Leflunomide ratiopharm
1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX I 
 

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 



 2 

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg film-coated tablets 
 
 
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 
 
Each film-coated tablet contains 10 mg of leflunomide. 
 
Excipients with known effect: 
Each film-coated tablet contains 76 mg of lactose and 0.06 mg of soya lecithin. 
 
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 
 
 
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM  
 
Film-coated tablet (tablet). 
 
White to almost white, round film-coated tablet with a diameter of about 6 mm. 
 
 
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 
 
4.1 Therapeutic indications 
 
Leflunomide is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with: 
• active rheumatoid arthritis as a "disease-modifying antirheumatic drug" (DMARD). 
• active psoriatic arthritis. 

 
Recent or concurrent treatment with hepatotoxic or haematotoxic DMARDs (e.g. methotrexate) may 
result in an increased risk of serious adverse reactions; therefore, the initiation of leflunomide 
treatment has to be carefully considered regarding these benefit/risk aspects. 

 
Moreover, switching from leflunomide to another DMARD without following the washout procedure 
(see section 4.4) may also increase the risk of serious adverse reactions even for a long time after the 
switching. 
 
4.2 Posology and method of administration 
 
The treatment should be initiated and supervised by specialists experienced in the treatment of 
rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. 
 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or serum glutamopyruvate transferase (SGPT) and a complete blood 
cell count, including a differential white blood cell count and a platelet count, must be checked 
simultaneously and with the same frequency: 
 • before initiation of leflunomide, 
 • every two weeks during the first six months of treatment, and 
 • every 8 weeks thereafter (see section 4.4). 
 
Posology 
 
• In rheumatoid arthritis: leflunomide therapy is usually started with a loading dose of 100 mg 

once daily for 3 days. Omission of the loading dose may decrease the risk of adverse events (see 
section 5.1). 
The recommended maintenance dose is leflunomide 10 mg to 20 mg once daily depending on 
the severity (activity) of the disease. 



 3 

• In psoriatic arthritis: leflunomide therapy is started with a loading dose of 100 mg once daily for 
3 days.  

 The recommended maintenance dose is leflunomide 20 mg once daily (see section 5.1). 
 
The therapeutic effect usually starts after 4 to 6 weeks and may further improve up to 4 to 6 months. 
 
Special populations 
 
There is no dose adjustment recommended in patients with mild renal insufficiency. 
 
No dosage adjustment is required in patients above 65 years of age. 
 
Paediatric population 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is not recommended for use in patients below 18 years since efficacy and 
safety in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) have not been established (see sections 5.1 and 5.2). 
 
Method of administration 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is for oral use. The tablets must be swallowed whole with sufficient amounts 
of liquid. The extent of leflunomide absorption is not affected if it is taken with food. 
 
4.3 Contraindications 
 
• Hypersensitivity (especially previous Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, 

erythema multiforme) to the active substance, to the principal active metabolite teriflunomide, 
to peanut or soya or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 

 
• Patients with impairment of liver function. 
 
• Patients with severe immunodeficiency states, e.g. AIDS. 
 
• Patients with significantly impaired bone marrow function or significant anaemia, leucopenia, 

neutropenia or thrombocytopenia due to causes other than rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. 
 
• Patients with serious infections (see section 4.4). 
 
• Patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency, because insufficient clinical experience is 

available in this patient group. 
 
• Patients with severe hypoproteinaemia, e.g. in nephrotic syndrome. 
 
• Pregnant women, or women of childbearing potential who are not using reliable contraception 

during treatment with leflunomide and thereafter as long as the plasma levels of the active 
metabolite are above 0.02 mg/L (see section 4.6). Pregnancy must be excluded before start of 
treatment with leflunomide. 

 
• Breast-feeding women (see section 4.6). 
 
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 
 
Concomitant administration of hepatotoxic or haematotoxic DMARDs (e.g. methotrexate) is not 
advisable. 
 
The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, has a long half-life, usually 1 to 4 weeks. Serious 
undesirable effects might occur (e.g. hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity or allergic reactions, see below), 
even if the treatment with leflunomide has been stopped. Therefore, when such toxicities occur or if 



 4 

for any other reason A771726 needs to be cleared rapidly from the body, the washout procedure has to 
be followed. The procedure may be repeated as clinically necessary. 
 
For washout procedures and other recommended actions in case of desired or unintended pregnancy, 
see section 4.6. 
 
Liver reactions 
 
Rare cases of severe liver injury, including cases with fatal outcome, have been reported during 
treatment with leflunomide. Most of the cases occurred within the first 6 months of treatment. Co-
treatment with other hepatotoxic medicinal products was frequently present. It is considered essential 
that monitoring recommendations are strictly adhered to. 
 
ALT (SGPT) must be checked before initiation of leflunomide and at the same frequency as the 
complete blood cell count (every two weeks) during the first six months of treatment and every 8 
weeks thereafter. 
 
For ALT (SGPT) elevations between 2- and 3-fold the upper limit of normal, dose reduction from 
20 mg to 10 mg may be considered and monitoring must be performed weekly. If ALT (SGPT) 
elevations of more than 2-fold the upper limit of normal persist or if ALT elevations of more than 3-
fold the upper limit of normal are present, leflunomide must be discontinued and wash-out procedures 
initiated. It is recommended that monitoring of liver enzymes be maintained after discontinuation of 
leflunomide treatment, until liver enzyme levels have normalised. 
 
Due to a potential for additive hepatotoxic effects, it is recommended that alcohol consumption be 
avoided during treatment with leflunomide. 
 
Since the active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, is highly protein bound and cleared via hepatic 
metabolism and biliary secretion, plasma levels of A771726 are expected to be increased in patients 
with hypoproteinaemia. Leflunomide ratiopharm is contraindicated in patients with severe 
hypoproteinaemia or impairment of liver function (see section 4.3). 
 
Colitis 
 
Colitis, including microscopic colitis has been reported in patients treated with leflunomide. In 
patients on leflunomide treatment presenting unexplained chronic diarrhoea appropriate diagnostic 
procedures should be performed. 
 
Haematological reactions 
 
Together with ALT, a complete blood cell count, including differential white blood cell count and 
platelets, must be performed before start of leflunomide treatment as well as every 2 weeks for the first 
6 months of treatment and every 8 weeks thereafter. 
 
In patients with pre-existing anaemia, leucopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia as well as in patients with 
impaired bone marrow function or those at risk of bone marrow suppression, the risk of 
haematological disorders is increased. If such effects occur, a washout (see below) to reduce plasma 
levels of A771726 should be considered. 
 
In case of severe haematological reactions, including pancytopenia, Leflunomide ratiopharm and any 
concomitant myelosuppressive treatment must be discontinued and a leflunomide washout procedure 
initiated. 
 
Combinations with other treatments 
 
The use of leflunomide with antimalarials used in rheumatic diseases (e.g. chloroquine and 
hydroxychloroquine), intramuscular or oral gold, D-penicillamine, azathioprine and other 



 5 

immunosuppressive agents including Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha-Inhibitors has not been 
adequately studied up to now in randomised trials (with the exception of methotrexate, see 
section 4.5). The risk associated with combination therapy, in particular in long-term treatment, is 
unknown. Since such therapy can lead to additive or even synergistic toxicity (e.g. hepato- or 
haematotoxicity), combination with another DMARD (e.g. methotrexate) is not advisable. 
 
Co-administration of teriflunomide with leflunomide is not recommended, as leflunomide is the parent 
compound of teriflunomide. 
 
Switching to other treatments 
 
As leflunomide has a long persistence in the body, a switching to another DMARD (e.g. methotrexate) 
without performing the washout procedure (see below) may raise the possibility of additive risks even 
for a long time after the switching (i.e. kinetic interaction, organ toxicity). 
 
Similarly, recent treatment with hepatotoxic or haematotoxic medicinal products (e.g. methotrexate) 
may result in increased side effects; therefore, the initiation of leflunomide treatment has to carefully 
be considered regarding these benefit/risk aspects and closer monitoring is recommended in the initial 
phase after switching. 
 
Skin reactions 
 
In case of ulcerative stomatitis, leflunomide administration should be discontinued. 
 
Very rare cases of Stevens Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis and Drug Reaction with 
Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) have been reported in patients treated with 
leflunomide. As soon as skin and/or mucosal reactions are observed which raise the suspicion of such 
severe reactions, Leflunomide ratiopharm and any other possibly associated treatment must be 
discontinued, and a leflunomide washout procedure initiated immediately. A complete washout is 
essential in such cases. In such cases re-exposure to leflunomide is contra-indicated (see section 4.3). 
 
Pustular psoriasis and worsening of psoriasis have been reported after the use of leflunomide. 
Treatment withdrawal may be considered taking into account patient’s disease and past history. 
 
Infections 
 
It is known that medicinal products with immunosuppressive properties - like leflunomide - may cause 
patients to be more susceptible to infections, including opportunistic infections. Infections may be 
more severe in nature and may, therefore, require early and vigorous treatment. In the event that 
severe, uncontrolled infections occur, it may be necessary to interrupt leflunomide treatment and 
administer a washout procedure as described below. 
 
Rare cases of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients 
receiving leflunomide among other immunosuppressants. 
 
Before starting treatment, all patients should be evaluated for active and inactive (“latent”) 
tuberculosis, as per local recommendations. This can include medical history, possible previous 
contact with tuberculosis, and/or appropriate screening such as lung x-ray, tuberculin test and/or 
interferon-gamma release assay, as applicable. Prescribers are reminded of the risk of false negative 
tuberculin skin test results, especially in patients who are severely ill or immunocompromised. 
Patients with a history of tuberculosis should be carefully monitored because of the possibility of 
reactivation of the infection. 
 
Respiratory reactions 
 
Interstitial lung disease, as well as rare cases of pulmonary hypertension have been reported during 
treatment with leflunomide (see section 4.8). The risk of their occurrence can be increased in patients 



 6 

with a history of interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung disease is a potentially fatal disorder, which 
may occur acutely during therapy. Pulmonary symptoms, such as cough and dyspnoea, may be a 
reason for discontinuation of the therapy and for further investigation, as appropriate. 
 
Peripheral neuropathy 
 
Cases of peripheral neuropathy have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide. Most patients 
improved after discontinuation of leflunomide. However there was a wide variability in final outcome, 
i.e. in some patients the neuropathy resolved and some patients had persistent symptoms. Age older 
than 60 years, concomitant neurotoxic medications, and diabetes may increase the risk for peripheral 
neuropathy. If a patient taking leflunomide develops a peripheral neuropathy, consider discontinuing 
leflunomide therapy and performing the drug elimination procedure (see section 4.4). 
 
Blood pressure 
 
Blood pressure must be checked before the start of leflunomide treatment and periodically thereafter. 
 
Interference with determination of ionised calcium levels 
 
The measurement of ionised calcium levels might show falsely decreased values under treatment with 
leflunomide and/or teriflunomide (the active metabolite of leflunomide) depending on the type of 
ionised calcium analyser used (e.g. blood gas analyser). Therefore, the plausibility of observed 
decreased ionised calcium levels needs to be questioned in patients under treatment with leflunomide 
or teriflunomide. In case of doubtful measurements, it is recommended to determine the total albumin 
adjusted serum calcium concentration. 
 
Procreation (recommendations for men) 
 
Male patients should be aware of the possible male-mediated foetal toxicity. Reliable contraception 
during treatment with leflunomide should also be guaranteed. 
 
There are no specific data on the risk of male-mediated foetal toxicity. However, animal studies to 
evaluate this specific risk have not been conducted. To minimise any possible risk, men wishing to 
father a child should consider discontinuing use of leflunomide and taking colestyramine 8 g 3 times 
daily for 11 days or 50 g of activated powdered charcoal 4 times daily for 11 days. 
 
In either case the A771726 plasma concentration is then measured for the first time. Thereafter, the 
A771726 plasma concentration must be determined again after an interval of at least 14 days. If both 
plasma concentrations are below 0.02 mg/L, and after a waiting period of at least 3 months, the risk of 
foetal toxicity is very low. 
 
Washout procedure 
 
Colestyramine 8 g is administered 3 times daily. Alternatively, 50 g of activated powdered charcoal is 
administered 4 times daily. Duration of a complete washout is usually 11 days. The duration may be 
modified depending on clinical or laboratory variables. 
 
Lactose 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose 
intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this 
medicinal product. 
 
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction 
 
Interactions studies have only been performed in adults. 
 



 7 

Increased side effects may occur in case of recent or concomitant use of hepatotoxic or haematotoxic 
medicinal products or when leflunomide treatment is followed by such medicinal products without a 
washout period (see also guidance concerning combination with other treatments, section 4.4). 
Therefore, closer monitoring of liver enzymes and haematological parameters is recommended in the 
initial phase after switching. 
 
Methotrexate 
 
In a small (n=30) study with co-administration of leflunomide (10 to 20 mg per day) with 
methotrexate (10 to 25 mg per week) a 2- to 3-fold elevation in liver enzymes was seen on 5 of 
30 patients. All elevations resolved, 2 with continuation of both medicinal products and 3 after 
discontinuation of leflunomide. A more than 3-fold increase was seen in another 5 patients. All of 
these also resolved, 2 with continuation of both medicinal products and 3 after discontinuation of 
leflunomide. 
 
In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, no pharmacokinetic interaction between the leflunomide (10 to 
20 mg per day) and methotrexate (10 to 25 mg per week) was demonstrated. 
 
Vaccinations 
 
No clinical data are available on the efficacy and safety of vaccinations under leflunomide treatment. 
Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is, however, not recommended. The long half-life of 
leflunomide should be considered when contemplating administration of a live attenuated vaccine after 
stopping Leflunomide ratiopharm. 
 
Warfarin and other coumarine anticoagulants 
 
There have been case reports of increased prothrombin time, when leflunomide and warfarin were 
co-administered. A pharmacodynamics interaction with warfarin was observed with A771726 in a 
clinical pharmacology study (see below). Therefore, when warfarin or another coumarin anticoagulant 
is co-administered, close international normalised ratio (INR) follow-up and monitoring is 
recommended. 
 
NSAIDS/Corticosteroids 
 
If the patient is already receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or 
corticosteroids, these may be continued after starting leflunomide. 
 
Effect of other medicinal products on leflunomide: 

Cholestyramine or activated charcoal 
 
It is recommended that patients receiving leflunomide are not treated with colestyramine or activated 
powdered charcoal because this leads to a rapid and significant decrease in plasma A771726 (the 
active metabolite of leflunomide; see also section 5) concentration. The mechanism is thought to be by 
interruption of enterohepatic recycling and/or gastrointestinal dialysis of A771726. 
 
CYP450 inhibitors and inducers  
 
In vitro inhibition studies in human liver microsomes suggest that cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C19 
and 3A4 are involved in leflunomide metabolism. An in vivo interaction study with leflunomide and 
cimetidine (non-specific weak cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor) has demonstrated a lack of a 
significant impact on A771726 exposure. Following concomitant administration of a single dose of 
leflunomide to subjects receiving multiple doses of rifampicin (non-specific cytochrome P450 
inducer) A771726 peak levels were increased by approximately 40%, whereas the AUC was not 
significantly changed. The mechanism of this effect is unclear. 



 8 

 
Effect of leflunomide on other medicinal products: 
 
Oral contraceptives 
 
In a study in which leflunomide was given concomitantly with a triphasic oral contraceptive pill 
containing 30 μg ethinyloestradiol to healthy female volunteers, there was no reduction in 
contraceptive activity of the pill, and A771726 pharmacokinetics were within predicted ranges. A 
pharmacokinetic interaction with oral contraceptives was observed with A771726 (see below). 
 
The following pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction studies were conducted with 
A771726 (principal active metabolite of leflunomide). As similar drug-drug interactions cannot be 
excluded for leflunomide at recommended doses, the following study results and recommendations 
should be considered in patients treated with leflunomide:  
 
Effect on repaglinide (CYP2C8 substrate) 
There was an increase in mean repaglinide Cmax and AUC (1.7- and 2.4-fold, respectively), following 
repeated doses of A771726, suggesting that A771726 is an inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo. Therefore, 
monitoring patients with concomitant use of medicinal products metabolised by CYP2C8, such as 
repaglinide, paclitaxel, pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, is recommended as they may have higher 
exposure. 
 
Effect on caffeine (CYP1A2 substrate) 
Repeated doses of A771726 decreased mean Cmax and AUC of caffeine (CYP1A2 substrate) by 18% 
and 55%, respectively, suggesting that A771726 may be a weak inducer of CYP1A2 in vivo. 
Therefore, medicinal products metabolised by CYP1A2 (such as duloxetine, alosetron, theophylline 
and tizanidine) should be used with caution during treatment, as it could lead to the reduction of the 
efficacy of these products. 
 
Effect on organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) substrates 
There was an increase in mean cefaclor Cmax and AUC (1.43- and 1.54-fold, respectively), following 
repeated doses of A771726, suggesting that A771726 is an inhibitor of OAT3 in vivo. Therefore, when 
co-administered with substrates of OAT3, such as cefaclor, benzylpenicillin, ciprofloxacin, 
indomethacin, ketoprofen, furosemide, cimetidine, methotrexate, zidovudine, caution is recommended. 
 
Effect on BCRP (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein) and /or organic anion transporting polypeptide B1 
and B3 (OATP1B1/B3) substrates 
There was an increase in mean rosuvastatin Cmax and AUC (2.65- and 2.51-fold, respectively), 
following repeated doses of A771726. However, there was no apparent impact of this increase in 
plasma rosuvastatin exposure on the HMG-CoA reductase activity. If used together, the dose of 
rosuvastatin should not exceed 10 mg once daily. For other substrates of BCRP (e.g., methotrexate, 
topotecan, sulfasalazine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin) and the OATP family especially HMG-CoA 
reductase inhibitors (e.g., simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, methotrexate, nateglinide, repaglinide, 
rifampicin) concomitant administration should also be undertaken with caution. Patients should be 
closely monitored for signs and symptoms of excessive exposure to the medicinal products and 
reduction of the dose of these medicinal products should be considered. 
 
Effect on oral contraceptive (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) 
There was an increase in mean ethinylestradiol Cmax and AUC0-24 (1.58- and 1.54-fold, respectively) 
and levonorgestrel Cmax and AUC0-24 (1.33- and 1.41-fold, respectively) following repeated doses of 
A771726. While this interaction is not expected to adversely impact the efficacy of oral 
contraceptives, consideration should be given to the type of oral contraceptive treatment. 
 
Effect on warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate) 
Repeated doses of A771726 had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of S-warfarin, indicating that 
A771726 is not an inhibitor or an inducer of CYP2C9. However, a 25% decrease in peak international 



 9 

normalised ratio (INR) was observed when A771726 was co-administered with warfarin as compared 
with warfarin alone. Therefore, when warfarin is co-administered, close INR follow-up and 
monitoring is recommended. 
 
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation 
 
Pregnancy 
 
The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726 is suspected to cause serious birth defects when 
administered during pregnancy. Leflunomide ratiopharm is contraindicated in pregnancy (see section 
4.3). 
 
Women of childbearing potential have to use effective contraception during and up to 2 years after 
treatment (see “waiting period” below) or up to 11 days after treatment (see abbreviated “washout 
period” below). 
 
The patient must be advised that if there is any delay in onset of menses or any other reason to suspect 
pregnancy, they must notify the physician immediately for pregnancy testing, and if positive, the 
physician and patient must discuss the risk to the pregnancy. It is possible that rapidly lowering the 
blood level of the active metabolite, by instituting the drug elimination procedure described below, at 
the first delay of menses may decrease the risk to the foetus from leflunomide. 
 
In a small prospective study in women (n=64) who became inadvertently pregnant while taking 
leflunomide for no more than three weeks after conception and followed by a drug elimination 
procedure, no significant differences (p=0.13) were observed in the overall rate of major structural 
defects (5.4%) compared to either of the comparison groups (4.2% in the disease matched group 
[n=108] and 4.2% in healthy pregnant women [n=78]). 
 
For women receiving leflunomide treatment and who wish to become pregnant, one of the following 
procedures is recommended in order to ascertain that the foetus is not exposed to toxic concentrations 
of A771726 (target concentration below 0.02 mg/L): 
 
Waiting period 
 
A771726 plasma levels can be expected to be above 0.02 mg/L for a prolonged period. The 
concentration may be expected to decrease below 0.02 mg/L about 2 years after stopping the treatment 
with leflunomide. 
 
After a 2-year waiting period, the A771726 plasma concentration is measured for the first time. 
Thereafter, the A771726 plasma concentration must be determined again after an interval of at least 
14 days. If both plasma concentrations are below 0.02 mg/L no teratogenic risk is to be expected. 
 
For further information on the sample testing please contact the Marketing Authorisation Holder or its 
local representative (see section 7). 
 
Washout procedure 
 
After stopping treatment with leflunomide: 
 

• colestyramine 8 g is administered 3 times daily for a period of 11 days, 
 
• alternatively, 50 g of activated powdered charcoal is administered 4 times daily for a period of 

11 days. 
 
However, also following either of the washout procedures, verification by 2 separate tests at an 
interval of at least 14 days and a waiting period of one-and-a-half months between the first occurrence 
of a plasma concentration below 0.02 mg/L and fertilisation is required. 



 10 

 
Women of childbearing potential should be told that a waiting period of 2 years after treatment 
discontinuation is required before they may become pregnant. If a waiting period of up to 
approximately 2 years under reliable contraception is considered unpractical, prophylactic institution 
of a washout procedure may be advisable. 
 
Both colestyramine and activated powdered charcoal may influence the absorption of oestrogens and 
progestogens such that reliable contraception with oral contraceptives may not be guaranteed during 
the washout procedure with colestyramine or activated powdered charcoal. Use of alternative 
contraceptive methods is recommended. 
 
Breast-feeding 
 
Animal studies indicate that leflunomide or its metabolites pass into breast milk. Breast-feeding 
women must, therefore, not receive leflunomide. 
 
Fertility 
Results of animal fertility studies have shown no effect on male and female fertility, but adverse 
effects on male reproductive organs were observed in repeated dose toxicity studies (see section 5.3). 
 
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines 
 
In the case of side effects such as dizziness the patient's ability to concentrate and to react properly 
may be impaired. In such cases patients should refrain from driving cars and using machines. 
 
4.8 Undesirable effects 
 
Summary of the safety profile 
 
The most frequently reported adverse effects with leflunomide are: mild increase in blood pressure, 
leucopenia, paraesthesia, headache, dizziness, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, oral mucosal disorders 
(e.g. aphthous stomatitis, mouth ulceration), abdominal pain, increased hair loss, eczema, rash 
(including maculo-papular rash), pruritus, dry skin, tenosynovitis, CPK increased, anorexia, weight 
loss (usually insignificant), asthenia, mild allergic reactions and elevation of liver parameters 
(transaminases (especially ALT), less often gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatise, bilirubin). 
 
Classification of expected frequencies: 
 
Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 
to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). 
 
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. 
 
Infections and infestations 
Rare:   severe infections, including sepsis which may be fatal 
 
Like other agents with immunosuppressive potential, leflunomide may increase susceptibility to 
infections, including opportunistic infections (see also section 4.4). Thus, the overall incidence of 
infections can increase (in particular of rhinitis, bronchitis and pneumonia). 
 
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps) 
The risk of malignancy, particularly lymphoproliferative disorders, is increased with use of some 
immunosuppressive agents. 
 
Blood and lymphatic system disorders 
Common:  leucopenia (leucocytes >2 G/L) 
Uncommon:  anaemia, mild thrombocytopenia (platelets <100 G/L) 



 11 

Rare: pancytopenia (probably by antiproliferative mechanism), leucopenia 
(leucocytes <2 G/L), eosinophilia 

Very rare:  agranulocytosis 
 
Recent, concomitant or consecutive use of potentially myelotoxic agents may be associated with a 
higher risk of haematological effects. 
 
Immune system disorders 
Common:  mild allergic reactions 
Very rare: severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, vasculitis, including cutaneous 

necrotizing vasculitis 
 
Metabolism and nutrition disorders 
Common:  CPK increased 
Uncommon:  hypokalaemia, hyperlipidemia, hypophosphataemia 
Rare:   LDH increased 
Not known:  hypouricemia 
 
Psychiatric disorders 
Uncommon:  anxiety 
 
Nervous system disorders 
Common:  paraesthesia, headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy 
 
Cardiac disorders 
Common:  mild increase in blood pressure 
Rare:   severe increase in blood pressure 
 
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders 
Rare: interstitial lung disease (including interstitial pneumonitis), which may be fatal 
Not known: pulmonary hypertension 
 
Gastrointestinal disorders 
Common: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, oral mucosal disorders (e.g., aphthous stomatitis, 

mouth ulceration), abdominal pain; colitis including microscopic colitis such 
as lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis 

Uncommon:  taste disturbances 
Very rare:  pancreatitis 
 
Hepatobiliary disorders 
Common: elevation of liver parameters (transaminases [especially ALT], less often 

gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin) 
Rare:   hepatitis, jaundice/cholestasis 
Very rare: severe liver injury such as hepatic failure and acute hepatic necrosis that may 

be fatal 
 
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders 
Common: increased hair loss, eczema, rash (including maculopapular rash), pruritus, dry 

skin 
Uncommon:  urticaria 
Very rare: toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme 
Not known:  cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pustular psoriasis or worsening psoriasis, 

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) 
 
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders 
Common:  tenosynovitis 
Uncommon:  tendon rupture 



 12 

 
Renal and urinary disorders 
Not known:  renal failure 
 
Reproductive system and breast disorders 
Not known: marginal (reversible) decreases in sperm concentration, total sperm count and 

rapid progressive motility 
 
General disorders and administration site conditions 
Common:  anorexia, weight loss (usually insignificant), asthenia 
 
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions 
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It 
allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare 
professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V. 
 
4.9 Overdose 
 
Symptoms 
 
There have been reports of chronic overdose in patients taking Leflunomide ratiopharm at daily doses 
up to five times the recommended daily dose, and reports of acute overdose in adults and children. 
There were no adverse events reported in the majority of case reports of overdose. Adverse events 
consistent with the safety profile for leflunomide were: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea, elevated 
liver enzymes, anaemia, leucopenia, pruritus and rash. 
 
Management 
 
In the event of an overdose or toxicity, colestyramine or charcoal is recommended to accelerate 
elimination. Colestyramine given orally at a dose of 8 g three times a day for 24 hours to three healthy 
volunteers decreased plasma levels of A771726 by approximately 40% in 24 hours and by 49% to 
65% in 48 hours. 
 
Administration of activated charcoal (powder made into a suspension) orally or via nasogastric tube 
(50 g every 6 hours for 24 hours) has been shown to reduce plasma concentrations of the active 
metabolite A771726 by 37% in 24 hours and by 48% in 48 hours. These washout procedures may be 
repeated if clinically necessary. 
 
Studies with both hemodialysis and CAPD (chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) indicate that 
A771726, the primary metabolite of leflunomide, is not dialysable 
 
 
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 
 
5.1  Pharmacodynamic properties 
 
Pharmacotherapeutic group: selective immunosuppressants, ATC code: L04AA13. 
 
Human pharmacology 
 
Leflunomide is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agent with antiproliferative properties. 
 
Animal pharmacology 
 
Leflunomide is effective in animal models of arthritis and of other autoimmune diseases and 
transplantation, mainly if administered during the sensitisation phase. It has immunomodulating/ 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


 13 

immunosuppressive characteristics, acts as an antiproliferative agent, and displays anti-inflammatory 
properties. Leflunomide exhibits the best protective effects on animal models of autoimmune diseases 
when administered in the early phase of the disease progression. 
In vivo, it is rapidly and almost completely metabolised to A771726 which is active in vitro, and is 
presumed to be responsible for the therapeutic effect. 
 
Mechanism of action 
 
A771726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, inhibits the human enzyme dihydroorotate 
dehydrogenase (DHODH) and exhibits antiproliferative activity. 
 
Clinical efficacy and safety 
 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
 
The efficacy of Leflunomide ratiopharm in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was demonstrated in 
4 controlled trials (1 in phase II and 3 in phase III). The phase II trial, study YU203, randomised 402 
subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to placebo (n=102), leflunomide 5 mg (n=95), 10 mg (n=101) 
or 25 mg/day (n=104). The treatment duration was 6 months.  
All leflunomide patients in the phase III trials used an initial dose of 100 mg for 3 days.  
Study MN301 randomised 358 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to leflunomide 20 mg/day 
(n=133), sulphasalazine 2 g/day (n=133), or placebo (n=92). Treatment duration was 6 months.  
Study MN303 was an optional 6-month blinded continuation of MN301 without the placebo arm, 
resulting in a 12-month comparison of leflunomide and sulphasalazine. 
Study MN302 randomised 999 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to leflunomide 20 mg/day 
(n=501) or methotrexate at 7.5 mg/week increasing to 15 mg/week (n=498). Folate supplementation 
was optional and only used in 10% of patients. Treatment duration was 12-months. 
Study US301 randomised 482 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to leflunomide 20 mg/day 
(n=182), methotrexate 7.5 mg/week increasing to 15 mg/week (n=182), or placebo (n=118). All 
patients received folate 1 mg bid. Treatment duration was 12 months. 
 
Leflunomide at a daily dose of at least 10 mg (10 to 25 mg in study YU203, 20 mg in studies MN301 
and US301) was statistically significantly superior to placebo in reducing the signs and symptoms of 
rheumatoid arthritis in all 3 placebo-controlled trials. The ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 
response rates in study YU203 were 27.7% for placebo, 31.9% for 5 mg, 50.5% for 10 mg and 54.5% 
for 25 mg/day. In the phase III trials, the ACR response rates for leflunomide 20 mg/day versus 
placebo were 54.6% vs. 28.6% (study MN301), and 49.4% vs. 26.3% (study US301).After 12 months 
with active treatment, the ACR response rates in leflunomide patients were 52.3% (studies 
MN301/303), 50.5% (study MN302) and 49.4% (study US301), compared to 53.8% (studies 
MN301/303) in sulphasalazine patients, 64.8% (study MN302), and 43.9% (study US301) in 
methotrexate patients. In study MN302 leflunomide was significantly less effective than methotrexate. 
However, in study US301 no significant differences were observed between leflunomide and 
methotrexate in the primary efficacy parameters. No difference was observed between leflunomide 
and sulphasalazine (study MN301). The leflunomide treatment effect was evident by 1 month, 
stabilised by 3 to 6 months and continued throughout the course of treatment. 
 
A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group non-inferiority study compared the relative efficacy of two 
different daily maintenance doses of leflunomide, 10 mg and 20 mg. From the results it can be 
concluded that efficacy results of the 20 mg maintenance dose were more favourable, on the other 
hand, the safety results favoured the 10 mg daily maintenance dose. 
 
Paediatric population 
 
Leflunomide was studied in a single multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial in 
94 patients (47 per arm) with polyarticular course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Patients were 3–
17 years of age with active polyarticular course JRA regardless of onset type and naive to 
methotrexate or leflunomide. In this trial, the loading dose and maintenance dose of leflunomide was 



 14 

based on three weight categories: <20 kg, 20-40 kg, and >40 kg. After 16 weeks treatment, the 
difference in response rates was statistically significant in favour of methotrexate for the JRA 
Definition of Improvement (DOI) ≥30% (p=0.02). In responders, this response was maintained during 
48 weeks. (see section 4.2). 
The pattern of adverse events of leflunomide and methotrexate seems to be similar, but the dose used 
in lighter subjects resulted in a relatively low exposure (see section 5.2). These data do not allow an 
effective and safe dose recommendation. 
 
Psoriatic arthritis 
 
The efficacy of leflunomide was demonstrated in one controlled, randomised, double blind study 3L01 
in 188 patients with psoriatic arthritis, treated at 20 mg/day. Treatment duration was 6 months. 
 
Leflunomide 20 mg/day was significantly superior to placebo in reducing the symptoms of arthritis in 
patients with psoriatic arthritis: the PsARC (Psoriatic Arthritis treatment Response Criteria) 
responders were 59% in the leflunomide group and 29.7% in the placebo group by 6 months 
(p<0.0001). The effect of leflunomide on improvement of function and on reduction of skin lesions 
was modest. 
 
Postmarketing studies 
 
A randomised study assessed the clinical efficacy response rate in DMARD-naïve patients (n = 121) 
with early RA, who received either 20 mg or 100 mg of leflunomide in two parallel groups during the 
initial three day double blind period. The initial period was followed by an open label maintenance 
period of three months, during which both groups received leflunomide 20 mg daily. No incremental 
overall benefit was observed in the studied population with the use of a loading dose regimen. The 
safety data obtained from both treatment groups were consistent with the known safety profile of 
leflunomide, however, the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events and of elevated liver enzymes 
tended to be higher in the patients receiving the loading dose of 100 mg leflunomide. 
 
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties 
 
Leflunomide is rapidly converted to the active metabolite, A771726, by first-pass metabolism (ring 
opening) in gut wall and liver. In a study with radiolabelled 14C-leflunomide in three healthy 
volunteers, no unchanged leflunomide was detected in plasma, urine or faeces. In other studies, 
unchanged leflunomide levels in plasma have rarely been detected, however, at ng/ml plasma levels. 
The only plasma-radiolabelled metabolite detected was A771726. This metabolite is responsible for 
essentially all the in-vivo activity of Leflunomide ratiopharm. 
 
Absorption 
 
Excretion data from the 14C study indicated that at least about 82 to 95% of the dose is absorbed. The 
time to peak plasma concentrations of A771726 is very variable; peak plasma levels can occur 
between 1 hour and 24 hours after single administration. Leflunomide can be administered with food, 
since the extent of absorption is comparable in the fed and fasting state. Due to the very long half-life 
of A771726 (approximately 2 weeks), a loading dose of 100 mg for 3 days was used in clinical studies 
to facilitate the rapid attainment of steady-state levels of A771726. Without a loading dose, it is 
estimated that attainment of steady-state plasma concentrations would require nearly two months of 
dosing. In multiple dose studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the pharmacokinetic parameters 
of A771726 were linear over the dose range of 5 to 25 mg. In these studies, the clinical effect was 
closely related to the plasma concentration of A771726 and to the daily dose of leflunomide. At a dose 
level of 20 mg/day, average plasma concentration of A771726 at steady state is approximately 
35 μg/ml. At steady state plasma levels accumulate about 33- to 35-fold compared with single dose. 
 
Distribution 
 



 15 

In human plasma, A771726 is extensively bound to protein (albumin). The unbound fraction of 
A771726 is about 0.62%. Binding of A771726 is linear in the therapeutic concentration range. 
Binding of A771726 appeared slightly reduced and more variable in plasma from patients with 
rheumatoid arthritis or chronic renal insufficiency. The extensive protein binding of A771726 could 
lead to displacement of other highly-bound drugs. In vitro plasma protein binding interaction studies 
with warfarin at clinically relevant concentrations, however, showed no interaction. Similar studies 
showed that ibuprofen and diclofenac did not displace A771726, whereas the unbound fraction of 
A771726 is increased 2- to 3-fold in the presence of tolbutamide. A771726 displaced ibuprofen, 
diclofenac and tolbutamide but the unbound fraction of these drugs is only increased by 10% to 50%. 
There is no indication that these effects are of clinical relevance. Consistent with extensive protein 
binding A771726 has a low apparent volume of distribution (approximately 11 litres). There is no 
preferential uptake in erythrocytes. 
 
Biotransformation 
 
Leflunomide is metabolised to one primary (A771726) and many minor metabolites including TFMA 
(4-trifluoromethylaniline). The metabolic biotransformation of leflunomide to A771726 and 
subsequent metabolism of A771726 is not controlled by a single enzyme and has been shown to occur 
in microsomal and cytosolic cellular fractions. Interaction studies with cimetidine (non-specific 
cytochrome P450 inhibitor) and rifampicin (non-specific cytochrome P450 inducer), indicate that in 
vivo CYP enzymes are involved in the metabolism of leflunomide only to a small extent. 
 
Elimination 
 
Elimination of A771726 is slow and characterised by an apparent clearance of about 31 ml/hr. The 
elimination half-life in patients is approximately 2 weeks. After administration of a radiolabelled dose 
of leflunomide, radioactivity was equally excreted in faeces, probably by biliary elimination, and in 
urine. A771726 was still detectable in urine and faeces 36 days after a single administration. The 
principal urinary metabolites were glucuronide products derived from leflunomide (mainly in 0 to 
24 hour samples) and an oxanilic acid derivative of A771726. The principal faecal component was 
A771726. 
 
It has been shown in man that administration of an oral suspension of activated powdered charcoal or 
colestyramine leads to a rapid and significant increase in A771726 elimination rate and decline in 
plasma concentrations (see section 4.9). This is thought to be achieved by a gastrointestinal dialysis 
mechanism and/or by interrupting enterohepatic recycling. 
 
Renal impairment 
 
Leflunomide was administered as a single oral 100 mg dose to 3 haemodialysis patients and 3 patients 
on continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The pharmacokinetics of A771726 in CAPD subjects 
appeared to be similar to healthy volunteers. A more rapid elimination of A771726 was observed in 
haemodialysis subjects which was not due to extraction of drug in the dialysate. 
 
Hepatic impairment 
 
No data are available regarding treatment of patients with hepatic impairment. The active metabolite 
A771726 is extensively protein bound and cleared via hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion. These 
processes may be affected by hepatic dysfunction. 
 
Paediatric population 
 
The pharmacokinetics of A771726 following oral administration of leflunomide have been 
investigated in 73 pediatric patients with polyarticular course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) 
who ranged in age from 3 to 17 years. The results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis of these 
trials have demonstrated that pediatric patients with body weights ≤40 kg have a reduced systemic 



 16 

exposure (measured by Css) of A771726 relative to adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (see section 
4.2). 
 
Elderly 
 
Pharmacokinetic data in elderly (>65 years) are limited but consistent with pharmacokinetics in 
younger adults. 
 
5.3 Preclinical safety data 
 
Leflunomide, administered orally and intraperitoneally, has been studied in acute toxicity studies in 
mice and rats. Repeated oral administration of leflunomide to mice for up to 3 months, to rats and dogs 
for up to 6 months and to monkeys for up to 1 month's duration revealed that the major target organs 
for toxicity were bone marrow, blood, gastrointestinal tract, skin, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. 
The main effects were anaemia, leucopenia, decreased platelet counts and panmyelopathy and reflect 
the basic mode of action of the compound (inhibition of DNA synthesis). In rats and dogs, Heinz 
bodies and/or Howell-Jolly bodies were found. Other effects found on heart, liver, cornea and 
respiratory tract could be explained as infections due to immunosuppression. Toxicity in animals was 
found at doses equivalent to human therapeutic doses. 
 
Leflunomide was not mutagenic. However, the minor metabolite TFMA (4-trifluoromethylaniline) 
caused clastogenicity and point mutations in vitro, whilst insufficient information was available on its 
potential to exert this effect in vivo. 
 
In a carcinogenicity study in rats, leflunomide did not show carcinogenic potential. In a 
carcinogenicity study in mice an increased incidence of malignant lymphoma occurred in males of the 
highest dose group, considered to be due to the immunosuppressive activity of leflunomide. In female 
mice an increased incidence, dose-dependent, of bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and carcinomas of the 
lung was noted. The relevance of the findings in mice relative to the clinical use of leflunomide is 
uncertain. 
 
Leflunomide was not antigenic in animal models. 
Leflunomide was embryotoxic and teratogenic in rats and rabbits at doses in the human therapeutic 
range and exerted adverse effects on male reproductive organs in repeated dose toxicity studies. 
Fertility was not reduced. 
 
 
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 
 
6.1 List of excipients 
 
Tablet core 
Lactose monohydrate  
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose 
Tartaric acid 
Sodium laurylsulfate 
Magnesium stearate  
 
Film-coating 
Lecithin (soybeans) 
Poly(vinyl alcohol) 
Talc  
Titanium dioxide (E171) 
Xanthan gum 

 
6.2 Incompatibilities 
 



 17 

Not applicable. 
 
6.3 Shelf life 
 
3°years 
 
6.4 Special precautions for storage 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
6.5 Nature and contents of container 
 
40 ml HDPE-wide-necked bottle, with polypropylene screw cap with integrated desiccant container 
(white silica gel), containing either 30 or 100 film-coated tablets. 
 
Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 
 
6.6 Special precautions for disposal  
 
No special requirements for disposal. 
 
 
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Graf-Arco-Straße 3 
89079 Ulm 
Germany 
 
 
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/10/654/001 
EU/1/10/654/002 
 
 
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 
 
Date of first authorisation: 29 November 2010 
Date of latest renewal: 19 June 2015 
 
 
10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 
 
 
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/. 



 18 

 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 20 mg film-coated tablets 
 
 
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 
 
Each film-coated tablet contains 20 mg of leflunomide. 
 
Excipients with known effect: 
Each film-coated tablet contains 152 mg of lactose and 0.12 mg of soya lecithin. 
 
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 
 
 
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM  
 
Film-coated tablet (tablet). 
 
White to almost white, round film-coated tablet with a diameter of 8 mm and a break-mark on one side 
of the tablet. The tablet can be divided into equal halves. 
 
 
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 
 
4.1 Therapeutic indications 
 
Leflunomide is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with: 
• active rheumatoid arthritis as a "disease-modifying antirheumatic drug" (DMARD). 
• active psoriatic arthritis. 
 
Recent or concurrent treatment with hepatotoxic or haematotoxic DMARDs (e.g. methotrexate) may 
result in an increased risk of serious adverse reactions; therefore, the initiation of leflunomide 
treatment has to be carefully considered regarding these benefit/risk aspects. 
 
Moreover, switching from leflunomide to another DMARD without following the washout procedure 
(see section 4.4) may also increase the risk of serious adverse reactions even for a long time after the 
switching. 
 
4.2 Posology and method of administration 
 
The treatment should be initiated and supervised by specialists experienced in the treatment of 
rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. 

 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or serum glutamopyruvate transferase (SGPT) and a complete blood 
cell count, including a differential white blood cell count and a platelet count, must be checked 
simultaneously and with the same frequency: 
 • before initiation of leflunomide, 
 • every two weeks during the first six months of treatment, and 
 • every 8 weeks thereafter (see section 4.4). 
 
Posology 
 
• In rheumatoid arthritis: leflunomide therapy is usually started with a loading dose of 100 mg 

once daily for 3 days. Omission of the loading dose may decrease the risk of adverse events (see 
section 5.1). 



 19 

 The recommended maintenance dose is leflunomide 10 mg to 20 mg once daily depending on 
the severity (activity) of the disease. 

• In psoriatic arthritis: leflunomide therapy is started with a loading dose of 100 mg once daily for 
3 days.  

 The recommended maintenance dose is leflunomide 20 mg once daily (see section 5.1). 
 
The therapeutic effect usually starts after 4 to 6 weeks and may further improve up to 4 to 6 months. 
 
Special populations 
 
There is no dose adjustment recommended in patients with mild renal insufficiency. 
 
No dosage adjustment is required in patients above 65 years of age. 
 
Paediatric population 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is not recommended for use in patients below 18 years since efficacy and 
safety in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) have not been established (see sections 5.1 and 5.2). 
 
Method of administration 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is for oral use. The tablets must be swallowed with sufficient amounts of 
liquid. 
The extent of leflunomide absorption is not affected if it is taken with food. 
 
4.3 Contraindications 
 
• Hypersensitivity (especially previous Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, 

erythema multiforme) to the active substance, to the principal active metabolite teriflunomide, 
to peanut or soya or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1, 

 
• Patients with impairment of liver function, 
 
• Patients with severe immunodeficiency states, e.g. AIDS, 
 
• Patients with significantly impaired bone marrow function or significant anaemia, leucopenia, 

neutropenia or thrombocytopenia due to causes other than rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, 
 
• Patients with serious infections (see section 4.4), 
 
• Patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency, because insufficient clinical  experience is 

available in this patient group, 
 
• Patients with severe hypoproteinaemia, e.g. in nephrotic syndrome, 
 
• Pregnant women, or women of childbearing potential who are not using reliable contraception 

during treatment with leflunomide and thereafter as long as the plasma levels of the active 
metabolite are above 0.02 mg/L (see section 4.6). Pregnancy must be excluded before start of 
treatment with leflunomide, 

 
• Breast-feeding women (see section 4.6). 
 
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 
 
Concomitant administration of hepatotoxic or haematotoxic DMARDs (e.g. methotrexate) is not 
advisable. 
 



 20 

The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, has a long half-life, usually 1 to 4 weeks. Serious 
undesirable effects might occur (e.g. hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity or allergic reactions, see below), 
even if the treatment with leflunomide has been stopped. Therefore, when such toxicities occur or if 
for any other reason A771726 needs to be cleared rapidly from the body, the washout procedure has to 
be followed. The procedure may be repeated as clinically necessary. 
 
For washout procedures and other recommended actions in case of desired or unintended pregnancy, 
see section 4.6. 
 
Liver reactions 
 
Rare cases of severe liver injury, including cases with fatal outcome, have been reported during 
treatment with leflunomide. Most of the cases occurred within the first 6 months of treatment. Co-
treatment with other hepatotoxic medicinal products was frequently present. It is considered essential 
that monitoring recommendations are strictly adhered to. 
 
ALT (SGPT) must be checked before initiation of leflunomide and at the same frequency as the 
complete blood cell count (every two weeks) during the first six months of treatment and every 8 
weeks thereafter. 
 
For ALT (SGPT) elevations between 2- and 3-fold the upper limit of normal, dose reduction from 
20 mg to 10 mg may be considered and monitoring must be performed weekly. If ALT (SGPT) 
elevations of more than 2-fold the upper limit of normal persist or if ALT elevations of more than 3-
fold the upper limit of normal are present, leflunomide must be discontinued and wash-out procedures 
initiated. It is recommended that monitoring of liver enzymes be maintained after discontinuation of 
leflunomide treatment, until liver enzyme levels have normalised. 
 
Due to a potential for additive hepatotoxic effects, it is recommended that alcohol consumption be 
avoided during treatment with leflunomide. 
 
Since the active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, is highly protein bound and cleared via hepatic 
metabolism and biliary secretion, plasma levels of A771726 are expected to be increased in patients 
with hypoproteinaemia. Leflunomide ratiopharm is contraindicated in patients with severe 
hypoproteinaemia or impairment of liver function (see section 4.3). 
 
Colitis 
 
Colitis, including microscopic colitis has been reported in patients treated with leflunomide. In 
patients on leflunomide treatment presenting unexplained chronic diarrhoea appropriate diagnostic 
procedures should be performed. 
 
Haematological reactions 
 
Together with ALT, a complete blood cell count, including differential white blood cell count and 
platelets, must be performed before start of leflunomide treatment as well as every 2 weeks for the first 
6 months of treatment and every 8 weeks thereafter. 
 
In patients with pre-existing anaemia, leucopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia as well as in patients with 
impaired bone marrow function or those at risk of bone marrow suppression, the risk of 
haematological disorders is increased. If such effects occur, a washout (see below) to reduce plasma 
levels of A771726 should be considered. 
 
In case of severe haematological reactions, including pancytopenia, Leflunomide ratiopharm and any 
concomitant myelosuppressive treatment must be discontinued and a leflunomide washout procedure 
initiated. 
 
Combinations with other treatments 



 21 

 
The use of leflunomide with antimalarials used in rheumatic diseases (e.g. chloroquine and 
hydroxychloroquine), intramuscular or oral gold, D-penicillamine, azathioprine and other 
immunosuppressive agents including Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha-Inhibitors has not been 
adequately studied up to now in randomised trials (with the exception of methotrexate, see 
section 4.5). The risk associated with combination therapy, in particular in long-term treatment, is 
unknown. Since such therapy can lead to additive or even synergistic toxicity (e.g. hepato- or 
haematotoxicity), combination with another DMARD (e.g. methotrexate) is not advisable. 
 
Co-administration of teriflunomide with leflunomide is not recommended, as leflunomide is the parent 
compound of teriflunomide. 
 
Switching to other treatments 
 
As leflunomide has a long persistence in the body, a switching to another DMARD (e.g. methotrexate) 
without performing the washout procedure (see below) may raise the possibility of additive risks even 
for a long time after the switching (i.e. kinetic interaction, organ toxicity). 
 
Similarly, recent treatment with hepatotoxic or haematotoxic medicinal products (e.g. methotrexate) 
may result in increased side effects; therefore, the initiation of leflunomide treatment has to carefully 
be considered regarding these benefit/risk aspects and closer monitoring is recommended in the initial 
phase after switching. 
 
Skin reactions 
 
In case of ulcerative stomatitis, leflunomide administration should be discontinued. 
 
Very rare cases of Stevens Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis and Drug Reaction with 
Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) have been reported in patients treated with 
leflunomide. As soon as skin and/or mucosal reactions are observed which raise the suspicion of such 
severe reactions, Leflunomide ratiopharm and any other possibly associated treatment must be 
discontinued, and a leflunomide washout procedure initiated immediately. A complete washout is 
essential in such cases. In such cases re-exposure to leflunomide is contra-indicated (see section 4.3).  
 
Pustular psoriasis and worsening of psoriasis have been reported after the use of leflunomide. 
Treatment withdrawal may be considered taking into account patient’s disease and past history. 
 
Infections 
 
It is known that medicinal products with immunosuppressive properties - like leflunomide - may cause 
patients to be more susceptible to infections, including opportunistic infections. Infections may be 
more severe in nature and may, therefore, require early and vigorous treatment. In the event that 
severe, uncontrolled infections occur, it may be necessary to interrupt leflunomide treatment and 
administer a washout procedure as described below. 
 
Rare cases of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients 
receiving leflunomide among other immunosuppressants. 
 
Before starting treatment, all patients should be evaluated for active and inactive (“latent”) 
tuberculosis, as per local recommendations. This can include medical history, possible previous 
contact with tuberculosis, and/or appropriate screening such as lung x-ray, tuberculin test and/or 
interferon-gamma release assay, as applicable. Prescribers are reminded of the risk of false negative 
tuberculin skin test results, especially in patients who are severely ill or immunocompromised. 
Patients with a history of tuberculosis should be carefully monitored because of the possibility of 
reactivation of the infection. 
 
Respiratory reactions 



 22 

 
Interstitial lung disease, as well as rare cases of pulmonary hypertension have been reported during 
treatment with leflunomide (see section 4.8). The risk of their occurrence can be increased in patients 
with a history of interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung disease is a potentially fatal disorder, which 
may occur acutely during therapy. Pulmonary symptoms, such as cough and dyspnoea, may be a 
reason for discontinuation of the therapy and for further investigation, as appropriate. 
 
Peripheral neuropathy 
 
Cases of peripheral neuropathy have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide. Most patients 
improved after discontinuation of leflunomide. However there was a wide variability in final outcome, 
i.e. in some patients the neuropathy resolved and some patients had persistent symptoms. Age older 
than 60 years, concomitant neurotoxic medications, and diabetes may increase the risk for peripheral 
neuropathy. If a patient taking leflunomide develops a peripheral neuropathy, consider discontinuing 
leflunomide therapy and performing the drug elimination procedure (see section 4.4). 
 
Blood pressure 
 
Blood pressure must be checked before the start of leflunomide treatment and periodically thereafter. 
 
Interference with determination of ionised calcium levels 
 
The measurement of ionised calcium levels might show falsely decreased values under treatment with 
leflunomide and/or teriflunomide (the active metabolite of leflunomide) depending on the type of 
ionised calcium analyser used (e.g. blood gas analyser). Therefore, the plausibility of observed 
decreased ionised calcium levels needs to be questioned in patients under treatment with leflunomide 
or teriflunomide. In case of doubtful measurements, it is recommended to determine the total albumin 
adjusted serum calcium concentration. 
 
Procreation (recommendations for men) 
 
Male patients should be aware of the possible male-mediated foetal toxicity. Reliable contraception 
during treatment with leflunomide should also be guaranteed. 
 
There are no specific data on the risk of male-mediated foetal toxicity. However, animal studies to 
evaluate this specific risk have not been conducted. To minimise any possible risk, men wishing to 
father a child should consider discontinuing use of leflunomide and taking colestyramine 8 g 3 times 
daily for 11 days or 50 g of activated powdered charcoal 4 times daily for 11 days. 
 
In either case the A771726 plasma concentration is then measured for the first time. Thereafter, the 
A771726 plasma concentration must be determined again after an interval of at least 14 days. If both 
plasma concentrations are below 0.02 mg/L, and after a waiting period of at least 3 months, the risk of 
foetal toxicity is very low. 
 
Washout procedure 
 
Colestyramine 8 g is administered 3 times daily. Alternatively, 50 g of activated powdered charcoal is 
administered 4 times daily. Duration of a complete washout is usually 11 days. The duration may be 
modified depending on clinical or laboratory variables. 
 
Lactose 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose 
intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this 
medicinal product. 
 
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction 



 23 

 
Interactions studies have only been performed in adults. 
 
Increased side effects may occur in case of recent or concomitant use of hepatotoxic or haematotoxic 
medicinal products or when leflunomide treatment is followed by such medicinal products without a 
washout period (see also guidance concerning combination with other treatments, section 4.4). 
Therefore, closer monitoring of liver enzymes and haematological parameters is recommended in the 
initial phase after switching. 
 
Methotrexate 
 
In a small (n=30) study with co-administration of leflunomide (10 to 20 mg per day) with 
methotrexate (10 to 25 mg per week) a 2- to 3-fold elevation in liver enzymes was seen on 5 of 
30 patients. All elevations resolved, 2 with continuation of both medicinal products and 3 after 
discontinuation of leflunomide. A more than 3-fold increase was seen in another 5 patients. All of 
these also resolved, 2 with continuation of both medicinal products and 3 after discontinuation of 
leflunomide. 
 
In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, no pharmacokinetic interaction between the leflunomide (10 to 
20 mg per day) and methotrexate (10 to 25 mg per week) was demonstrated. 
 
Vaccinations 
 
No clinical data are available on the efficacy and safety of vaccinations under leflunomide treatment. 
Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is, however, not recommended. The long half-life of 
leflunomide should be considered when contemplating administration of a live attenuated vaccine after 
stopping Leflunomide ratiopharm. 
 
Warfarin and other coumarine anticoagulants 
 
There have been case reports of increased prothrombin time, when leflunomide and warfarin were 
co-administered. A pharmacodynamics interaction with warfarin was observed with A771726 in a 
clinical pharmacology study (see below). Therefore, when warfarin or another coumarin anticoagulant 
is co-administered, close international normalised ratio (INR) follow-up and monitoring is 
recommended. 
 
NSAIDS/Corticosteroids 
 
If the patient is already receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or 
corticosteroids, these may be continued after starting leflunomide. 
 
Effect of other medicinal products on leflunomide: 

Cholestyramine or activated charcoal 
 
It is recommended that patients receiving leflunomide are not treated with colestyramine or activated 
powdered charcoal because this leads to a rapid and significant decrease in plasma A771726 (the 
active metabolite of leflunomide; see also section 5) concentration. The mechanism is thought to be by 
interruption of enterohepatic recycling and/or gastrointestinal dialysis of A771726. 
 
CYP450 inhibitors and inducers  
 
In vitro inhibition studies in human liver microsomes suggest that cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C19 
and 3A4 are involved in leflunomide metabolism. An in vivo interaction study with leflunomide and 
cimetidine (non-specific weak cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor) has demonstrated a lack of a 
significant impact on A771726 exposure. Following concomitant administration of a single dose of 



 24 

leflunomide to subjects receiving multiple doses of rifampicin (non-specific cytochrome P450 
inducer) A771726 peak levels were increased by approximately 40%, whereas the AUC was not 
significantly changed. The mechanism of this effect is unclear. 
 
Effect of leflunomide on other medicinal products: 
 
Oral contraceptives 
 
In a study in which leflunomide was given concomitantly with a triphasic oral contraceptive pill 
containing 30 μg ethinyloestradiol to healthy female volunteers, there was no reduction in 
contraceptive activity of the pill, and A771726 pharmacokinetics were within predicted ranges. A 
pharmacokinetic interaction with oral contraceptives was observed with A771726 (see below). 
 
The following pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction studies were conducted with 
A771726 (principal active metabolite of leflunomide). As similar drug-drug interactions cannot be 
excluded for leflunomide at recommended doses, the following study results and recommendations 
should be considered in patients treated with leflunomide:  
 
Effect on repaglinide (CYP2C8 substrate) 
There was an increase in mean repaglinide Cmax and AUC (1.7- and 2.4-fold, respectively), following 
repeated doses of A771726, suggesting that A771726 is an inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo. Therefore, 
monitoring patients with concomitant use of medicinal products metabolised by CYP2C8, such as 
repaglinide, paclitaxel, pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, is recommended as they may have higher 
exposure. 
 
Effect on caffeine (CYP1A2 substrate) 
Repeated doses of A771726 decreased mean Cmax and AUC of caffeine (CYP1A2 substrate) by 18% 
and 55%, respectively, suggesting that A771726 may be a weak inducer of CYP1A2 in vivo. 
Therefore, medicinal products metabolised by CYP1A2 (such as duloxetine, alosetron, theophylline 
and tizanidine) should be used with caution during treatment, as it could lead to the reduction of the 
efficacy of these products. 
 
Effect on organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) substrates 
There was an increase in mean cefaclor Cmax and AUC (1.43- and 1.54-fold, respectively), following 
repeated doses of A771726, suggesting that A771726 is an inhibitor of OAT3 in vivo. Therefore, when 
co-administered with substrates of OAT3, such as cefaclor, benzylpenicillin, ciprofloxacin, 
indomethacin, ketoprofen, furosemide, cimetidine, methotrexate, zidovudine, caution is recommended. 
 
Effect on BCRP (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein) and /or organic anion transporting polypeptide B1 
and B3 (OATP1B1/B3) substrates 
There was an increase in mean rosuvastatin Cmax and AUC (2.65- and 2.51-fold, respectively), 
following repeated doses of A771726. However, there was no apparent impact of this increase in 
plasma rosuvastatin exposure on the HMG-CoA reductase activity. If used together, the dose of 
rosuvastatin should not exceed 10 mg once daily. For other substrates of BCRP (e.g., methotrexate, 
topotecan, sulfasalazine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin) and the OATP family especially HMG-CoA 
reductase inhibitors (e.g., simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, methotrexate, nateglinide, repaglinide, 
rifampicin) concomitant administration should also be undertaken with caution. Patients should be 
closely monitored for signs and symptoms of excessive exposure to the medicinal products and 
reduction of the dose of these medicinal products should be considered. 
 
Effect on oral contraceptive (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) 
There was an increase in mean ethinylestradiol Cmax and AUC0-24 (1.58- and 1.54-fold, respectively) 
and levonorgestrel Cmax and AUC0-24 (1.33- and 1.41-fold, respectively) following repeated doses of 
A771726. While this interaction is not expected to adversely impact the efficacy of oral 
contraceptives, consideration should be given to the type of oral contraceptive treatment. 
 



 25 

Effect on warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate) 
Repeated doses of A771726 had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of S-warfarin, indicating that 
A771726 is not an inhibitor or an inducer of CYP2C9. However, a 25% decrease in peak international 
normalised ratio (INR) was observed when A771726 was co-administered with warfarin as compared 
with warfarin alone. Therefore, when warfarin is co-administered, close INR follow-up and 
monitoring is recommended. 
 
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation 
 
Pregnancy 
 
The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726 is suspected to cause serious birth defects when 
administered during pregnancy. Leflunomide ratiopharm is contraindicated in pregnancy (see section 
4.3). 
 
Women of childbearing potential have to use effective contraception during and up to 2 years after 
treatment (see “waiting period” below) or up to 11 days after treatment (see abbreviated “washout 
period” below). 
 
The patient must be advised that if there is any delay in onset of menses or any other reason to suspect 
pregnancy, they must notify the physician immediately for pregnancy testing, and if positive, the 
physician and patient must discuss the risk to the pregnancy. It is possible that rapidly lowering the 
blood level of the active metabolite, by instituting the drug elimination procedure described below, at 
the first delay of menses may decrease the risk to the foetus from leflunomide. 
 
In a small prospective study in women (n=64) who became inadvertently pregnant while taking 
leflunomide for no more than three weeks after conception and followed by a drug elimination 
procedure, no significant differences (p=0.13) were observed in the overall rate of major structural 
defects (5.4%) compared to either of the comparison groups (4.2% in the disease matched group 
[n=108] and 4.2% in healthy pregnant women [n=78]). 
 
For women receiving leflunomide treatment and who wish to become pregnant, one of the following 
procedures is recommended in order to ascertain that the foetus is not exposed to toxic concentrations 
of A771726 (target concentration below 0.02 mg/L): 
 
Waiting period 
 
A771726 plasma levels can be expected to be above 0.02 mg/L for a prolonged period. The 
concentration may be expected to decrease below 0.02 mg/L about 2 years after stopping the treatment 
with leflunomide. 
 
After a 2-year waiting period, the A771726 plasma concentration is measured for the first time. 
Thereafter, the A771726 plasma concentration must be determined again after an interval of at least 
14 days. If both plasma concentrations are below 0.02 mg/L no teratogenic risk is to be expected. 
 
For further information on the sample testing please contact the Marketing Authorisation Holder or its 
local representative (see section 7). 
 
Washout procedure 
 
After stopping treatment with leflunomide: 
 

• colestyramine 8 g is administered 3 times daily for a period of 11 days, 
 

• alternatively, 50 g of activated powdered charcoal is administered 4 times daily for a period of 
11 days. 

 



 26 

However, also following either of the washout procedures, verification by 2 separate tests at an 
interval of at least 14 days and a waiting period of one-and-a-half months between the first occurrence 
of a plasma concentration below 0.02 mg/L and fertilisation is required. 
 
Women of childbearing potential should be told that a waiting period of 2 years after treatment 
discontinuation is required before they may become pregnant. If a waiting period of up to 
approximately 2 years under reliable contraception is considered unpractical, prophylactic institution 
of a washout procedure may be advisable. 
 
Both colestyramine and activated powdered charcoal may influence the absorption of oestrogens and 
progestogens such that reliable contraception with oral contraceptives may not be guaranteed during 
the washout procedure with colestyramine or activated powdered charcoal. Use of alternative 
contraceptive methods is recommended. 
 
Breast-feeding 
 
Animal studies indicate that leflunomide or its metabolites pass into breast milk. Breast-feeding 
women must, therefore, not receive leflunomide. 
 
Fertility 
Results of animal fertility studies have shown no effect on male and female fertility, but adverse 
effects on male reproductive organs were observed in repeated dose toxicity studies (see section 5.3). 
 
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines 
 
In the case of side effects such as dizziness the patient's ability to concentrate and to react properly 
may be impaired. In such cases patients should refrain from driving cars and using machines. 
 
4.8 Undesirable effects 
 
Summary of the safety profile 
 
The most frequently reported adverse effects with leflunomide are: mild increase in blood pressure, 
leucopenia, paraesthesia, headache, dizziness, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, oral mucosal disorders 
(e.g. aphthous stomatitis, mouth ulceration), abdominal pain, increased hair loss, eczema, rash 
(including maculo-papular rash), pruritus, dry skin, tenosynovitis, CPK increased, anorexia, weight 
loss (usually insignificant), asthenia, mild allergic reactions and elevation of liver parameters 
(transaminases (especially ALT), less often gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatise, bilirubin). 
 
Classification of expected frequencies: 
 
Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 
to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). 
 
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. 
 
Infections and infestations 
Rare:   severe infections, including sepsis which may be fatal 
 
Like other agents with immunosuppressive potential, leflunomide may increase susceptibility to 
infections, including opportunistic infections (see also section 4.4). Thus, the overall incidence of 
infections can increase (in particular of rhinitis, bronchitis and pneumonia). 
 
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps) 
The risk of malignancy, particularly lymphoproliferative disorders, is increased with use of some 
immunosuppressive agents. 
 



 27 

Blood and lymphatic system disorders 
Common:  leucopenia (leucocytes >2 G/L) 
Uncommon:  anaemia, mild thrombocytopenia (platelets <100 G/L) 
Rare: pancytopenia (probably by antiproliferative mechanism), leucopenia 

(leucocytes <2 G/L), eosinophilia 
Very rare:  agranulocytosis 
 
Recent, concomitant or consecutive use of potentially myelotoxic agents may be associated with a 
higher risk of haematological effects. 
 
Immune system disorders 
Common:  mild allergic reactions 
Very rare: severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, vasculitis, including cutaneous 

necrotizing vasculitis 
 
Metabolism and nutrition disorders 
Common:  CPK increased 
Uncommon:  hypokalaemia, hyperlipidemia, hypophosphataemia 
Rare:   LDH increased 
Not known:  hypouricemia 
 
Psychiatric disorders 
Uncommon:  anxiety 
 
Nervous system disorders 
Common:  paraesthesia, headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy 
 
Cardiac disorders 
Common:  mild increase in blood pressure 
Rare:   severe increase in blood pressure 
 
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders 
Rare: interstitial lung disease (including interstitial pneumonitis), which may be fatal 
Not known: pulmonary hypertension 
 
Gastrointestinal disorders 
Common: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, oral mucosal disorders (e.g., aphthous stomatitis, 

mouth ulceration), abdominal pain; colitis including microscopic colitis such 
as lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis 

Uncommon:  taste disturbances 
Very rare:  pancreatitis 
 
Hepatobiliary disorders 
Common: elevation of liver parameters (transaminases [especially ALT], less often 

gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin) 
Rare:   hepatitis, jaundice/cholestasis 
Very rare: severe liver injury such as hepatic failure and acute hepatic necrosis that may 

be fatal 
 
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders 
Common: increased hair loss, eczema, rash (including maculopapular rash), pruritus, dry 

skin 
Uncommon:  urticaria 
Very rare: toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme 
Not known:  cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pustular psoriasis or worsening psoriasis, 

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) 
 



 28 

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders 
Common:  tenosynovitis 
Uncommon:  tendon rupture 
 
Renal and urinary disorders 
Not known:  renal failure 
 
Reproductive system and breast disorders 
Not known: marginal (reversible) decreases in sperm concentration, total sperm count and 

rapid progressive motility 
 
General disorders and administration site conditions 
Common:  anorexia, weight loss (usually insignificant), asthenia 
 
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions 
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It 
allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare 
professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V. 
 
4.9 Overdose 
 
Symptoms 
 
There have been reports of chronic overdose in patients taking Leflunomide ratiopharm at daily doses 
up to five times the recommended daily dose, and reports of acute overdose in adults and children. 
There were no adverse events reported in the majority of case reports of overdose. Adverse events 
consistent with the safety profile for leflunomide were: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea, elevated 
liver enzymes, anaemia, leucopenia, pruritus and rash. 
 
Management 
 
In the event of an overdose or toxicity, colestyramine or charcoal is recommended to accelerate 
elimination. Colestyramine given orally at a dose of 8 g three times a day for 24 hours to three healthy 
volunteers decreased plasma levels of A771726 by approximately 40% in 24 hours and by 49% to 
65% in 48 hours. 
 
Administration of activated charcoal (powder made into a suspension) orally or via nasogastric tube 
(50 g every 6 hours for 24 hours) has been shown to reduce plasma concentrations of the active 
metabolite A771726 by 37% in 24 hours and by 48% in 48 hours. These washout procedures may be 
repeated if clinically necessary. 
 
Studies with both hemodialysis and CAPD (chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) indicate that 
A771726, the primary metabolite of leflunomide, is not dialysable 
 
 
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 
 
5.1  Pharmacodynamic properties 
 
Pharmacotherapeutic group: selective immunosuppressants, ATC code: L04AA13. 
 
Human pharmacology 
 
Leflunomide is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agent with antiproliferative properties. 
 
Animal pharmacology 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


 29 

 
Leflunomide is effective in animal models of arthritis and of other autoimmune diseases and 
transplantation, mainly if administered during the sensitisation phase. It has immunomodulating/ 
immunosuppressive characteristics, acts as an antiproliferative agent, and displays anti-inflammatory 
properties. Leflunomide exhibits the best protective effects on animal models of autoimmune diseases 
when administered in the early phase of the disease progression. 
In vivo, it is rapidly and almost completely metabolised to A771726 which is active in vitro, and is 
presumed to be responsible for the therapeutic effect. 
 
Mechanism of action 
 
A771726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, inhibits the human enzyme dihydroorotate 
dehydrogenase (DHODH) and exhibits antiproliferative activity. 
 
Clinical efficacy and safety 
 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
 
The efficacy of Leflunomide ratiopharm in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was demonstrated in 
4 controlled trials (1 in phase II and 3 in phase III). The phase II trial, study YU203, randomised 402 
subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to placebo (n=102), leflunomide 5 mg (n=95), 10 mg (n=101) 
or 25 mg/day (n=104). The treatment duration was 6 months.  
All leflunomide patients in the phase III trials used an initial dose of 100 mg for 3 days.  
Study MN301 randomised 358 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to leflunomide 20 mg/day 
(n=133), sulphasalazine 2 g/day (n=133), or placebo (n=92). Treatment duration was 6 months.  
Study MN303 was an optional 6-month blinded continuation of MN301 without the placebo arm, 
resulting in a 12-month comparison of leflunomide and sulphasalazine. 
Study MN302 randomised 999 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to leflunomide 20 mg/day 
(n=501) or methotrexate at 7.5 mg/week increasing to 15 mg/week (n=498). Folate supplementation 
was optional and only used in 10% of patients. Treatment duration was 12-months. 
Study US301 randomised 482 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis to leflunomide 20 mg/day 
(n=182), methotrexate 7.5 mg/week increasing to 15 mg/week (n=182), or placebo (n=118). All 
patients received folate 1 mg bid. Treatment duration was 12 months. 
 
Leflunomide at a daily dose of at least 10 mg (10 to 25 mg in study YU203, 20 mg in studies MN301 
and US301) was statistically significantly superior to placebo in reducing the signs and symptoms of 
rheumatoid arthritis in all 3 placebo-controlled trials. The ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 
response rates in study YU203 were 27.7% for placebo, 31.9% for 5 mg, 50.5% for 10 mg and 54.5% 
for 25 mg/day. In the phase III trials, the ACR response rates for leflunomide 20 mg/day versus 
placebo were 54.6% vs. 28.6% (study MN301), and 49.4% vs. 26.3% (study US301).After 12 months 
with active treatment, the ACR response rates in leflunomide patients were 52.3% (studies 
MN301/303), 50.5% (study MN302) and 49.4% (study US301), compared to 53.8% (studies 
MN301/303) in sulphasalazine patients, 64.8% (study MN302), and 43.9% (study US301) in 
methotrexate patients. In study MN302 leflunomide was significantly less effective than methotrexate. 
However, in study US301 no significant differences were observed between leflunomide and 
methotrexate in the primary efficacy parameters. No difference was observed between leflunomide 
and sulphasalazine (study MN301). The leflunomide treatment effect was evident by 1 month, 
stabilised by 3 to 6 months and continued throughout the course of treatment. 
 
A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group non-inferiority study compared the relative efficacy of two 
different daily maintenance doses of leflunomide, 10 mg and 20 mg. From the results it can be 
concluded that efficacy results of the 20 mg maintenance dose were more favourable, on the other 
hand, the safety results favoured the 10 mg daily maintenance dose. 
 
Paediatric population 
 



 30 

Leflunomide was studied in a single multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial in 
94 patients (47 per arm) with polyarticular course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Patients were 3–
17 years of age with active polyarticular course JRA regardless of onset type and naive to 
methotrexate or leflunomide. In this trial, the loading dose and maintenance dose of leflunomide was 
based on three weight categories: <20 kg, 20-40 kg, and >40 kg. After 16 weeks treatment, the 
difference in response rates was statistically significant in favour of methotrexate for the JRA 
Definition of Improvement (DOI) ≥30% (p=0.02). In responders, this response was maintained during 
48 weeks. (see section 4.2). 
The pattern of adverse events of leflunomide and methotrexate seems to be similar, but the dose used 
in lighter subjects resulted in a relatively low exposure (see section 5.2). These data do not allow an 
effective and safe dose recommendation. 
 
Psoriatic arthritis 
 
The efficacy of leflunomide was demonstrated in one controlled, randomised, double blind study 3L01 
in 188 patients with psoriatic arthritis, treated at 20 mg/day. Treatment duration was 6 months. 
 
Leflunomide 20 mg/day was significantly superior to placebo in reducing the symptoms of arthritis in 
patients with psoriatic arthritis: the PsARC (Psoriatic Arthritis treatment Response Criteria) 
responders were 59% in the leflunomide group and 29.7% in the placebo group by 6 months 
(p<0.0001). The effect of leflunomide on improvement of function and on reduction of skin lesions 
was modest. 
 
Postmarketing studies 
 
A randomised study assessed the clinical efficacy response rate in DMARD-naïve patients (n = 121) 
with early RA, who received either 20 mg or 100 mg of leflunomide in two parallel groups during the 
initial three day double blind period. The initial period was followed by an open label maintenance 
period of three months, during which both groups received leflunomide 20 mg daily. No incremental 
overall benefit was observed in the studied population with the use of a loading dose regimen. The 
safety data obtained from both treatment groups were consistent with the known safety profile of 
leflunomide, however, the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events and of elevated liver enzymes 
tended to be higher in the patients receiving the loading dose of 100 mg leflunomide. 
 
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties 
 
Leflunomide is rapidly converted to the active metabolite, A771726, by first-pass metabolism (ring 
opening) in gut wall and liver. In a study with radiolabelled 14C-leflunomide in three healthy 
volunteers, no unchanged leflunomide was detected in plasma, urine or faeces. In other studies, 
unchanged leflunomide levels in plasma have rarely been detected, however, at ng/ml plasma levels. 
The only plasma-radiolabelled metabolite detected was A771726. This metabolite is responsible for 
essentially all the in-vivo activity of Leflunomide ratiopharm. 
 
Absorption 
 
Excretion data from the 14C study indicated that at least about 82 to 95% of the dose is absorbed. The 
time to peak plasma concentrations of A771726 is very variable; peak plasma levels can occur 
between 1 hour and 24 hours after single administration. Leflunomide can be administered with food, 
since the extent of absorption is comparable in the fed and fasting state. Due to the very long half-life 
of A771726 (approximately 2 weeks), a loading dose of 100 mg for 3 days was used in clinical studies 
to facilitate the rapid attainment of steady-state levels of A771726. Without a loading dose, it is 
estimated that attainment of steady-state plasma concentrations would require nearly two months of 
dosing. In multiple dose studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the pharmacokinetic parameters 
of A771726 were linear over the dose range of 5 to 25 mg. In these studies, the clinical effect was 
closely related to the plasma concentration of A771726 and to the daily dose of leflunomide. At a dose 
level of 20 mg/day, average plasma concentration of A771726 at steady state is approximately 
35 μg/ml. At steady state plasma levels accumulate about 33- to 35-fold compared with single dose. 



 31 

 
Distribution 
 
In human plasma, A771726 is extensively bound to protein (albumin). The unbound fraction of 
A771726 is about 0.62%. Binding of A771726 is linear in the therapeutic concentration range. 
Binding of A771726 appeared slightly reduced and more variable in plasma from patients with 
rheumatoid arthritis or chronic renal insufficiency. The extensive protein binding of A771726 could 
lead to displacement of other highly-bound drugs. In vitro plasma protein binding interaction studies 
with warfarin at clinically relevant concentrations, however, showed no interaction. Similar studies 
showed that ibuprofen and diclofenac did not displace A771726, whereas the unbound fraction of 
A771726 is increased 2- to 3-fold in the presence of tolbutamide. A771726 displaced ibuprofen, 
diclofenac and tolbutamide but the unbound fraction of these drugs is only increased by 10% to 50%. 
There is no indication that these effects are of clinical relevance. Consistent with extensive protein 
binding A771726 has a low apparent volume of distribution (approximately 11 litres). There is no 
preferential uptake in erythrocytes. 
 
Biotransformation 
 
Leflunomide is metabolised to one primary (A771726) and many minor metabolites including TFMA 
(4-trifluoromethylaniline). The metabolic biotransformation of leflunomide to A771726 and 
subsequent metabolism of A771726 is not controlled by a single enzyme and has been shown to occur 
in microsomal and cytosolic cellular fractions. Interaction studies with cimetidine (non-specific 
cytochrome P450 inhibitor) and rifampicin (non-specific cytochrome P450 inducer), indicate that in 
vivo CYP enzymes are involved in the metabolism of leflunomide only to a small extent. 
 
Elimination 
 
Elimination of A771726 is slow and characterised by an apparent clearance of about 31 ml/hr. The 
elimination half-life in patients is approximately 2 weeks. After administration of a radiolabelled dose 
of leflunomide, radioactivity was equally excreted in faeces, probably by biliary elimination, and in 
urine. A771726 was still detectable in urine and faeces 36 days after a single administration. The 
principal urinary metabolites were glucuronide products derived from leflunomide (mainly in 0 to 
24 hour samples) and an oxanilic acid derivative of A771726. The principal faecal component was 
A771726. 
 
It has been shown in man that administration of an oral suspension of activated powdered charcoal or 
colestyramine leads to a rapid and significant increase in A771726 elimination rate and decline in 
plasma concentrations (see section 4.9). This is thought to be achieved by a gastrointestinal dialysis 
mechanism and/or by interrupting enterohepatic recycling. 
 
Renal impairment 
 
Leflunomide was administered as a single oral 100 mg dose to 3 haemodialysis patients and 3 patients 
on continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The pharmacokinetics of A771726 in CAPD subjects 
appeared to be similar to healthy volunteers. A more rapid elimination of A771726 was observed in 
haemodialysis subjects which was not due to extraction of drug in the dialysate. 
 
Hepatic impairment 
 
No data are available regarding treatment of patients with hepatic impairment. The active metabolite 
A771726 is extensively protein bound and cleared via hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion. These 
processes may be affected by hepatic dysfunction. 
 
Paediatric population 
 
The pharmacokinetics of A771726 following oral administration of leflunomide have been 
investigated in 73 pediatric patients with polyarticular course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) 



 32 

who ranged in age from 3 to 17 years. The results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis of these 
trials have demonstrated that pediatric patients with body weights ≤40 kg have a reduced systemic 
exposure (measured by Css) of A771726 relative to adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (see section 
4.2). 
 
Elderly 
 
Pharmacokinetic data in elderly (>65 years) are limited but consistent with pharmacokinetics in 
younger adults. 
 
5.3 Preclinical safety data 
 
Leflunomide, administered orally and intraperitoneally, has been studied in acute toxicity studies in 
mice and rats. Repeated oral administration of leflunomide to mice for up to 3 months, to rats and dogs 
for up to 6 months and to monkeys for up to 1 month's duration revealed that the major target organs 
for toxicity were bone marrow, blood, gastrointestinal tract, skin, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. 
The main effects were anaemia, leucopenia, decreased platelet counts and panmyelopathy and reflect 
the basic mode of action of the compound (inhibition of DNA synthesis). In rats and dogs, Heinz 
bodies and/or Howell-Jolly bodies were found. Other effects found on heart, liver, cornea and 
respiratory tract could be explained as infections due to immunosuppression. Toxicity in animals was 
found at doses equivalent to human therapeutic doses. 
 
Leflunomide was not mutagenic. However, the minor metabolite TFMA (4-trifluoromethylaniline) 
caused clastogenicity and point mutations in vitro, whilst insufficient information was available on its 
potential to exert this effect in vivo. 
 
In a carcinogenicity study in rats, leflunomide did not show carcinogenic potential. In a 
carcinogenicity study in mice an increased incidence of malignant lymphoma occurred in males of the 
highest dose group, considered to be due to the immunosuppressive activity of leflunomide. In female 
mice an increased incidence, dose-dependent, of bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and carcinomas of the 
lung was noted. The relevance of the findings in mice relative to the clinical use of leflunomide is 
uncertain. 
 
Leflunomide was not antigenic in animal models. 
Leflunomide was embryotoxic and teratogenic in rats and rabbits at doses in the human therapeutic 
range and exerted adverse effects on male reproductive organs in repeated dose toxicity studies. 
Fertility was not reduced. 
 
 
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 
 
6.1 List of excipients 
 
Tablet core 
Lactose monohydrate  
Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose 
Tartaric acid 
Sodium laurylsulfate 
Magnesium stearate  
 
Film-coating 
Lecithin (soybeans) 
Poly(vinyl alcohol) 
Talc  
Titanium dioxide (E171) 
Xanthan gum 
 



 33 

6.2 Incompatibilities 
 
Not applicable. 
 
6.3 Shelf life 
 
3°years 
 
6.4 Special precautions for storage 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
6.6 Nature and contents of container 
 
40 ml HDPE-wide-necked bottle, with polypropylene screw cap with integrated desiccant container 
(white silica gel), containing either 30 or 100 film-coated tablets. 
 
Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 
 
6.6 Special precautions for disposal  
 
No special requirements for disposal. 
 
 
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Graf-Arco-Straße 3 
89079 Ulm 
Germany 
 
 
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/10/654/003 
EU/1/10/654/004 
 
 
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 
 
Date of first authorisation: 29 November 2010 
Date of latest renewal: 19 June 2015 
 
 
10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 
 
 
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/. 



 34 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX II 
 

A. MANUFACTURERS RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE 
 
B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE 
 
C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING 

AUTHORISATION 



 35 

A. MANUFACTURERS RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE 
 
Name and address of the manufacturers responsible for batch release 
 
Haupt Pharma Münster GmbH 
Schleebrüggenkamp 15 
48159 Münster 
Germany 
 
Merckle GmbH 
Ludwig-Merckle-Str. 3 
89143 Blaubeuren 
Germany 
 
The printed package leaflet of the medicinal product must state the name and address of the 
manufacturer responsible for the release of the concerned batch. 
 
 
B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE 
 
Medicinal product subject to restricted medical prescription (see Annex I: Summary of Product 
Characteristics, section 4.2). 
 
 
C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING 

AUTHORISATION 
 
Pharmacovigilance system 
The MAH must ensure that the system of pharmacovigilance, presented in Module 1.8.1 of the 
Marketing Authorisation, is in place and functioning before and whilst medicinal the product is on the 
market. 
 
Risk Management Plan (RMP) 
The MAH shall perform the pharmacovigilance activities detailed in the Pharmacovigilance Plan, as 
agreed in the RMP presented in Module 1.8.2 of the Marketing Authorisation and any subsequent 
updates of the RMP agreed by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). 
 
As per the CHMP Guideline on Risk Management Systems for medicinal products for human use, the 
updated RMP should be submitted at the same time as the next Periodic Safety Update Report 
(PSUR). 
 
In addition, an updated RMP should be submitted: 

• When new information is received that may impact on the current Safety Specification, 
Pharmacovigilance Plan or risk minimisation activities 

• Within 60 days of an important (pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone being 
reached 

• At the request of the European Medicines Agency. 
 
PSURs 
The PSUR submission schedule should follow the PSUR submission schedule for the reference 
medicinal product. 
 
• CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND 

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 



 36 

The Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) shall ensure that all physicians who are expected to 
prescribe/use Leflunomide ratiopharm are provided with a physician educational pack containing the 
following: 

• The Summary of Product Characteristics 
• Physician Leaflet 
 

The Physician Leaflet should contain the following key messages: 
• That there is a risk of severe liver injury and so regular measurement of ALT (SGPT) levels 

to monitor liver function is important. The information provided in the Physician Leaflet 
should provide information on dose reduction, discontinuation and wash out procedures in the 
event of raised ALT. 

• The identified risk of synergistic hepato- or haematotoxicity associated with combination 
therapy with another Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (e.g. methotrexate) 

• That there is a risk of teratogenicity and so pregnancy must be avoided until leflunomide 
plasma levels are at an appropriate level. Physicians and patients should be made aware that 
there is an ad hoc advisory service available to provide information on leflunomide plasma 
level laboratory testing 

• The risk of infections, including opportunistic infections, and the contraindication for use in 
immuno-compromised patients. 

• The need to counsel patients on important risks associated with leflunomide therapy and 
appropriate precautions when using the medicine. 

 
The Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) shall ensure that any changes to the safety profile of the 
reference medicinal product requiring changes to the Risk Management Plan or Product Information 
are immediately implemented for Leflunomide ratiopharm. 



 37 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX III 
 

LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET 



 38 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A. LABELLING 



 39 

PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING   
 
Carton 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg film-coated tablets 
Leflunomide 
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each film-coated tablet contains 10 mg of leflunomide. 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
This medicinal product contains lactose and soya lecithin. Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
Film-coated tablet 
30 film-coated tablets 
100 film-coated tablets 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use. 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 

OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
 



 40 

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 
 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Graf-Arco-Straße 3 
89079 Ulm 
Germany 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/10/654/001 30 film-coated tablets 
EU/1/10/654/002 100 film-coated tablets 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Batch 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
Medicinal product subject to medical prescription. 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included. 
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
PC: 
SN: 
NN: 
 



 41 

  
PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE IMMEDIATE PACKAGING 
 
Bottle 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg tablets 
Leflunomide 
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each tablet contains 10 mg of leflunomide. 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
Contains lactose and soya lecithin. Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
Tablet 
30  tablets 
100  tablets 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use. 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 

OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
 



 42 

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 
 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
ratiopharm GmbH 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/10/654/001 30 film-coated tablets 
EU/1/10/654/002 100 film-coated tablets 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Batch 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
 



 43 

PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING   
 
Carton 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 20 mg film-coated tablets 
Leflunomide 
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each film-coated tablet contains 20 mg of leflunomide. 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
This medicinal product contains lactose and soya lecithin. Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
Film-coated tablet 
30 film-coated tablets  
100 film-coated tablets 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use. 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 

OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
 



 44 

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 
 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Graf-Arco-Straße 3 
89079 Ulm 
Germany 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/10/654/003 30 film-coated tablets 
EU/1/10/654/004 100 film-coated tablets 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Batch 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
Medicinal product subject to medical prescription. 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 20 mg 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included. 
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
PC: 
SN: 
NN: 
 



 45 

  
PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE IMMEDIATE PACKAGING 
 
Bottle 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 20 mg tablets 
Leflunomide 
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each tablet contains 20 mg of leflunomide. 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
Contains lactose and soya lecithin. Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
Tablet 
30  tablets 
100  tablets 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Oral use. 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 

OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
 



 46 

10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 
OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 
 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
ratiopharm GmbH 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/10/654/003 30 film-coated tablets 
EU/1/10/654/004 100 film-coated tablets 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Batch 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
 



 47 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

B. PACKAGE LEAFLET 



 48 

Package leaflet: Information for the user 
 

Leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg film-coated tablets 
Leflunomide 

 
 

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains 
important information for you. 

- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. 
- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. 
- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, 

even if their signs of illness are the same as yours. 
- If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible 

side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. 
 
What is in this leaflet 
1. What Leflunomide ratiopharm is and what it is used for 
2. What you need to know before you take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
3. How to take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
4. Possible side effects 
5. How to store Leflunomide ratiopharm  
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
 
1. What Leflunomide ratiopharm is and what it is used for 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains the active substance leflunomide which belongs to a group of 
medicines called anti-rheumatic medicines. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is used to treat adult patients with active rheumatoid arthritis or with active 
psoriatic arthritis. 
 
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include inflammation of joints, swelling, difficulty moving and 
pain. Other symptoms that affect the entire body include loss of appetite, fever, loss of energy and 
anemia (lack of red blood cells). 
 
Symptoms of active psoriatic arthritis include inflammation of joints, swelling, difficulty moving, pain 
and patches of red, scaly skin (skin lesions). 
 
 
2. What you need to know before you take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
 
Do not take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
- if you have ever had an allergic reaction to leflunomide (especially a serious skin reaction, 

often accompanied by fever, joint pain, red skin stains, or blisters e.g. Stevens-Johnson 
syndrome), to peanut or soya or to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 
6), 

- if you have any liver problems, 
- if you have moderate to severe kidney problems, 
- if you have severely low numbers of proteins in your blood (hypoproteinaemia), 
- if you suffer from any problem which affects your immune system (e.g. AIDS), 
- if you have any problem with your bone marrow, or if you have low numbers of red or white 

cells in your blood or a reduced number of blood platelets, 
- if you are suffering from a serious infection, 
- if you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are breast-feeding. 
 
Warnings and precautions 



 49 

Talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before taking Leflunomide ratiopharm 
- if you have ever suffered from interstitial lung disease. 
- if you have ever had tuberculosis or if you have been in close contact with someone who has or 

has had tuberculosis. Your doctor may perform tests to see if you have tuberculosis. 
- if you are due to have a specific blood test (calcium level). Falsely low levels of calcium can 

be detected. 
- if you are male and wish to father a child. As it can not be excluded that Leflunomide 

ratiopharm passes into semen, reliable contraception should be used during treatment with 
Leflunomide ratiopharm. Men wishing to father a child should contact their doctor who may 
advise them to stop taking Leflunomide ratiopharm and take certain medicines to remove 
Leflunomide ratiopharm rapidly and sufficiently from their body. You will then need a blood 
test to make sure that Leflunomide ratiopharm has been sufficiently removed from your body, 
and you should then wait for at least another 3 months before attempting to father a child. 

 
Leflunomide ratiopharm can occasionally cause some problems with your blood, liver, lungs or nerves 
in your arms or legs. It may also cause some serious allergic reactions (including Drug Reaction with 
Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms [DRESS]), or increase the chance of a severe infection. For 
more information on these, please read section 4 (Possible side effects). 
 
DRESS appears initially as flu-like symptoms and a rash on the face then an extended rash with a high 
temperature, increased levels of liver enzymes seen in blood tests and an increase in a type of white 
blood cell (eosinophilia) and enlarged lymph nodes. 
 
Your doctor will carry out blood tests at regular intervals, before and during treatment with 
Leflunomide ratiopharm, to monitor your blood cells and liver. Your doctor will also check your blood 
pressure regularly as Leflunomide ratiopharm can cause an increase in blood pressure. 
 
Tell your doctor if you have unexplained chronic diarrhoea. Your doctor may perform additional tests 
for differential diagnosis. 
 
Children and adolescents 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years 
of age. 
 
Other medicines and Leflunomide ratiopharm 
Please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other 
medicines. This includes medicines obtained without a prescription. 
 
This is especially important if you are taking: 
- other medicines for rheumatoid arthritis such as antimalarials (e.g. chloroquine and 

hydroxychloroquine), intramuscular or oral gold, D-penicillamine, azathioprine and other 
immunosuppressive medicines (e.g. methotrexate) as these combinations are not advisable, 

- warfarin and other oral medicines used to thin the blood, as monitoring is necessary to reduce 
the risk of side effects of this medicine 

- teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis 
- repaglinide, pioglitazone, nateglinide, or rosiglitazone for diabetes 
- daunorubicin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, or topotecan for cancer 
- duloxetine for depression, urinary incontinence or in kidney disease in diabetics 
- alosetron for the management of severe diarrhoea 
- theophylline for asthma 
- tizanidine, a muscle relaxant 
- oral contraceptives (containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) 
- cefaclor, benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), ciprofloxacin for infections 
- indomethacin, ketoprofen for pain or inflammation 
- furosemide for heart disease (diuretic, water pill) 
- zidovudine for HIV infection 



 50 

- rosuvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin for hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) 
- sulfasalazine for inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis 
- a medicine called colestyramine (used to reduce high cholesterol) or activated charcoal as 

these medicines can reduce the amount of Leflunomide ratiopharm which is absorbed by the 
body. 

 
If you are already taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and/or corticosteroids, 
you may continue to take them after starting Leflunomide ratiopharm. 
 
Vaccinations 
If you have to be vaccinated, ask your doctor for advice. Certain vaccinations should not be given 
while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm, and for a certain amount of time after stopping treatment. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm with food, drink and alcohol 
Leflunomide ratiopharm may be taken with or without food. 
It is not recommended to drink alcohol during treatment with Leflunomide ratiopharm. Drinking 
alcohol while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm may increase the chance of liver damage. 
 
Pregnancy and breast-feeding 
Do not take Leflunomide ratiopharm if you are, or think you may be pregnant. If you are pregnant or 
become pregnant while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm, the risk of having a baby with serious birth 
defects is increased. Women of childbearing potential must not take Leflunomide ratiopharm without 
using reliable contraceptive measures. 
 
Tell your doctor if you plan to become pregnant after stopping treatment with Leflunomide 
ratiopharm, as you need to ensure that all traces of Leflunomide ratiopharm have left your body before 
trying to become pregnant. This may take up to 2 years. This may be reduced to a few weeks by taking 
certain medicines which speed up removal of Leflunomide ratiopharm from your body. 
In either case it should be confirmed by a blood test that Leflunomide ratiopharm has been sufficiently 
removed from your body and you should then wait for at least another month before you become 
pregnant. 
 
For further information on the laboratory testing please contact your doctor. 
 
If you suspect that you are pregnant while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm or in the two years after you 
have stopped treatment, you must contact your doctor immediately for a pregnancy test. If the test 
confirms that you are pregnant, your doctor may suggest treatment with certain medicines to remove 
Leflunomide ratiopharm rapidly and sufficiently from your body, as this may decrease the risk to your 
baby. 
 
Do not take Leflunomide ratiopharm when you are breast-feeding, as leflunomide passes into the 
breast milk. 
 
Driving and using machines 
Leflunomide ratiopharm can make you feel dizzy which may impair your ability to concentrate and 
react. If you are affected, do not drive, or use machines. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains lactose 
If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor 
before taking this medicine. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains soya lecithin 
If you are allergic to peanut or soya, do not use this medicine. 
 
 
3. How to take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
 



 51 

Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. Check with your doctor 
or pharmacist if you are not sure. 
 
The usual starting dosage of Leflunomide ratiopharm is 100 mg once daily for the first three days. 
After this, most patients need a dose of: 
• For rheumatoid arthritis: 10 or 20 mg Leflunomide ratiopharm once daily, depending on the 

severity of the disease. 
• For psoriatic arthritis: 20 mg Leflunomide ratiopharm once daily. 

 
Swallow the tablet whole and with plenty of water. 
 
It may take about 4 weeks or longer until you start to feel an improvement in your condition. Some 
patients may even still feel further improvements after 4 to 6 months of therapy. 
You will normally take Leflunomide ratiopharm over long periods of time. 
 
If you take more Leflunomide ratiopharm than you should 
If you take more Leflunomide ratiopharm than you should, contact your doctor or get other medical 
advice. If possible, take your tablets or the box with you to show the doctor. 
 
If you forget to take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is nearly time for your next 
dose. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. 
 
If you have any further questions on the use of this product, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. 
 
 
4. Possible side effects 
 
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.  
 
Tell your doctor immediately and stop taking Leflunomide ratiopharm: 
-  if you experience weakness, feel light-headed or dizzy or have difficulty breathing, as these 

may be signs of a serious allergic reaction, 
-  if you develop a skin rash or ulcers in your mouth, as these may indicate severe, sometimes 

life-threatening reactions (e.g. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema 
multiforme, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms [DRESS]), see section 2. 

 
Tell your doctor immediately if you experience: 
-  pale skin, tiredness, or bruising, as these may indicate blood disorders caused by an imbalance 

in the different types of blood cells which make up blood, 
-  tiredness, abdominal pain, or jaundice (yellow discolouration of the eyes or skin), as these 

may indicate serious conditions such as liver failure, which may be fatal, 
-  any symptoms of an infection such as fever, sore throat or cough, as this medicine may 

increase the chance of a severe infection which may be life-threatening, 
-  cough or breathing problems as these may indicate problems of the lung (interstitial lung 

disease or pulmonary hypertension), 
-  unusual tingling, weakness or pain in your hands or feet as these may indicate problems with 

your nerves (peripheral neuropathy). 
 
Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) 
-  a slight decrease in the number of white blood cells (leucopenia), 
-  mild allergic reactions, 
-  loss of appetite, weight loss (usually insignificant), 
-  tiredness (asthenia), 
-  headache, dizziness, 
-  abnormal skin sensations like tingling (paraesthesia), 
-  mild increase in blood pressure, 



 52 

-  diarrhoea, 
-  colitis, 
-  nausea, vomiting, 
-  inflammation of the mouth or mouth ulcers, 
-  abdominal pain, 
-  an increase in some liver test results, 
-  increased hair loss, 
-  eczema, dry skin, rash, itching, 
-  tendonitis (pain caused by inflammation in the membrane surrounding the tendons usually in the 

feet or hands), 
- an increase of certain enzymes in the blood (creatine phosphokinase), 
- problems in the nerves of the arms or legs (peripheral neuropathy). 
 
Uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people) 
-  a decrease in the number of red blood cells (anaemia) and a decrease in the number of blood 

platelets (thrombocytopenia), 
-  a decrease in the levels of potassium in the blood, 
-  anxiety, 
-  taste disturbances, 
-  urticaria (nettle rash), 
-  tendon rupture, 
-  an increase in the levels of fat in the blood (cholesterol and triglycerides), 
-  a decrease in the levels of phosphate in the blood. 
 
Rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people) 
-  an increase in the numbers of blood cells called eosinophiles (eosinophilia); mild decrease in the 

number of white blood cells (leucopenia); decrease in the number of all blood cells 
(pancytopenia), 

-  severe increase in blood pressure, 
-  inflammation of the lung (interstitial lung disease), 
-  an increase in some liver results which may develop into serious conditions such as hepatitis 

and jaundice, 
-  severe infections called sepsis which may be fatal, 
-  an increase of certain enzymes in the blood (lactate dehydrogenase). 
 
Very rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people) 
-  a marked decrease of some white blood cells (agranulocytosis), 
-  severe and potentially severe allergic reactions, 
-  inflammation of the small vessels (vasculitis, including cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis), 
-  inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), 
-  severe liver injury such as liver failure or necrosis which may be fatal, 
-  severe sometimes life-threatening reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal 

necrolysis, erythema multiforme). 
 

Other side effects such as kidney failure, a decrease in the levels of uric acid in your blood, pulmonary 
hypertension, male infertility (which is reversible once treatment with this medicine is stopped), 
cutaneous lupus (characterized by rash/erythema on skin areas that are exposed to light), psoriasis 
(new or worsening) and DRESS may also occur with a not known frequency. 
 
Reporting of side effects 
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects 
not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of 
this medicine. 
 
 
5. How to store Leflunomide ratiopharm 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


 53 

 
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the outer carton and on the bottle after 
EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month. 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to 
throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment. 
 
 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
What Leflunomide ratiopharm contains 
- The active substance is leflunomide.  
 One film-coated tablet contains 10 mg of leflunomide. 
- The other ingredients are lactose monohydrate, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, tartaric 

acid, sodium laurylsulfate and magnesium stearate in the tablet core as well as lecithin (soybeans), 
poly(vinyl alcohol), talc, titanium dioxide (E171) and xanthan gum in the film-coating 

 
What Leflunomide ratiopharm looks like and contents of the pack  
Leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg film-coated tablets are white to almost white and round with a 
diameter of about 6 mm. 
 
The tablets are packed in bottles. 
Pack sizes of 30 and 100 film-coated tablets per bottle are available. 
 
Not all pack size may be marketed. 
 
Marketing Authorisation Holder 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Graf-Arco-Straße 3 
89079 Ulm 
Germany 
 
Manufacturer 
Haupt Pharma Münster GmbH 
Schleebrüggenkamp 15 
48159 Münster 
Germany 
 
Merckle GmbH 
Ludwig-Merckle-Straße 3 
89143 Blaubeuren 
Germany 
 
For any information about this medicine, please contact the local representative of the Marketing 
Authorisation Holder: 
 
België/Belgique/Belgien 
Teva Pharma Belgium N.V./S.A./AG 
Tél/Tel: +32 3 820 73 73 
 

Lietuva 
UAB "Sicor Biotech" 
Tel: +370 5 266 0203 
 

България 
Тева Фармасютикълс България ЕООД 
Teл: +359 2 489 95 82 

Luxembourg/Luxemburg 
ratiopharm GmbH, Allemagne/Deutschland 
Tél/Tel: +35 731 402 02 



 54 

  
Česká republika 
Teva Pharmaceuticals CR, s.r.o. 
Tel: +420 251 007 111 
 

Magyarország  
Teva Gyógyszergyár Zrt. 
Tel.: +36 1 288 64 00 
 

Danmark 
Teva Denmark A/S 
Tlf: +45 44 98 55 11 

Malta 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Ireland, L-Irlanda 
Tel: +353 51 321 740 
 

Deutschland 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Tel: +49 731 402 02 
 

Nederland 
Teva Nederland B.V. 
Tel: +31 (0)800 0228 400 
 

Eesti 
Teva Eesti esindus 
UAB "Sicor Biotech" Eesti filiaal 
Tel: +372 661 0801 
 

Norge 
Teva Norway AS 
Tlf: +47 66 77 55 90 
 

Ελλάδα 
Teva Ελλάς Α.Ε. 
Τηλ: +30 210 72 79 099 
 

Österreich 
ratiopharm Arzneimittel Vertriebs-GmbH 
Tel: +43 1 97 007 0 
 

España 
ratiopharm España, S.A. 
Tel: +34 91 567 29 70 
 

Polska 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Polska Sp. z o.o. 
Tel.: +48 22 345 93 00 
 

France 
Teva Santé 
Tél: +33 1 55 91 78 00 
 

Portugal 
ratiopharm, Comércio e Indústria de Produtos 
Farmacêuticos Lda 
Tel: +351 21 476 75 50 
 

Hrvatska 
Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o. 
Tel: +385 1 37 20 000 
 

România 
Teva Pharmaceuticals S.R.L 
Tel: +40 21 230 65 24 
 

Ireland 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Ireland 
Tel: +353 (0)51 321 740 
 

Slovenija 
Pliva Ljubljana d.o.o. 
Tel: +386 1 58 90 390 
 

Ísland 
ratiopharm Oy, Finland 
Sími: +358 20 180 5900 
 

Slovenská republika 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Slovakia s.r.o. 
Tel: +421 2 57 26 79 11 
 

Italia 
Teva Italia S.r.l. 
Tel: +39 02 891 798 1 
 

Suomi/Finland 
ratiopharm Oy 
Puh/Tel: +358 20 180 5900 
 

Κύπρος 
Teva Ελλάς Α.Ε., Ελλάδα 
Τηλ: +30 210 72 79 099 
 

Sverige 
Teva Sweden AB 
Tel: +46 (0)42 12 11 00 
 

Latvija 
UAB "Sicor Biotech" filiāle Latvijā 
Tel: +371 673 236 66 
 

United Kingdom 
Teva UK Limited 
Tel: +44 (0)1977 628500 
 

 
This leaflet was last revised in {MM/YYYY}. 



 55 

 
Other sources of information 
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency website: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ 



 56 

Package leaflet: Information for the user 
 

Leflunomide ratiopharm 20 mg film-coated tablets 
Leflunomide 

 
 

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains 
important information for you. 

- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. 
- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor,pharmacist or nurse. 
- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, 

even if their signs of illness are the same as yours. 
- If you get any side effects , talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible 

side effects not listed in this leaflet. See sextion 4. 
 
What is in this leaflet 
1. What Leflunomide ratiopharm is and what it is used for 
2. What you need to know before you take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
3. How to take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
4. Possible side effects 
7. How to store Leflunomide ratiopharm  
8. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
 
1. What Leflunomide ratiopharm is and what it is used for 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains the active substance leflunomide which belongs to a group of 
medicines called anti-rheumatic medicines. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is used to treat adult patients with active rheumatoid arthritis or with active 
psoriatic arthritis. 
 
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include inflammation of joints, swelling, difficulty moving and 
pain. Other symptoms that affect the entire body include loss of appetite, fever, loss of energy and 
anemia (lack of red blood cells). 
 
Symptoms of active psoriatic arthritis include inflammation of joints, swelling, difficulty moving, pain 
and patches of red, scaly skin (skin lesions). 
 
 
2. What you need to know before you take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
 
Do not take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
- if you have ever had an allergic reaction to leflunomide (especially a serious skin reaction, 

often accompanied by fever, joint pain, red skin stains, or blisters e.g. Stevens-Johnson 
syndrome), to peanut or soya or to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 
6), 

- if you have any liver problems, 
- if you have moderate to severe kidney problems, 
- if you have severely low numbers of proteins in your blood (hypoproteinaemia), 
- if you suffer from any problem which affects your immune system (e.g. AIDS), 
- if you have any problem with your bone marrow, or if you have low numbers of red or white 

cells in your blood or a reduced number of blood platelets, 
- if you are suffering from a serious infection, 
- if you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are breast-feeding. 
 
Warnings and precautions 



 57 

Talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before taking Leflunomide ratiopharm 
- if you have ever suffered from interstitial lung desease. 
- if you have ever had tuberculosis or if you have been in close contact with someone who has or 

has had tuberculosis. Your doctor may perform tests to see if you have tuberculosis. 
- if you are due to have a specific blood test (calcium level). Falsely low levels of calcium can 

be detected. 
- if you are male and wish to father a child. As it can not be excluded that Leflunomide 

ratiopharm passes into semen, reliable contraception should be used during treatment with 
Leflunomide ratiopharm. Men wishing to father a child should contact their doctor who may 
advise them to stop taking Leflunomide ratiopharm and take certain medicines to remove 
Leflunomide ratiopharm rapidly and sufficiently from their body. You will then need a blood 
test to make sure that Leflunomide ratiopharm has been sufficiently removed from your body, 
and you should then wait for at least another 3 months before attempting to father a child. 

 
Leflunomide ratiopharm can occasionally cause some problems with your blood, liver, lungs or nerves 
in your arms or legs. It may also cause some serious allergic reactions (including Drug Reaction with 
Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms [DRESS]), or increase the chance of a severe infection. For 
more information on these, please read section 4 (Possible side effects). 
 
DRESS appears initially as flu-like symptoms and a rash on the face then an extended rash with a high 
temperature, increased levels of liver enzymes seen in blood tests and an increase in a type of white 
blood cell (eosinophilia) and enlarged lymph nodes. 
 
Your doctor will carry out blood tests at regular intervals, before and during treatment with 
Leflunomide ratiopharm, to monitor your blood cells and liver. Your doctor will also check your blood 
pressure regularly as Leflunomide ratiopharm can cause an increase in blood pressure. 
 
Tell your doctor if you have unexplained chronic diarrhoea. Your doctor may perform additional tests 
for differential diagnosis. 
 
Children and adolescents 
Leflunomide ratiopharm is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years 
of age. 
 
Other medicines and Leflunomide ratiopharm 
Please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other 
medicines. This includes medicines obtained without a prescription. 
 
This is especially important if you are taking: 
- other medicines for rheumatoid arthritis such as antimalarials (e.g. chloroquine and 

hydroxychloroquine), intramuscular or oral gold, D-penicillamine, azathioprine and other 
immunosuppressive medicines (e.g. methotrexate) as these combinations are not advisable, 

- warfarin and other oral medicines used to thin the blood, as monitoring is necessary to reduce 
the risk of side effects of this medicine 

- teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis 
- repaglinide, pioglitazone, nateglinide, or rosiglitazone for diabetes 
- daunorubicin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, or topotecan for cancer 
- duloxetine for depression, urinary incontinence or in kidney disease in diabetics 
- alosetron for the management of severe diarrhoea 
- theophylline for asthma 
- tizanidine, a muscle relaxant  
- oral contraceptives (containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) 
- cefaclor, benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), ciprofloxacin for infections  
- indomethacin, ketoprofen for pain or inflammation 
- furosemide for heart disease (diuretic, water pill) 
- zidovudine for HIV infection 
- rosuvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin for hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) 



 58 

- sulfasalazine for inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis 
- a medicine called colestyramine (used to reduce high cholesterol) or activated charcoal as 

these medicines can reduce the amount of Leflunomide ratiopharm which is absorbed by the 
body. 

 
If you are already taking a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and/or corticosteroids, 
you may continue to take them after starting Leflunomide ratiopharm. 
 
Vaccinations 
If you have to be vaccinated, ask your doctor for advice. Certain vaccinations should not be given 
while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm, and for a certain amount of time after stopping treatment. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm with food, drink and alcohol 
Leflunomide ratiopharm may be taken with or without food. 
It is not recommended to drink alcohol during treatment with Leflunomide ratiopharm. Drinking 
alcohol while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm may increase the chance of liver damage. 
 
Pregnancy and breast-feeding 
Do not take Leflunomide ratiopharm if you are, or think you may be pregnant. If you are pregnant or 
become pregnant while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm, the risk of having a baby with serious birth 
defects is increased. Women of childbearing potential must not take Leflunomide ratiopharm without 
using reliable contraceptive measures. 
 
Tell your doctor if you plan to become pregnant after stopping treatment with Leflunomide 
ratiopharm, as you need to ensure that all traces of Leflunomide ratiopharm have left your body before 
trying to become pregnant. This may take up to 2 years. This may be reduced to a few weeks by taking 
certain medicines which speed up removal of Leflunomide ratiopharm from your body. 
In either case it should be confirmed by a blood test that Leflunomide ratiopharm has been sufficiently 
removed from your body and you should then wait for at least another month before you become 
pregnant. 
 
For further information on the laboratory testing please contact your doctor. 
 
If you suspect that you are pregnant while taking Leflunomide ratiopharm or in the two years after you 
have stopped treatment, you must contact your doctor immediately for a pregnancy test. If the test 
confirms that you are pregnant, your doctor may suggest treatment with certain medicines to remove 
Leflunomide ratiopharm rapidly and sufficiently from your body, as this may decrease the risk to your 
baby. 
 
Do not take Leflunomide ratiopharm when you are breast-feeding, as leflunomide passes into the 
breast milk. 
 
Driving and using machines 
Leflunomide ratiopharm can make you feel dizzy which may impair your ability to concentrate and 
react. If you are affected, do not drive, or use machines. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains lactose 
If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor 
before taking this medicine. 
 
Leflunomide ratiopharm contains soya lecithin 
If you are allergic to peanut or soya, do not use this medicine. 
 
 
3. How to take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
 



 59 

Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. Check with your doctor 
or pharmacist if you are not sure. 
 
The usual starting dosage of Leflunomide ratiopharm is 100 mg once daily for the first three days. 
After this, most patients need a dose of: 
• For rheumatoid arthritis: 10 or 20 mg Leflunomide ratiopharm once daily, depending on the 

severity of the disease. 
• For psoriatic arthritis: 20 mg Leflunomide ratiopharm once daily. 

 
Take the tablet with plenty of water. 
 
It may take about 4 weeks or longer until you start to feel an improvement in your condition. Some 
patients may even still feel further improvements after 4 to 6 months of therapy. 
You will normally take Leflunomide ratiopharm over long periods of time. 
 
If you take more Leflunomide ratiopharm than you should 
If you take more Leflunomide ratiopharm than you should, contact your doctor or get other medical 
advice. If possible, take your tablets or the box with you to show the doctor. 
 
If you forget to take Leflunomide ratiopharm 
If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is nearly time for your next 
dose. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. 
 
If you have any further questions on the use of this product, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. 
 
 
4. Possible side effects 
 
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.  
 
Tell your doctor immediately and stop taking Leflunomide ratiopharm: 
-  if you experience weakness, feel light-headed or dizzy or have difficulty breathing, as these 

may be signs of a serious allergic reaction, 
-  if you develop a skin rash or ulcers in your mouth, as these may indicate severe, sometimes 

life-threatening reactions (e.g. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema 
multiforme, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms [DRESS]), see section 2. 

 
Tell your doctor immediately if you experience: 
-  pale skin, tiredness, or bruising, as these may indicate blood disorders caused by an imbalance 

in the different types of blood cells which make up blood, 
-  tiredness, abdominal pain, or jaundice (yellow discolouration of the eyes or skin), as these 

may indicate serious conditions such as liver failure, which may be fatal, 
-  any symptoms of an infection such as fever, sore throat or cough, as this medicine may 

increase the chance of a severe infection which may be life-threatening, 
-  cough or breathing problems as these may indicate problems of the lung (interstitial lung 

disease or pulmonary hypertension), 
- unusual tingling, weakness or pain in your hands or feet as these may indicate problems with 

your nerves (peripheral neuropathy). 
 
Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) 
-  a slight decrease in the number of white blood cells (leucopenia), 
-  mild allergic reactions, 
-  loss of appetite, weight loss (usually insignificant), 
-  tiredness (asthenia), 
-  headache, dizziness, 
-  abnormal skin sensations like tingling (paraesthesia), 
-  mild increase in blood pressure, 



 60 

-  diarrhoea, 
-  colitis, 
-  nausea, vomiting, 
-  inflammation of the mouth or mouth ulcers, 
-  abdominal pain, 
-  an increase in some liver test results, 
-  increased hair loss, 
-  eczema, dry skin, rash, itching, 
-  tendonitis (pain caused by inflammation in the membrane surrounding the tendons usually in the 

feet or hands), 
- an increase of certain enzymes in the blood (creatine phosphokinase), 
- problems in the nerves of the arms or legs (peripheral neuropathy). 
 
Uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people) 
-  a decrease in the number of red blood cells (anaemia) and a decrease in the number of blood 

platelets (thrombocytopenia), 
-  a decrease in the levels of potassium in the blood, 
-  anxiety, 
-  taste disturbances, 
-  urticaria (nettle rash), 
-  tendon rupture, 
-  an increase in the levels of fat in the blood (cholesterol and triglycerides), 
-  a decrease in the levels of phosphate in the blood. 
 
Rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people) 
-  an increase in the numbers of blood cells called eosinophiles (eosinophilia); mild decrease in the 

number of white blood cells (leucopenia); decrease in the number of all blood cells 
(pancytopenia), 

-  severe increase in blood pressure, 
-  inflammation of the lung (interstitial lung disease), 
-  an increase in some liver results which may develop into serious conditions such as hepatitis 

and jaundice, 
-  severe infections called sepsis which may be fatal, 
-  an increase of certain enzymes in the blood (lactate dehydrogenase). 
 
Very rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people) 
-  a marked decrease of some white blood cells (agranulocytosis), 
-  severe and potentially severe allergic reactions, 
-  inflammation of the small vessels (vasculitis, including cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis), 
-  inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), 
-  severe liver injury such as liver failure or necrosis which may be fatal, 
-  severe sometimes life-threatening reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal 

necrolysis, erythema multiforme). 
 
Other side effects such as kidney failure, a decrease in the levels of uric acid in your blood, pulmonary 
hypertension, male infertility (which is reversible once treatment with this medicine is stopped), 
cutaneous lupus (characterized by rash/erythema on skin areas that are exposed to light), psoriasis 
(new or worsening) and DRESS may also occur with a not known frequency. 
 
Reporting of side effects 
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects 
not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of 
this medicine. 
 
 
5. How to store Leflunomide ratiopharm 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


 61 

 
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the outer carton and on the bottle after 
EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month. 
 
Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. 
 
Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to  
throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment. 
 
 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
What Leflunomide ratiopharm contains 
- The active substance is leflunomide.  
 One film-coated tablet contains 20 mg of leflunomide. 
- The other ingredients are lactose monohydrate, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, tartaric 

acid, sodium laurylsulfate and magnesium stearate in the tablet core as well as lecithin (soybeans) , 
poly(vinyl alcohol), talc, titanium dioxide (E171) and xanthan gum in the film-coating 

 
What Leflunomide ratiopharm looks like and contents of the pack 
Leflunomide ratiopharm 20 mg film-coated tablets are white to almost white and round with a 
diameter of about 8 mm and a break-mark on one side of the tablet. The tablet can be divided into 
equal halves. 
 
The tablets are packed in bottles. 
Pack sizes of 30 and 100 film-coated tablets per bottle are available. 
 
Not all pack size may be marketed. 
 
Marketing Authorisation Holder 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Graf-Arco-Straße 3 
89079 Ulm 
Germany 
 
Manufacturer 
Haupt Pharma Münster GmbH 
Schleebrüggenkamp 15 
48159 Münster 
Germany 
 
Merckle GmbH 
Ludwig-Merckle-Straße 3 
89143 Blaubeuren 
Germany 
 
For any information about this medicine, please contact the local representative of the Marketing 
Authorisation Holder: 
 
België/Belgique/Belgien 
Teva Pharma Belgium N.V./S.A./AG 
Tél/Tel: +32 3 820 73 73 
 

Lietuva 
UAB "Sicor Biotech" 
Tel: +370 5 266 0203 
 

България 
Тева Фармасютикълс България ЕООД 

Luxembourg/Luxemburg 
ratiopharm GmbH, Allemagne/Deutschland 



 62 

Teл: +359 2 489 95 82 
 

Tél/Tel: +35 731 402 02 
 

Česká republika 
Teva Pharmaceuticals CR, s.r.o. 
Tel: +420 251 007 111 
 

Magyarország 
Teva Gyógyszergyár Zrt. 
Tel.: +36 1 288 64 00 
 

Danmark 
Teva Denmark A/S 
Tlf: +45 44 98 55 11 

Malta 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Ireland, L-Irlanda 
Tel: +353 51 321 740 
 

Deutschland 
ratiopharm GmbH 
Tel: +49 731 402 02 
 

Nederland 
Teva Nederland B.V. 
Tel: +31 (0) 800 0228 400 
 

Eesti 
Teva Eesti sindus 
UAB "Sicor Biotech" Eesti filiaal 
Tel: +372 661 0801 
 

Norge 
Teva Norway AS 
Tlf: +47 66 77 55 90 
 

Ελλάδα 
Teva Ελλάς Α.Ε. 
Τηλ: +30 210 72 79 099 
 

Österreich 
ratiopharm Arzneimittel Vertriebs-GmbH 
Tel: +43 1 97 007 0 
 

España 
ratiopharm España, S.A. 
Tel: +34 91 567 29 70 
 

Polska 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Polska Sp. z o.o. 
Tel.: +48 22 345 93 00 
 

France 
Teva Santé 
Tél: +33 1 55 91 78 00 
 

Portugal 
ratiopharm, Comércio e Indústria de Produtos 
Farmacêuticos Lda 
Tel: +351 21 476 75 50 
 

Hrvatska 
Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o. 
Tel: +385 1 37 20 000 
 

România 
Teva Pharmaceuticals S.R.L 
Tel: +40 21 230 65 24 
 

Ireland 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Ireland 
Tel: +353 (0)51 321 740 
 

Slovenija 
Pliva Ljubljana d.o.o. 
Tel: +386 1 58 90 390 
 

Ísland 
ratiopharm Oy, Finland 
Sími: +358 20 180 5900 
 

Slovenská republika 
Teva Pharmaceuticals Slovakia s.r.o. 
Tel: +421 2 57 26 79 11 
 

Italia 
Teva Italia S.r.l. 
Tel: +39 02 891 798 1 
 

Suomi/Finland 
ratiopharm Oy 
Puh/Tel: +358 20 180 5900 
 

Κύπρος 
Teva Ελλάς Α.Ε., Ελλάδα 
Τηλ: +30 210 72 79 099 
 

Sverige 
Teva Sweden AB 
Tel: +46 (0)42 12 11 00 
 

Latvija 
UAB "Sicor Biotech" filiāle Latvijā 
Tel: +371 673 236 66 
 

United Kingdom 
Teva UK Limited 
Tel: +44 (0)1977 628500 
 

 



 63 

This leaflet was last revised in {MM/YYYY}. 
 
Other sources of information 
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency website: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ 
 


	SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
	A. MANUFACTURERS RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE
	B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE
	C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION
	A. LABELLING
	B. PACKAGE LEAFLET
{'Title': '1. what leflunomide ratiopharm is and what it is used for', 'Section_Content': 'leflunomide ratiopharm contains the active substance leflunomide which belongs to a group of medicines called anti-rheumatic medicines. leflunomide ratiopharm is used to treat adult patients with active rheumatoid arthritis or with active psoriatic arthritis. symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include inflammation of joints, swelling, difficulty moving and pain. other symptoms that affect the entire body include loss of appetite, fever, loss of energy and anemia (lack of red blood cells). symptoms of active psoriatic arthritis include inflammation of joints, swelling, difficulty moving, pain and patches of red, scaly skin (skin lesions).', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 22}, {'Text': 'the active substance leflunomide', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 32, 'EndOffset': 64}, {'Text': 'a group of medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 82, 'EndOffset': 102}, {'Id': 29, 'BeginOffset': 110, 'EndOffset': 134, 'Score': 0.7213815450668335, 'Text': 'anti-rheumatic medicines', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 30, 'BeginOffset': 136, 'EndOffset': 158, 'Score': 0.4344673156738281, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'active rheumatoid arthritis', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 196, 'EndOffset': 223}, {'Text': 'active psoriatic arthritis', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 232, 'EndOffset': 258}, {'Text': 'symptoms', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 260, 'EndOffset': 268}, {'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 272, 'EndOffset': 292, 'Score': 0.9783928394317627, 'Text': 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7950369119644165}]}, {'Text': 'inflammation of joints', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 301, 'EndOffset': 323}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 325, 'EndOffset': 333, 'Score': 0.9912673830986023, 'Text': 'swelling', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8670210242271423}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9915517568588257, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7500677108764648, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 317, 'EndOffset': 323, 'Text': 'joints', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'difficulty moving and pain', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 335, 'EndOffset': 361}, {'Text': 'other symptoms', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 363, 'EndOffset': 377}, {'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 401, 'EndOffset': 405, 'Score': 0.49971359968185425, 'Text': 'body', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 16, 'BeginOffset': 414, 'EndOffset': 430, 'Score': 0.9394729137420654, 'Text': 'loss of appetite', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9535074830055237}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.49971359968185425, 'RelationshipScore': 0.675691545009613, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 401, 'EndOffset': 405, 'Text': 'body', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 17, 'BeginOffset': 432, 'EndOffset': 437, 'Score': 0.994295060634613, 'Text': 'fever', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9437225461006165}]}, {'Id': 18, 'BeginOffset': 439, 'EndOffset': 453, 'Score': 0.986485481262207, 'Text': 'loss of energy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8803890943527222}]}, {'Id': 19, 'BeginOffset': 458, 'EndOffset': 464, 'Score': 0.996623158454895, 'Text': 'anemia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.687153160572052}]}, {'Id': 20, 'BeginOffset': 466, 'EndOffset': 489, 'Score': 0.7183592915534973, 'Text': 'lack of red blood cells', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7653037905693054}]}, {'Text': 'symptoms', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 492, 'EndOffset': 500}, {'Text': 'active psoriatic arthritis', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 504, 'EndOffset': 530}, {'Text': 'inflammation of joints', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 539, 'EndOffset': 561}, {'Id': 23, 'BeginOffset': 563, 'EndOffset': 571, 'Score': 0.9906802773475647, 'Text': 'swelling', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9210294485092163}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.995229959487915, 'RelationshipScore': 0.5653355717658997, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 555, 'EndOffset': 561, 'Text': 'joints', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 24, 'BeginOffset': 573, 'EndOffset': 590, 'Score': 0.9641903042793274, 'Text': 'difficulty moving', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9097081422805786}]}, {'Id': 25, 'BeginOffset': 592, 'EndOffset': 596, 'Score': 0.9890928268432617, 'Text': 'pain', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.924305260181427}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9942995309829712, 'RelationshipScore': 0.634560763835907, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 623, 'EndOffset': 627, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'patches of red, scaly skin (skin lesions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 601, 'EndOffset': 641}]}
{'Title': '2. what you need to know before you take leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Section_Content': 'do not take leflunomide ratiopharm - if you have ever had an allergic reaction to leflunomide (especially a serious skin reaction, often accompanied by fever, joint pain, red skin stains, or blisters e.g. stevens-johnson syndrome), to peanut or soya or to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6), - if you have any liver problems, - if you have moderate to severe kidney problems, - if you have severely low numbers of proteins in your blood (hypoproteinaemia), - if you suffer from any problem which affects your immune system (e.g. aids), - if you have any problem with your bone marrow, or if you have low numbers of red or white cells in your blood or a reduced number of blood platelets, - if you are suffering from a serious infection, - if you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are breast-feeding. warnings and precautions 49 talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before taking leflunomide ratiopharm - if you have ever suffered from interstitial lung disease. - if you have ever had tuberculosis or if you have been in close contact with someone who has or has had tuberculosis. your doctor may perform tests to see if you have tuberculosis. - if you are due to have a specific blood test (calcium level). falsely low levels of calcium can be detected. - if you are male and wish to father a child. as it can not be excluded that leflunomide ratiopharm passes into semen, reliable contraception should be used during treatment with leflunomide ratiopharm. men wishing to father a child should contact their doctor who may advise them to stop taking leflunomide ratiopharm and take certain medicines to remove leflunomide ratiopharm rapidly and sufficiently from their body. you will then need a blood test to make sure that leflunomide ratiopharm has been sufficiently removed from your body, and you should then wait for at least another 3 months before attempting to father a child. leflunomide ratiopharm can occasionally cause some problems with your blood, liver, lungs or nerves in your arms or legs. it may also cause some serious allergic reactions (including drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [dress]), or increase the chance of a severe infection. for more information on these, please read section 4 (possible side effects). dress appears initially as flu-like symptoms and a rash on the face then an extended rash with a high temperature, increased levels of liver enzymes seen in blood tests and an increase in a type of white blood cell (eosinophilia) and enlarged lymph nodes. your doctor will carry out blood tests at regular intervals, before and during treatment with leflunomide ratiopharm, to monitor your blood cells and liver. your doctor will also check your blood pressure regularly as leflunomide ratiopharm can cause an increase in blood pressure. tell your doctor if you have unexplained chronic diarrhoea. your doctor may perform additional tests for differential diagnosis. children and adolescents leflunomide ratiopharm is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age. other medicines and leflunomide ratiopharm please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines. this includes medicines obtained without a prescription. this is especially important if you are taking: - other medicines for rheumatoid arthritis such as antimalarials (e.g. chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine), intramuscular or oral gold, d-penicillamine, azathioprine and other immunosuppressive medicines (e.g. methotrexate) as these combinations are not advisable, - warfarin and other oral medicines used to thin the blood, as monitoring is necessary to reduce the risk of side effects of this medicine - teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis - repaglinide, pioglitazone, nateglinide, or rosiglitazone for diabetes - daunorubicin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, or topotecan for cancer - duloxetine for depression, urinary incontinence or in kidney disease in diabetics - alosetron for the management of severe diarrhoea - theophylline for asthma - tizanidine, a muscle relaxant - oral contraceptives (containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) - cefaclor, benzylpenicillin (penicillin g), ciprofloxacin for infections - indomethacin, ketoprofen for pain or inflammation - furosemide for heart disease (diuretic, water pill) - zidovudine for hiv infection 50 - rosuvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin for hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) - sulfasalazine for inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis - a medicine called colestyramine (used to reduce high cholesterol) or activated charcoal as these medicines can reduce the amount of leflunomide ratiopharm which is absorbed by the body. if you are already taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) and/or corticosteroids, you may continue to take them after starting leflunomide ratiopharm. vaccinations if you have to be vaccinated, ask your doctor for advice. certain vaccinations should not be given while taking leflunomide ratiopharm, and for a certain amount of time after stopping treatment. leflunomide ratiopharm with food, drink and alcohol leflunomide ratiopharm may be taken with or without food. it is not recommended to drink alcohol during treatment with leflunomide ratiopharm. drinking alcohol while taking leflunomide ratiopharm may increase the chance of liver damage. pregnancy and breast-feeding do not take leflunomide ratiopharm if you are, or think you may be pregnant. if you are pregnant or become pregnant while taking leflunomide ratiopharm, the risk of having a baby with serious birth defects is increased. women of childbearing potential must not take leflunomide ratiopharm without using reliable contraceptive measures. tell your doctor if you plan to become pregnant after stopping treatment with leflunomide ratiopharm, as you need to ensure that all traces of leflunomide ratiopharm have left your body before trying to become pregnant. this may take up to 2 years. this may be reduced to a few weeks by taking certain medicines which speed up removal of leflunomide ratiopharm from your body. in either case it should be confirmed by a blood test that leflunomide ratiopharm has been sufficiently removed from your body and you should then wait for at least another month before you become pregnant. for further information on the laboratory testing please contact your doctor. if you suspect that you are pregnant while taking leflunomide ratiopharm or in the two years after you have stopped treatment, you must contact your doctor immediately for a pregnancy test. if the test confirms that you are pregnant, your doctor may suggest treatment with certain medicines to remove leflunomide ratiopharm rapidly and sufficiently from your body, as this may decrease the risk to your baby. do not take leflunomide ratiopharm when you are breast-feeding, as leflunomide passes into the breast milk. driving and using machines leflunomide ratiopharm can make you feel dizzy which may impair your ability to concentrate and react. if you are affected, do not drive, or use machines. leflunomide ratiopharm contains lactose if you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine. leflunomide ratiopharm contains soya lecithin if you are allergic to peanut or soya, do not use this medicine.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 12, 'EndOffset': 34}, {'Text': 'an allergic reaction', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 58, 'EndOffset': 78}, {'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 82, 'EndOffset': 93, 'Score': 0.9908170700073242, 'Text': 'leflunomide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a serious skin reaction', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 106, 'EndOffset': 129}, {'Id': 19, 'BeginOffset': 152, 'EndOffset': 157, 'Score': 0.9726128578186035, 'Text': 'fever', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8172538876533508}]}, {'Id': 20, 'BeginOffset': 159, 'EndOffset': 169, 'Score': 0.8697531223297119, 'Text': 'joint pain', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8365773558616638}]}, {'Id': 21, 'BeginOffset': 171, 'EndOffset': 186, 'Score': 0.7254714965820312, 'Text': 'red skin stains', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7339059114456177}]}, {'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 175, 'EndOffset': 179, 'Score': 0.9663105010986328, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 22, 'BeginOffset': 191, 'EndOffset': 199, 'Score': 0.8961893320083618, 'Text': 'blisters', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6146174073219299}]}, {'Id': 23, 'BeginOffset': 205, 'EndOffset': 229, 'Score': 0.9911614656448364, 'Text': 'stevens-johnson syndrome', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7541822195053101}]}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 288, 'EndOffset': 301}, {'Text': 'any liver problems', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 339, 'EndOffset': 357}, {'Text': 'moderate to severe kidney problems', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 373, 'EndOffset': 407}, {'Text': 'severely low numbers of proteins', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 423, 'EndOffset': 455}, {'Text': 'your blood (hypoproteinaemia)', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 459, 'EndOffset': 488}, {'Text': 'any problem', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 511, 'EndOffset': 522}, {'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 542, 'EndOffset': 555, 'Score': 0.39480310678482056, 'Text': 'immune system', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your bone marrow', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 600, 'EndOffset': 616}, {'Text': 'low numbers of red or white cells', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 633, 'EndOffset': 666}, {'Text': 'your blood', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 670, 'EndOffset': 680}, {'Id': 36, 'BeginOffset': 704, 'EndOffset': 719, 'Score': 0.3881342113018036, 'Text': 'blood platelets', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a serious infection', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 749, 'EndOffset': 768}, {'Id': 29, 'BeginOffset': 783, 'EndOffset': 791, 'Score': 0.9958540201187134, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9373561143875122}]}, {'Id': 30, 'BeginOffset': 810, 'EndOffset': 818, 'Score': 0.9945861101150513, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.960682213306427}]}, {'Text': '49', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 868, 'EndOffset': 870}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 926, 'EndOffset': 948}, {'Id': 31, 'BeginOffset': 982, 'EndOffset': 1007, 'Score': 0.9364108443260193, 'Text': 'interstitial lung disease', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9764370918273926}]}, {'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 995, 'EndOffset': 999, 'Score': 0.9297510385513306, 'Text': 'lung', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 32, 'BeginOffset': 1032, 'EndOffset': 1044, 'Score': 0.9796786308288574, 'Text': 'tuberculosis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9120509028434753}]}, {'Id': 33, 'BeginOffset': 1114, 'EndOffset': 1126, 'Score': 0.9580839276313782, 'Text': 'tuberculosis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9030616879463196}]}, {'Id': 37, 'BeginOffset': 1152, 'EndOffset': 1157, 'Score': 0.35446444153785706, 'Text': 'tests', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 34, 'BeginOffset': 1177, 'EndOffset': 1189, 'Score': 0.9712823033332825, 'Text': 'tuberculosis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9228320717811584}]}, {'Text': 'a specific blood test', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1216, 'EndOffset': 1237}, {'Id': 39, 'BeginOffset': 1239, 'EndOffset': 1252, 'Score': 0.9184778332710266, 'Text': 'calcium level', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Score': 0.8415892124176025, 'RelationshipScore': 0.998344898223877, 'RelationshipType': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Id': 40, 'BeginOffset': 1263, 'EndOffset': 1266, 'Text': 'low', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'falsely low levels of calcium', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1255, 'EndOffset': 1284}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm passes into semen', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1379, 'EndOffset': 1419}, {'Text': 'reliable contraception', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1421, 'EndOffset': 1443}, {'Text': 'treatment', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1466, 'EndOffset': 1475}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1481, 'EndOffset': 1503}, {'Id': 43, 'BeginOffset': 1598, 'EndOffset': 1620, 'Score': 0.2821210026741028, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'certain medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1630, 'EndOffset': 1647}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1658, 'EndOffset': 1680}, {'Text': 'a blood test', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1742, 'EndOffset': 1754}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1773, 'EndOffset': 1795}, {'Text': '3', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1888, 'EndOffset': 1889}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1934, 'EndOffset': 1956}, {'Text': 'some problems', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1980, 'EndOffset': 1993}, {'Text': 'your blood, liver, lungs or nerves in your arms or legs', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1999, 'EndOffset': 2054}, {'Text': 'some serious allergic reactions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2074, 'EndOffset': 2105}, {'Id': 92, 'BeginOffset': 2117, 'EndOffset': 2130, 'Score': 0.9410796761512756, 'Text': 'drug reaction', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7265793085098267}]}, {'Id': 93, 'BeginOffset': 2136, 'EndOffset': 2148, 'Score': 0.9863117337226868, 'Text': 'eosinophilia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9364945888519287}]}, {'Id': 94, 'BeginOffset': 2153, 'EndOffset': 2170, 'Score': 0.8878874778747559, 'Text': 'systemic symptoms', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7414082288742065}]}, {'Text': 'a severe infection', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2207, 'EndOffset': 2225}, {'Text': '4', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2278, 'EndOffset': 2279}, {'Id': 96, 'BeginOffset': 2290, 'EndOffset': 2302, 'Score': 0.9182365536689758, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.49442335963249207}]}, {'Text': 'dress', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2305, 'EndOffset': 2310}, {'Id': 97, 'BeginOffset': 2332, 'EndOffset': 2349, 'Score': 0.8793696761131287, 'Text': 'flu-like symptoms', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8208249807357788}]}, {'Text': 'a rash on the face', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2354, 'EndOffset': 2372}, {'Text': 'an extended rash', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2378, 'EndOffset': 2394}, {'Text': 'a high temperature', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2400, 'EndOffset': 2418}, {'Text': 'increased levels of liver enzymes', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2420, 'EndOffset': 2453}, {'Id': 118, 'BeginOffset': 2462, 'EndOffset': 2473, 'Score': 0.9517824649810791, 'Text': 'blood tests', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Score': 0.43000560998916626, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9969596862792969, 'RelationshipType': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Id': 119, 'BeginOffset': 2481, 'EndOffset': 2489, 'Text': 'increase', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 100, 'BeginOffset': 2503, 'EndOffset': 2519, 'Score': 0.41320160031318665, 'Text': 'white blood cell', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 101, 'BeginOffset': 2521, 'EndOffset': 2533, 'Score': 0.9391887784004211, 'Text': 'eosinophilia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.895564615726471}]}, {'Id': 102, 'BeginOffset': 2539, 'EndOffset': 2559, 'Score': 0.5905996561050415, 'Text': 'enlarged lymph nodes', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8157111406326294}]}, {'Id': 120, 'BeginOffset': 2588, 'EndOffset': 2599, 'Score': 0.8410662412643433, 'Text': 'blood tests', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2655, 'EndOffset': 2677}, {'Text': 'your blood cells', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2690, 'EndOffset': 2706}, {'Id': 54, 'BeginOffset': 2711, 'EndOffset': 2716, 'Score': 0.7666530013084412, 'Text': 'liver', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'your blood pressure', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2746, 'EndOffset': 2765}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2779, 'EndOffset': 2801}, {'Text': 'an increase in blood pressure', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2812, 'EndOffset': 2841}, {'Text': 'unexplained chronic diarrhoea', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2872, 'EndOffset': 2901}, {'Text': 'additional tests', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2927, 'EndOffset': 2943}, {'Text': 'adolescents leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 2985, 'EndOffset': 3019}, {'Text': '18', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3081, 'EndOffset': 3083}, {'Text': 'other medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3098, 'EndOffset': 3113}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3118, 'EndOffset': 3140}, {'Text': 'any other medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3232, 'EndOffset': 3251}, {'Text': 'medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3267, 'EndOffset': 3276}, {'Text': 'other medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3360, 'EndOffset': 3375}, {'Id': 105, 'BeginOffset': 3380, 'EndOffset': 3400, 'Score': 0.8826199769973755, 'Text': 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9669646620750427}]}, {'Text': 'antimalarials', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3409, 'EndOffset': 3422}, {'Id': 61, 'BeginOffset': 3429, 'EndOffset': 3440, 'Score': 0.9984971284866333, 'Text': 'chloroquine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Score': 0.7662737965583801, 'RelationshipScore': 0.8642362356185913, 'RelationshipType': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Id': 63, 'BeginOffset': 3466, 'EndOffset': 3479, 'Text': 'intramuscular', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Score': 0.5714813470840454, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7203332185745239, 'RelationshipType': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Id': 64, 'BeginOffset': 3483, 'EndOffset': 3487, 'Text': 'oral', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 62, 'BeginOffset': 3445, 'EndOffset': 3463, 'Score': 0.9983590245246887, 'Text': 'hydroxychloroquine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Score': 0.7662737965583801, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999828338623047, 'RelationshipType': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Id': 63, 'BeginOffset': 3466, 'EndOffset': 3479, 'Text': 'intramuscular', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Score': 0.5714813470840454, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999581575393677, 'RelationshipType': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Id': 64, 'BeginOffset': 3483, 'EndOffset': 3487, 'Text': 'oral', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'intramuscular', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3466, 'EndOffset': 3479}, {'Text': 'oral gold', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3483, 'EndOffset': 3492}, {'Id': 65, 'BeginOffset': 3494, 'EndOffset': 3509, 'Score': 0.9972587823867798, 'Text': 'd-penicillamine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 66, 'BeginOffset': 3511, 'EndOffset': 3523, 'Score': 0.9995579123497009, 'Text': 'azathioprine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'other immunosuppressive medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3528, 'EndOffset': 3561}, {'Text': 'methotrexate)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3568, 'EndOffset': 3581}, {'Id': 69, 'BeginOffset': 3625, 'EndOffset': 3633, 'Score': 0.9997873902320862, 'Text': 'warfarin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'other oral medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3638, 'EndOffset': 3658}, {'Id': 106, 'BeginOffset': 3732, 'EndOffset': 3744, 'Score': 0.9569509625434875, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.788033127784729}]}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3748, 'EndOffset': 3761}, {'Id': 70, 'BeginOffset': 3764, 'EndOffset': 3777, 'Score': 0.9913657903671265, 'Text': 'teriflunomide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 107, 'BeginOffset': 3782, 'EndOffset': 3800, 'Score': 0.5986917018890381, 'Text': 'multiple sclerosis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9433791041374207}]}, {'Id': 71, 'BeginOffset': 3803, 'EndOffset': 3814, 'Score': 0.9968903660774231, 'Text': 'repaglinide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 72, 'BeginOffset': 3816, 'EndOffset': 3828, 'Score': 0.9994068145751953, 'Text': 'pioglitazone', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 73, 'BeginOffset': 3830, 'EndOffset': 3841, 'Score': 0.9932563304901123, 'Text': 'nateglinide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 74, 'BeginOffset': 3846, 'EndOffset': 3859, 'Score': 0.9988632202148438, 'Text': 'rosiglitazone', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 108, 'BeginOffset': 3864, 'EndOffset': 3872, 'Score': 0.9525882005691528, 'Text': 'diabetes', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9572936296463013}]}, {'Id': 75, 'BeginOffset': 3875, 'EndOffset': 3887, 'Score': 0.9981024861335754, 'Text': 'daunorubicin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 76, 'BeginOffset': 3889, 'EndOffset': 3900, 'Score': 0.9996460676193237, 'Text': 'doxorubicin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 77, 'BeginOffset': 3902, 'EndOffset': 3912, 'Score': 0.9995372295379639, 'Text': 'paclitaxel', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 78, 'BeginOffset': 3917, 'EndOffset': 3926, 'Score': 0.9949944019317627, 'Text': 'topotecan', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 109, 'BeginOffset': 3931, 'EndOffset': 3937, 'Score': 0.959242045879364, 'Text': 'cancer', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.971758246421814}]}, {'Id': 79, 'BeginOffset': 3940, 'EndOffset': 3950, 'Score': 0.998737633228302, 'Text': 'duloxetine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 110, 'BeginOffset': 3955, 'EndOffset': 3965, 'Score': 0.9918873906135559, 'Text': 'depression', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9651618599891663}]}, {'Id': 111, 'BeginOffset': 3967, 'EndOffset': 3987, 'Score': 0.983062744140625, 'Text': 'urinary incontinence', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9619524478912354}]}, {'Id': 112, 'BeginOffset': 3994, 'EndOffset': 4008, 'Score': 0.9648100733757019, 'Text': 'kidney disease', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9609628319740295}]}, {'Text': 'diabetics', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4012, 'EndOffset': 4021}, {'Id': 80, 'BeginOffset': 4024, 'EndOffset': 4033, 'Score': 0.9411872625350952, 'Text': 'alosetron', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'severe diarrhoea', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 4056, 'EndOffset': 4072}, {'Id': 81, 'BeginOffset': 4075, 'EndOffset': 4087, 'Score': 0.9894548654556274, 'Text': 'theophylline', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 114, 'BeginOffset': 4092, 'EndOffset': 4098, 'Score': 0.9892659187316895, 'Text': 'asthma', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9606021642684937}]}, {'Id': 82, 'BeginOffset': 4101, 'EndOffset': 4111, 'Score': 0.9952623844146729, 'Text': 'tizanidine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 126, 'BeginOffset': 4115, 'EndOffset': 4152, 'Score': 0.47471535205841064, 'Text': 'muscle relaxant - oral contraceptives', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 86, 'BeginOffset': 4165, 'EndOffset': 4181, 'Score': 0.9698975682258606, 'Text': 'ethinylestradiol', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 87, 'BeginOffset': 4186, 'EndOffset': 4200, 'Score': 0.7817893028259277, 'Text': 'levonorgestrel', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Score': 0.6666637659072876, 'RelationshipScore': 0.887908399105072, 'RelationshipType': 'ROUTE_OR_MODE', 'Id': 84, 'BeginOffset': 4133, 'EndOffset': 4137, 'Text': 'oral', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 88, 'BeginOffset': 4204, 'EndOffset': 4212, 'Score': 0.9814112782478333, 'Text': 'cefaclor', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.6770559549331665}]}, {'Id': 89, 'BeginOffset': 4214, 'EndOffset': 4230, 'Score': 0.9981757402420044, 'Text': 'benzylpenicillin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'NEGATION', 'Score': 0.532606303691864}]}, {'Text': 'penicillin g', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4232, 'EndOffset': 4244}, {'Id': 133, 'BeginOffset': 4247, 'EndOffset': 4260, 'Score': 0.9993859529495239, 'Text': 'ciprofloxacin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 164, 'BeginOffset': 4265, 'EndOffset': 4275, 'Score': 0.9520806074142456, 'Text': 'infections', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9565180540084839}]}, {'Id': 134, 'BeginOffset': 4278, 'EndOffset': 4290, 'Score': 0.9986962676048279, 'Text': 'indomethacin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 135, 'BeginOffset': 4292, 'EndOffset': 4302, 'Score': 0.9981743097305298, 'Text': 'ketoprofen', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 165, 'BeginOffset': 4307, 'EndOffset': 4311, 'Score': 0.9910714626312256, 'Text': 'pain', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9610041379928589}]}, {'Id': 166, 'BeginOffset': 4315, 'EndOffset': 4327, 'Score': 0.976870059967041, 'Text': 'inflammation', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9399888515472412}]}, {'Id': 136, 'BeginOffset': 4330, 'EndOffset': 4340, 'Score': 0.9969084858894348, 'Text': 'furosemide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.39298197627067566, 'RelationshipScore': 0.999932050704956, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 138, 'BeginOffset': 4376, 'EndOffset': 4380, 'Text': 'pill', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 167, 'BeginOffset': 4345, 'EndOffset': 4358, 'Score': 0.9342994093894958, 'Text': 'heart disease', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9686134457588196}]}, {'Text': 'diuretic, water pill', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4360, 'EndOffset': 4380}, {'Id': 139, 'BeginOffset': 4384, 'EndOffset': 4394, 'Score': 0.9906274080276489, 'Text': 'zidovudine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.39298197627067566, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9928900003433228, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 138, 'BeginOffset': 4376, 'EndOffset': 4380, 'Text': 'pill', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 168, 'BeginOffset': 4399, 'EndOffset': 4412, 'Score': 0.8837811946868896, 'Text': 'hiv infection', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9719207286834717}]}, {'Text': '50', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 4413, 'EndOffset': 4415}, {'Id': 140, 'BeginOffset': 4418, 'EndOffset': 4430, 'Score': 0.9995446801185608, 'Text': 'rosuvastatin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.39298197627067566, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9949925541877747, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 138, 'BeginOffset': 4376, 'EndOffset': 4380, 'Text': 'pill', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 141, 'BeginOffset': 4432, 'EndOffset': 4443, 'Score': 0.999914288520813, 'Text': 'simvastatin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 142, 'BeginOffset': 4445, 'EndOffset': 4457, 'Score': 0.9994550347328186, 'Text': 'atorvastatin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 143, 'BeginOffset': 4459, 'EndOffset': 4470, 'Score': 0.9971508383750916, 'Text': 'pravastatin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 169, 'BeginOffset': 4475, 'EndOffset': 4495, 'Score': 0.9918105602264404, 'Text': 'hypercholesterolemia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9812359809875488}]}, {'Text': 'high cholesterol)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4497, 'EndOffset': 4514}, {'Id': 144, 'BeginOffset': 4517, 'EndOffset': 4530, 'Score': 0.9986221790313721, 'Text': 'sulfasalazine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 171, 'BeginOffset': 4535, 'EndOffset': 4561, 'Score': 0.9436888694763184, 'Text': 'inflammatory bowel disease', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9771853089332581}]}, {'Id': 129, 'BeginOffset': 4548, 'EndOffset': 4553, 'Score': 0.7948178648948669, 'Text': 'bowel', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 172, 'BeginOffset': 4565, 'EndOffset': 4585, 'Score': 0.9777977466583252, 'Text': 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9750789403915405}]}, {'Text': 'a medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4588, 'EndOffset': 4598}, {'Id': 145, 'BeginOffset': 4606, 'EndOffset': 4619, 'Score': 0.9805718660354614, 'Text': 'colestyramine', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'high cholesterol)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4636, 'EndOffset': 4653}, {'Text': 'activated charcoal', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4657, 'EndOffset': 4675}, {'Text': 'these medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4679, 'EndOffset': 4694}, {'Id': 146, 'BeginOffset': 4720, 'EndOffset': 4742, 'Score': 0.5379977226257324, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4800, 'EndOffset': 4844}, {'Id': 149, 'BeginOffset': 4853, 'EndOffset': 4868, 'Score': 0.9038962125778198, 'Text': 'corticosteroids', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 188, 'BeginOffset': 4915, 'EndOffset': 4937, 'Score': 0.7596794962882996, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 189, 'BeginOffset': 4939, 'EndOffset': 4951, 'Score': 0.9788694977760315, 'Text': 'vaccinations', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 190, 'BeginOffset': 4970, 'EndOffset': 4980, 'Score': 0.4462372362613678, 'Text': 'vaccinated', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'certain vaccinations', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5010, 'EndOffset': 5030}, {'Id': 192, 'BeginOffset': 5064, 'EndOffset': 5086, 'Score': 0.48803097009658813, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'stopping treatment', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5127, 'EndOffset': 5145}, {'Id': 193, 'BeginOffset': 5147, 'EndOffset': 5169, 'Score': 0.3656972348690033, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'alcohol leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5191, 'EndOffset': 5221}, {'Id': 194, 'BeginOffset': 5318, 'EndOffset': 5340, 'Score': 0.3065912127494812, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5372, 'EndOffset': 5394}, {'Id': 174, 'BeginOffset': 5422, 'EndOffset': 5434, 'Score': 0.9510823488235474, 'Text': 'liver damage', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9348011016845703}]}, {'Id': 175, 'BeginOffset': 5436, 'EndOffset': 5445, 'Score': 0.99297696352005, 'Text': 'pregnancy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9545769095420837}]}, {'Text': 'breast-feeding', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5450, 'EndOffset': 5464}, {'Id': 156, 'BeginOffset': 5477, 'EndOffset': 5488, 'Score': 0.6820950508117676, 'Text': 'leflunomide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 176, 'BeginOffset': 5532, 'EndOffset': 5540, 'Score': 0.995387852191925, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9551777839660645}]}, {'Id': 177, 'BeginOffset': 5553, 'EndOffset': 5561, 'Score': 0.9960297346115112, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9539051055908203}]}, {'Id': 178, 'BeginOffset': 5572, 'EndOffset': 5580, 'Score': 0.9978148937225342, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9489145874977112}]}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5594, 'EndOffset': 5616}, {'Text': 'serious birth defects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 5649, 'EndOffset': 5670}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5731, 'EndOffset': 5753}, {'Text': 'reliable contraceptive measures', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5768, 'EndOffset': 5799}, {'Id': 180, 'BeginOffset': 5840, 'EndOffset': 5848, 'Score': 0.9938573241233826, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9457510113716125}]}, {'Text': 'treatment', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5864, 'EndOffset': 5873}, {'Id': 195, 'BeginOffset': 5879, 'EndOffset': 5901, 'Score': 0.2910959720611572, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5944, 'EndOffset': 5966}, {'Id': 181, 'BeginOffset': 6011, 'EndOffset': 6019, 'Score': 0.9964461922645569, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9626229405403137}]}, {'Text': '2', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 6041, 'EndOffset': 6042}, {'Text': 'certain medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6095, 'EndOffset': 6112}, {'Text': 'speed up removal of leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6119, 'EndOffset': 6161}, {'Id': 131, 'BeginOffset': 6172, 'EndOffset': 6176, 'Score': 0.45069900155067444, 'Text': 'body', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a blood test', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 6219, 'EndOffset': 6231}, {'Id': 198, 'BeginOffset': 6237, 'EndOffset': 6259, 'Score': 0.15856067836284637, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 132, 'BeginOffset': 6300, 'EndOffset': 6304, 'Score': 0.5382378101348877, 'Text': 'body', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 200, 'BeginOffset': 6343, 'EndOffset': 6356, 'Score': 0.8070111274719238, 'Text': 'another month', 'Category': 'TIME_EXPRESSION', 'Type': 'TIME_TO_DX_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Score': 0.995862603187561, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7573655843734741, 'RelationshipType': 'OVERLAP', 'Id': 182, 'BeginOffset': 6375, 'EndOffset': 6383, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9488141536712646}]}]}, {'Id': 182, 'BeginOffset': 6375, 'EndOffset': 6383, 'Score': 0.995862603187561, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9488141536712646}]}, {'Text': 'the laboratory testing', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 6412, 'EndOffset': 6434}, {'Id': 183, 'BeginOffset': 6491, 'EndOffset': 6499, 'Score': 0.9960144758224487, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9463781714439392}]}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6513, 'EndOffset': 6535}, {'Text': 'treatment', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6579, 'EndOffset': 6588}, {'Id': 216, 'BeginOffset': 6619, 'EndOffset': 6630, 'Score': 0.9999995231628418, 'Text': 'immediately', 'Category': 'TIME_EXPRESSION', 'Type': 'TIME_TO_DX_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Score': 0.8420015573501587, 'RelationshipScore': 0.876193642616272, 'RelationshipType': 'OVERLAP', 'Id': 210, 'BeginOffset': 6637, 'EndOffset': 6646, 'Text': 'pregnancy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8984805345535278}]}]}, {'Text': 'a pregnancy test', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 6635, 'EndOffset': 6651}, {'Text': 'the test', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 6656, 'EndOffset': 6664}, {'Id': 211, 'BeginOffset': 6687, 'EndOffset': 6695, 'Score': 0.9944189786911011, 'Text': 'pregnant', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9466577768325806}]}, {'Text': 'treatment', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6721, 'EndOffset': 6730}, {'Text': 'certain medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6736, 'EndOffset': 6753}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6764, 'EndOffset': 6786}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 6884, 'EndOffset': 6906}, {'Id': 204, 'BeginOffset': 6939, 'EndOffset': 6950, 'Score': 0.9546496868133545, 'Text': 'leflunomide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 201, 'BeginOffset': 6967, 'EndOffset': 6973, 'Score': 0.7046224474906921, 'Text': 'breast', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 214, 'BeginOffset': 6998, 'EndOffset': 7029, 'Score': 0.3111174404621124, 'Text': 'machines leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TREATMENT_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 212, 'BeginOffset': 7048, 'EndOffset': 7053, 'Score': 0.9326283931732178, 'Text': 'dizzy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.5132686495780945}]}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 7162, 'EndOffset': 7184}, {'Text': 'lactose', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 7194, 'EndOffset': 7201}, {'Text': 'an intolerance', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 7253, 'EndOffset': 7267}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 7318, 'EndOffset': 7331}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 7333, 'EndOffset': 7355}, {'Id': 209, 'BeginOffset': 7365, 'EndOffset': 7378, 'Score': 0.9757450222969055, 'Text': 'soya lecithin', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'allergic', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 7390, 'EndOffset': 7398}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 7429, 'EndOffset': 7442}]}
{'Title': '3. how to take leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Section_Content': 'always take this medicine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure. the usual starting dosage of leflunomide ratiopharm is 100 mg once daily for the first three days. after this, most patients need a dose of: for rheumatoid arthritis: 10 or 20 mg leflunomide ratiopharm once daily, depending on the severity of the disease. for psoriatic arthritis: 20 mg leflunomide ratiopharm once daily. swallow the tablet whole and with plenty of water. it may take about 4 weeks or longer until you start to feel an improvement in your condition. some patients may even still feel further improvements after 4 to 6 months of therapy. you will normally take leflunomide ratiopharm over long periods of time. if you take more leflunomide ratiopharm than you should if you take more leflunomide ratiopharm than you should, contact your doctor or get other medical advice. if possible, take your tablets or the box with you to show the doctor. if you forget to take leflunomide ratiopharm if you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is nearly time for your next dose. do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. if you have any further questions on the use of this product, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 12, 'EndOffset': 25}, {'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 164, 'EndOffset': 186, 'Score': 0.5852963328361511, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9978265166282654, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9975965619087219, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 190, 'EndOffset': 196, 'Text': '100 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'FREQUENCY', 'Score': 0.9974297881126404, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9995960593223572, 'RelationshipType': 'FREQUENCY', 'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 197, 'EndOffset': 207, 'Text': 'once daily', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DURATION', 'Score': 0.9334806203842163, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7210596203804016, 'RelationshipType': 'DURATION', 'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 222, 'EndOffset': 232, 'Text': 'three days', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 190, 'EndOffset': 193}, {'Id': 17, 'BeginOffset': 216, 'EndOffset': 232, 'Score': 0.9422611594200134, 'Text': 'first three days', 'Category': 'TIME_EXPRESSION', 'Type': 'TIME_TO_MEDICATION_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Score': 0.5852963328361511, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7505003213882446, 'RelationshipType': 'OVERLAP', 'Id': 0, 'BeginOffset': 164, 'EndOffset': 186, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 15, 'BeginOffset': 280, 'EndOffset': 300, 'Score': 0.9601848721504211, 'Text': 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9725310206413269}]}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 302, 'EndOffset': 304}, {'Text': '20 mg leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 308, 'EndOffset': 336}, {'Text': 'the disease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 378, 'EndOffset': 389}, {'Id': 16, 'BeginOffset': 395, 'EndOffset': 414, 'Score': 0.9133529663085938, 'Text': 'psoriatic arthritis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.972153902053833}]}, {'Text': '20 mg leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 416, 'EndOffset': 444}, {'Text': 'swallow', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 457, 'EndOffset': 464}, {'Text': '4', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 526, 'EndOffset': 527}, {'Text': '4', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 663, 'EndOffset': 664}, {'Text': '6', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 668, 'EndOffset': 669}, {'Text': 'therapy', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 680, 'EndOffset': 687}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 712, 'EndOffset': 734}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 779, 'EndOffset': 801}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 835, 'EndOffset': 857}, {'Id': 14, 'BeginOffset': 1017, 'EndOffset': 1039, 'Score': 0.5312843322753906, 'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'a double dose', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 1160, 'EndOffset': 1173}]}
{'Title': '4. possible side effects', 'Section_Content': 'like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. tell your doctor immediately and stop taking leflunomide ratiopharm: - if you experience weakness, feel light-headed or dizzy or have difficulty breathing, as these may be signs of a serious allergic reaction, - if you develop a skin rash or ulcers in your mouth, as these may indicate severe, sometimes life-threatening reactions (e.g. stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [dress]), see section 2. tell your doctor immediately if you experience: - pale skin, tiredness, or bruising, as these may indicate blood disorders caused by an imbalance in the different types of blood cells which make up blood, - tiredness, abdominal pain, or jaundice (yellow discolouration of the eyes or skin), as these may indicate serious conditions such as liver failure, which may be fatal, - any symptoms of an infection such as fever, sore throat or cough, as this medicine may increase the chance of a severe infection which may be life-threatening, - cough or breathing problems as these may indicate problems of the lung (interstitial lung disease or pulmonary hypertension), - unusual tingling, weakness or pain in your hands or feet as these may indicate problems with your nerves (peripheral neuropathy). common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people) - a slight decrease in the number of white blood cells (leucopenia), - mild allergic reactions, - loss of appetite, weight loss (usually insignificant), - tiredness (asthenia), - headache, dizziness, - abnormal skin sensations like tingling (paraesthesia), - mild increase in blood pressure, 52 - diarrhoea, - colitis, - nausea, vomiting, - inflammation of the mouth or mouth ulcers, - abdominal pain, - an increase in some liver test results, - increased hair loss, - eczema, dry skin, rash, itching, - tendonitis (pain caused by inflammation in the membrane surrounding the tendons usually in the feet or hands), - an increase of certain enzymes in the blood (creatine phosphokinase), - problems in the nerves of the arms or legs (peripheral neuropathy). uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people) - a decrease in the number of red blood cells (anaemia) and a decrease in the number of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia), - a decrease in the levels of potassium in the blood, - anxiety, - taste disturbances, - urticaria (nettle rash), - tendon rupture, - an increase in the levels of fat in the blood (cholesterol and triglycerides), - a decrease in the levels of phosphate in the blood. rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people) - an increase in the numbers of blood cells called eosinophiles (eosinophilia); mild decrease in the number of white blood cells (leucopenia); decrease in the number of all blood cells (pancytopenia), - severe increase in blood pressure, - inflammation of the lung (interstitial lung disease), - an increase in some liver results which may develop into serious conditions such as hepatitis and jaundice, - severe infections called sepsis which may be fatal, - an increase of certain enzymes in the blood (lactate dehydrogenase). very rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people) - a marked decrease of some white blood cells (agranulocytosis), - severe and potentially severe allergic reactions, - inflammation of the small vessels (vasculitis, including cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis), - inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), - severe liver injury such as liver failure or necrosis which may be fatal, - severe sometimes life-threatening reactions (stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme). other side effects such as kidney failure, a decrease in the levels of uric acid in your blood, pulmonary hypertension, male infertility (which is reversible once treatment with this medicine is stopped), cutaneous lupus (characterized by rash/erythema on skin areas that are exposed to light), psoriasis (new or worsening) and dress may also occur with a not known frequency. reporting of side effects if you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. this includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. you can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in appendix v. by reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'all medicines', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 5, 'EndOffset': 18}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 20, 'EndOffset': 33}, {'Id': 20, 'BeginOffset': 44, 'EndOffset': 56, 'Score': 0.9624475240707397, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.661400556564331}]}, {'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 137, 'EndOffset': 159}, {'Id': 21, 'BeginOffset': 181, 'EndOffset': 189, 'Score': 0.9981657862663269, 'Text': 'weakness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9412252306938171}]}, {'Id': 22, 'BeginOffset': 196, 'EndOffset': 208, 'Score': 0.9951865077018738, 'Text': 'light-headed', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9638404250144958}]}, {'Id': 23, 'BeginOffset': 212, 'EndOffset': 217, 'Score': 0.9926302433013916, 'Text': 'dizzy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9565771818161011}]}, {'Id': 24, 'BeginOffset': 226, 'EndOffset': 246, 'Score': 0.9799379706382751, 'Text': 'difficulty breathing', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9424465298652649}]}, {'Text': 'a serious allergic reaction', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 273, 'EndOffset': 300}, {'Text': 'a skin rash', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 319, 'EndOffset': 330}, {'Text': 'ulcers in your mouth', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 334, 'EndOffset': 354}, {'Text': 'severe, sometimes life-threatening reactions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 378, 'EndOffset': 422}, {'Id': 28, 'BeginOffset': 429, 'EndOffset': 453, 'Score': 0.9780572056770325, 'Text': 'stevens-johnson syndrome', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9650141000747681}]}, {'Id': 29, 'BeginOffset': 455, 'EndOffset': 481, 'Score': 0.894580066204071, 'Text': 'toxic epidermal necrolysis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9606814384460449}]}, {'Id': 30, 'BeginOffset': 483, 'EndOffset': 502, 'Score': 0.9047073125839233, 'Text': 'erythema multiforme', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9735538363456726}]}, {'Id': 31, 'BeginOffset': 504, 'EndOffset': 517, 'Score': 0.9690337181091309, 'Text': 'drug reaction', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8938409686088562}]}, {'Id': 32, 'BeginOffset': 523, 'EndOffset': 535, 'Score': 0.9892845749855042, 'Text': 'eosinophilia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9309044480323792}]}, {'Id': 33, 'BeginOffset': 540, 'EndOffset': 557, 'Score': 0.9172254204750061, 'Text': 'systemic symptoms', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6711501479148865}]}, {'Text': '2.', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 580, 'EndOffset': 582}, {'Id': 85, 'BeginOffset': 600, 'EndOffset': 611, 'Score': 0.9999992847442627, 'Text': 'immediately', 'Category': 'TIME_EXPRESSION', 'Type': 'TIME_TO_DX_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Score': 0.5768452882766724, 'RelationshipScore': 0.6849486231803894, 'RelationshipType': 'OVERLAP', 'Id': 34, 'BeginOffset': 633, 'EndOffset': 642, 'Text': 'pale skin', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8743066787719727}]}]}, {'Id': 34, 'BeginOffset': 633, 'EndOffset': 642, 'Score': 0.5768452882766724, 'Text': 'pale skin', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8743066787719727}]}, {'Id': 35, 'BeginOffset': 644, 'EndOffset': 653, 'Score': 0.9889680743217468, 'Text': 'tiredness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9250785112380981}]}, {'Id': 36, 'BeginOffset': 658, 'EndOffset': 666, 'Score': 0.997480571269989, 'Text': 'bruising', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9247007966041565}]}, {'Id': 37, 'BeginOffset': 690, 'EndOffset': 705, 'Score': 0.9606866240501404, 'Text': 'blood disorders', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8457207679748535}]}, {'Text': 'an imbalance', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 716, 'EndOffset': 728}, {'Text': 'blood cells', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 755, 'EndOffset': 766}, {'Text': 'blood', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 781, 'EndOffset': 786}, {'Id': 39, 'BeginOffset': 790, 'EndOffset': 799, 'Score': 0.9252341985702515, 'Text': 'tiredness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8453801870346069}]}, {'Id': 40, 'BeginOffset': 801, 'EndOffset': 815, 'Score': 0.9179622530937195, 'Text': 'abdominal pain', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9593393206596375}]}, {'Id': 41, 'BeginOffset': 820, 'EndOffset': 828, 'Score': 0.991561233997345, 'Text': 'jaundice', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9192705154418945}]}, {'Text': 'yellow discolouration of the eyes', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 830, 'EndOffset': 863}, {'Id': 4, 'BeginOffset': 867, 'EndOffset': 871, 'Score': 0.9955093860626221, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'serious conditions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 896, 'EndOffset': 914}, {'Id': 43, 'BeginOffset': 923, 'EndOffset': 936, 'Score': 0.9613016843795776, 'Text': 'liver failure', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9516346454620361}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9946656227111816, 'RelationshipScore': 0.905793309211731, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 859, 'EndOffset': 863, 'Text': 'eyes', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'any symptoms', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 960, 'EndOffset': 972}, {'Text': 'an infection', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 976, 'EndOffset': 988}, {'Id': 45, 'BeginOffset': 997, 'EndOffset': 1002, 'Score': 0.9945725798606873, 'Text': 'fever', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9058881998062134}]}, {'Id': 46, 'BeginOffset': 1004, 'EndOffset': 1015, 'Score': 0.7287048101425171, 'Text': 'sore throat', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9202020764350891}]}, {'Id': 47, 'BeginOffset': 1019, 'EndOffset': 1024, 'Score': 0.9976038336753845, 'Text': 'cough', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8636652827262878}]}, {'Text': 'a severe infection', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1070, 'EndOffset': 1088}, {'Id': 49, 'BeginOffset': 1122, 'EndOffset': 1127, 'Score': 0.9699615836143494, 'Text': 'cough', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7906568050384521}]}, {'Id': 50, 'BeginOffset': 1131, 'EndOffset': 1149, 'Score': 0.8288396596908569, 'Text': 'breathing problems', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7885398268699646}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9927876591682434, 'RelationshipScore': 0.8054760098457336, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 7, 'BeginOffset': 1188, 'EndOffset': 1192, 'Text': 'lung', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'the lung (interstitial lung disease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1184, 'EndOffset': 1219}, {'Id': 52, 'BeginOffset': 1223, 'EndOffset': 1245, 'Score': 0.8911936283111572, 'Text': 'pulmonary hypertension', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.89555823802948}]}, {'Text': 'unusual tingling', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1250, 'EndOffset': 1266}, {'Id': 54, 'BeginOffset': 1268, 'EndOffset': 1276, 'Score': 0.9968600273132324, 'Text': 'weakness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9016964435577393}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9989836812019348, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9917707443237305, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 1293, 'EndOffset': 1298, 'Text': 'hands', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.994686484336853, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9933377504348755, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 1302, 'EndOffset': 1306, 'Text': 'feet', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9579962491989136, 'RelationshipScore': 0.7488095164299011, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 1348, 'EndOffset': 1354, 'Text': 'nerves', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'pain in your hands or feet', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1280, 'EndOffset': 1306}, {'Text': 'your nerves (peripheral neuropathy', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1343, 'EndOffset': 1377}, {'Text': 'common side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1380, 'EndOffset': 1399}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1418, 'EndOffset': 1419}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1423, 'EndOffset': 1425}, {'Text': 'a slight decrease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1436, 'EndOffset': 1453}, {'Text': 'white blood cells', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1471, 'EndOffset': 1488}, {'Id': 58, 'BeginOffset': 1490, 'EndOffset': 1500, 'Score': 0.5900999903678894, 'Text': 'leucopenia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'mild allergic reactions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1505, 'EndOffset': 1528}, {'Id': 60, 'BeginOffset': 1532, 'EndOffset': 1548, 'Score': 0.9768930673599243, 'Text': 'loss of appetite', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9506776928901672}]}, {'Id': 61, 'BeginOffset': 1550, 'EndOffset': 1561, 'Score': 0.9916059970855713, 'Text': 'weight loss', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9138015508651733}]}, {'Text': 'tiredness (asthenia)', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1589, 'EndOffset': 1609}, {'Id': 64, 'BeginOffset': 1613, 'EndOffset': 1621, 'Score': 0.9977242350578308, 'Text': 'headache', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9547504186630249}]}, {'Id': 65, 'BeginOffset': 1623, 'EndOffset': 1632, 'Score': 0.9995336532592773, 'Text': 'dizziness', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9737870693206787}]}, {'Id': 66, 'BeginOffset': 1636, 'EndOffset': 1660, 'Score': 0.4951319396495819, 'Text': 'abnormal skin sensations', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.4094807505607605}]}, {'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 1645, 'EndOffset': 1649, 'Score': 0.9821808338165283, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 67, 'BeginOffset': 1666, 'EndOffset': 1674, 'Score': 0.9635570049285889, 'Text': 'tingling', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9286233186721802}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9821808338165283, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9221517443656921, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 1645, 'EndOffset': 1649, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 68, 'BeginOffset': 1676, 'EndOffset': 1688, 'Score': 0.9462387561798096, 'Text': 'paraesthesia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8689348101615906}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9821808338165283, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9679644107818604, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 13, 'BeginOffset': 1645, 'EndOffset': 1649, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'mild increase in blood pressure', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1693, 'EndOffset': 1724}, {'Text': '52', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 1726, 'EndOffset': 1728}, {'Id': 70, 'BeginOffset': 1731, 'EndOffset': 1740, 'Score': 0.9645681381225586, 'Text': 'diarrhoea', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8667430281639099}]}, {'Id': 71, 'BeginOffset': 1744, 'EndOffset': 1751, 'Score': 0.9861996173858643, 'Text': 'colitis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6091657876968384}]}, {'Id': 72, 'BeginOffset': 1755, 'EndOffset': 1761, 'Score': 0.998512327671051, 'Text': 'nausea', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.9102499485015869}]}, {'Id': 73, 'BeginOffset': 1763, 'EndOffset': 1771, 'Score': 0.998516857624054, 'Text': 'vomiting', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.931383490562439}]}, {'Text': 'inflammation of the mouth', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1775, 'EndOffset': 1800}, {'Text': 'mouth ulcers', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1804, 'EndOffset': 1816}, {'Id': 76, 'BeginOffset': 1820, 'EndOffset': 1834, 'Score': 0.8961709141731262, 'Text': 'abdominal pain', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.902819812297821}]}, {'Text': 'an increase', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1838, 'EndOffset': 1849}, {'Text': 'some liver test', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 1853, 'EndOffset': 1868}, {'Text': 'increased hair loss', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 1880, 'EndOffset': 1899}, {'Id': 78, 'BeginOffset': 1903, 'EndOffset': 1909, 'Score': 0.9943100214004517, 'Text': 'eczema', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7963564395904541}]}, {'Id': 79, 'BeginOffset': 1911, 'EndOffset': 1919, 'Score': 0.8862180709838867, 'Text': 'dry skin', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8994311094284058}]}, {'Id': 80, 'BeginOffset': 1921, 'EndOffset': 1925, 'Score': 0.9990135431289673, 'Text': 'rash', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8899834156036377}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9917383790016174, 'RelationshipScore': 0.6880084276199341, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 18, 'BeginOffset': 1915, 'EndOffset': 1919, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 81, 'BeginOffset': 1927, 'EndOffset': 1934, 'Score': 0.9990919828414917, 'Text': 'itching', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.8555684089660645}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9917383790016174, 'RelationshipScore': 0.632729172706604, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 18, 'BeginOffset': 1915, 'EndOffset': 1919, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 82, 'BeginOffset': 1938, 'EndOffset': 1948, 'Score': 0.9939111471176147, 'Text': 'tendonitis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.47339993715286255}]}, {'Id': 104, 'BeginOffset': 1950, 'EndOffset': 1954, 'Score': 0.9577744603157043, 'Text': 'pain', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 105, 'BeginOffset': 1965, 'EndOffset': 1977, 'Score': 0.9569809436798096, 'Text': 'inflammation', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7510123252868652}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.8595045804977417, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9038235545158386, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 86, 'BeginOffset': 1985, 'EndOffset': 1993, 'Text': 'membrane', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'DIRECTION', 'Score': 0.43539467453956604, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9994275569915771, 'RelationshipType': 'DIRECTION', 'Id': 87, 'BeginOffset': 1994, 'EndOffset': 2005, 'Text': 'surrounding', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9726412892341614, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9602710604667664, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 88, 'BeginOffset': 2010, 'EndOffset': 2017, 'Text': 'tendons', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9953946471214294, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9694780707359314, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 89, 'BeginOffset': 2033, 'EndOffset': 2037, 'Text': 'feet', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.9941233992576599, 'RelationshipScore': 0.981145441532135, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 90, 'BeginOffset': 2041, 'EndOffset': 2046, 'Text': 'hands', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 86, 'BeginOffset': 1985, 'EndOffset': 1993, 'Score': 0.8595045804977417, 'Text': 'membrane', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 88, 'BeginOffset': 2010, 'EndOffset': 2017, 'Score': 0.9726412892341614, 'Text': 'tendons', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 89, 'BeginOffset': 2033, 'EndOffset': 2037, 'Score': 0.9953946471214294, 'Text': 'feet', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 90, 'BeginOffset': 2041, 'EndOffset': 2046, 'Score': 0.9941233992576599, 'Text': 'hands', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'an increase of certain enzymes', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2051, 'EndOffset': 2081}, {'Text': 'the blood (creatine phosphokinase', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2085, 'EndOffset': 2118}, {'Id': 91, 'BeginOffset': 2139, 'EndOffset': 2145, 'Score': 0.7618017792701721, 'Text': 'nerves', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 92, 'BeginOffset': 2153, 'EndOffset': 2157, 'Score': 0.9981791973114014, 'Text': 'arms', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 93, 'BeginOffset': 2161, 'EndOffset': 2165, 'Score': 0.9971484541893005, 'Text': 'legs', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 106, 'BeginOffset': 2167, 'EndOffset': 2188, 'Score': 0.7128912210464478, 'Text': 'peripheral neuropathy', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9200403690338135}]}, {'Text': 'uncommon side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2191, 'EndOffset': 2212}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2231, 'EndOffset': 2232}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2236, 'EndOffset': 2239}, {'Text': 'a decrease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2250, 'EndOffset': 2260}, {'Text': 'red blood cells', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2278, 'EndOffset': 2293}, {'Id': 108, 'BeginOffset': 2295, 'EndOffset': 2302, 'Score': 0.6698274612426758, 'Text': 'anaemia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7103598713874817}]}, {'Text': 'a decrease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2308, 'EndOffset': 2318}, {'Id': 144, 'BeginOffset': 2336, 'EndOffset': 2351, 'Score': 0.2756608724594116, 'Text': 'blood platelets', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 109, 'BeginOffset': 2353, 'EndOffset': 2369, 'Score': 0.9758020043373108, 'Text': 'thrombocytopenia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9052707552909851}]}, {'Text': 'a decrease in the levels of potassium in the blood', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2374, 'EndOffset': 2424}, {'Id': 110, 'BeginOffset': 2428, 'EndOffset': 2435, 'Score': 0.9780437350273132, 'Text': 'anxiety', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8760935664176941}]}, {'Id': 111, 'BeginOffset': 2439, 'EndOffset': 2457, 'Score': 0.8706114888191223, 'Text': 'taste disturbances', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.664104700088501}, {'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.4155164361000061}]}, {'Id': 112, 'BeginOffset': 2461, 'EndOffset': 2470, 'Score': 0.9783308506011963, 'Text': 'urticaria', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8839582204818726}]}, {'Id': 113, 'BeginOffset': 2472, 'EndOffset': 2483, 'Score': 0.5654199719429016, 'Text': 'nettle rash', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8394522666931152}]}, {'Id': 114, 'BeginOffset': 2488, 'EndOffset': 2502, 'Score': 0.7455890774726868, 'Text': 'tendon rupture', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9259864091873169}]}, {'Text': 'an increase', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2506, 'EndOffset': 2517}, {'Id': 145, 'BeginOffset': 2553, 'EndOffset': 2564, 'Score': 0.45923078060150146, 'Text': 'cholesterol', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Score': 0.2031712532043457, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9999939203262329, 'RelationshipType': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Id': 147, 'BeginOffset': 2589, 'EndOffset': 2637, 'Text': 'decrease in the levels of phosphate in the blood', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 146, 'BeginOffset': 2569, 'EndOffset': 2582, 'Score': 0.9153007864952087, 'Text': 'triglycerides', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Type': 'TEST_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Score': 0.2031712532043457, 'RelationshipScore': 0.995145857334137, 'RelationshipType': 'TEST_VALUE', 'Id': 147, 'BeginOffset': 2589, 'EndOffset': 2637, 'Text': 'decrease in the levels of phosphate in the blood', 'Category': 'TEST_TREATMENT_PROCEDURE', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'a decrease in the levels of phosphate in the blood', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2587, 'EndOffset': 2637}, {'Text': 'rare side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2639, 'EndOffset': 2656}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2675, 'EndOffset': 2676}, {'Text': '1,000', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 2680, 'EndOffset': 2685}, {'Text': 'blood cells', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2726, 'EndOffset': 2737}, {'Text': 'eosinophiles', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2745, 'EndOffset': 2757}, {'Id': 116, 'BeginOffset': 2759, 'EndOffset': 2771, 'Score': 0.9246799945831299, 'Text': 'eosinophilia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9124836325645447}]}, {'Text': 'mild decrease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2774, 'EndOffset': 2787}, {'Text': 'white blood cells', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 2805, 'EndOffset': 2822}, {'Id': 117, 'BeginOffset': 2824, 'EndOffset': 2834, 'Score': 0.5797406435012817, 'Text': 'leucopenia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.5510971546173096}]}, {'Text': 'all blood cells', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2863, 'EndOffset': 2878}, {'Id': 118, 'BeginOffset': 2880, 'EndOffset': 2892, 'Score': 0.9162006974220276, 'Text': 'pancytopenia', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8988609313964844}]}, {'Text': 'severe increase in blood pressure', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2897, 'EndOffset': 2930}, {'Text': 'inflammation of the lung (interstitial lung disease', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2934, 'EndOffset': 2985}, {'Text': 'an increase in some liver results', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 2990, 'EndOffset': 3023}, {'Text': 'serious conditions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3047, 'EndOffset': 3065}, {'Id': 122, 'BeginOffset': 3074, 'EndOffset': 3083, 'Score': 0.9132770895957947, 'Text': 'hepatitis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8488954901695251}]}, {'Id': 123, 'BeginOffset': 3088, 'EndOffset': 3096, 'Score': 0.9913066029548645, 'Text': 'jaundice', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9235788583755493}]}, {'Text': 'severe infections', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3100, 'EndOffset': 3117}, {'Id': 125, 'BeginOffset': 3125, 'EndOffset': 3131, 'Score': 0.9957244396209717, 'Text': 'sepsis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9661614894866943}]}, {'Text': 'an increase of certain enzymes', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3154, 'EndOffset': 3184}, {'Text': 'the blood (lactate dehydrogenase', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 3188, 'EndOffset': 3220}, {'Text': 'very rare side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3223, 'EndOffset': 3245}, {'Text': '1', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3264, 'EndOffset': 3265}, {'Text': '10,000', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 3269, 'EndOffset': 3275}, {'Text': 'a marked decrease of some white blood cells', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3286, 'EndOffset': 3329}, {'Id': 127, 'BeginOffset': 3331, 'EndOffset': 3346, 'Score': 0.6994279026985168, 'Text': 'agranulocytosis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.7309686541557312}]}, {'Text': 'potentially severe allergic reactions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3362, 'EndOffset': 3399}, {'Text': 'inflammation of the small vessels (vasculitis', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3403, 'EndOffset': 3448}, {'Text': 'cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3460, 'EndOffset': 3492}, {'Text': 'inflammation of the pancreas', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3497, 'EndOffset': 3525}, {'Id': 133, 'BeginOffset': 3527, 'EndOffset': 3539, 'Score': 0.9456852078437805, 'Text': 'pancreatitis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9337412118911743}]}, {'Text': 'severe liver injury', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3544, 'EndOffset': 3563}, {'Id': 135, 'BeginOffset': 3572, 'EndOffset': 3585, 'Score': 0.9155013561248779, 'Text': 'liver failure', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9673066735267639}]}, {'Id': 136, 'BeginOffset': 3589, 'EndOffset': 3597, 'Score': 0.9353393912315369, 'Text': 'necrosis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9102350473403931}]}, {'Text': 'threatening reactions', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3642, 'EndOffset': 3663}, {'Id': 137, 'BeginOffset': 3665, 'EndOffset': 3689, 'Score': 0.9788157939910889, 'Text': 'stevens-johnson syndrome', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9700924754142761}]}, {'Id': 138, 'BeginOffset': 3691, 'EndOffset': 3717, 'Score': 0.8932991623878479, 'Text': 'toxic epidermal necrolysis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.960870623588562}]}, {'Id': 139, 'BeginOffset': 3719, 'EndOffset': 3738, 'Score': 0.7901766896247864, 'Text': 'erythema multiforme', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.969758152961731}]}, {'Text': 'other side effects', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3741, 'EndOffset': 3759}, {'Id': 141, 'BeginOffset': 3768, 'EndOffset': 3782, 'Score': 0.9646875262260437, 'Text': 'kidney failure', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9725099205970764}]}, {'Text': 'a decrease in the levels of uric acid', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3784, 'EndOffset': 3821}, {'Text': 'your blood', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3825, 'EndOffset': 3835}, {'Id': 142, 'BeginOffset': 3837, 'EndOffset': 3859, 'Score': 0.6407686471939087, 'Text': 'pulmonary hypertension', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.9666901230812073}]}, {'Text': 'male infertility', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3861, 'EndOffset': 3877}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 3919, 'EndOffset': 3932}, {'Id': 152, 'BeginOffset': 3946, 'EndOffset': 3961, 'Score': 0.6825776100158691, 'Text': 'cutaneous lupus', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.867411732673645}]}, {'Text': 'erythema on skin areas', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 3985, 'EndOffset': 4007}, {'Id': 154, 'BeginOffset': 4017, 'EndOffset': 4033, 'Score': 0.3620242178440094, 'Text': 'exposed to light', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.6297783255577087, 'RelationshipScore': 0.876248836517334, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 150, 'BeginOffset': 3997, 'EndOffset': 4001, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 155, 'BeginOffset': 4036, 'EndOffset': 4045, 'Score': 0.9947875738143921, 'Text': 'psoriasis', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'DIAGNOSIS', 'Score': 0.8538873195648193}], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Score': 0.6297783255577087, 'RelationshipScore': 0.43528997898101807, 'RelationshipType': 'SYSTEM_ORGAN_SITE', 'Id': 150, 'BeginOffset': 3997, 'EndOffset': 4001, 'Text': 'skin', 'Category': 'ANATOMY', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'dress', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 4069, 'EndOffset': 4074}, {'Id': 156, 'BeginOffset': 4107, 'EndOffset': 4116, 'Score': 0.5725523829460144, 'Text': 'frequency', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 157, 'BeginOffset': 4131, 'EndOffset': 4143, 'Score': 0.9331708550453186, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7200784087181091}]}, {'Id': 158, 'BeginOffset': 4159, 'EndOffset': 4171, 'Score': 0.9146116971969604, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.7173827886581421}]}, {'Id': 159, 'BeginOffset': 4235, 'EndOffset': 4247, 'Score': 0.9511604905128479, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6146998405456543}]}, {'Id': 160, 'BeginOffset': 4296, 'EndOffset': 4308, 'Score': 0.8527086973190308, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.6795924305915833}]}, {'Id': 161, 'BeginOffset': 4362, 'EndOffset': 4373, 'Score': 0.3679979145526886, 'Text': 'appendix v.', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.5845051407814026}]}, {'Id': 162, 'BeginOffset': 4387, 'EndOffset': 4399, 'Score': 0.8553383946418762, 'Text': 'side effects', 'Category': 'MEDICAL_CONDITION', 'Type': 'DX_NAME', 'Traits': [{'Name': 'SYMPTOM', 'Score': 0.722450315952301}]}, {'Text': 'this medicine', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 4455, 'EndOffset': 4468}]}
{'Title': '5. how to store leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Section_Content': None, 'Entity_Recognition': None}
{'Title': '6. contents of the pack and other information', 'Section_Content': 'what leflunomide ratiopharm contains - the active substance is leflunomide. one film-coated tablet contains 10 mg of leflunomide. - the other ingredients are lactose monohydrate, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, tartaric acid, sodium laurylsulfate and magnesium stearate in the tablet core as well as lecithin (soybeans), poly(vinyl alcohol), talc, titanium dioxide (e171) and xanthan gum in the film-coating what leflunomide ratiopharm looks like and contents of the pack leflunomide ratiopharm 10 mg film-coated tablets are white to almost white and round with a diameter of about 6 mm. the tablets are packed in bottles. pack sizes of 30 and 100 film-coated tablets per bottle are available. not all pack size may be marketed.', 'Entity_Recognition': [{'Text': 'leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'PRODUCT_NAME', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 0}, {'Text': 'what leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'PROBLEM', 'BeginOffset': 0, 'EndOffset': 27}, {'Id': 1, 'BeginOffset': 63, 'EndOffset': 74, 'Score': 0.995456337928772, 'Text': 'leflunomide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.8399789929389954, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9980829954147339, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 2, 'BeginOffset': 76, 'EndOffset': 84, 'Text': 'one film', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}, {'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.662986695766449, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9491109251976013, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 3, 'BeginOffset': 85, 'EndOffset': 98, 'Text': 'coated tablet', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'one film-coated tablet', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 76, 'EndOffset': 98}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 108, 'EndOffset': 110}, {'Id': 5, 'BeginOffset': 117, 'EndOffset': 128, 'Score': 0.998009979724884, 'Text': 'leflunomide', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'DOSAGE', 'Score': 0.9869654178619385, 'RelationshipScore': 0.9990200996398926, 'RelationshipType': 'DOSAGE', 'Id': 4, 'BeginOffset': 108, 'EndOffset': 113, 'Text': '10 mg', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Id': 6, 'BeginOffset': 158, 'EndOffset': 177, 'Score': 0.6467769742012024, 'Text': 'lactose monohydrate', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Text': 'low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 179, 'EndOffset': 218}, {'Id': 8, 'BeginOffset': 220, 'EndOffset': 233, 'Score': 0.9937536120414734, 'Text': 'tartaric acid', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 9, 'BeginOffset': 235, 'EndOffset': 255, 'Score': 0.9985290765762329, 'Text': 'sodium laurylsulfate', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': []}, {'Id': 10, 'BeginOffset': 260, 'EndOffset': 278, 'Score': 0.9778338670730591, 'Text': 'magnesium stearate', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Type': 'GENERIC_NAME', 'Traits': [], 'Attributes': [{'Type': 'FORM', 'Score': 0.5450724959373474, 'RelationshipScore': 0.996032178401947, 'RelationshipType': 'FORM', 'Id': 11, 'BeginOffset': 286, 'EndOffset': 292, 'Text': 'tablet', 'Category': 'MEDICATION', 'Traits': []}]}, {'Text': 'lecithin (soybeans', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 309, 'EndOffset': 327}, {'Text': 'poly(vinyl alcohol)', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 330, 'EndOffset': 349}, {'Text': 'talc, titanium dioxide', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 351, 'EndOffset': 373}, {'Text': 'xanthan gum', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 385, 'EndOffset': 396}, {'Text': 'the film', 'Type': 'TEST', 'BeginOffset': 400, 'EndOffset': 408}, {'Text': 'coating what leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 409, 'EndOffset': 444}, {'Text': 'the pack leflunomide ratiopharm', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 472, 'EndOffset': 503}, {'Text': '10', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 504, 'EndOffset': 506}, {'Text': '6', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 591, 'EndOffset': 592}, {'Text': 'the tablets', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 597, 'EndOffset': 608}, {'Text': 'pack sizes', 'Type': 'TREATMENT', 'BeginOffset': 632, 'EndOffset': 642}, {'Text': '30', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 646, 'EndOffset': 648}, {'Text': '100', 'Type': 'NUMBER', 'BeginOffset': 653, 'EndOffset': 656}]}