# Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import abc
import atexit
import concurrent.futures
import json
import logging
import threading
import traceback
from os import environ
from time import time_ns
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Tuple, Union  # noqa

from opentelemetry._logs import Logger as APILogger
from opentelemetry._logs import LoggerProvider as APILoggerProvider
from opentelemetry._logs import LogRecord as APILogRecord
from opentelemetry._logs import (
    NoOpLogger,
    SeverityNumber,
    get_logger,
    get_logger_provider,
    std_to_otel,
)
from opentelemetry.attributes import BoundedAttributes
from opentelemetry.sdk.environment_variables import (
    OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT,
    OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_LENGTH_LIMIT,
)
from opentelemetry.sdk.resources import Resource
from opentelemetry.sdk.util import ns_to_iso_str
from opentelemetry.sdk.util.instrumentation import InstrumentationScope
from opentelemetry.semconv.trace import SpanAttributes
from opentelemetry.trace import (
    format_span_id,
    format_trace_id,
    get_current_span,
)
from opentelemetry.trace.span import TraceFlags
from opentelemetry.util.types import Attributes

_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

_DEFAULT_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT = 128
_ENV_VALUE_UNSET = ""


class LogLimits:
    """This class is based on a SpanLimits class in the Tracing module.

    This class represents the limits that should be enforced on recorded data such as events, links, attributes etc.

    This class does not enforce any limits itself. It only provides a way to read limits from env,
    default values and from user provided arguments.

    All limit arguments must be either a non-negative integer, ``None`` or ``LogLimits.UNSET``.

    - All limit arguments are optional.
    - If a limit argument is not set, the class will try to read its value from the corresponding
      environment variable.
    - If the environment variable is not set, the default value, if any, will be used.

    Limit precedence:

    - If a model specific limit is set, it will be used.
    - Else if the corresponding global limit is set, it will be used.
    - Else if the model specific limit has a default value, the default value will be used.
    - Else if the global limit has a default value, the default value will be used.

    Args:
        max_attributes: Maximum number of attributes that can be added to a span, event, and link.
            Environment variable: ``OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT``
            Default: {_DEFAULT_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT}
        max_attribute_length: Maximum length an attribute value can have. Values longer than
            the specified length will be truncated.
    """

    UNSET = -1

    def __init__(
        self,
        max_attributes: Optional[int] = None,
        max_attribute_length: Optional[int] = None,
    ):

        # attribute count
        global_max_attributes = self._from_env_if_absent(
            max_attributes, OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT
        )
        self.max_attributes = (
            global_max_attributes
            if global_max_attributes is not None
            else _DEFAULT_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT
        )

        # attribute length
        self.max_attribute_length = self._from_env_if_absent(
            max_attribute_length,
            OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_LENGTH_LIMIT,
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"{type(self).__name__}(max_attributes={self.max_attributes}, max_attribute_length={self.max_attribute_length})"

    @classmethod
    def _from_env_if_absent(
        cls, value: Optional[int], env_var: str, default: Optional[int] = None
    ) -> Optional[int]:
        if value == cls.UNSET:
            return None

        err_msg = "{0} must be a non-negative integer but got {}"

        # if no value is provided for the limit, try to load it from env
        if value is None:
            # return default value if env var is not set
            if env_var not in environ:
                return default

            str_value = environ.get(env_var, "").strip().lower()
            if str_value == _ENV_VALUE_UNSET:
                return None

            try:
                value = int(str_value)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(err_msg.format(env_var, str_value))

        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError(err_msg.format(env_var, value))
        return value


_UnsetLogLimits = LogLimits(
    max_attributes=LogLimits.UNSET,
    max_attribute_length=LogLimits.UNSET,
)


class LogRecord(APILogRecord):
    """A LogRecord instance represents an event being logged.

    LogRecord instances are created and emitted via `Logger`
    every time something is logged. They contain all the information
    pertinent to the event being logged.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
        observed_timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
        trace_id: Optional[int] = None,
        span_id: Optional[int] = None,
        trace_flags: Optional[TraceFlags] = None,
        severity_text: Optional[str] = None,
        severity_number: Optional[SeverityNumber] = None,
        body: Optional[Any] = None,
        resource: Optional[Resource] = None,
        attributes: Optional[Attributes] = None,
        limits: Optional[LogLimits] = _UnsetLogLimits,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            **{
                "timestamp": timestamp,
                "observed_timestamp": observed_timestamp,
                "trace_id": trace_id,
                "span_id": span_id,
                "trace_flags": trace_flags,
                "severity_text": severity_text,
                "severity_number": severity_number,
                "body": body,
                "attributes": BoundedAttributes(
                    maxlen=limits.max_attributes,
                    attributes=attributes if bool(attributes) else None,
                    immutable=False,
                    max_value_len=limits.max_attribute_length,
                ),
            }
        )
        self.resource = resource

    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(other, LogRecord):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__

    def to_json(self, indent=4) -> str:
        return json.dumps(
            {
                "body": self.body,
                "severity_number": repr(self.severity_number),
                "severity_text": self.severity_text,
                "attributes": dict(self.attributes)
                if bool(self.attributes)
                else None,
                "dropped_attributes": self.dropped_attributes,
                "timestamp": ns_to_iso_str(self.timestamp),
                "observed_timestamp": ns_to_iso_str(self.observed_timestamp),
                "trace_id": f"0x{format_trace_id(self.trace_id)}"
                if self.trace_id is not None
                else "",
                "span_id": f"0x{format_span_id(self.span_id)}"
                if self.span_id is not None
                else "",
                "trace_flags": self.trace_flags,
                "resource": repr(self.resource.attributes)
                if self.resource
                else "",
            },
            indent=indent,
        )

    @property
    def dropped_attributes(self) -> int:
        if self.attributes:
            return self.attributes.dropped
        return 0


class LogData:
    """Readable LogRecord data plus associated InstrumentationLibrary."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        log_record: LogRecord,
        instrumentation_scope: InstrumentationScope,
    ):
        self.log_record = log_record
        self.instrumentation_scope = instrumentation_scope


class LogRecordProcessor(abc.ABC):
    """Interface to hook the log record emitting action.

    Log processors can be registered directly using
    :func:`LoggerProvider.add_log_record_processor` and they are invoked
    in the same order as they were registered.
    """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def emit(self, log_data: LogData):
        """Emits the `LogData`"""

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def shutdown(self):
        """Called when a :class:`opentelemetry.sdk._logs.Logger` is shutdown"""

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000):
        """Export all the received logs to the configured Exporter that have not yet
        been exported.

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported.

        Returns:
            False if the timeout is exceeded, True otherwise.
        """


# Temporary fix until https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/issues/4098 is resolved
# pylint:disable=no-member
class SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor(LogRecordProcessor):
    """Implementation of class:`LogRecordProcessor` that forwards all received
    events to a list of log processors sequentially.

    The underlying log processors are called in sequential order as they were
    added.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        # use a tuple to avoid race conditions when adding a new log and
        # iterating through it on "emit".
        self._log_record_processors = ()  # type: Tuple[LogRecordProcessor, ...]
        self._lock = threading.Lock()

    def add_log_record_processor(
        self, log_record_processor: LogRecordProcessor
    ) -> None:
        """Adds a Logprocessor to the list of log processors handled by this instance"""
        with self._lock:
            self._log_record_processors += (log_record_processor,)

    def emit(self, log_data: LogData) -> None:
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            lp.emit(log_data)

    def shutdown(self) -> None:
        """Shutdown the log processors one by one"""
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            lp.shutdown()

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        """Force flush the log processors one by one

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported. If the first n log processors exceeded the timeout
                then remaining log processors will not be flushed.

        Returns:
            True if all the log processors flushes the logs within timeout,
            False otherwise.
        """
        deadline_ns = time_ns() + timeout_millis * 1000000
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            current_ts = time_ns()
            if current_ts >= deadline_ns:
                return False

            if not lp.force_flush((deadline_ns - current_ts) // 1000000):
                return False

        return True


class ConcurrentMultiLogRecordProcessor(LogRecordProcessor):
    """Implementation of :class:`LogRecordProcessor` that forwards all received
    events to a list of log processors in parallel.

    Calls to the underlying log processors are forwarded in parallel by
    submitting them to a thread pool executor and waiting until each log
    processor finished its work.

    Args:
        max_workers: The number of threads managed by the thread pool executor
            and thus defining how many log processors can work in parallel.
    """

    def __init__(self, max_workers: int = 2):
        # use a tuple to avoid race conditions when adding a new log and
        # iterating through it on "emit".
        self._log_record_processors = ()  # type: Tuple[LogRecordProcessor, ...]
        self._lock = threading.Lock()
        self._executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
            max_workers=max_workers
        )

    def add_log_record_processor(
        self, log_record_processor: LogRecordProcessor
    ):
        with self._lock:
            self._log_record_processors += (log_record_processor,)

    def _submit_and_wait(
        self,
        func: Callable[[LogRecordProcessor], Callable[..., None]],
        *args: Any,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        futures = []
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            future = self._executor.submit(func(lp), *args, **kwargs)
            futures.append(future)
        for future in futures:
            future.result()

    def emit(self, log_data: LogData):
        self._submit_and_wait(lambda lp: lp.emit, log_data)

    def shutdown(self):
        self._submit_and_wait(lambda lp: lp.shutdown)

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        """Force flush the log processors in parallel.

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported.

        Returns:
            True if all the log processors flushes the logs within timeout,
            False otherwise.
        """
        futures = []
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            future = self._executor.submit(lp.force_flush, timeout_millis)
            futures.append(future)

        done_futures, not_done_futures = concurrent.futures.wait(
            futures, timeout_millis / 1e3
        )

        if not_done_futures:
            return False

        for future in done_futures:
            if not future.result():
                return False

        return True


# skip natural LogRecord attributes
# http://docs.python.org/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes
_RESERVED_ATTRS = frozenset(
    (
        "asctime",
        "args",
        "created",
        "exc_info",
        "exc_text",
        "filename",
        "funcName",
        "message",
        "levelname",
        "levelno",
        "lineno",
        "module",
        "msecs",
        "msg",
        "name",
        "pathname",
        "process",
        "processName",
        "relativeCreated",
        "stack_info",
        "thread",
        "threadName",
        "taskName",
    )
)


class LoggingHandler(logging.Handler):
    """A handler class which writes logging records, in OTLP format, to
    a network destination or file. Supports signals from the `logging` module.
    https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        level=logging.NOTSET,
        logger_provider=None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(level=level)
        self._logger_provider = logger_provider or get_logger_provider()
        self._logger = get_logger(
            __name__, logger_provider=self._logger_provider
        )

    @staticmethod
    def _get_attributes(record: logging.LogRecord) -> Attributes:
        attributes = {
            k: v for k, v in vars(record).items() if k not in _RESERVED_ATTRS
        }

        # Add standard code attributes for logs.
        attributes[SpanAttributes.CODE_FILEPATH] = record.pathname
        attributes[SpanAttributes.CODE_FUNCTION] = record.funcName
        attributes[SpanAttributes.CODE_LINENO] = record.lineno

        if record.exc_info:
            exctype, value, tb = record.exc_info
            if exctype is not None:
                attributes[SpanAttributes.EXCEPTION_TYPE] = exctype.__name__
            if value is not None and value.args:
                attributes[SpanAttributes.EXCEPTION_MESSAGE] = value.args[0]
            if tb is not None:
                # https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/9fa7c656b26647b27e485a6af7e38dc716eba98a/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/exceptions.md#stacktrace-representation
                attributes[SpanAttributes.EXCEPTION_STACKTRACE] = "".join(
                    traceback.format_exception(*record.exc_info)
                )
        return attributes

    def _translate(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> LogRecord:
        timestamp = int(record.created * 1e9)
        observered_timestamp = time_ns()
        span_context = get_current_span().get_span_context()
        attributes = self._get_attributes(record)
        # This comment is taken from GanyedeNil's PR #3343, I have redacted it
        # slightly for clarity:
        # According to the definition of the Body field type in the
        # OTel 1.22.0 Logs Data Model article, the Body field should be of
        # type 'any' and should not use the str method to directly translate
        # the msg. This is because str only converts non-text types into a
        # human-readable form, rather than a standard format, which leads to
        # the need for additional operations when collected through a log
        # collector.
        # Considering that he Body field should be of type 'any' and should not
        # use the str method but record.msg is also a string type, then the
        # difference is just the self.args formatting?
        # The primary consideration depends on the ultimate purpose of the log.
        # Converting the default log directly into a string is acceptable as it
        # will be required to be presented in a more readable format. However,
        # this approach might not be as "standard" when hoping to aggregate
        # logs and perform subsequent data analysis. In the context of log
        # extraction, it would be more appropriate for the msg to be
        # converted into JSON format or remain unchanged, as it will eventually
        # be transformed into JSON. If the final output JSON data contains a
        # structure that appears similar to JSON but is not, it may confuse
        # users. This is particularly true for operation and maintenance
        # personnel who need to deal with log data in various languages.
        # Where is the JSON converting occur? and what about when the msg
        # represents something else but JSON, the expected behavior change?
        # For the ConsoleLogExporter, it performs the to_json operation in
        # opentelemetry.sdk._logs._internal.export.ConsoleLogExporter.__init__,
        # so it can handle any type of input without problems. As for the
        # OTLPLogExporter, it also handles any type of input encoding in
        # _encode_log located in
        # opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.common._internal._log_encoder.
        # Therefore, no extra operation is needed to support this change.
        # The only thing to consider is the users who have already been using
        # this SDK. If they upgrade the SDK after this change, they will need
        # to readjust their logging collection rules to adapt to the latest
        # output format. Therefore, this change is considered a breaking
        # change and needs to be upgraded at an appropriate time.
        severity_number = std_to_otel(record.levelno)
        if isinstance(record.msg, str) and record.args:
            body = record.msg % record.args
        else:
            body = record.msg

        # related to https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/issues/3548
        # Severity Text = WARN as defined in https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/logs/data-model.md#displaying-severity.
        level_name = (
            "WARN" if record.levelname == "WARNING" else record.levelname
        )

        return LogRecord(
            timestamp=timestamp,
            observed_timestamp=observered_timestamp,
            trace_id=span_context.trace_id,
            span_id=span_context.span_id,
            trace_flags=span_context.trace_flags,
            severity_text=level_name,
            severity_number=severity_number,
            body=body,
            resource=self._logger.resource,
            attributes=attributes,
        )

    def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
        """
        Emit a record. Skip emitting if logger is NoOp.

        The record is translated to OTel format, and then sent across the pipeline.
        """
        if not isinstance(self._logger, NoOpLogger):
            self._logger.emit(self._translate(record))

    def flush(self) -> None:
        """
        Flushes the logging output.
        """
        self._logger_provider.force_flush()


class Logger(APILogger):
    def __init__(
        self,
        resource: Resource,
        multi_log_record_processor: Union[
            SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor,
            ConcurrentMultiLogRecordProcessor,
        ],
        instrumentation_scope: InstrumentationScope,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            instrumentation_scope.name,
            instrumentation_scope.version,
            instrumentation_scope.schema_url,
        )
        self._resource = resource
        self._multi_log_record_processor = multi_log_record_processor
        self._instrumentation_scope = instrumentation_scope

    @property
    def resource(self):
        return self._resource

    def emit(self, record: LogRecord):
        """Emits the :class:`LogData` by associating :class:`LogRecord`
        and instrumentation info.
        """
        log_data = LogData(record, self._instrumentation_scope)
        self._multi_log_record_processor.emit(log_data)


class LoggerProvider(APILoggerProvider):
    def __init__(
        self,
        resource: Resource = None,
        shutdown_on_exit: bool = True,
        multi_log_record_processor: Union[
            SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor,
            ConcurrentMultiLogRecordProcessor,
        ] = None,
    ):
        if resource is None:
            self._resource = Resource.create({})
        else:
            self._resource = resource
        self._multi_log_record_processor = (
            multi_log_record_processor or SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor()
        )
        self._at_exit_handler = None
        if shutdown_on_exit:
            self._at_exit_handler = atexit.register(self.shutdown)

    @property
    def resource(self):
        return self._resource

    def get_logger(
        self,
        name: str,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        schema_url: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> Logger:
        return Logger(
            self._resource,
            self._multi_log_record_processor,
            InstrumentationScope(
                name,
                version,
                schema_url,
            ),
        )

    def add_log_record_processor(
        self, log_record_processor: LogRecordProcessor
    ):
        """Registers a new :class:`LogRecordProcessor` for this `LoggerProvider` instance.

        The log processors are invoked in the same order they are registered.
        """
        self._multi_log_record_processor.add_log_record_processor(
            log_record_processor
        )

    def shutdown(self):
        """Shuts down the log processors."""
        self._multi_log_record_processor.shutdown()
        if self._at_exit_handler is not None:
            atexit.unregister(self._at_exit_handler)
            self._at_exit_handler = None

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        """Force flush the log processors.

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported.

        Returns:
            True if all the log processors flushes the logs within timeout,
            False otherwise.
        """
        return self._multi_log_record_processor.force_flush(timeout_millis)

opentelemetry-sdk/src/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py
# Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import abc
import atexit
import concurrent.futures
import json
import logging
import threading
import traceback
from os import environ
from time import time_ns
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Tuple, Union  # noqa

from opentelemetry._logs import Logger as APILogger
from opentelemetry._logs import LoggerProvider as APILoggerProvider
from opentelemetry._logs import LogRecord as APILogRecord
from opentelemetry._logs import (
    NoOpLogger,
    SeverityNumber,
    get_logger,
    get_logger_provider,
    std_to_otel,
)
from opentelemetry.attributes import BoundedAttributes
from opentelemetry.sdk.environment_variables import (
    OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT,
    OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_LENGTH_LIMIT,
)
from opentelemetry.sdk.resources import Resource
from opentelemetry.sdk.util import ns_to_iso_str
from opentelemetry.sdk.util.instrumentation import InstrumentationScope
from opentelemetry.semconv.trace import SpanAttributes
from opentelemetry.trace import (
    format_span_id,
    format_trace_id,
    get_current_span,
)
from opentelemetry.trace.span import TraceFlags
from opentelemetry.util.types import Attributes

_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

_DEFAULT_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT = 128
_ENV_VALUE_UNSET = ""


class LogLimits:
    """This class is based on a SpanLimits class in the Tracing module.

    This class represents the limits that should be enforced on recorded data such as events, links, attributes etc.

    This class does not enforce any limits itself. It only provides a way to read limits from env,
    default values and from user provided arguments.

    All limit arguments must be either a non-negative integer, ``None`` or ``LogLimits.UNSET``.

    - All limit arguments are optional.
    - If a limit argument is not set, the class will try to read its value from the corresponding
      environment variable.
    - If the environment variable is not set, the default value, if any, will be used.

    Limit precedence:

    - If a model specific limit is set, it will be used.
    - Else if the corresponding global limit is set, it will be used.
    - Else if the model specific limit has a default value, the default value will be used.
    - Else if the global limit has a default value, the default value will be used.

    Args:
        max_attributes: Maximum number of attributes that can be added to a span, event, and link.
            Environment variable: ``OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT``
            Default: {_DEFAULT_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT}
        max_attribute_length: Maximum length an attribute value can have. Values longer than
            the specified length will be truncated.
    """

    UNSET = -1

    def __init__(
        self,
        max_attributes: Optional[int] = None,
        max_attribute_length: Optional[int] = None,
    ):

        # attribute count
        global_max_attributes = self._from_env_if_absent(
            max_attributes, OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT
        )
        self.max_attributes = (
            global_max_attributes
            if global_max_attributes is not None
            else _DEFAULT_OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT
        )

        # attribute length
        self.max_attribute_length = self._from_env_if_absent(
            max_attribute_length,
            OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_LENGTH_LIMIT,
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"{type(self).__name__}(max_attributes={self.max_attributes}, max_attribute_length={self.max_attribute_length})"

    @classmethod
    def _from_env_if_absent(
        cls, value: Optional[int], env_var: str, default: Optional[int] = None
    ) -> Optional[int]:
        if value == cls.UNSET:
            return None

        err_msg = "{0} must be a non-negative integer but got {}"

        # if no value is provided for the limit, try to load it from env
        if value is None:
            # return default value if env var is not set
            if env_var not in environ:
                return default

            str_value = environ.get(env_var, "").strip().lower()
            if str_value == _ENV_VALUE_UNSET:
                return None

            try:
                value = int(str_value)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(err_msg.format(env_var, str_value))

        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError(err_msg.format(env_var, value))
        return value


_UnsetLogLimits = LogLimits(
    max_attributes=LogLimits.UNSET,
    max_attribute_length=LogLimits.UNSET,
)


class LogRecord(APILogRecord):
    """A LogRecord instance represents an event being logged.

    LogRecord instances are created and emitted via `Logger`
    every time something is logged. They contain all the information
    pertinent to the event being logged.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
        observed_timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
        trace_id: Optional[int] = None,
        span_id: Optional[int] = None,
        trace_flags: Optional[TraceFlags] = None,
        severity_text: Optional[str] = None,
        severity_number: Optional[SeverityNumber] = None,
        body: Optional[Any] = None,
        resource: Optional[Resource] = None,
        attributes: Optional[Attributes] = None,
        limits: Optional[LogLimits] = _UnsetLogLimits,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            **{
                "timestamp": timestamp,
                "observed_timestamp": observed_timestamp,
                "trace_id": trace_id,
                "span_id": span_id,
                "trace_flags": trace_flags,
                "severity_text": severity_text,
                "severity_number": severity_number,
                "body": body,
                "attributes": BoundedAttributes(
                    maxlen=limits.max_attributes,
                    attributes=attributes if bool(attributes) else None,
                    immutable=False,
                    max_value_len=limits.max_attribute_length,
                ),
            }
        )
        self.resource = resource

    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(other, LogRecord):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__

    def to_json(self, indent=4) -> str:
        return json.dumps(
            {
                "body": self.body,
                "severity_number": repr(self.severity_number),
                "severity_text": self.severity_text,
                "attributes": dict(self.attributes)
                if bool(self.attributes)
                else None,
                "dropped_attributes": self.dropped_attributes,
                "timestamp": ns_to_iso_str(self.timestamp),
                "observed_timestamp": ns_to_iso_str(self.observed_timestamp),
                "trace_id": f"0x{format_trace_id(self.trace_id)}"
                if self.trace_id is not None
                else "",
                "span_id": f"0x{format_span_id(self.span_id)}"
                if self.span_id is not None
                else "",
                "trace_flags": self.trace_flags,
                "resource": repr(self.resource.attributes)
                if self.resource
                else "",
            },
            indent=indent,
        )

    @property
    def dropped_attributes(self) -> int:
        if self.attributes:
            return self.attributes.dropped
        return 0


class LogData:
    """Readable LogRecord data plus associated InstrumentationLibrary."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        log_record: LogRecord,
        instrumentation_scope: InstrumentationScope,
    ):
        self.log_record = log_record
        self.instrumentation_scope = instrumentation_scope


class LogRecordProcessor(abc.ABC):
    """Interface to hook the log record emitting action.

    Log processors can be registered directly using
    :func:`LoggerProvider.add_log_record_processor` and they are invoked
    in the same order as they were registered.
    """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def emit(self, log_data: LogData):
        """Emits the `LogData`"""

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def shutdown(self):
        """Called when a :class:`opentelemetry.sdk._logs.Logger` is shutdown"""

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000):
        """Export all the received logs to the configured Exporter that have not yet
        been exported.

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported.

        Returns:
            False if the timeout is exceeded, True otherwise.
        """


# Temporary fix until https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/issues/4098 is resolved
# pylint:disable=no-member
class SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor(LogRecordProcessor):
    """Implementation of class:`LogRecordProcessor` that forwards all received
    events to a list of log processors sequentially.

    The underlying log processors are called in sequential order as they were
    added.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        # use a tuple to avoid race conditions when adding a new log and
        # iterating through it on "emit".
        self._log_record_processors = ()  # type: Tuple[LogRecordProcessor, ...]
        self._lock = threading.Lock()

    def add_log_record_processor(
        self, log_record_processor: LogRecordProcessor
    ) -> None:
        """Adds a Logprocessor to the list of log processors handled by this instance"""
        with self._lock:
            self._log_record_processors += (log_record_processor,)

    def emit(self, log_data: LogData) -> None:
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            lp.emit(log_data)

    def shutdown(self) -> None:
        """Shutdown the log processors one by one"""
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            lp.shutdown()

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        """Force flush the log processors one by one

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported. If the first n log processors exceeded the timeout
                then remaining log processors will not be flushed.

        Returns:
            True if all the log processors flushes the logs within timeout,
            False otherwise.
        """
        deadline_ns = time_ns() + timeout_millis * 1000000
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            current_ts = time_ns()
            if current_ts >= deadline_ns:
                return False

            if not lp.force_flush((deadline_ns - current_ts) // 1000000):
                return False

        return True


class ConcurrentMultiLogRecordProcessor(LogRecordProcessor):
    """Implementation of :class:`LogRecordProcessor` that forwards all received
    events to a list of log processors in parallel.

    Calls to the underlying log processors are forwarded in parallel by
    submitting them to a thread pool executor and waiting until each log
    processor finished its work.

    Args:
        max_workers: The number of threads managed by the thread pool executor
            and thus defining how many log processors can work in parallel.
    """

    def __init__(self, max_workers: int = 2):
        # use a tuple to avoid race conditions when adding a new log and
        # iterating through it on "emit".
        self._log_record_processors = ()  # type: Tuple[LogRecordProcessor, ...]
        self._lock = threading.Lock()
        self._executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
            max_workers=max_workers
        )

    def add_log_record_processor(
        self, log_record_processor: LogRecordProcessor
    ):
        with self._lock:
            self._log_record_processors += (log_record_processor,)

    def _submit_and_wait(
        self,
        func: Callable[[LogRecordProcessor], Callable[..., None]],
        *args: Any,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        futures = []
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            future = self._executor.submit(func(lp), *args, **kwargs)
            futures.append(future)
        for future in futures:
            future.result()

    def emit(self, log_data: LogData):
        self._submit_and_wait(lambda lp: lp.emit, log_data)

    def shutdown(self):
        self._submit_and_wait(lambda lp: lp.shutdown)

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        """Force flush the log processors in parallel.

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported.

        Returns:
            True if all the log processors flushes the logs within timeout,
            False otherwise.
        """
        futures = []
        for lp in self._log_record_processors:
            future = self._executor.submit(lp.force_flush, timeout_millis)
            futures.append(future)

        done_futures, not_done_futures = concurrent.futures.wait(
            futures, timeout_millis / 1e3
        )

        if not_done_futures:
            return False

        for future in done_futures:
            if not future.result():
                return False

        return True


# skip natural LogRecord attributes
# http://docs.python.org/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes
_RESERVED_ATTRS = frozenset(
    (
        "asctime",
        "args",
        "created",
        "exc_info",
        "exc_text",
        "filename",
        "funcName",
        "message",
        "levelname",
        "levelno",
        "lineno",
        "module",
        "msecs",
        "msg",
        "name",
        "pathname",
        "process",
        "processName",
        "relativeCreated",
        "stack_info",
        "thread",
        "threadName",
        "taskName",
    )
)


class LoggingHandler(logging.Handler):
    """A handler class which writes logging records, in OTLP format, to
    a network destination or file. Supports signals from the `logging` module.
    https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        level=logging.NOTSET,
        logger_provider=None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(level=level)
        self._logger_provider = logger_provider or get_logger_provider()
        self._logger = get_logger(
            __name__, logger_provider=self._logger_provider
        )

    @staticmethod
    def _get_attributes(record: logging.LogRecord) -> Attributes:
        attributes = {
            k: v for k, v in vars(record).items() if k not in _RESERVED_ATTRS
        }

        # Add standard code attributes for logs.
        attributes[SpanAttributes.CODE_FILEPATH] = record.pathname
        attributes[SpanAttributes.CODE_FUNCTION] = record.funcName
        attributes[SpanAttributes.CODE_LINENO] = record.lineno

        if record.exc_info:
            exctype, value, tb = record.exc_info
            if exctype is not None:
                attributes[SpanAttributes.EXCEPTION_TYPE] = exctype.__name__
            if value is not None and value.args:
                attributes[SpanAttributes.EXCEPTION_MESSAGE] = value.args[0]
            if tb is not None:
                # https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/9fa7c656b26647b27e485a6af7e38dc716eba98a/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/exceptions.md#stacktrace-representation
                attributes[SpanAttributes.EXCEPTION_STACKTRACE] = "".join(
                    traceback.format_exception(*record.exc_info)
                )
        return attributes

    def _translate(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> LogRecord:
        timestamp = int(record.created * 1e9)
        observered_timestamp = time_ns()
        span_context = get_current_span().get_span_context()
        attributes = self._get_attributes(record)
        # This comment is taken from GanyedeNil's PR #3343, I have redacted it
        # slightly for clarity:
        # According to the definition of the Body field type in the
        # OTel 1.22.0 Logs Data Model article, the Body field should be of
        # type 'any' and should not use the str method to directly translate
        # the msg. This is because str only converts non-text types into a
        # human-readable form, rather than a standard format, which leads to
        # the need for additional operations when collected through a log
        # collector.
        # Considering that he Body field should be of type 'any' and should not
        # use the str method but record.msg is also a string type, then the
        # difference is just the self.args formatting?
        # The primary consideration depends on the ultimate purpose of the log.
        # Converting the default log directly into a string is acceptable as it
        # will be required to be presented in a more readable format. However,
        # this approach might not be as "standard" when hoping to aggregate
        # logs and perform subsequent data analysis. In the context of log
        # extraction, it would be more appropriate for the msg to be
        # converted into JSON format or remain unchanged, as it will eventually
        # be transformed into JSON. If the final output JSON data contains a
        # structure that appears similar to JSON but is not, it may confuse
        # users. This is particularly true for operation and maintenance
        # personnel who need to deal with log data in various languages.
        # Where is the JSON converting occur? and what about when the msg
        # represents something else but JSON, the expected behavior change?
        # For the ConsoleLogExporter, it performs the to_json operation in
        # opentelemetry.sdk._logs._internal.export.ConsoleLogExporter.__init__,
        # so it can handle any type of input without problems. As for the
        # OTLPLogExporter, it also handles any type of input encoding in
        # _encode_log located in
        # opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.common._internal._log_encoder.
        # Therefore, no extra operation is needed to support this change.
        # The only thing to consider is the users who have already been using
        # this SDK. If they upgrade the SDK after this change, they will need
        # to readjust their logging collection rules to adapt to the latest
        # output format. Therefore, this change is considered a breaking
        # change and needs to be upgraded at an appropriate time.
        severity_number = std_to_otel(record.levelno)
        if isinstance(record.msg, str) and record.args:
            body = record.msg % record.args
        else:
            body = record.msg

        # related to https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/issues/3548
        # Severity Text = WARN as defined in https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/logs/data-model.md#displaying-severity.
        level_name = (
            "WARN" if record.levelname == "WARNING" else record.levelname
        )

        return LogRecord(
            timestamp=timestamp,
            observed_timestamp=observered_timestamp,
            trace_id=span_context.trace_id,
            span_id=span_context.span_id,
            trace_flags=span_context.trace_flags,
            severity_text=level_name,
            severity_number=severity_number,
            body=body,
            resource=self._logger.resource,
            attributes=attributes,
        )

    def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
        """
        Emit a record. Skip emitting if logger is NoOp.

        The record is translated to OTel format, and then sent across the pipeline.
        """
        if not isinstance(self._logger, NoOpLogger):
            self._logger.emit(self._translate(record))

    def flush(self) -> None:
        """
        Flushes the logging output. Skip flushing if logger is NoOp.
        """
        if not isinstance(self._logger, NoOpLogger):
            self._logger_provider.force_flush()


class Logger(APILogger):
    def __init__(
        self,
        resource: Resource,
        multi_log_record_processor: Union[
            SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor,
            ConcurrentMultiLogRecordProcessor,
        ],
        instrumentation_scope: InstrumentationScope,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            instrumentation_scope.name,
            instrumentation_scope.version,
            instrumentation_scope.schema_url,
        )
        self._resource = resource
        self._multi_log_record_processor = multi_log_record_processor
        self._instrumentation_scope = instrumentation_scope

    @property
    def resource(self):
        return self._resource

    def emit(self, record: LogRecord):
        """Emits the :class:`LogData` by associating :class:`LogRecord`
        and instrumentation info.
        """
        log_data = LogData(record, self._instrumentation_scope)
        self._multi_log_record_processor.emit(log_data)


class LoggerProvider(APILoggerProvider):
    def __init__(
        self,
        resource: Resource = None,
        shutdown_on_exit: bool = True,
        multi_log_record_processor: Union[
            SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor,
            ConcurrentMultiLogRecordProcessor,
        ] = None,
    ):
        if resource is None:
            self._resource = Resource.create({})
        else:
            self._resource = resource
        self._multi_log_record_processor = (
            multi_log_record_processor or SynchronousMultiLogRecordProcessor()
        )
        self._at_exit_handler = None
        if shutdown_on_exit:
            self._at_exit_handler = atexit.register(self.shutdown)

    @property
    def resource(self):
        return self._resource

    def get_logger(
        self,
        name: str,
        version: Optional[str] = None,
        schema_url: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> Logger:
        return Logger(
            self._resource,
            self._multi_log_record_processor,
            InstrumentationScope(
                name,
                version,
                schema_url,
            ),
        )

    def add_log_record_processor(
        self, log_record_processor: LogRecordProcessor
    ):
        """Registers a new :class:`LogRecordProcessor` for this `LoggerProvider` instance.

        The log processors are invoked in the same order they are registered.
        """
        self._multi_log_record_processor.add_log_record_processor(
            log_record_processor
        )

    def shutdown(self):
        """Shuts down the log processors."""
        self._multi_log_record_processor.shutdown()
        if self._at_exit_handler is not None:
            atexit.unregister(self._at_exit_handler)
            self._at_exit_handler = None

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        """Force flush the log processors.

        Args:
            timeout_millis: The maximum amount of time to wait for logs to be
                exported.

        Returns:
            True if all the log processors flushes the logs within timeout,
            False otherwise.
        """
        return self._multi_log_record_processor.force_flush(timeout_millis)

opentelemetry-sdk/src/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d014b1e578a..9fb69ac302c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## Unreleased
 
+- Fix flush error when no LoggerProvider configured for LoggingHandler
+  ([#3608](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/pull/3608))
 - Fix `OTLPMetricExporter` ignores `preferred_aggregation` property
   ([#3603](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/pull/3603))
 - Logs: set `observed_timestamp` field
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py
index df23454be25..d84c9919608 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py
@@ -553,9 +553,10 @@ def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
 
     def flush(self) -> None:
         """
-        Flushes the logging output.
+        Flushes the logging output. Skip flushing if logger is NoOp.
         """
-        self._logger_provider.force_flush()
+        if not isinstance(self._logger, NoOpLogger):
+            self._logger_provider.force_flush()
 
 
 class Logger(APILogger):
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/tests/logs/test_handler.py b/opentelemetry-sdk/tests/logs/test_handler.py
index e1ef93bf34f..0f96361712b 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/tests/logs/test_handler.py
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/tests/logs/test_handler.py
@@ -79,6 +79,19 @@ def test_log_record_emit_noop(self):
             logger.warning("Warning message")
         handler_mock._translate.assert_not_called()
 
+    def test_log_flush_noop(self):
+
+        no_op_logger_provider = NoOpLoggerProvider()
+        no_op_logger_provider.force_flush = Mock()
+
+        logger = get_logger(logger_provider=no_op_logger_provider)
+
+        with self.assertLogs(level=logging.WARNING):
+            logger.warning("Warning message")
+
+        logger.handlers[0].flush()
+        no_op_logger_provider.force_flush.assert_not_called()
+
     def test_log_record_no_span_context(self):
         emitter_provider_mock = Mock(spec=LoggerProvider)
         emitter_mock = APIGetLogger(

NoOpLoggerProvider has no `force_flush` in exit callback
**Describe your environment** Python 3.11, macOS Ventura

**Steps to reproduce**

1. Create a `LoggingHandler` without providing a `logger_provider`, use it, and log a message.
2. Run program

**What is the expected behavior?**

A clean exit.

**What is the actual behavior?**

```
Exception ignored in atexit callback: <function shutdown at 0x104e3ec00>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.11/3.11.6_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/logging/__init__.py", line 2192, in shutdown
    h.flush()
  File "/Users/pro2023/pyenv-otel/lib/python3.11/site-packages/opentelemetry/sdk/_logs/_internal/__init__.py", line 548, in flush
    self._logger_provider.force_flush()
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
AttributeError: 'NoOpLoggerProvider' object has no attribute 'force_flush'
```
