
above 35 mg/day is not recommended. 

NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine)
Both dextromethorphan and memantine are antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 
which could theoretically result in an additive effect at NMDA receptors and potentially an increased 
incidence of adverse reactions. A drug-drug interaction study was conducted between a higher 
combination dose of dextromethorphan/quinidine (dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg) and 
memantine 20 mg/day. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentrations of 
dextromethorphan and dextrorphan before and after the administration of memantine, and there was no 
effect on the plasma concentrations of memantine before and after the administration of 
dextromethorphan/quinidine. Plasma concentrations of quinidine increased 20-30% when memantine 
was added. No pharmacodynamic interactions were apparent.

Digoxin and other P-glycoprotein substrates
Quinidine is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Concomitant administration of quinidine with digoxin, a 
P-glycoprotein substrate, results in serum digoxin levels that may be as much as doubled. Plasma 
digoxin concentrations should be closely monitored in patients taking NUEDEXTA concomitantly, 
and the digoxin dose reduced, as necessary. Other P-gp substrates for which a dose reduction may be 
considered include ticagrelor and dabigatran-etexilate.

Alcohol 
Caution should be used when this medicinal product is taken in combination with alcohol or other 
centrally acting medicinal products that might increase the risk of adverse reactions such as 
somnolence and dizziness.

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of NUEDEXTA in pregnant women. Studies in 
animals (rats and rabbits) have shown developmental toxicity, including teratogenicity and embryo-
lethality (see section 5.3).

As this medicinal product may cause foetal harm, it is not recommended during pregnancy and in 
women of childbearing potential not using contraception.

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Breast-feeding
Quinidine is excreted in human milk and it is unknown whether dextromethorphan is excreted in 
human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. 
A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from 
NUEDEXTA therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of 
therapy for the woman.

Fertility
In pre-clinical studies no effect on fertility was observed in male and female rats (see section 5.3).

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

NUEDEXTA has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should 
be warned about the potential for CNS-related effects like somnolence, dizziness and syncope or 
impaired vision (see section 4.8), and advised not to drive or operate machinery if these symptoms 
occur.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile
The safety of NUEDEXTA was investigated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 
multicenter study over 12 weeks in 326 PBA patients with underlying ALS (60%) or MS (40%) and in 
a follow-up open-label extension phase with a patient subgroup of this study (253 patients) for an 
additional 84 days.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions are gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhoea, 
nausea), nervous system disorders (such as dizziness, headache, somnolence) and fatigue.

Serious adverse reactions have been reported for NUEDEXTA; these are muscle spasticity, respiratory 
depression and decreased oxygen saturation in the blood. 

Ten patients discontinued study treatment due to ADRs, one of these patients due to a serious ADR 
(worsening muscle spasticity).

Tabulated summary of adverse reactions 
The adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to treatment with NUEDEXTA in the 
placebo-controlled and the open-label extension phase of the above mentioned clinical study are listed 
below by body system organ class and frequency.
 very common (≥1/10)
 common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
 uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100)
 rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
 very rare (<1/10,000)

System Organ Class Frequency Adverse Reaction

Metabolism and 
nutrition disorders 

Uncommon Decreased appetite 

Rare Anorexia 

Psychiatric disorders Uncommon Anxiety

Rare

 Bruxism, Confusional state, Depressed mood, 
Depression, Disorientation, Early morning awakening, 
Flat affect, Hallucination, Impulsive behaviour, 
Indifference, Insomnia, Restlessness, Sleep disorder

Nervous system 
disorders

Common Dizziness, Headache, Somnolence

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Uncommon Dysgeusia, Hypersomnia, Muscle spasticity, Syncope, Fall

Rare
Balance disorder, Coordination abnormal, Dysarthria, Motor 
dysfunction, Paraesthesia, Paraparesis, Sedation

Eye disorders Rare Diplopia, Vision blurred

Ear and labyrinth 
disorders

Uncommon Motion sickness, Tinnitus

Cardiac disorders Uncommon
Atrioventricular block first degree, Electrocardiogram QT 
prolonged

Rare
 Myocardial infarction, Palpitations, Ventricular 

extrasystoles
Respiratory, thoracic 
and mediastinal 
disorders

Rare
 Epistaxis, Pharyngolaryngeal pain, Respiratory 

depression, Rhinorrhoea, Yawning

Gastrointestinal 
disorders

Common Diarrhoea, Nausea

Uncommon
Abdominal pain, Constipation, Dry mouth, Flatulence, 
Stomach discomfort, Vomiting

Rare
 Abnormal faeces, Dyspepsia, Gastritis, Hypoaesthesia 

oral, Paraesthesia oral, Proctalgia, Tongue dry

Hepatobiliary disorders Uncommon Increased hepatic enzymes (GGT, AST, ALT)

Rare
Cholelithiasis, blood bilirubin increased, Liver function test 
abnormal,  

Skin and subcutaneous 
tissue disorders

Uncommon Rash

Rare Erythema, Hyperhidrosis, Hypoaesthesia facial, Night sweats

Musculoskeletal and 
connective tissue 
disorders

Uncommon Muscle spasms

Rare
Musculoskeletal stiffness, Myalgia, Neck pain, Pain in 
extremity

Renal and urinary 
disorders

Rare Pollakiuria

Reproductive system 
and breast disorders

Rare Sexual dysfunction

General disorders and 
administration site 
conditions

Common Fatigue

Uncommon Asthenia, Irritability

Rare 
Chest discomfort, Chest pain, Chills, Feeling hot, Gait 
disturbance, Influenza like illness, Pyrexia,  Oxygen 
saturation decreased

Injury, poisoning and 
procedural 
complications 

Rare Skeletal injury 

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It 
allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare 
professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V.

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25

4.9 Overdose

Evaluation and treatment of overdose is based on experience with the individual components, 
dextromethorphan and quinidine. Metabolism of dextromethorphan is inhibited by quinidine, such that 
adverse reactions of overdose due to NUEDEXTA might be more severe or more persistent compared 
to overdose of dextromethorphan alone. 

During development of this medicinal product, dose combinations of dextromethorphan/quinidine 
containing up to 6-times higher dextromethorphan dose and 12-times higher quinidine dose were 
studied. The most common adverse reactions were mild to moderate nausea, dizziness, and headache. 

Dextromethorphan
Adverse reactions of dextromethorphan overdose include nausea, vomiting, stupor, coma, respiratory 
depression, seizures, tachycardia, hyperexcitability, and toxic psychosis. Other adverse reactions 
include ataxia, nystagmus, dystonia, blurred vision, and changes in muscle reflexes. 
Dextromethorphan may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, and this risk is increased by overdose, 
particularly if taken with other serotonergic agents, SSRIs or tricyclic antidepressants.

Quinidine
The most important effects of acute overdoses are ventricular arrhythmias and hypotension. Other 
signs and symptoms of overdose may include vomiting, diarrhoea, tinnitus, high-frequency hearing 
loss, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, photophobia, headache, confusion, and delirium.

While therapeutic doses of quinidine for treatment of cardiac arrhythmia or malaria are generally ≥10-
fold higher than the dose of quinidine in this medicinal product, potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia, 
including torsades de pointes, can occur at quinidine exposures that are possible from NUEDEXTA 
overdose.

Treatment of overdose 
Quinidine
The treatment of cardiac effects (haemodynamically unstable polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 
(including torsades de pointes)) is either immediate cardioversion or immediate overdrive pacing. 
Other antiarrhythmics with Class I (procainamide) or Class III activities should (if possible) be 
avoided. Treatment of hypotension and of other signs and symptoms should be directed at 
symptomatic and supportive measures. Administration of activated charcoal in conventional dose of 
1 g/kg, administered every 2 to 6 hours as a slurry with 8 mL/kg of tap water may enhance the 
systemic elimination of quinidine; this measures should be avoided if an ileus is present. Methods as 
to acidify the urine and dialysis are of no demonstrated benefit. Drugs that delay elimination of 
quinidine (cimetidine, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics) should be withdrawn unless 
absolutely required. 

Dextromethorphan
Treatment of dextromethorphan overdose should be directed at symptomatic and supportive measures.
Gastric lavage may be of use. 

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other nervous system drugs; ATC code: N07XX59

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is the pharmacologically active ingredient that acts on the central 
nervous system (CNS).  Quinidine sulfate is a specific inhibitor of CYP2D6-dependent oxidative 
metabolism used to increase the systemic bioavailability of dextromethorphan. 

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Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism by which dextromethorphan exerts therapeutic effects in patients with 
pseudobulbar affect is unknown.  Quinidine increases plasma levels of dextromethorphan by 
competitively inhibiting cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), which catalyses a major biotransformation 
pathway for dextromethorphan.

Pharmacodynamic effects
Dextromethorphan is a sigma-1 receptor agonist and an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist.  In 
addition it shows affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and for the 5-HT1B/D receptor. 
Through its binding to the NMDA, sigma-1, SERT and 5-HT1B/D receptors, dextromethorphan is 
thought to have a modulatory effect on neurotransmission involving glutamate, monoamines 
(including serotonin), as well as ion channel function. 

Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy of dextromethorphan/quinidine for the treatment of PBA was demonstrated in three 
randomised, controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trials in PBA subjects with underlying 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Eligible patients had a diagnosis of 
PBA defined by episodes of involuntary, uncontrollable emotional expressions of laughing and/or 
crying that are incongruous or disproportionate to their emotional state or mood.

In all studies, the efficacy endpoints were “Count of episodes of laughing and crying” (PBA episodes) 
and subject scores on the Center for Neurologic Studies - Lability Scale (CNS-LS), a validated 7-item, 
self-administered questionnaire that provides a quantitative measure of the frequency and severity of 
PBA. CNS-LS scores range from a minimum of 7 (no symptoms) to a maximum of 35.

 Pivotal study (07-AVR-123)

In this placebo-controlled 12-week study, 326 PBA subjects with underlying ALS or MS were 
randomized to receive NUEDEXTA 15 mg / 9 mg, (n=107), NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg (n=110), or 
placebo (n=109) for 12 weeks. 

Subjects were 25 to 80 years of age with a mean age of approximately 51 years. Approximately 74% 
were Caucasian, 4% were Black, 1% were Asian and 19% were of Hispanic origin. 60% of subjects 
had underlying ALS and 40% of subjects had underlying MS. All subjects had clinically relevant PBA 
symptoms, quantified as CNS-LS score of 13 or more.

Mean baseline daily PBA episode rates (calculated from the total number of episodes reported for up 
to 7 pre-treatment days) were 4.7 in the NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg group, 6.8 in the NUEDEXTA 15
mg/9 mg group, and 4.5 in the placebo group.

Mean baseline CNS-LS scores were 19.8 in the NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg group, 21.0 in the 
NUEDEXTA 15 mg /9 mg group, and 19.9 in the placebo group.

To evaluate long-term data, 253 subjects who completed the double-blind study phase had the option 
of entering an open-label extension phase, receiving NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg for another 84 days.

The frequency of PBA episodes as measured by “Count of Episodes” in both NUEDEXTA treatment 
groups decreased significantly throughout the course of the study by an incremental reduction of 47% 
and 49% relative to placebo, respectively (p <0.0001 for both comparisons). 

The least-squares mean CNS-LS scores were significantly reduced at the end of treatment in both 
treatment groups compared to placebo (8.2 point reduction for NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg, 7.5 point 
reduction for NUEDEXTA 15 mg /9 mg, 5.7 point reduction for placebo). The p-value for 
NUEDEXTA 23 mg /9 mg vs placebo was p=0.0002 and for NUEDEXTA 15 mg /9 mg  vs placebo 
was p=0.008.

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The 12-week open-label phase of the study (during which all subjects received NUEDEXTA 23 mg /
9 mg) showed persistence of the effect observed in the placebo controlled period.

• Studies with Higher Dose Combinations of dextromethorphan / quinidine

Two additional phase III studies were conducted using a higher dose combination of 
dextromethorphan 23 mg/quinidine 26 mg. The higher dose of quinidine used in these studies would 
have resulted in approximately a 1.6 fold greater exposure to of dextromethorphan than with 
NUEDEXTA 23 mg/ 9 mg.

The first was a 4-week study in PBA subjects with underlying ALS, and the second was a 12-week 
study in subjects with underlying MS. In both studies the primary outcome measure, CNS-LS, and the 
secondary outcome measure, “count of episodes of laughing and crying”, were statistically 
significantly decreased by the dextromethorphan/quinidine combination.

A 12 month open-label safety study, also using the higher dose combination of dextromethorphan 
23 mg /quinidine 26 mg, included 553 subjects with PBA associated with thirty-four different 
neurological conditions. Approximately 30% of study participants carried diagnoses other than ALS 
and MS, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and other 
dementia, primary lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Only 
safety data were collected in this study; no new safety signals were identified.

• Studies to Assess Cardiac Effects

The effect of NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg (for 7 consecutive doses) on QTc prolongation was 
evaluated in a randomised, double-blind (except for moxifloxacin), placebo- and positive-controlled 
(400 mg moxifloxacin) crossover thorough QT study in 50 fasted normal healthy men and women 
with CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer (EM) genotype. Mean changes in QTcF were 6.8 ms for 
NUEDEXTA 23 mg/ 9 mg and 9.1 ms for the reference positive control (moxifloxacin). The 
maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) difference from placebo after baseline correction was 
10.2 (12.6) ms. This test dose is adequate to represent the steady state exposure in patients with 
CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer phenotype.

The effects of supra-therapeutic doses of dextromethorphan /quinidine (23 mg /26 mg and 46 mg /
53 mg, for 7 consecutive doses) on QTc prolongation were evaluated in a randomised, placebo-
controlled, double-blind, crossover design with an additional open-label positive control (400 mg 
moxifloxacin) arm in 36 healthy volunteers. The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) 
differences from placebo after baseline-correction were 10.2 (14.6) and 18.4 (22.7) ms following 
dextromethorphan/quinidine doses of 23 mg /26 mg and 46 mg /53 mg, respectively. The supra-
therapeutic doses are adequate to represent quinidine exposure increases due to drug-drug interactions 
and organ dysfunctions.

Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with 
NUEDEXTA in all subsets of the paediatric population in PBA (see section 4.2 for information on 
paediatric use).

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption
Following single and repeated combination doses of NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg, subjects had an 
approximately 20-fold increase in dextromethorphan exposure compared to subjects given 
dextromethorphan without quinidine. 

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Following repeated doses of NUEDEXTA 23 mg / 9 mg and NUEDEXTA 15 mg / 9 mg, maximal 
plasma concentrations (Cmax) of dextromethorphan are reached approximately 3 to 4 hours after dosing 
and maximal plasma concentrations of quinidine are reached approximately 2 hours after dosing. 

In extensive metabolizers, mean Cmax and AUC0-12 values of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan 
increased as doses of dextromethorphan increased from 15 mg to 23 mg and mean Cmax and AUC0-12 
values of quinidine were similar. 

The mean plasma Cmax of quinidine following NUEDEXTA 15 mg / 9 mg twice daily in subjects with 
PBA was 1 to 3% of the therapeutic concentrations associated with antiarrhythmic efficacy (2 to 
5 µg/mL). 

NUEDEXTA may be taken without regard to meals as food does not affect the exposure of 
dextromethorphan and quinidine significantly.

Distribution
After administration of the combination product, protein binding remains essentially the same as that 
after administration of the individual components; dextromethorphan is approximately 60-70% protein 
bound, and quinidine is approximately 80-89% protein bound. 

Biotransformation and elimination
Dextromethorphan is rapidly metabolized by CYP2D6 to its primary metabolite, dextrorphan, which is 
rapidly glucuronidated and renally eliminated. The quinidine component of NUEDEXTA serves to 
selectively inhibit CYP2D6-dependent oxidative metabolism of dextromethorphan, thus increasing 
dextromethorphan plasma concentrations. In the presence of quinidine, CYP3A4-dependent oxidative 
metabolism is believed to play a greater role in dextromethorphan elimination.

After administration of NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg to 14 extensive metabolizers, the elimination half-
life of dextromethorphan was 18.8 hours and the elimination half-life of quinidine was 9.6 hours. 

Quinidine is metabolized by CYP3A4. There are several hydroxylated metabolites of quinidine. The 
major metabolite is 3-hydroxyquinidine, which is considered to be at least half as pharmacologically 
active as quinidine with respect to cardiac effects such as QT prolongation. There are currently limited 
data on the magnitude of the effect of CYP3A4 inhibitors on the pharmacokinetic parameters of 
quinidine and its metabolites, including the potential for accumulation at steady state. 

When the urine pH is less than 7, about 20% of administered quinidine appears unchanged in the 
urine, but this fraction drops to as little as 5% when the urine is more alkaline. Renal clearance 
involves both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, moderated by (pH-dependent) tubular 
reabsorption. 

Linearity/non-linearity
Plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan are proportional to dextromethorphan 
dose in the presence of a fixed dose of quinidine such as that contained in NUEDEXTA. Quinidine 
plasma concentrations are proportional to quinidine dose. 

In vitro CYP P450 interaction studies 
The potential for dextromethorphan and quinidine to inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 in vitro were 
evaluated in human microsomes. Dextromethorphan did not inhibit (<20% inhibition) any of the tested 
isoenzymes: CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or 
CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes at concentrations up to 5 µM. Quinidine did not inhibit (<30% 
inhibition) CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4 in 
human microsomes at concentrations up to 5 µM. Quinidine inhibited CYP2D6 with a half maximal 
inhibitory concentration (IC50) of less than 0.05 µM. Neither dextromethorphan nor quinidine induced 
CYP1A2, CYP2B6 or CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes at concentrations up to 4.8 µM. 

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In vitro transporter interaction studies
Based on the results of transporter inhibition studies drug-drug interactions related to 
dextromethorphan inhibition of P-gp, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3 or BSEP are not 
expected during treatment withNUEDEXTA. Dextromethorphan has been shown to be a 
mild/moderate inhibitor of the OCT1 transporter in vitro. The clinical relevance of this observation to 
drugs that are OCT1 substrates, such as metformin, is unknown.

Based on literature citations, drug-drug interactions as a result of quinidine inhibition of OATP1B1, 
OCT1, OCT2, OAT3, BSEP, MATE1, and MATE2-K are not expected.

Special Populations 

Elderly patients
The pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine have not been investigated systematically in 
elderly subjects (aged >65 years) although such subjects were included in the clinical programme 
(14% ≥65 years, 2% ≥75 years). 

A population pharmacokinetic analysis of 170 subjects (148 subjects <65 years old and 22 subjects 
≥65 years old) administered dextromethorphan 23 mg / quinidine 26 mg revealed similar 
pharmacokinetics in subjects <65 years and those ≥65 years of age. 

Gender 
A population pharmacokinetic analysis based on data from 109 subjects (75 male; 34 female) showed 
no apparent gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine.

Race 
A population pharmacokinetic analysis of race with 109 subjects (21 Caucasian; 71 Hispanic; 18 
Black) revealed no apparent racial differences in the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine. 

Renal impairment 
In a study of a combination dose of dextromethorphan 23 mg / quinidine 26 mg twice daily in 12 
subjects with mild (CLCR 50-80 mL/min) or moderate (CLCR 30-50 mL/min) renal impairment (6 
each) compared to 9 healthy subjects (matched in gender, age, and weight range to impaired subjects), 
subjects showed little difference in quinidine or dextromethorphan pharmacokinetics compared to 
healthy subjects. Dose adjustment is therefore not required in mild or moderate renal impairment. 
Dextromethorphan / quinidine has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment. 

Hepatic impairment 
In a study of a combination dose of dextromethorphan 23 mg / quinidine 26 mg twice daily in 12 
subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (as indicated by the Child-Pugh method; 6 each) 
compared to 9 healthy subjects (matched in gender, age, and weight range to impaired subjects), 
subjects with moderate hepatic impairment showed similar dextromethorphan AUC and Cmax and 
clearance compared to healthy subjects. Mild to moderate hepatic impairment had little effect on 
quinidine pharmacokinetics. Quinidine clearance is unaffected, although there is an increased volume 
of distribution that leads to an increase in the elimination half-life. Patients with moderate hepatic 
impairment showed an increased frequency of adverse reactions. Therefore, dosage adjustment is not 
required in patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment, although additional monitoring for 
adverse reactions should be considered in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Dose increase, if 
warranted, should be undertaken with caution in these patients. Neither dextromethorphan alone nor 
dextromethorphan/quinidine has been evaluated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Pharmacogenomics 
The quinidine component is intended to inhibit CYP2D6 so that higher exposure to dextromethorphan 
can be achieved compared to when dextromethorphan is given alone. Approximately 7-8% of 
individuals of Caucasian descent, 3-6% of Black African descent, 2-3% of Arab descent and 1-2% of 
Asian descent generally lack the capacity to metabolize CYP2D6 substrates and are classified as Poor 

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Metabolizer (PMs). The quinidine component is not expected to contribute to the effectiveness of 
NUEDEXTA in PMs, but adverse reactions of the quinidine component are still possible. 

Approximately 1-10% of individuals of Caucasian descent, 5-30% of Black African descent, 12-40% 
of Arab descent and 1% of Asian descent exhibit increased metabolic activity for CYP2D6 substrates 
and are classified as Ultra-rapid Metabolizer (UMs). In such UM patients, dextromethorphan is rapidly 
metabolised, leading to lower, potentially subtherapeutic concentrations. 

Paediatric population
The pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan/quinidine in paediatric patients has not been studied (see 
section 5.1). 

5.3 Preclinical safety data

Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for a genotoxicity or carcinogenic potential, nor for fertility 
impairment.

In embryo-fetal and developmental toxicity studies (rats and rabbits) with dextromethorphan 
hydrobromide/quinidine sulfate, abnormalities were observed at mid and high dose with reduced 
ossification from the lowest dose in rats which is approximately 1 and 50 times the human dose of 
30/18 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis, respectively. The no effect dose in rabbits is 2 and 60 times higher 
than the RHD.

In the pre and post-natal developmental study, slight developmental delay was seen in offspring at the 
mid- and high-doses. Pup survival and pup weight were slightly decreased from the lowest dose 
corresponding approximately to 1and 50 times the human dose of 30/18 mg/kg on a mg/m2 basis, for 
dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate, respectively.

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

6.1 List of excipients

Capsule content
Croscarmellose sodium
Cellulose, microcrystalline
Silica, colloidal anhydrous 
Lactose monohydrate
Magnesium stearate 

Capsule shell
Gelatin
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Red iron oxide (E172)

Printing ink
Shellac glaze (20% esterified) 
Propylene glycol
Titanium dioxide (E171)

6.2 Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

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6.3 Shelf life

3 years.

6.4 Special precautions for storage

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 

6.5 Nature and contents of container

High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a child resistant polypropylene cap. Each bottle is 
packed in a carton.
Pack size: 60 capsules

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local 
requirements. 

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/003

9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

{MM/YYYY}
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu

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32

ANNEX II

A. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE

B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY 
AND USE

C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE 
MARKETING AUTHORISATION

D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO 
THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL 
PRODUCT

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A. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE

Name and address of the manufacturer responsible for batch release

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Ltd
Carradine House
237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
UNITED KINGDOM

B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE 

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.

C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING 
AUTHORISATION

 Periodic Safety Update Reports

The marketing authorisation holder shall submit the first periodic safety update report for this 
product within 6 months following authorisation. Subsequently, the marketing authorisation 
holder shall submit periodic safety update reports for this product in accordance with the 
requirements set out in the list of Union reference dates (EURD list) provided for under Article 
107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC and published on the European medicines web-portal.

D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND 
EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT  

 Risk Management Plan (RMP)

The MAH shall perform the required pharmacovigilance activities and interventions detailed in 
the agreed RMP presented in Module 1.8.2 of the Marketing Authorisation and any agreed 
subsequent updates of the RMP.

An updated RMP should be submitted:
• At the request of the European Medicines Agency; 
• Whenever the risk management system is modified, especially as the result of new 
information being received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit/risk profile or as 
the result of an important (pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone being reached.

If the submission of a PSUR and the update of a RMP coincide, they can be submitted at the 
same time.

 Additional risk minimisation measures  

Prior to launch in each Member State the Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) shall agree an 

educational programme with the National Competent Authority.

The MAH shall ensure that, following discussion and agreement with the National Competent 

Authorities in each Member State where Nuedexta is marketed, at launch and after launch, all 

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34

healthcare professionals who are expected to prescribe Nuedexta are provided with the following 

items:

 Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) 

 Educational material for Healthcare Professionals (HCPs)

 Patient alert cards 

The educational material for HCPs should assist them in the collection and assessment of relevant 

patient’s details on pre-existing co-morbidities and concomitant medications prior to initiating 

Nuedexta therapy. Furthermore, educational material for HCPs should provide information on the 

following safety concerns and on the actions needed to reduce the risks: 

  Off-label use

 Allergic reactions

 Cardiac effects (QT prolongation) including pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and 

clinically significant electrolyte imbalances

 Drug-drug interactions including involvement of CYP2D6 substrates and inhibitors

 Serotonin syndrome

 Co-administration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor

 Drug misuse and abuse

The patient alert card should be provided to all patients with instructions to carry it on them at all 

times. The card should contain details to alert any HCP treating the patient that they are being treated 

with Nuedexta and of the potential for interaction once a patient is on treatment with Nuedexta and 

another treatment is added.

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ANNEX III

LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET

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A. LABELLING

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PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING

BOTTLE CARTON (60 hard capsules) – NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsules

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine

2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 15.41 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS

Contains lactose. See leaflet for further information.

4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS

60 hard capsules

5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION

Read the package leaflet before use.
Oral use

6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 
OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN

Keep out of the sight and reach of children.

7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY

8. EXPIRY DATE

EXP

9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE

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11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/001

13. BATCH NUMBER

Lot

14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.  

15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE

16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE
NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg 

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PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE IMMEDIATE PACKAGING

BOTTLE LABEL (60 hard capsules) – NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsules

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine 

2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 15.41 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS

Contains lactose.  See leaflet for further information.

4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS

60 hard capsules

5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION

Read the package leaflet before use.
Oral use

6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 
OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN

Keep out of the sight and reach of children.

7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY

8. EXPIRY DATE

EXP

9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE

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11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/001

13. BATCH NUMBER

Lot

14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.  

15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE

16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE

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PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING

BOTTLE CARTON (60 hard capsules) – NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg capsules

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine 

2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 23.11 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS

Contains lactose.  See leaflet for further information.

4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS

60 hard capsules

5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION

Read the package leaflet before use.
Oral use

6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 
OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN

Keep out of the sight and reach of children.

7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY

8. EXPIRY DATE

EXP

9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE

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11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/003

13. BATCH NUMBER

Lot

14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.  

15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE

16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE
NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg 

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PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE IMMEDIATE PACKAGING

BOTTLE LABEL (60 hard capsules) – NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg capsules

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine 

2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 23.11 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS

Contains lactose.  See leaflet for further information.

4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS

60 hard capsules

5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION

Read the package leaflet before use.
Oral use

6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 
OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN

Keep out of the sight and reach of children.

7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY

8. EXPIRY DATE

EXP

9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE

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11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/003

13. BATCH NUMBER

Lot

14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.  

15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE

16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE
/

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PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING 

OUTER CARTON – NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsules: PACK OF 13 CAPSULES

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine 

2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S)

Each capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 15.41 mg 
dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS

Contains lactose.  See leaflet for further information.

4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS

13 hard capsules 

5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION

Read the package leaflet before use.
Oral use

To access capsules:
1. Squeeze and hold at tabs above and below ()
2. Pull out card to the right ()

6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 
OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN

Keep out of the sight and reach of children.

7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY

8. EXPIRY DATE

EXP

9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

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10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE

11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) 

EU/1/13/833/002

13. BATCH NUMBER

Lot

14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.

15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE

16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE
NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg 

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MINIMUM PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON BLISTERS OR STRIPS

BLISTER SLEEVE (13 hard capsules) – NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsules 

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine 

2. NAME OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited

3. EXPIRY DATE

EXP

4. BATCH NUMBER

Lot

5. OTHER

DAYS 1-7
Day 1 
Day 2 
Day 3 
Day 4 
Day 5 
Day 6 
Day 7 

BEGINNING DAY 8
Day 8 
Day 9 
Day 10 

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B. PACKAGE LEAFLET

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Package leaflet: information for the user

NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg hard capsules
NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg hard capsules

dextromethorphan / quinidine 

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains 
important information for you.
- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, 

even if their signs of illness are the same as yours.
- If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any side effects not 

listed in this leaflet.

What is in this leaflet
1. What NUEDEXTA is and what it is used for
2. What you need to know before you take NUEDEXTA
3. How to take NUEDEXTA
4. Possible side effects
5. How to store NUEDEXTA
6. Contents of the pack and other information

1. What NUEDEXTA is and what it is used for

NUEDEXTA is a combination of two active substances: 
 Dextromethorphan acts on the brain. 
 Quinidine increases the amount of dextromethorphan in your body, by blocking the breakdown 

of dextromethorphan by the liver. 

NUEDEXTA is used for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in adults. PBA is a neurological 
condition characterized by involuntary and uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying, which 
don’t match your emotional state or mood. 

NUEDEXTA can help reduce how often you have episodes of PBA. 

2. What you need to know before you take NUEDEXTA

Do not take NUEDEXTA
 if you are allergic to dextromethorphan, quinidine or any of the other ingredients of this 

medicine (listed in section 6).
 if you have a history of low levels of blood cells caused by quinidine, quinine or mefloquine

(this can cause a tendency to bleed or bruise more easily than normal)
 if you have a history of a liver disease (hepatitis) caused by quinidine
 if you have a history of a condition called lupus-like syndrome caused by quinidine (this can 

cause joint pains, skin rash, excessive skin sensitivity to sun and overall feeling of sickness).
 if you are already taking medicines containing quinidine, quinine, or mefloquine. These are 

medicines used to treat malaria or heart rhythm problems.
 if you have a heart problem called “complete heart block” or “long QT syndrome” or have had a 

problem with your heart called “torsades de pointes”.
 if you take a medicine called thioridazine, which is used for mental illness but can also affect 

the heart.
 if you are taking, or have taken during the last two weeks, certain medicines for depression 

called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as phenelzine and moclobemide. 

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50

Please ask your doctor if you are not sure, if any of the above applies to you.

Warnings and precautions

Talk to your doctor before and after taking NUEDEXTA if:
 you or a family member currently have or have ever had any heart disease or problems. This 

medicine may cause changes in heart rhythm. If you have certain heart problems or are currently 
taking certain other medicines, NUEDEXTA may not be appropriate for you, or your doctor 
may want to monitor your heart activity when you start NUEDEXTA.

 you experience symptoms such as palpitations or fainting, which may be a sign of heart 
problems.

 you develop symptoms of an allergic reaction such as swelling of the throat or tongue, difficulty 
breathing, dizziness, fever, rash, or hives after taking this medicine.

 you experience symptoms such as bruising, bleeding under the skin, nosebleeds and/or bleeding 
gums, as this may be a sign of low levels of blood cells called platelets (thrombocytopenia).

 you experience symptoms, such as yellowing of the skin or eyes, dark urine, nausea or 
vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fever, as this may be a sign of drug-induced 
hepatitis (liver inflammation).

 you have a condition called myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune neuromuscular disease that 
causes muscle weakness and fatigability). 

 you have problems with your liver or kidney. Depending on the severity of your problems, your 
doctor may carefully consider whether this medicine is suitable for you and monitor you more 
closely for potential side effects.

 you have a tendency to have falls. This medicine may cause dizziness and your doctor might 
need to discuss appropriate precautions to reduce the risk of falls.

 you have had at any time a serious condition called “serotonin syndrome”, which can be caused 
by certain medicines e.g. antidepressants. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome include agitation, 
high blood pressure, restlessness, muscle spasms and twitching, high body temperature, 
excessive sweating, shivering, and tremor.

 you have a history of drug abuse. Your doctor will monitor you closely for signs of 
NUEDEXTA misuse or abuse.

Stop taking NUEDEXTA and seek medical attention immediately if any of the above symptoms 
occur.

Children and adolescents
NUEDEXTA should not be used in children and adolescents below the age of 18 years.

Other medicines and NUEDEXTA
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other 
medicines.

It is very important to tell your doctor if you are taking any of the medicines listed below, as these 
medicines should never be taken while you are taking NUEDEXTA:
 medicines containing quinidine, quinine, or mefloquine. These are medicines used to treat

malaria or heart rhythm problems,
 thioridazine, a medicine used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis, that may affect 

the heart,
 certain medicines for depression, called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs- for example 

phenelzine and moklobemide). Do not take NUEDEXTA if you have taken these 
antidepressants during the last two weeks and allow at least 14 days after stopping NUEDEXTA 
before starting an MAOI.

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Please tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following medicines, as your doctor will closely 
monitor you for side  effects.:
 medicines used to treat fungal infections, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole
 medicines used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, such as atazanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, 

ritonavir, saquinavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir
 medicines used to treat bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, containing clarithromycin, 

telithromycin, erythromycin and rifampicin
 medicines used to treat various heart conditions, such as diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin, 

flecainide and beta-blockers (such as metoprolol)
 medicines used to prevent nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy and after surgery, such as 

aprepitant
 certain medicines used to treat depression, including nortriptyline, desipramine, paroxetine 

imipramine and amitriptyline, nefazodone
 St John's wort, a herbal medicine used to treat depression
 medicines used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, such as haloperidol, 

perphenazine, aripiprazole and chlorpromazine
 certain medicines used to prevent blood clots in patients with heart conditions and at risk of 

stroke, such as ticagrelor and dabigatran-etexilate
 tamoxifen, used to treat or prevent some cancers
 atomoxetine, used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
 medicines to reduce pain and/or cough, such as codeine and hydrocodone
 medicines to treat epilepsy or fits, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital 

Your doctor will closely monitor you for side effects and/or may need to adjust the dose of the other 
medicine or NUEDEXTA.

NUEDEXTA with food, drink and alcohol
You should not drink grapefruit juice or eat grapefruits while you are taking NUEDEXTA as this can 
increase the likelihood of serious side effects. 

Take care if you consume alcohol while you are taking NUEDEXTA as might increase the risk of side 
effects such as dizziness and sleepiness.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, or if 
you are not using reliable contraception, ask your doctor for advice before taking this medicine.
As NUEDEXTA may cause harm to your unborn baby, its use is not recommended when you are 
pregnant or if you are a women of childbearing potential not using contraception. Your doctor will 
discuss with you the risks and benefits of using this medicine in these situations.

It is not known whether the active substances of NUEDEXTA are expressed into human milk. Your 
doctor will decide if you should take this medicine while breast-feeding.

Driving and using machines
NUEDEXTA may cause dizziness. If this happens to you, do not drive or use machines.

NUEDEXTA contains lactose
If you have been told by your doctor that you have intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor 
before taking this medicine.

3. How to take NUEDEXTA

Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. Check with your doctor 
or pharmacist if you are not sure. 

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Start of treatment (first 4 weeks):
Your doctor will start your treatment with NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsules which should be taken 
by you as follows:
 For the first seven days of treatment: one capsule per day, taken in the morning.
 From the eighth day of treatment onwards: two capsules per day, one in the morning and one in 

the evening, 12 hours apart.

After 4 weeks:
Your doctor will assess you carefully. Depending on your response to the treatment, your doctor may 
either decide:
 to continue the treatment with NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsules, or 
 to give you a higher dose and to prescribe NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg capsules to you.

Regardless of which strength of NUEDEXTA has been prescribed to you:
 continue the treatment with: two capsules per day (one capsule every 12 hours).

Use in older persons
No special dose adjustment of NUEDEXTA is required in older patients. 

How to take NUEDEXTA
The capsule should be taken orally (by mouth) either with or without food at about the same time each 
day. When taking two capsules within 24 hours, you should leave about 12 hours between doses.

If you take more NUEDEXTA than you should
If you have taken more capsules than you should, speak to your doctor immediately.
Adverse reactions observed with this medicine may occur more often or may worsen and your doctor 
may perform some test and monitor you more closely.

Symptoms of dextromethorphan overdose include nausea, vomiting, stupor, coma, respiratory 
depression, seizures, increased heart rate, hyperexcitability, and toxic psychosis. Other effects include 
loss of coordinated movement (ataxia), involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), over contraction of 
the muscles (dystonia), blurred vision, and changes in muscle reflexes. Dextromethorphan may 
increase the risk of serotonin syndrome (see Warnings and precautions and Possible side effects). 

Symptoms of quinidine overdose include irregular heartbeat and low blood pressure, and may also 
include vomiting, diarrhoea, ringing in the ears, high-frequency hearing loss, vertigo, blurred vision, 
double vision, increased sensitivity of the eyes to light, headache, confusion, and delirium 
(characterised by loss of attention, poor memory, disorientation, impaired speech).

If you forget to take NUEDEXTA
If you forget to take 1 or more capsules, you must not take a double dose to make up for the missed 
doses. Take your next dose at the usual time and make sure that approximately 12 hours passes 
between two doses.

If you stop taking NUEDEXTA
Do not stop taking this medicine without speaking to your doctor first, even if you begin to feel better. 
Stopping treatment may cause your symptoms to return.

If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

4. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
Most side effects are mild to moderate. However, some side effects may be serious and require 
treatment. 

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53

Tell your doctor immediately if you experience severe symptoms including agitation, high blood 
pressure, restlessness, muscle spasms and twitching, high body temperature, excessive sweating, 
shivering, and tremor. These may be a sign of a serious condition called “serotonin syndrome”.

Tell your doctor immediately if you notice any of the following:

 excessive muscle stiffness (spasticity)
 excessively slow or shallow breathing (respiratory depression) and/or turning blue. 

The most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhoea, nausea), 
nervous system disorders (such as dizziness, headache, somnolence) and fatigue.

If any of the above occur, stop taking the capsules and tell your doctor immediately

A list of all other side effects is provided below:

Common side effects
(may affect up to 1 in 10 people) 
 diarrhoea, nausea
 dizziness, headache, drowsiness 
 fatigue

Uncommon side effects
(may affect up to 1 in 100 people) 
 decreased appetite
 anxiety
 distorted sense of taste (dysgeusia), sleepiness (hypersomnia), muscle spasticity, fainting 

(syncope), fall
 travel or motion sickness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
 heart problems, such as slow, fast or irregular heart beat, or altered results during an 

electrocardiogram (ECG – QT prolongation)
 abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, wind (flatulence), stomach discomfort, vomiting
 increased liver enzymes (GGT, AST, ALT)
 rash
 muscle spasms
 weakness (asthenia), irritability

Rare
(may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)
 loss of appetite (anorexia)
 teeth grinding (bruxism), confusion, depressed mood, depression, disorientation (e.g. difficulty

sensing time, direction, and recognition of people and places), early morning awakening, 
reduced emotional expressiveness (flat affect), hallucination, impulsive behaviour, indifference, 
insomnia, restlessness, disturbed sleep

 balance disorder, abnormal coordination, speech difficulties (dysarthria), movement 
dysfunction, pins and needles / tingling or numbness (paraesthesia), loss of feeling or function 
in the lower limbs (paraparesis), sedation

 double vision, blurred vision 
 heart attack (myocardial infarction), heart palpitations
 nose bleeds, throat pain, excessively slow or shallow breathing (respiratory depression), runny 

nose, yawning
 abnormal faeces, indigestion, inflammation of the lining of the stomach (gastritis), numbness 

and abnormal sensation in the mouth, rectal pain, dry tongue
 gall stones, increased bilirubin levels in the blood, abnormal liver function test 
 redness of the skin (erythema), excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), loss of sensation or

numbness of the face, night sweats
 musculoskeletal stiffness, muscle pain (myalgia), neck pain, pain in the limbs

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54

 abnormally frequent daytime urination
 sexual dysfunction
 chest discomfort, chest pain, chills, feeling hot, gait disturbance (difficulty walking), flu-like 

illness, fever, decreased oxygen levels in the blood
 bone fractures (skeletal injury)

Reporting of side effects

If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects 

not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system 

listed in Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of 

this medicine.

5. How to store NUEDEXTA

Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.

Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the bottle, blister and carton after 
EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to 
throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment.

6. Contents of the pack and other information

What NUEDEXTA contains 

 The active substances are: 
Each NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide 
monohydrate, equivalent to 15.41 mg dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, 
equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

Each NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide 
monohydrate, equivalent to 23.11 mg dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, 
equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine.

 The other ingredients are croscarmellose sodium, cellulose microcrystalline, silica colloidal, 
lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate and gelatin, titanium dioxide (E171), red iron oxide 
(E172), printing ink (shellac glaze, propylene glycol, titanium dioxide (E171)).

What NUEDEXTA looks like and contents of the pack

Each bottle consists of high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a child resistant polypropylene cap and 
contains 60 hard capsules. Each bottle will be contained within a carton.

Only for NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg: Blister packs consist of a PVC based clear film with aluminium 
foil seal and contains 13 hard capsules. Each blister is packed in a sleeve. This pack is intended to be 
used for the first 10 days of treatment.

Description:
 NUEDEXTA 15 mg/9 mg is a brick red gelatin capsule, size 1, with “DMQ / 20-10” printed in 

white ink on the capsule. 
 NUEDEXTA 23 mg/9 mg is a brick red gelatin capsule, size 1, with “DMQ / 30-10” printed in 

white ink on the capsule and three white bands around the circumference.

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http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


55

Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer
Jenson Pharmaceutical Services Limited
Carradine House, 237 Regents Park Road
N3 3LF London
United Kingdom

This leaflet was last revised in {MM/YYYY} 

Other sources of information

Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency web site: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu

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	SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
	A. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE
	B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE
	C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETINGAUTHORISATION
	D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE ANDEFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
	A. LABELLING
	B. PACKAGE LEAFLET
{'Title': '1. what nuedexta is and what it is used for', 'Section_Content': "nuedexta is a combination of two active substances: dextromethorphan acts on the brain. quinidine increases the amount of dextromethorphan in your body, by blocking the breakdown of dextromethorphan by the liver. nuedexta is used for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (pba) in adults. pba is a neurological condition characterized by involuntary and uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying, which don't match your emotional state or mood. nuedexta can help reduce how often you have episodes of pba.", 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 8, 'Score': 0.4805105924606323, 'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'dextromethorphan acts', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 52, 'EndOffset': 73}, {'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 81, 'EndOffset': 86, 'Score': 0.9694991707801819, 'Text': 'brain', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 88, 'EndOffset': 97, 'Score': 0.9924876689910889, 'Text': 'quinidine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 6, 'BeginOffset': 122, 'EndOffset': 138, 'Score': 0.9949210286140442, 'Text': 'dextromethorphan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 147, 'EndOffset': 151, 'Score': 0.7675150632858276, 'Text': 'body', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 169, 'EndOffset': 178, 'Score': 0.36769455671310425, 'Text': 'breakdown', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9621335864067078, 'RelationshipScore': 0.6279775500297546, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 206, 'EndOffset': 211, 'Text': 'liver', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 182, 'EndOffset': 198, 'Score': 0.9736044406890869, 'Text': 'dextromethorphan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 206, 'EndOffset': 211, 'Score': 0.9621335864067078, 'Text': 'liver', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 8, 'BeginOffset': 213, 'EndOffset': 221, 'Score': 0.7268343567848206, 'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 251, 'EndOffset': 270, 'Score': 0.9548841714859009, 'Text': 'pseudobulbar affect', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.5997734069824219}]}, {'Text': 'a neurological condition', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 295, 'EndOffset': 319}, {'Text': 'involuntary and uncontrollable episodes of laughing', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 337, 'EndOffset': 388}, {'Id': 14, 'BeginOffset': 396, 'EndOffset': 402, 'Score': 0.9135019183158875, 'Text': 'crying', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SIGN', 'Score': 0.5926743149757385}, {'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6230443716049194}]}, {'Id': 15, 'BeginOffset': 427, 'EndOffset': 450, 'Score': 0.47678205370903015, 'Text': 'emotional state or mood', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SIGN', 'Score': 0.5868865847587585}, {'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.468350350856781}]}, {'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 452, 'EndOffset': 460, 'Score': 0.584105908870697, 'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'pba', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 508, 'EndOffset': 511}]}
{'Title': '2. what you need to know before you take nuedexta', 'Section_Content': 'do not take nuedexta if you are allergic to dextromethorphan, quinidine or any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6). if you have a history of low levels of blood cells caused by quinidine, quinine or mefloquine (this can cause a tendency to bleed or bruise more easily than normal) if you have a history of a liver disease (hepatitis) caused by quinidine if you have a history of a condition called lupus-like syndrome caused by quinidine (this can cause joint pains, skin rash, excessive skin sensitivity to sun and overall feeling of sickness). if you are already taking medicines containing quinidine, quinine, or mefloquine. these are medicines used to treat malaria or heart rhythm problems. if you have a heart problem called "complete heart block" or "long qt syndrome" or have had a problem with your heart called "torsades de pointes". if you take a medicine called thioridazine, which is used for mental illness but can also affect the heart. if you are taking, or have taken during the last two weeks, certain medicines for depression called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (maois), such as phenelzine and moclobemide. please ask your doctor if you are not sure, if any of the above applies to you. warnings and precautions talk to your doctor before and after taking nuedexta if: you or a family member currently have or have ever had any heart disease or problems. this medicine may cause changes in heart rhythm. if you have certain heart problems or are currently taking certain other medicines, nuedexta may not be appropriate for you, or your doctor may want to monitor your heart activity when you start nuedexta. you experience symptoms such as palpitations or fainting, which may be a sign of heart problems. you develop symptoms of an allergic reaction such as swelling of the throat or tongue, difficulty breathing, dizziness, fever, rash, or hives after taking this medicine. you experience symptoms such as bruising, bleeding under the skin, nosebleeds and/or bleeding gums, as this may be a sign of low levels of blood cells called platelets (thrombocytopenia). you experience symptoms, such as yellowing of the skin or eyes, dark urine, nausea or vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fever, as this may be a sign of drug-induced hepatitis (liver inflammation). you have a condition called myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes muscle weakness and fatigability). you have problems with your liver or kidney. depending on the severity of your problems, your doctor may carefully consider whether this medicine is suitable for you and monitor you more closely for potential side effects. you have a tendency to have falls. this medicine may cause dizziness and your doctor might need to discuss appropriate precautions to reduce the risk of falls. you have had at any time a serious condition called "serotonin syndrome", which can be caused by certain medicines e.g. antidepressants. symptoms of serotonin syndrome include agitation, high blood pressure, restlessness, muscle spasms and twitching, high body temperature, excessive sweating, shivering, and tremor. you have a history of drug abuse. your doctor will monitor you closely for signs of nuedexta misuse or abuse. stop taking nuedexta and seek medical attention immediately if any of the above symptoms occur. children and adolescents nuedexta should not be used in children and adolescents below the age of 18 years. other medicines and nuedexta tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines. it is very important to tell your doctor if you are taking any of the medicines listed below, as these medicines should never be taken while you are taking nuedexta: medicines containing quinidine, quinine, or mefloquine. these are medicines used to treat malaria or heart rhythm problems, thioridazine, a medicine used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis, that may affect the heart, certain medicines for depression, called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (maois- for example phenelzine and moklobemide). do not take nuedexta if you have taken these antidepressants during the last two weeks and allow at least 14 days after stopping nuedexta before starting an maoi. please tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following medicines, as your doctor will closely monitor you for side effects.: medicines used to treat fungal infections, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole medicines used to treat hiv infection and aids, such as atazanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir medicines used to treat bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, containing clarithromycin, telithromycin, erythromycin and rifampicin medicines used to treat various heart conditions, such as diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin, flecainide and beta-blockers (such as metoprolol) medicines used to prevent nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy and after surgery, such as aprepitant certain medicines used to treat depression, including nortriptyline, desipramine, paroxetine imipramine and amitriptyline, nefazodone st john\'s wort, a herbal medicine used to treat depression medicines used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, such as haloperidol, perphenazine, aripiprazole and chlorpromazine certain medicines used to prevent blood clots in patients with heart conditions and at risk of stroke, such as ticagrelor and dabigatran-etexilate tamoxifen, used to treat or prevent some cancers atomoxetine, used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) medicines to reduce pain and/or cough, such as codeine and hydrocodone medicines to treat epilepsy or fits, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital your doctor will closely monitor you for side effects and/or may need to adjust the dose of the other medicine or nuedexta. nuedexta with food, drink and alcohol you should not drink grapefruit juice or eat grapefruits while you are taking nuedexta as this can increase the likelihood of serious side effects. take care if you consume alcohol while you are taking nuedexta as might increase the risk of side effects such as dizziness and sleepiness. pregnancy and breast-feeding if you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, or if you are not using reliable contraception, ask your doctor for advice before taking this medicine. as nuedexta may cause harm to your unborn baby, its use is not recommended when you are pregnant or if you are a women of childbearing potential not using contraception. your doctor will discuss with you the risks and benefits of using this medicine in these situations. it is not known whether the active substances of nuedexta are expressed into human milk. your doctor will decide if you should take this medicine while breast-feeding. driving and using machines nuedexta may cause dizziness. if this happens to you, do not drive or use machines. nuedexta contains lactose if you have been told by your doctor that you have intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Id': 17, 'BeginOffset': 12, 'EndOffset': 20, 'Score': 0.7304928302764893, 'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'BRAND_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.9326642751693726}]}, {'Text': 'allergic', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 32, 'EndOffset': 40}, {'Id': 18, 'BeginOffset': 44, 'EndOffset': 60, 'Score': 0.9960630536079407, 'Text': 'dextromethorphan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.6597429513931274}]}, {'Id': 19, 'BeginOffset': 62, 'EndOffset': 71, 'Score': 0.9978896975517273, 'Text': 'quinidine', 'Category': 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[]}, {'Id': 6, 'BeginOffset': 769, 'EndOffset': 774, 'Score': 0.9859237670898438, 'Text': 'heart', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 50, 'BeginOffset': 786, 'EndOffset': 802, 'Score': 0.8594231009483337, 'Text': 'long qt syndrome', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8925182819366455}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9582314491271973, 'RelationshipScore': 0.6639639735221863, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 836, 'EndOffset': 841, 'Text': 'heart', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 836, 'EndOffset': 841, 'Score': 0.9582314491271973, 'Text': 'heart', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 51, 'BeginOffset': 850, 'EndOffset': 869, 'Score': 0.8634580373764038, 'Text': 'torsades de pointes', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 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{'Title': '3. how to take nuedexta', 'Section_Content': 'always take this medicine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure. start of treatment (first 4 weeks): your doctor will start your treatment with nuedexta 15 mg/9 mg capsules which should be taken by you as follows: for the first seven days of treatment: one capsule per day, taken in the morning. from the eighth day of treatment onwards: two capsules per day, one in the morning and one in the evening, 12 hours apart. after 4 weeks: your doctor will assess you carefully. depending on your response to the treatment, your doctor may either decide: to continue the treatment with nuedexta 15 mg/9 mg capsules, or to give you a higher dose and to prescribe nuedexta 23 mg/9 mg capsules to you. regardless of which strength of nuedexta has been prescribed to you: continue the treatment with: two capsules per day (one capsule every 12 hours). use in older persons no special dose adjustment of nuedexta is required in older patients. how to take nuedexta the capsule should be taken orally (by mouth) either with or without food at about the same time each day. when taking two capsules within 24 hours, you should leave about 12 hours between doses. if you take more nuedexta than you should if you have taken more capsules than you should, speak to your doctor immediately. adverse reactions observed with this medicine may occur more often or may worsen and your doctor may perform some test and monitor you more closely. symptoms of dextromethorphan overdose include nausea, vomiting, stupor, coma, respiratory depression, seizures, increased heart rate, hyperexcitability, and toxic psychosis. other effects include loss of coordinated movement (ataxia), involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), over contraction of the muscles (dystonia), blurred vision, and changes in muscle reflexes. dextromethorphan may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome (see warnings and precautions and possible side effects). symptoms of quinidine overdose include irregular heartbeat and low blood pressure, and may also include vomiting, diarrhoea, ringing in the ears, high-frequency hearing loss, vertigo, blurred vision, double vision, increased sensitivity of the eyes to light, headache, confusion, and delirium (characterised by loss of attention, poor memory, disorientation, impaired speech). if you forget to take nuedexta if you forget to take 1 or more capsules, you must not take a double dose to make up for the missed doses. take your next dose at the usual time and make sure that approximately 12 hours passes between two doses. if you stop taking nuedexta do not stop taking this medicine without speaking to your doctor first, even if you begin to feel better. stopping treatment may cause your symptoms to return. if you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Type': 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{'Title': '4. possible side effects', 'Section_Content': 'like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. most side effects are mild to moderate. however, some side effects may be serious and require treatment. tell your doctor immediately if you experience severe symptoms including agitation, high blood pressure, restlessness, muscle spasms and twitching, high body temperature, excessive sweating, shivering, and tremor. these may be a sign of a serious condition called "serotonin syndrome". tell your doctor immediately if you notice any of the following: excessive muscle stiffness (spasticity) excessively slow or shallow breathing (respiratory depression) and/or turning blue. the most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhoea, nausea), nervous system disorders (such as dizziness, headache, somnolence) and fatigue. if any of the above occur, stop taking the capsules and tell your doctor immediately a list of all other side effects is provided below: common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) diarrhoea, nausea dizziness, headache, drowsiness fatigue uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people) decreased appetite anxiety distorted sense of taste (dysgeusia), sleepiness (hypersomnia), muscle spasticity, fainting (syncope), fall travel or motion sickness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus) heart problems, such as slow, fast or irregular heart beat, or altered results during an electrocardiogram (ecg qt prolongation) abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, wind (flatulence), stomach discomfort, vomiting increased liver enzymes (ggt, ast, alt) rash muscle spasms weakness (asthenia), irritability rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people) loss of appetite (anorexia) teeth grinding (bruxism), confusion, depressed mood, depression, disorientation (e.g. difficulty sensing time, direction, and recognition of people and places), early morning awakening, reduced emotional expressiveness (flat affect), hallucination, impulsive behaviour, indifference, insomnia, restlessness, disturbed sleep balance disorder, abnormal coordination, speech difficulties (dysarthria), movement dysfunction, pins and needles / tingling or numbness (paraesthesia), loss of feeling or function in the lower limbs (paraparesis), sedation double vision, blurred vision heart attack (myocardial infarction), heart palpitations nose bleeds, throat pain, excessively slow or shallow breathing (respiratory depression), runny nose, yawning abnormal faeces, indigestion, inflammation of the lining of the stomach (gastritis), numbness and abnormal sensation in the mouth, rectal pain, dry tongue gall stones, increased bilirubin levels in the blood, abnormal liver function test redness of the skin (erythema), excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), loss of sensation or numbness of the face, night sweats musculoskeletal stiffness, muscle pain (myalgia), neck pain, pain in the limbs 54 abnormally frequent daytime urination sexual dysfunction chest discomfort, chest pain, chills, feeling hot, gait disturbance (difficulty walking), flu-like illness, fever, decreased oxygen levels in the blood bone fractures (skeletal injury) reporting of side effects if you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. this includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. you can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in appendix v. by reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'all medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5, 'EndOffset': 18}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 20, 'EndOffset': 33}, {'Id': 12, 'BeginOffset': 44, 'EndOffset': 56, 'Score': 0.964076042175293, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 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{'Title': '5. how to store nuedexta', 'Section_Content': 'keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the bottle, blister and carton after exp. the expiry date refers to the last day of that month. this medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. ask your pharmacist how to throw away medicines you no longer use. these measures will help protect the environment.', 'Entity_Recognition': None}
{'Title': '6. contents of the pack and other information', 'Section_Content': 'what nuedexta contains the active substances are: each nuedexta 15 mg/9 mg capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 15.41 mg dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine. each nuedexta 23 mg/9 mg capsule contains dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, equivalent to 23.11 mg dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate dihydrate, equivalent to 8.69 mg quinidine. the other ingredients are croscarmellose sodium, cellulose microcrystalline, silica colloidal, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate and gelatin, titanium dioxide (e171), red iron oxide (e172), printing ink (shellac glaze, propylene glycol, titanium dioxide (e171)). what nuedexta looks like and contents of the pack each bottle consists of high density polyethylene (hdpe) with a child resistant polypropylene cap and contains 60 hard capsules. each bottle will be contained within a carton. only for nuedexta 15 mg/9 mg: blister packs consist of a pvc based clear film with aluminium foil seal and contains 13 hard capsules. each blister is packed in a sleeve. this pack is intended to be used for the first 10 days of treatment. description: nuedexta 15 mg/9 mg is a brick red gelatin capsule, size 1, with "dmq / 20-10" printed in white ink on the capsule. nuedexta 23 mg/9 mg is a brick red gelatin capsule, size 1, with "dmq / 30-10" printed in white ink on the capsule and three white bands around the circumference.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'nuedexta', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'each nuedexta', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 50, 'EndOffset': 63}, {'Text': '15', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 64, 'EndOffset': 66}, {'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 92, 'EndOffset': 133, 'Score': 0.9646279215812683, 'Text': 'dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 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